THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (As modified up to the 1st December, 2007) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE

PREFACE Constitution is a living document, an instrument which makes the government syst em work. Its flexibility lies in its amendments. In this edition, the text of th e Constitution of India has been brought up-to-date by incorporating therein all amendments made by Parliament up to and including the Constitution (Ninety-four th Amendment) Act, 2006. The footnotes below the text indicate the Constitution Amendment Acts by which such amendments have been made. The Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir with certain exceptions and modifications as provided in article 370 and the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954. This Order has been included in Appendix I for facility of referenc e. Appendix II contains a re-statement of the exceptions and modifications. The text of the constitutional amendments relating to the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 and t he Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003, which have not yet come int o force, have been provided in the text at the appropriate places wherever or ot herwise in the footnote. NEW DELHI; 1 December 2007. st DR. K.N. CHATURVEDI, Secretary to the Government of India

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED Art., arts. Cl., cls. C.O. Ins. P., pp. Pt. Rep. Sec., ss. Sch. Subs. w.e.f. ... ........................................................ ....................... .................................... ........................................... ................ ........................................................... ... ........................................................ ....................... .................................... ........................................... ................ ........................................................... ... ........................................................ ....................... .................................... ........................................... ................ for Article, articles. Clause, clauses. Constitutiion Or serted. Page, pages. Part. Repealed. Section, sections. Schedule. Substituted. w ith effect from.

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA CONTENTS PAGES PREAMBLE ....................................................................... .......................................................... PART I THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY ARTICLES 1. 2. 2A. 3. 4. Name and territory of the Union ......... .......................................................... Admission or establis hment of new States ................................................ [Repealed.] ............................................................................... ............................... Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States ........................................ ........................................................ Laws made under article s 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters ............................ ........................................................... PART II CITIZENSHIP 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution ..... ..................... Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan ........................................................ .............................................. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan ............................. Rights of citizenship of cert ain persons of Indian origin residing outside India ............................ ........................................................................... Pers ons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens .... ................................................................................ ............................... Continuance of the rights of citizenship ....... .............................................. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law ........................... PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Ge neral 12. 13. Definition ....................................................... ....................................................... Laws inconsistent with o r in derogation of the fundamental rights. ...... Right to Equality 14. 15. Equa lity before law ................................................................ ........................... Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race, caste, sex or place of birth ........................................... ....................................................... 6 7 6 6 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2-3 1 3

(ii) Contents ARTICLES 16. 17. 18. ................................................................................ ........................... Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment .................. Aboli tion of Untouchability ......................................................... ................... Abolition of titles ........................................ ....................................................... Right to Freedom PAGES 7-8 8 8-9 19. 20. 21. 21A. 22. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. ............. Pro tection in respect of conviction for offences .................................. ...... Protection of life and personal liberty ................................. ......................... Right to education ................................... .......................................................... Protection against ar rest and detention in certain cases ........................ Right against Explo itation 9-10 10 10 11 11-12 23. 24. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour ..................... P rohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. ........................ Right to Freedom of Religion 13 13 25. 26. 27. 28. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion ................................................................................ .............................. Freedom to manage religious affairs ............. .............................................. Freedom as to payment of taxes fo r promotion of any particular religion ......................................... .......................................................................... Freed om as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain edu cational institutions .......................................................... ...... Cultural and Educational Rights 13 13-14 14 14 29. 30. 31. Protection of interests of minorities .......................................... ................... Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions ................................................................... ........................................ [Repealed.] ........................... ................................................................................ ... Saving of Certain Laws

14 14-15 15 31A. 31B. 31C. 31D. Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. ..................... Validation of certain Acts and Regulations ..................................... .......... Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles ........ ........... [Repealed.] ........................................................ ...................................................... Right to Constitutional R emedies 15-17 17 17-18 18 32. 32A. 33. 34. 35. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part ................... [R epealed.] ...................................................................... ........................................ Power of Parliament to modify the right s conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. .................. .................................................... Restriction on rights confe rred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area .................... ............................................................................. Le gislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part ........................ .. 18 18 19 19 19-20

Contents (iii) PART IV DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY ARTICLES 36. 37. 38. 39. 39A. 40. 41. 42. 43. 43A. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 48A. 49. 50. 51. ................................................................................ ........................... Definition ..................................................................... ......................................... Application of the principles containe d in this Part ............................... State to secure a social order fo r the promotion of welfare of the people ....................................... ............................................................................. Ce rtain principles of policy to be followed by the State ........................ Equal justice and free legal aid ............................................... ....................... Organisation of village panchayats ..................... ........................................ Right to work, to education and to publ ic assistance in certain cases ................................................. ...................................................................... Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief ................... ................................................................................ ..................... Living wage, etc., for workers ........................... ............................................. Participation of workers in manage ment of industries .......................... Uniform civil code for the citizen s ................................................................ Provision for free and compulsory education for children .................... Promotion of ed ucational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections ............................................. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve publi c health ............................................................. Organisat ion of agriculture and animal husbandry ............................... Protecti on and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life .... ................................................................................ ....... Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance .. ................................................................................ ......................... Separation of judiciary from executive ............... ........................................ Promotion of international peace and se curity ......................................... PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES PAGES 21 21 21 21-22 22 22 22 22 22-23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 51A. Fundamental duties ............................................................. ............................. PART V THE UNION CHAPTER I.THE EXECUTIVE The Presid ent and Vice-President 25 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. The President of India ......................................................... ............................. Executive power of the Union ..................... ................................................... Election of President ...... ................................................................................ .... Manner of election of President ...........................................

