9/30/2014 - woodworks.org · 9/30/2014 71 ts t ea s 2007 45 9 0 756 1 4 738 7 751 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 07 s o . 72% ts t ea s 2007 45 9 0 756 1 4 738 7 751. 9/30/2014 72 ts …

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The Long and Short of Wood Roof Systems

Presented by Scott Breneman, PhD, PE, SEOctober 1, 2014

Photo Al Karevy/Bensonwood

“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Course Description

This course is an overview of the many framing systems commonly used in buildings in the United States for a variety of span lengths. The presentation will review the possible wood structural framing systems including rafters, metal plated wood trusses, engineered wood products and hybrid roof systems. Also covered will be how these components can be combined to create efficient and versatile roof framing systems. All of these concepts will be reinforced through the presentation of real example projects with details on the framing system used to achieve the project goals.

Learning Objectives

At the end of this program:• Participants will be familiar with wood framing options

available for use as roof framing and be able to evaluate different framing systems to use for building projects

• Participants will be familiar with the variety of roof geometries that are possible with wood framing systems

• Through the presentation of several project case studies, the participant will understand how long span roof systems can be built from all wood and hybrid wood structural configurations

• Participants will be familiar with the International Building Code provisions that allow the use of wood systems in many roof applications including use in non-combustible Type I and Type II construction buildings

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Wood Roof

Riding Arena

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Commercial Strip Mall

Christ the King Catholic Church

Architect: CDH Partners, Inc.Engineer: KSI Structural Engineers

Christ the King Catholic ChurchHamilton, GA

Timber trusses and wood deckingSpire created unique skylight effect

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Freedom Truck Center, Spokane, WAArchitects: ALSC ArchitectsStructural Engineer: DCI Engineers

Photo courtesy RedBuilt

Photo Scott Breneman - WoodWorks

University Laval Soccer Stadium, Quebec City Architect: ABCP Architecture + urbanisme

Photos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products

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Layton Petro Mart, Greenfield, WisconsinARCHITECT: Arquitectura, Inc.ENGINEER: Jendusa Engineering Associates, Inc.

PHOTOS: Arquitectura, Inc.

Outline of Presentation

• Wood Roof Components• Wood Roof Systems• IBC Code Provisions for Wood Roofs• Why Consider Wood

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Components of Roof System?

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Components of a Wood Roof System


Continuous Weather Proof Layers

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Structural Sheathing


Structural Framing

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Wood Roof Sheathing Options

Wood Structural PanelsOriented Strand Board (OSB) and Plywood

Solid Sawn Decking2x, 3x and 4x dimensional lumberMechanically Laminated or Tongue & Groove

Panel Products:Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS)Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels

Wood Structural PanelsWood Structural Panels

Plywood - the original engineered wood panel (>100 years)

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) - a second generation engineered wood panel (>25 years)

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IBC 2012 2303.1.4 Wood structural panels.

Wood structural panels, when used structurally (including those used for siding, roof and wall sheathing, subflooring, diaphragms and built-up members), shall conform to the requirements for their type in DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2 or ANSI/APA PRP 210. Each panel or member shall be identified for grade, bond classification, and Performance Category by the trademarks of an approved testing and grading agency. The Performance Category value shall be used as the “nominal panel thickness” or “panel thickness” whenever referenced in this code. Wood structural panel components shall be designed and fabricated in accordance with the applicable standards listed in Section 2306.1 and identified by the trademarks of an approved testing and inspection agency indicating conformance to the applicable standard. In addition, wood structural panels when permanently exposed in outdoor applications shall be of Exterior type, except that wood structural panel roof sheathing exposed to the outdoors on the underside is permitted to be Exposure 1 type.

APA Engineered Wood Construction Guide

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Lumber Decking

• See IBC 2012 2304.8• American Wood Council’s Wood

Construction Data No. 2 “Tongue and Grove Roof Decking”

Lumber Decking

Code Acceptance for 2, 3 and 4 inch thick Tongue & Groove Lumber Decking per IBC 2012 2304.8

2x6 T&C Doug FirPhoto Bear Creek Lumber

3x6 Double T&G PinePhoto Southern Wood Specialities

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Lumber Decking Layup Options

Details in IBC with further information in AWC WCD 2

American Wood CouncilWood Construction Data 2Tongue and Groove Roof Decking

Christ the King Catholic Church

Architect: CDH Partners, Inc.Engineer: KSI Structural Engineers

Christ the King Catholic ChurchHamilton, GA

Timber trusses and wood deckingSpire created unique skylight effect

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Lumber Roof Decking Spans

• AWC WCD 2 T&G Decking Design Tools.• Used with Lumber Design Values from National

Design Specification for Wood Construction and Supplement.

