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04/19/23 ILS 501 / Dr. Liu 1
ILS 501 Unit 4:
Software Issues
04/19/23 ILS 501 / Dr. Liu 2
Software?A program or application that has a set of instructions to complete some tasks.
A program that starts up the computer and functions as the principal coordinator of all hardware components and related applications programs.
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Types of software?
Operating Systems (OS)- System software
Applications - Application Software
- Utilities
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What is an operating system?
a set of system software routines that sits between the application program and the hardware.
An OS is the program that manages all the other programs in a computer, after it is initially loaded into the computer by a bootstrap program.
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What does an OS system do?
Starts up the computer (booting) Manages resources: processor, memory,
etc. Controls devices: mouse, screen, disks,
etc. Protects programs from each other Program/file managers
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The Operating System: What It DoesBooting - the process of loading an operating system into a computer’s main memory
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Components of OS
DeviceManagement
FileManagement
MemoryManagement
ProcessorManagement
UserInterface
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Functionalities of an OS system
1. Foundation of applications Provides a land for applications to reside – BIOS
A platform for writing application programs
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Functionalities of an OS system
2. Master programs supervises RAM and auto loads the master boot record on the primary hard disk
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Functionalities of an OS system
3. Other tasks Manages routine tasks like copying data, showing directories, moving files, etc.
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File Management and Formatting
The operating system’s file system arranges files in hierarchical fashion
Formatting or initializing a disk is the process of preparing that disk for use
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What are common OSs?
For PC - DOS & Windows For Mac – Apple MacOS For Network - Unix/Linux &
VMS/VAX
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What are PC operating systems? MS-DOS & PC-DOS Windows
Windows 3.0 Windows 95, 98 Windows NT/2000/Millennium (ME) Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7
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What are network operating systems?
UNIX & Linux
VMS (Virtual Memory System) & VAX (Virtual Address eXtension)
Netware
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The concept of User Interface A mechanism for the user and
application programs to communicate with the OS & request support
OS provides an interface between computer’s programs or users and its hardware.
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USER
Application program
User interface
Operating system
Hardware
Platform
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Types of User Interfaces
Command-driven interface: type in Menu-driven interface: presents a list of
available options Graphical user interface (GUI)
Developed by Xerox & adapted by Apple Employ icons to represent tasks, functions,
and programs. Became the standard microcomputer
system software interface.
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Trends of OS systems: 1. GUI (Graphic user interface) 2. Multi-tasking and parallel processing 3. Object oriented programming 4. Networking facilities 5. Security and safety
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Types of application software
Productivity software word processing spreadsheet database management communications browsers
Business/specialty software Education reference software Home/personal software Entertainment software
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Types of software utilities
virus protection data compression - zip Backup - system, registry, e-mail,
files data recovery Defragmentation - bring each file
into one whole area
04/19/23 ILS 501 /Fall 2007/ Dr. Liu 28
Utilities: Service Programs
Backup utility - program which makes a duplicate copy of the information on your hard disk
Data-recovery utility - program which restores data that has been physically damaged or corrupted
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Utilities: Service ProgramsAntivirus software - program that scans hard disks, floppy disks, and memory to detect viruses
Data compression utility - program which removes redundant elements, gaps, and unnecessary data from a computer’s storage space so that less space (fewer bits) is required to store or transmit data
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Examples of PC File Extensions Source program file: filename.com Source executable file: filename.exe MS Word data file: filename.doc MS Excel data file: filename.xls MS Access data file: filename.mdb ASCII file: filename.txt Still image file: filename.jpg Audio file: filename.wav
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Freeware vs. Shareware?
FreewareSoftware that is available free of charge distributed through the Internet or user groups.
SharewareCopyrighted software that is distributed free of charge but requires users to pay a fee if technical help, documentation, or upgrades are required.
What Is Good Software? McCall’s quality model
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What is a MARC record?
MARC - Machine Readable Cataloging record
The MARC formats are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form.
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Basic components of MARC
1. Main entry and added entries- authors, organizations
2. Descriptions- bibliographic information: title, pub,
format..3. Subject headings
- meaningful vocabularies4. Call number
- classification numbers
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Library of CongressUnderstanding MARC (machine-readable cataloging)
Available at http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/umb/
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Example of MARC Record Monographs: MARC Record Sound Recordings: MARC Record Motion Pictures and Video
recordings: MARC Record Computer Files: MARC Record Microforms: MARC Record
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Why invest the time and money in
MARC?
1. The MARC format is a standard file structure allow proper cataloging of books and other library items.
04/19/23 ILS 501 / Dr. Liu 42
Why invest the time and money in
MARC?
2.The MARC record contains a standard guide to bibliographic data that can be interpreted by computer.
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Why invest the time and money in
MARC?
3. Most hardware platforms and software systems libraries use today request MARC formats.
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How to evaluate Software?
Strategies for library decision makers
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Evaluation of software-strategy 1
Read and study; be critical of reviews! Check out the exhibits at conferences (can be extremely valuable, even worth the price of a trip to ALA).
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Evaluation of software-strategy 2
Ask for referrals and then go over with referrals; invest time, ask questions
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Evaluation of software-strategy 3
Hire a consultant.
The cost of a consultant is quite high; but so are the potential losses if a tragic mistake is made in ignorance.
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Evaluation of software-strategy 4
Make sure that library software has Full MARC capacity, even if your small library is shopping for “affordable" software.
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Endemic to Modern Software-Problem 1
Bloatware.
Critics suggest that much of the software on the market is just too big; too loaded down with seldom used bells and whistles; too inefficiently and inelegantly constructed.
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Endemic to Modern Software-Problem 2
Flakey, bugs, crashes, instability. This is especially a problem in modern multitasking environments where one software product or utility conflicts with another resulting in freezes and crashes.
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Endemic to Modern Software-Problem 3
Cross platform incompatibility.Lack of standards (as in conflict between MS and Netscape).Websites can look different depending on browser.
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Endemic to Modern Software-Problem 4
Cost: out of pocket for updates, revising settings and otherwise fooling with newly installed software.
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Philosophical-Orientation 1
Traditional Model: Centralized, mainframe-oriented
systems, all the software was on the central computer resource.
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Philosophical-Orientation 2
Distributed models: Decentralized, distributed systems Client-server software
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Philosophical-Orientation 3
The lure of the inTRAnet: It’s robust, cheap, works on many platforms, inexpensive, familiar and comfortable to users, and it doesn’t cost much. New revenue models and open sources like the internet , library systems and OPACs which are renamed WEBPACs.
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Philosophical-Orientation 4
Client-server architecture:Advantage-client-server systems save money on hardware. Disadvantage-they often require much more training and support. More complex systems mean that more things can go wrong.
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Factors to consider when choosing software for a library.
Ease of use. COST! Ability to upgrade the product over
the long term. Integration with other systems. Previous success stories from
different libraries.
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Discussion Question 1: Why the need to constantly upgrade software? Why not stay with the tried and true?
Discussion Question 2: Why are library automation software vendors only recently moving to client-server systems?
Discussion Question 3: How might the peer-to-peer software model made famous by Napster and Gnutella be used by a library or library consortia?
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Questions?