........................... Term of office of President ........................ ...................................................... Eligibility for re-electi on ............................................................................. ...... Qualifications for election as President ................................ ....................... Conditions of Presidents office ......................... ............................................ 26 26 26 27-28 28 28 28-29 29

(iv) Contents ARTICLES 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. ................................................................................ ........................... Oath or affirmation by the President ........................................... ................ Procedure for impeachment of the President .................... ........................ Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy ... ................. The Vice-President of India .................................. ........................................... The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States .............................................. ....................................................................... The Vice -President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacan cies in the office, or during the absence, of President ........................ ................................................................................ ....... Election of Vice-President ............................................. ................................... Term of office of Vice-President ........... .......................................................... Time of holding elect ion to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of pe rson elected to fill casual vacancy ........... Oath or affirmation by the VicePresident .................................................. Discharge of Presid ents functions in other contingencies ..................... Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President ............... ................................................................................ ....... Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or comm ute sentences in certain cases ................................................. ....... Extent of executive power of the Union ................................. ..................... Council of Ministers PAGES 29-30 30 30-31 31 31 31 31-32 32-33 33 33 33 33-34 34 35 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President ............................... .... Other provisions as to Ministers .......................................... .......................... The Attorney-General for India 35 36 76. Attorney-General for India ..................................................... ......................... Conduct of Government Business 36-37 77. 78. Conduct of business of the Government of India ................................. ... Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the Pr

esident, etc. .................................................................. ............................. CHAPTER II.PARLIAMENT General 37 37-38 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. Constitution of Parliament ..................................................... ........................ Composition of the Council of States .................. ........................................ Composition of the House of the People .................................................... Readjustment after each cen sus .................................................................... Duratio n of Houses of Parliament ...................................................... ......... Qualification for membership of Parliament ........................... ................. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution .......... ................... Right of President to address and send messages to Houses .. ............ Special address by the President .................................. ................................. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as re spects Houses ............ 38 38 39-40 40 40-41 41 41 41-42 42 42

Contents (v) Officers of Parliament ARTICLES 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. ................................................................................ ........................... The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States .......... Vacation an d resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman .............. ................................................................................ ................ Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the dut ies of the office of, or to act as, Chairman ................................... ..................... The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration ............. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People ............ Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker ... ................................................................................ ...... Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker ............................................... ............. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolutio n for his removal from office is under consideration ............. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speake r .................................................................. Secretariat of Parliament ................................................................. ................ Conduct of Business PAGES 42 42-43 43 43 43 44 44 44-45 45 45 99. 100. Oath or affirmation by members ................................................. ................. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacan cies and quorum ................................................................ ......................................... Disqualifications of Members 46 46 101. 102. 103. 104. Vacation of seats .............................................................. .................................. Disqualifications for membership ............ ..................................................... Decision on questions as t o disqualifications of members ................... Penalty for sitting and votin g before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or wh en disqualified ................ Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members 46-48 48 48-49 49 105. 106. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and com mittees thereof ................................................................ . Salaries and allowances of members. .......................................... ................ Legislative Procedure

49-50 50 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills ............................. ..... Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases ............................ .................. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills ................. ............................. Definition of Money Bills .......................... .................................................. Assent to Bills ............. ................................................................................ ........ Procedure in Financial Matters 50 50-52 52-53 53-54 54 112. 113. Annual financial statement ..................................................... ....................... Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates ...... ........................... 54-56 56

(vi) Contents ARTICLES 114. 115. 116. 117. ................................................................................ ........................... Appropriation Bills ............................................................ ............................... Supplementary, additional or excess grants ..... ........................................ Votes on account, votes of credit and e xceptional grants ..................... Special provisions as to financial Bills ........................................................ Procedure Generally PAGES 56-57 57 57-58 58-59 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. Rules of procedure ............................................................. ................................ Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business ................................................ ................................................................. Language to be used in Parliament ............................................................ . Restriction on discussion in Parliament ...................................... ................ Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament .......... .................. CHAPTER III.LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT Power of Presi dent to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament ...................... ................................................................................ ...... CHAPTER IV.THE UNION JUDICIARY Establishment and constitution of Supreme C ourt ................................. Salaries, etc., of Judges ............... ..................................................................... Appointmen t of acting Chief Justice ...................................................... ..... Appointment of ad hoc judges ............................................. .......................... Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supre me Court .......... Supreme Court to be a court of record ...................... ................................. Seat of Supreme Court ........................ ............................................................. Original jurisdict ion of the Supreme Court ............................................... [Repeal ed.] ........................................................................... ................................... Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in a ppeals from High Courts in certain cases ....................................... ............................................................. Appellate jurisdic tion of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters ... ............................................................................. Ap pellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters ....... Cert ificate for appeal to the Supreme Court ........................................ ..... Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exer cisable by the Supreme Court ................................................... ........ Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court .......................... ............... Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court ............. ............. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court ............. ............. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs . ..... Transfer of certain cases ................................................ ................................... Ancillary powers of Supreme Court .......... .................................................. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts ............... Enforcement of decrees and orders o f Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. ............................... .................................................................. Power of Pres