Lumber Roof Decking Spans

• 2 inch can span up to 8 feet or more• 3 inch can span up to 12 feet or more• 4 inch can span up to 16 feet or more• Spans depend on Loads, Species and Grade of Lumber, Deck Layup

Pattern, Acceptable Deflection, etc.

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• IBC 2012 2306.2 applies to wood-framed diaphragms and references AWC Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic 2008 (SDPWS):

• Example capacities are:

Diaphragm Sheathing Limitations

DiaphragmType

Max Aspect Ratio

Max Possible Allowable Shear Capacity (ASD) in SPDWS

Lumber Sheathing

Horizontal 2x sheathing 2:1 VW=70 plf, VS=50 plf

1 layer Diagonal 2x sheathing 3:1 VW=420 plf, VS=300 plf

2 layers Diagonal 2x sheathing 4:1 VW=840 plf, VS=600 plf

Wood Panels

Blocked WSP* 4:1 VW=2520 plf, VS=1800 plf

Unblocked WSP 3:1 VW=447 plf, VS=320 plf

*Maximum value from high load diaphragms


Structural FramingRafters

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Structural FramingPurlins


Structural FramingRafters and Purlins

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Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers

Ithaca Foreign Car Repair, Ithaca NY

Ithaca Foreign Car


Ithaca Foreign Car Repair

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Solid Sawn Roof Framing

Design Routes:IBC 2012 2308 – Conventional Light-Frame

ConstructionAWC NDS 2012 – Engineered DesignAWC Wood Frame Construction Manual 2012

- Design tools based upon NDS

Solid Sawn Roof Framing Spans

Possible long spans based upon a common 24” o.c. spacing in lightly loaded applications

Size Achievable Span

2x4 8 ft

2x6 12 ft

2x8 16 ft

2x10 20 ft

2x12 24 ft

Acceptable spans depend on Loads, Species and Grade of Lumber, Acceptable Deflection, etc.See NDS 2012 or Wood Frame Construction Manual 2012 for design

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Glulam

Glulam

What is Glulam?

Glulam = a structural composite of lumber and adhesives

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Dispersal of Strength Reducing Characteristics

Single Lamination

Glued Laminated Timber

Spans of 100 feet or greater achievable

12-1/4” x 84”140 ft. clear spanCamber = 8”

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Flexibility of Shapes and Spans

Photos courtesy DeStafano & Chamberlain, Inc.

Portland International Jetport, Portland, MaineArchitect : GenslerStructural Engineer: Oest AssociatesTimber Engineer: DeStefano & Chamberlain

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Portland International Jetport, Portland, MaineArchitect : GenslerStructural Engineer: Oest AssociatesTimber Engineer: DeStefano & Chamberlain



Portland International Jetport, Portland, Maine 32 by 64 feet bays40,000 sf timber roof

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Lemay America Auto MuseumPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures

104’ Span Glulam ArchesGlulam purlins @ 4’ o.c

Promega Feynman Center, The Crossroads, Madison, WisconsinARCHITECT: Uihlein-Wilson Architects, Inc.ENGINEER: EwingCole

DESIGN CONSULTANT: Archemy ConsultingPHOTOS: Aitor Sanchez/EwingCole

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Promega Feynman Center, The Crossroads, Madison, WisconsinPhotos: Aitor Sanchez/EwingCole

Pre Fabricated Wood I-Joists

Recognized in IBC 2303.1.2 using ASTM D 5055Proprietary Products with Evaluation Reports

Structural glue joints

SCL or lumber flanges

Structural wood panel web

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Prefabricated Wood I-Joists

Wide range of depths and flange widths

Commercial Strip Mall

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Havens Elementary School, Piedmont CADesign : ATI Architects and EngineersGeneral Contractor: WebcorPhoto Janelle Leafblad - WoodWorks

46,000 sf school replacementCompleted 2010

Havens Elementary School, Piedmont CADesign : ATI Architects and EngineersGeneral Contractor: WebcorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt


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Structural Composite LumberStructural Composite Lumber

Laminated Veneer Lumber

ParallelStrand Lumber

LaminatedStrand Lumber

OrientedStrand Lumber

University of Idaho Recreational CenterArchitects: Ohlson Lavoie CompanyStructural Engineer: Coffman Engineers