ident to consult Supreme Court ......................................... Civil a nd judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court ...... [Repealed.] .. ................................................................................ ............................ 59 59-60 60 60 60 60-61 61-63 63 63-64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65-66 66 67 67-68 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69-70 70 70 70 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 131A. 132. 133. 134. 134A. 135. 136. 137 . 138. 139. 139A. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 144A.

Contents (vii) ARTICLES 145. 146. 147. ................................................................................ ........................... Rules of Court, etc. ........................................................... ................................. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court ........... Interpretation ....................................... ................................................................ CHAPTER V.COMPTR OLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA PAGES 71-72 72-73 73 148. 149. 150. 151. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ....................................... ......... Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General ............. . Form of accounts of the Union and of the States .............................. ...... Audit reports ........................................................... ............................................ PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER I.GENERAL 73-74 74-75 75 75 152. Definition ..................................................................... ......................................... CHAPTER II.THE EXECUTIVE The Governor 76 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. Governors of States ............................................................ ............................... Executive power of State ....................... .......................................................... Appointment of Govern or ............................................................................. .. Term of office of Governor .................................................. ............................ Qualifications for appointment as Governor ........ .................................... Conditions of Governors office ............. ........................................................ Oath or affirmation by the Governor ........................................................... Dischar ge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies .............. Powe r of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases ........................................................ Exten t of executive power of State .................................................. ............. Council of Ministers 76 76 76 76-77 77 77 77-78 78 78 78 163. 164. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor ................................ .... Other provisions as to Ministers .......................................... .......................... The Advocate-General for the State

78-79 79-80 165. Advocate-General for the State ................................................. ..................... Conduct of Government Business 80 166. 167. Conduct of business of the Government of a State ............................... .. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governo r, etc. ........................................................................ ............................... CHAPTER III.THE STATE LEGISLATURE General 81-81 81 168. 169. Constitution of Legislatures in States ......................................... ................ Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States ....... ................... 81-82 82

(viii) Contents ARTICLES 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. ................................................................................ ........................... Composition of the Legislative Assemblies ...................................... ......... Composition of the Legislative Councils .............................. ...................... Duration of State Legislatures .......................... ............................................. Qualification for membership of th e State Legislature .......................... Sessions of the State Legislature , prorogation and dissolution .......... Right of Governor to address and send m essages to the House or Houses ................................................. .................................................................. Special addre ss by the Governor ............................................................. ...... Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses ......... ...... Officers of the State Legislature PAGES 82-83 83-85 85 85 86 86 86 86-87 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly .......... Vacation a nd resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker . ................................................................................ ........ Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of th e office of, or to act as, Speaker ............................................. ............... The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolut ion for his removal from office is under consideration ............. The Chairma n and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council ...... Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman ............. .................................................... Power of the Deputy Chairma n or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman ........................................................ The Chairman or the De puty Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is u nder consideration ............. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Depu ty Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman ................................ ................................. Secretariat of State Legislature ............. ......................................................... Conduct of Business 87 87 87-88 88 88 88-89 89 89 90 90 188. 189. Oath or affirmation by members ................................................. ................. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacan cies and quorum ................................................................ ......................................... Disqualifications of Members 90 90-91 190. 191. 192. 193. Vacation of seats .............................................................. .................................. Disqualifications for membership ............ ..................................................... Decision on questions as t

o disqualifications of members ................... Penalty for sitting and votin g before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or w hen disqualified .......................... Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members 91-92 92-93 93 93-94 194. 195. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and c ommittees thereof .............................................................. ... Salaries and allowances of members ......................................... .................. 94 94-95

Contents (ix) Legislative Procedure ARTICLES 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. ................................................................................ ........................... Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills ............................. ..... Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills .......................................................................... ................................. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills .. ............................................ Definition of Money Bills ........... ................................................................. Assent to Bill s .............................................................................. ....................... Bills reserved for consideration ....................... ............................................... Procedure in Financial Matters A nnual financial statement ...................................................... ...................... Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates ...... ........................... Appropriation Bills ................................ ........................................................... Supplementary, addit ional or excess grants ............................................. Votes on ac count, votes of credit and exceptional grants ..................... Special prov isions as to financial Bills ................................................... ..... Procedure Generally Rules of procedure ................................... .......................................................... Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business .... ...................................................................... Language to be used in the Legislature .................................................. .... Restriction on discussion in the Legislature .............................. ................ Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature ..... ................ CHAPTER IV.LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR Power of Governor t o promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature. .......................... ................................................................................ CHAPTER V.THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES High Courts for States ................. ..................................................................... High Court s to be courts of record ....................................................... ........ Constitution of High Courts ........................................... ................................ Appointment and conditions of the office of a J udge of a High Court ........ Application of certain provisions relating to Supr eme Court to High Courts ....................................................... ............................................................. Oath or affirmatio n by Judges of High Courts ........................................ Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge .......................... Salaries, e tc., of Judges ................................................................. ................... Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another ......... ..................... Appointment of acting Chief Justice ...................... ..................................... Appointment of additional and acting Judge s ........................................ Appointment of retired Judges at sitt ings of High Courts ................... Jurisdiction of existing High Courts ... ......................................................... Power of High Courts t o issue certain writs ............................................. [Repealed.] ................................................................................ .............................. Power of superintendence over all courts by the H igh Court ...............

PAGES 95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99 99-100 100-101 101 101-102 102-103 103 103-104 104 104-105 105 105 105-107 107 107 107 108-109 109 110 110 110 110-111 111 111 111-112 112 112-114 114 114-115 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 224A. 225. 226. 226A. 227 .

(x) Contents ARTICLES 228. 228A. 229. 230. 231. ................................................................................ ........................... Transfer of certain cases to High Court ........................................ ............... [Repealed.] .................................................... .......................................................... Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts ....................... Extension of jurisdicti on of High Courts to Union territories .............. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States ........ CHAPTER VI.SUBORDINATE COURTS PAGES 115 115 115-116 116 116-117 233. 233A. 234. 235. 236. 237. Appointment of district judges ................................................. .................... Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., deliver ed by, certain district judges ................................................. ...................................... Recruitment of persons other than distric t judges to the judicial service ............................................... ..................................................................... Control ov er subordinate courts .......................................................... .......... Interpretation ...................................................... ................................................. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates ..................... .................................................................. PART VII THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE 117 117-118 118 118 118-119 119 238. [Repealed.] .................................................................... .......................................... PART VIII THE UNION TERRITORIES 120 239. 239A. 239AA. 239AB. 239B. 240. 241. 242. Administration of Union territories ............................................ ................. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories ................................................. .................................. Special provisions with respect to Delhi .... ................................................. Provision in case of failure o f constitutional machinery ........................ Power of administrator to pr omulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature ............................... ............................................................................. Po wer of President to make regulations for certain Union territories ............. ................................................................................ .................. High Courts for Union territories ........................... ....................................... [Repealed.] ............................ ................................................................................ .. PART IX THE PANCHAYATS

121 121 121-124 124-125 125-126 126-127 127-128 128 243. 243A. 243B. 243C. 243D. 243E. 243F. 243G. 243H. Definitions .................................................................... ........................................ Gram Sabha ............................ ............................................................................. Co nstitution of Panchayats ....................................................... ..................... Composition of Panchayats ................................ ........................................... Reservation of seats ............... ............................................................................ Dur ation of Panchayats, etc. ...................................................... .................... Disqualifications for membership .......................... ....................................... Powers, authority and responsibilities o f Panchayats ........................... Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of , the Panchayats .................. 129 129 129-130 130-131 131-132 132-133 133 133-134 134

Contents (xi) ARTICLES 243-I. 243J. 243K. 243L. 243M. 243N. 243-O. ................................................................................ ........................... Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position ..... Audit of a ccounts of Pachayats ........................................................... ......... Elections to the Panchayats .......................................... .................................. Application to Union territories ............ ....................................................... Part not to apply to cer tain areas ................................................................. Con tinuance of existing laws and Panchayats ....................................... .. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters .......................... ........... PART IXA THE MUNICIPALITIES PAGES 134-135 135 135-136 136 136-137 137-138 138 243P. 243Q. 243R. 243S. 243T. 243U. 243V. 243W. 243X. 243Y. 243Z. 243ZA. 243ZB. 243ZC. 243ZD. 243ZE. 243ZF. 243ZG. Definitions .................................................................... ........................................ Constitution of Municipalities ........ ............................................................... Composition of M unicipalities .................................................................. .... Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. .................. R eservation of seats ............................................................ ............................... Duration of Municipalities, etc. ............... ...................................................... Disqualifications for mem bership ................................................................. Powers , authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. ............. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities ............... Finance Commis sion ........................................................................... .............. Audit of accounts of Municipalities ............................. ............................... Elections to the Municipalities ................ ....................................................... Application to Union ter ritories .................................................................... Pa rt not to apply to certain areas ............................................... .................. Committee for district planning ............................. ....................................... Committee for Metropolitan planning .... .................................................... Continuance of existing law s and Municipalities .................................... Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters .................................... PART X THE SCH EDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS 139 139-140 140-141 141 141-142 142-143 143 143-144 144 144-145 145 145 145-146 146 146-147 147-148 149 149 244. 244A. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas ........................... F ormation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and cre ation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor ............ ................................................................................ ............. PART XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I.LEGISL ATIVE RELATIONS Distribution of Legislative Powers