85,000 sq ftCompleted 2002

PSL Truss Roof

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Metal Plated Wood Truss

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Truss Configurations

Parallel chord or flat truss

61


Scissors

Vaulted Parallel Chord

Flat Vault

Studio Vault

Tray or Coffer

Barrel Vault

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Polynesian

Gambrel

Room-In-Attic

Bowstring

Double Cantilever

Tri-Bearing


64Clerestory

Cantilevered Mansard W/ Parapets

Hip

Dual Pitch

Sloping Flat

Half Scissors

Half HipMono

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Multi-Piece

Double Inverted

Parallel Chord Scissors Truss

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Riding Arena

82’ Clear Span Trusses

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90’ Clear Span Glulam Trusses

Cayucos Elementary K-8

Location:Cayucos, CA

Completed: 2009

Architect: RRM Design Group

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Shenandoah Social CenterArchitect: Pinnacle Design, Dale WilkowskeTimber Structural Engineer: D. Remy & Co.

42’ span DF TrussesCompleted 2008

Photo courtesy David Hourdequin – D. Remy & Co.

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Structural Framing

Panelized Roof System

!Pre-fabricated roof sections lifted into place

!Safety, cost, speed

! Two common types" All wood" Hybrid

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When are Panelized Roofs used?

Most commonly with tilt-up concrete or masonry walls

Typical for large, low slope, roof structures

How is a Panelized Roof Constructed?

1 Column erection

2 Girders placement

3 Purlin installation

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4Panels are assembled on the ground (often 8’ width)

•Single purlin•Sub-purlins or stiffeners spaced @ 24”oc•Plywood or OSB


5 Pre-framed panel placement

How is a Panelized Roof Constructed

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Pre-framed panel secured•Purlin to girder •Sub-purlins to purlin•Final panel nailing

Process repeated

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Panelized System Elements

Subpurlin

Wood Structural Panel Sheathing

Purlin

Pre-framed Panel

2 ½” Glulam, I-joist, Open-web trussOpen-web wood flange, steel joist

Dimensional sawn lumber

!4x8, 4x10, or 8x8 jumbo panels!OSB or plywood

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Defining Panelized System Elements

Simple span or Cantilevered GlulamsPanels span between girder lines

GirderGirder

Pre-framedpanel

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• Introductory Piece• 4 Case Studies• Highlights Benefits

• Cost• Schedule• Safety

• Demonstrates Variety • states/climates• Occupancies• Construction applications

WoodWorks Case Study

Design Examples

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Freedom Truck Center, Spokane, WAArchitects: ALSC ArchitectsStructural Engineer: DCI Engineers

45,000 sq ftPanelized Roof

Photos courtesy RedBuilt

Light House Baptist Church Multi-Purpose BuildingArchitect: Cliff ParisStructural Engineer: Manning Engineering

90 ft spanGym on 2nd FloorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt

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Light House Baptist Church Multi-Purpose BuildingArchitect: Cliff ParisStructural Engineer: Manning Engineering

90 ft spanGym on 2nd FloorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt

Post Frame Construction

Features" Wood side wall posts" Pitched Trusses" Wide bay spacing (8ft +)" Large clear spans (100 ft+)

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Typical Post Frame Building System

Laminated or Solid-Sawn Wood Columns

Roof Framing Trusses or Rafters

6 to 12 ft o.c.

Roof PurlinsTyp. 2x4s

“on edge” or “flat”

Sheathing:• 26 to 29 ga

Ribbed Steel OR• OSB or Plywood

Wall GirtsTyp. 2x4 or 2x6

“flat”

Commercial Office/Warehouse, Cloquet MN81 foot spans

Photos courtesy Morton Buildings

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Variety of Post Frame Building Configurations Photos courtesy Morton Buildings

82’ Clear Span Trusses

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Timber Frame Systems

SIMPLE TRUSS CLASSIC KING POST TRUSS KING POST TRUSS

QUEEN POST SYSTEM HAMMER TRUSS SCISSOR TRUSS

William N. Allyn Conference Center Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers

25,000 sq ft

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25,000 sq ft


25,000 sq ft

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Burr & Burton Academy – Mountain CampusPhotos Al Karevy Courtesy Bensonwood

LEED Platinum – Net Zero

Burr & Burton Academy – Mountain CampusPhotos Al Karevy. Courtesy Bensonwood

LEED Platinum – Net Zero

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Catherine Houghton Arts CenterWhite Mountain SchoolBethleham, NH Photos: White Mountain School. Courtesy Bensonwood

Net Zero – Panelized Construction

Whole Foods MarketAtlanta, GA

15,000 sf Type VA Structure67’ Span Glulam trusses @ 14’ o.c. & 2x6 T&G SP Deck

On glulam beams and 8x8 Columns @ 20 ft o.c.