150 150-151 245. 246. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States ......... Su bject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States ...... ................................................................................ .......................... 152 152

(xii) Contents ARTICLES 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. ................................................................................ ........................... Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional court s .............................................................................. .................. Residuary powers of legislation ............................. ....................................... Power of Parliament to legislate with re spect to a matter in the State List in the national interest ................... ........................................................... Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of E mergency is in operation .................... Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of Stat es .......................... Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more S tates by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State ........... ............................ Legislation for giving effect to international agre ements ....................... Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States ....................................... .................................... Requirements as to recommendations and prev ious sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only ..................... .................................. CHAPTER II.ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS General PAGES 153 153 153 154 154 154-155 155 155 156 256. 257. 257A. 258. 258A. 259. 260. 261. Obligation of States and the Union ............................................. ................. Control of the Union over States in certain cases ............ ......................... [Repealed.] .......................................... .................................................................... Power of th e Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases ............ Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union ........................... [Repea led.] .......................................................................... .................................... Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to te rritories outside India ......... Public acts, records and judicial proceedings ........................................... Disputes relating to Waters 156 156-157 157 157-158 158 158 158 158-159 262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valle ys ............................................................................. ............ Co-ordination between States 159 263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council .............................. ...... PART XII FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS CHAPTER I.FINANCE General 159

264. 265. 266. Interpretation ................................................................. ...................................... Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law .................................. Consolidated Funds and public account s of India and of the States ..... 160 160 160

Contents (xiii) ARTICLES 267. ................................................................................ ........................... Contingency Fund ............................................................... ............................... Distribution of Revenues between the Union and t he States PAGES 161 268. 268A. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States ........ ................................................................................ ............................. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appr opriated by the Union and the States ........................................... .............................................. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States ....... Taxes levied and distributed between t he Union and the States ....... Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purpos es of the Union ........... [Repealed.] ........................................ ...................................................................... Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products ....................... Prior rec ommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States ar e interested ........................................................ Grants fro m the Union to certain States .................................................. ... Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments ..................... Savings ....................................................................... ........................................... [Repealed.] ........................ ................................................................................ ...... Calculation of net proceeds, etc. ......................................... .................... Finance Commission ........................................ ................................................. Recommendations of the Finance Commission ........................................ Miscellaneous Financial Pro visions 161-162 162 162-163 163 164 164 164 164-165 165-166 167 167 167 168 168-169 169 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 290A. 291. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues ...... Custod y, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the pub lic accounts ..................................................... Custody of su itors deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts .......... ................................................................................ . Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. .................... R estrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods ... Exempti on from taxes on electricity ................................................... ......... Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity i n certain cases ................................................................ .................................... Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation ...... Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensio ns ..................... Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds .............. ........................... [Repealed.] ........................................ ...................................................................... CHAPTER I

I.BORROWING 169 169-170 170 170 171 171-172 172 172-173 173 173-174 174 292. 293. Borrowing by the Government of India ........................................... ............ Borrowing by States ............................................... ........................................... CHAPTER III.PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGH TS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS 174 174-175 294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain c ases ........................................................................... .............................. 175

(xiv) Contents ARTICLES 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. ................................................................................ ........................... Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cas es ............................................................................. ............................... Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia ..................... Things of value within territorial waters or con tinental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union ........... Power to carry on trade, etc. ..................................... ...................................... Contracts ............................... ............................................................................... Suits and proceedings .......................................................... ............................ CHAPTER IV.RIGHT TO PROPERTY PAGES 175-176 176 177 177 177-178 178 300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law ...... PART XIII TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA 178 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse ..................................... ...... Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and interco urse ........................................................................... ................................. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce ...................... ....................................... Restrictions on trade, commerce and inte rcourse among States ......... Saving of existing laws and laws providing for St ate monopolies ..... [Repealed.] ............................................... ............................................................... Appointment of a uthority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304 .................. ................................................................................ ........... PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I.SERVICES 179 179 179 179-180 180 180 180 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 312A. 313. 314. Interpretation ................................................................. ...................................... Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State ........................................... .................................................................... Tenure of o ffice of persons serving the Union or a State ....................... Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State ................................................ All-India serv ices ........................................................................... .................... Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services ...............................................

................................. Transitional provisions ...................... ............................................................... [Repealed.] .... ................................................................................ .......................... CHAPTER II.PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS 181 181 181-182 182-183 183-184 184-185 185 185 315. 316. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States ............. Appoin tment and term of office of members ........................................... 185-186 186-187

Contents (xv) ARTICLES 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. ................................................................................ ........................... Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission .............. ................................................................................ ........... Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission ....................................................... ................... Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commi ssion on ceasing to be such members ............................................ .......................... Functions of Public Service Commissions ............. ..................................... Power to extend functions of Public Servic e Commissions .................. Expenses of Public Service Commissions ........ ........................................... Reports of Public Service Commission s ...................................................... PART XIVA TRIBUNALS PAGES 187-188 189 189-190 190-192 192 192 192 323A. 323B. Administrative tribunals ....................................................... .......................... Tribunals for other matters ......................... .................................................... PART XV ELECTIONS 193-194 194-196 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 329A. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission ..................................................................... ......... No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be include d in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex ...... ................. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative As semblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage .................... Pow er of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures ... ................................................................................ ................. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature .............................................. ............................. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ..................................... [Repealed.] ............................. ................................................................................ . PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES 197-198 198 198 199 199 199 199 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of t he People ...................................................................... ....... Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People ................................................................................ ............................. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Sche duled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States .......................

............. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative As semblies of the States ......................................................... ......................... Reservation of seats and special representation to cea se after sixty years ........................................................... ................................................. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts ........................................ ...................................................................... Special p rovision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services ......... 200-201 201 201-203 203 203 204 204

(xvi) Contents ARTICLES 337. 338. 338A. 339. 340. 341. 342. ................................................................................ ........................... Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-In dian Community ................................................................. ........ National Commission for Scheduled Castes .............................. ............... National Commission for Scheduled Tribes ....................... ....................... Control of the Union over the Administration of Schedule d Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes .................................... ........................ Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditio ns of backward classes ......................................................... ...................................... Scheduled Castes ........................ ....................................................................... Schedule d Tribes ....................................................................... ......................... PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CHAPTER I.LANGUAGE OF THE U NION PAGES 204-205 205-207 207-209 209-210 210 210-211 211 343. 344. Official language of the Union ................................................. ...................... Commission and Committee of Parliament on official langua ge ....... CHAPTER II.REGIONAL LANGUAGES 212 212-214 345. 346. 347. Official language or languages of a State ...................................... ............ Official language for communication between one State and another o r between a State and the Union ................................................ .. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State ..................................................................... ................... CHAPTER III.LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC. 214 214 214 348. 349. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bi lls, etc. ...................................................................... . Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language ......... ................................................................................ ...................... CHAPTER IV.SPECIAL DIRECTIVES 214-215 216 350. 350A. 350B. 351. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances ............... .. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage ................

Special Officer for linguistic minorities ..................................... .................. Directive for development of the Hindi language ............. ....................... PART XVIII EMERGENCY PROVISIONS 216 216 216 216-217 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. Proclamation of Emergency ...................................................... ...................... Effect of Proclamation of Emergency ..................... ..................................... Application of provisions relating to dist ribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation ......... ...................................... Duty of the Union to protect States again st external aggression and internal disturbance. ............................... .................................................. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States .......... 218-220 221 221-222 222 222-225

Contents (xvii) ARTICLES 357. 358. 359. 359A. 360. ................................................................................ .................................. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 ..... ................................................................................ ........................ Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergenci es. ................ Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Pa rt III during emergencies ...................................................... ...................................... [Repealed.] ............................. ................................................................................ . Provisions as to financial emergency ......................................... .................. PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS PAGES 225-226 226-227 227-228 228 228-230 361. 361A. 361B. 362. 363. 363A. 364. 365. 366. 367. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs .................... Prote ction of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures ....... ................................................................................ ................... Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political p ost ...... [Repealed.] ......................................................... ..................................................... Bar to interference by cou rts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. .............. ................................................................................ .... Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished .................................................................. .................... Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes ....... .................... Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, dir ections given by the Union ..................................................... .................................................... Definitions ............... ................................................................................ ............. Interpretation ................................................... .................................................... PART XX AMENDMENT OF THE CO NSTITUTION 231-232 232 232-233 233 233 234 234 235 235-239 239 368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor ..... PART XXI TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS 240-241 369. 370. 371. 371A. 371B. 371C. 371D. 371E. 371F. 371G. 371H. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in th e State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List ........ Temporary p rovisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir .... Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat .... Special provision wit h respect to the State of Nagaland ....................... Special provision wit

h respect to the State of Assam ............................ Special provision w ith respect to the State of Manipur ......................... Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh ........ Establishment of Central U niversity in Andhra Pradesh ...................... Special provisions with respe ct to the State of Sikkim .......................... Special provision with resp ect to the State of Mizoram ........................ Special provision with resp ect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh ..... 242 243-244 244-245 245-249 250 250 251-255 255 255-259 259 259-260

(xviii) Contents ARTICLES 371-I. 372. 372A. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 378A. 379-391. 392. ................................................................................ .................................. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa ............................. .... Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation ................ . Power of the President to adapt laws ......................................... ................ Power of President to make order in respect of persons under pr eventive detention in certain cases ............................................ ................ Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pe nding in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council .................... ....... Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution ................................................. ...................... Provisions as to Judges of High Courts .................. .................................... Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-Ge neral of India ................ Provisions as to Public Service Commissions .... ....................................... Special provision as to duration of Andh ra Pradesh Legislative Assembly ................................................ .............................................................. [Repealed.] ..... ................................................................................ ....................... Power of the President to remove difficulties .......... ................................. PART XXII SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITA TIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS PAGES 260 260-262 262 262-263 263-264 264 264-265 265 265 266 266 266 393. 394. 394A. 395. Short title .................................................................... .......................................... Commencement ........................ .......................................................................... Autho ritative text in the Hindi language ............................................ ....... Repeals ................................................................ .................................................. SCHEDULES 267 267 267-268 268 FIRST SCHEDULE I. II. The States ............................................... .............................................................. The Union territo ries ........................................................................... ............... 269-274 274-275 SECOND SCHEDULE Part A Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States .................. Part B [Repealed.] .......................................... .................................................................... Part C Provi sions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and th e Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy C hairman of the Legislative Council of a State .................................. .......................... Part DProvisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts. ....................................................... ............................................................ Part E Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ........ THIRD SCHEDULE Forms of Oaths or Affirmations ........................................... 276 276

277 277-280 281 282-284

Contents (xix) ARTICLES ................................................................................ .................................. PAGES 285-286 287 287 287-289 289-290 290 291-314 FOURTH SCHEDULEAllocation of seats in the Council of States ................... F IFTH SCHEDULEProvisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas a nd Scheduled Tribes .............................. Part AGeneral ................ ................................................................................ ................ Part BAdministration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Schedule d Tribes ....................................................................... ........................................... Part C Scheduled Areas .............. ............................................................................... Part DAmendment of the Schedule ................................................. ....................... SIXTH SCHEDULEProvisions as to the Administration of Trib al Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram ............. SE VENTH SCHEDULE List I Union List ................................................. ....................................................... List IIState List ....... ................................................................................ ................... List IIIConcurrent List ..................................... ....................................................... EIGHTH SCHEDULELanguages ................................................................................ .. NINTH SCHEDULEValidation of certain Acts and Regulations ..................... ... TENTH SCHEDULEProvisions as to disqualification on ground of defection ...... ... ELEVENTH SCHEDULEPowers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats ..... T WELFTH SCHEDULEPowers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. ... ................................................................................ ....... APPENDIX APPENDIX IThe Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Or der, 1954 ...................................................................... ................................... APPENDIX IIRe-statement, with reference to th e present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ............ ................................................................................ ...... INDEX ................................................................... ..................................................................... 315-321 321-326 326-329 330 331-348 349-353 354-355 356 357-374 375-396 397-443

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a 1 [ SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citize ns: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, bel ief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote am ong them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the 2[unity a nd integrity of the Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twentysixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Preamble. 1 Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 2, for SOVEREI GN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (w.e.f. 3-1-1977). 2 Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for unity of the Nation (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).

PART I THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY Name and territory of the Union. 1. (1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. [(2) The States and th e territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule.] (3) The terr itory of India shall comprise (a) the territories of the States; [(b) the Union t erritories specified in the First Schedule; and] (c) such other territories as m ay be acquired. 2 1 Admission or establishment of new States. 2. Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit. 2A. [Sikkim to be associated with the Uni on.] Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 2 6-4-1975). 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. 3. Parliament may by law (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any ter ritory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; (e) alter the name of any State: [Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in eit her House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless , where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries 4 Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 2, for cl. (2). Subs . by s. 2, ibid., for sub-clause (b). 3 Article 2A was ins. by the Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-3-1975). 4 Subs. by the Const itution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 2, for the proviso. 2 1 2

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 3 (Part I.The Union and its territory.Arts. 3-4.) or name of any of the States 1***, the Bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State fo r expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the ref erence or within such further period as the President may allow and the period s o specified or allowed has expired.] [Explanation I.In this article, in clauses ( a) to (e), "State includes a Union territory, but in the proviso, "State doe s not include a Union territory. Explanation II.The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by unit ing a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory .] 4. (1) Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provi sions for the amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions as t o representation in Parliament and in the Legislature or Legislatures of the Sta te or States affected by such law) as Parliament may deem necessary. (2) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for th e purposes of article 368. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and t he Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters. 2 1 The words and letters specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule omitte d by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. 2 Ins. by th e Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, s. 2.

PART II CITIZENSHIP Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. 5. At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile i n the territory of India and (a) who was born in the territory of India; or (b) e ither of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or (c) who has been o rdinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than five years immedi ately preceding such commencement, shall be a citizen of India. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakista n. 6. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated to the terri tory of India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of this Constitution if (a) he or either o f his parents or any of his grandparents was born in India as defined in the Gov ernment of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and (b) (i) in the case wher e such person has so migrated before the nineteenth day of July, 1948, he has be en ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration , or (ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the nineteen th day of July, 1948, he has been registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed in that behalf by the Government of the Dominion of India on an appli cation made by him therefor to such officer before the commencement of this Cons titution in the form and manner prescribed by that Government: Provided that no person shall be so registered unless he has been resident in the territory of In dia for at least six months immediately preceding the date of his application. 4

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 5 (Part II.Citizenship.Arts. 711.) 7. Notwithstanding anything in articles 5 and 6, a person who has after the first day of March, 1947, migrated from the territory of India to the territory now included in Pakistan shall not be deemed to be a c itizen of India: Provided that nothing in this article shall apply to a person w ho, after having so migrated to the territory now included in Pakistan, has retu rned to the territory of India under a permit for resettlement or permanent retu rn issued by or under the authority of any law and every such person shall for t he purposes of clause (b) of article 6 be deemed to have migrated to the territo ry of India after the nineteenth day of July, 1948. 8. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any person who or either of whose parents or any of whose grandpar ents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as origi nally enacted), and who is ordinarily residing in any country outside India as s o defined shall be deemed to be a citizen of India if he has been registered as a citizen of India by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the country where he is for the time being residing on an application made by him th erefor to such diplomatic or consular representative, whether before or after th e commencement of this Constitution, in the form and manner prescribed by the Go vernment of the Dominion of India or the Government of India. 9. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of I ndia by virtue of article 6 or article 8, if he has voluntarily acquired the cit izenship of any foreign State. 10. Every person who is or is deemed to be a citi zen of India under any of the foregoing provisions of this Part shall, subject t o the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen. 11. Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate fro m the power of Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India . Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. Continuance of the rights of citizenship. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS General Definition. 12. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the State includes the Gov ernment and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each o f the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. 13. (1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void. (2) The State shall not make any law whic h takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in c ontravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. (3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires, (a) law includes any Or dinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of law; (b) laws in force includes laws passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed, notwi thstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in operation ei ther at all or in particular areas. 1 [(4) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368.] Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. Right to Equality Equality before law. 14. The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. 1 Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2. 6

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 7 (Part III.Fundamental Rights.Arts. 15-16.) 15. (1) The State shall not discriminat e against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of bi rth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, cas te, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bath ing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. (3) Nothing in this a rticle shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and c hildren. 1 [(4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the S cheduled Tribes.] Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. [(5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 sh all prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advance ment of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the S cheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions rel ate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority ed ucational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30.] 16. (1) There s hall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employme nt or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on ground s only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employme nt or office under the State. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliame nt from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employmen t or appointment to an office 1 2 2 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 2. Ins. by the Constit ution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-1-2006).

8 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (Part III.Fundamental Rights.Arts. 1618.) 1 Abolition of Untouchability. Abolition of titles. [under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Uni on territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territo ry] prior to such employment or appointment. (4) Nothing in this article shall p revent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments o r posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State. 2 [(4A) N othing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for res ervation 3[in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class] or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled C astes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequ ately represented in the services under the State.] 4 [(4B) Nothing in this arti cle shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year wh ich are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provisi on for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of v acancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacan cies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which th ey are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservatio n on total number of vacancies of that year.] (5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office i n connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particul ar religion or belonging to a particular denomination. 17. Untouchability is aboli shed and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disabilit y arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. 18. (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be co nferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any fo reign State. 1 Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch., for un der any State specified in the First Schedule or any local or other authority wi thin its territory, any requirement as to residence within that State. 2 Ins. by the Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995, s. 2. 3 Subs. by the Con stitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2001, s. 2, for certain words (w.e.f. 17 -6-1995). 4 Ins. by the Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000, s. 2 (w .e.f. 9-6-2000).

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 9 (Part III.Fundamental Rights.Arts. 18-19.) (3) No person who is not a citizen of I ndia shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State. (4) No p erson holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the c onsent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind fr om or under any foreign State. Right to Freedom 19. (1) All citizens shall have the right (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; 1[and] 2 * * * * * (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any oc cupation, trade or business. 3 [(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shal l affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of t he right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India,] the security of the State, friendly relations with fore ign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of cou rt, defamation or incitement to an offence.] (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of th e said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imp oses, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of 4[t he sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (4) Nothing in su b-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law i n so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in th e interests of 4 [the sovereignty and 1 2 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-6-1 979). Sub-clause (f) omitted by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-6-1979). 3 Subs. by the C onstitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 3, for cl. (2) (with retrospective e ffect). 4 Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 2.

10 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (Part III.Fundamental Rights.Arts. 1921.) integrity of India or] public order or mo rality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the sa id sub-clause. (5) Nothing in 1[sub-clauses (d) and (e)] of the said clause shal l affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent t he State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise o f any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Trib e. (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation o f any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions o n the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular , 2[nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing la w in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to, (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or (ii) the carryi ng on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or par tial, of