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Glulam Arches

Chemical Storage FacilityPortland, OR

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Port of Portland Terminal 5 Potash Storage Facility 160 by 2083 ft1995 Construction, 2006 AdditionPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures

Three Hinge Arch

Port of Portland Terminal 5 Potash Storage Facility 160 by 2083 ft1995 Construction, 2006 AdditionPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures

Three Hinge Arch

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YMCA Camp Thunderbird Duke Energy PavilionLake Wylie, South Carolina

ENGINEER: Bulla Smith Design Engineering PHOTOS: Stanley Capps

YMCA Camp Thunderbird Duke Energy Pavilion, Lake Wylie, South CarolinaPhotos: Stanley Capps

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Duke Lower and Middle School

Location:Durham, NC

Completed: 2009

Architect: DTW Architects and Planners

Size:3 Middle School Bldgs2 Lower School Bldgs

Cost: Middle School $130/sfLower School$112/sf

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Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C.

• Multi-purpose arena with 500,000 sf. floor area• 330’ clear span arches w/ 2 way curvature roof

covering 6 acres• Proprietary Woodwave panel roof system

spanned between the composite glue-lam arches

Credit: naturallywood.com Design team: CannonDesignOwner: City of Richmond

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Richmond Skating Oval

Anaheim Ice ArenaArchitect: Frank Gehry 116 ft spanPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures

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Arch splice connection

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University Laval Soccer Stadium, Quebec City Architect: ABCP Architecture + urbanisme 216 ft spanPhotos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products

University Laval Soccer Stadium, Quebec City Architect: ABCP Architecture + urbanisme 216 ft spanPhotos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products

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Buffalo HarborCenter, Rink 1 140 ft span Hybrid Glulam TrussUnder Construction, Fall 2014Photos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products

Rayleigh Durham International Terminal 2 Up to 136 ft spansHybrid Glulam Truss

Completed 2010Lead Architect: Fentress ArchitectsLead Structural: ARUPPhotos courtesy Structurlam Products

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IBC Conforming Routes to Wood Roofs

1) Construction Type for Whole Building

2) Allowances for Wood Roofs


Qualify Whole Building for Construction Type, III, IV or V:

1) Type III, IV or V construction per IBC 2012 Section 503, Table 503 and the allowable heights and areas modifications for sprinklers, etc.

2) Type III, IV or V construction per Unlimited Area options in Section 507

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2012 Code Conforming Wood Design

Accommodates Scale

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Unlimited Area Buildings

IBC 2012 Section 507 gives Unlimited Area Building routes for Type III, IV and/or V Construction for the following occupancies:

AssemblyEducationBusiness, FactoryMercantileStorage

Pop Quiz

What is the maximum possible area allowed in IBC 2012 for a wood 1 story Education occupancy building with sprinklers?

What is the maximum possible area allowed in IBC 2012 for a wood 2 story B, M, F, or S occupancy building with sprinklers?

Unlimited AreaIBC 2012 507.10, Type IIIA or IV Construction

Unlimited AreaIBC 2012 507.4, Type IIIA or IV Construction

Assembly occupancies options as well.Buildings required to have surrounding public ways and/or yards.See IBC 507 for specific requirements.

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Wood Roofs Allowed in other Construction Types1) Footnote b of Table 601 (FRTW when > 20 ft)2) Footnote c of Table 601 (HT when 1hr or less

Required)

Fire Resistance Rating -IBC Table 601

b. Except in Group F-1, H, M and S-1 occupancies, fire protection of structural members shall not be required, including protection of roof framing and decking where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. Fire-retardant-treated wood members shall be allowed to be used for such unprotected members.c. In all occupancies, heavy timber shall be allowed where a 1-hour or less fire-resistance rating is required.

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Table 601 Footnotes – “b”

Fire protection of structural members shall not be required, where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below.

• FRT wood allowed: For Type I, II, III, and V roof framing

20’

Except in group F-1, H, M, and S-1 occupancies

Table 601 Footnotes – “c”

Heavy Timber roof can be used where fire rating is 1hr or less

• Applies to any type of construction except Type IA

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LAUSD – Miguel Contreras Learning Complex

Laurence Anderson Photography

Fotoworks | Benny Chan

Type IV Construction

Heavy Timber (HT) has …• Exterior walls made of noncombustible

materials or fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW) • Interior building elements of heavy timber or

laminated wood meeting minimum dimensions and without concealed spaces

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Minimum Sizes – Roof Framing

Column SupportingRoof Load> 6x8 nominal

Beam SupportingRoof Load> 4x6 nominal

Photo of Hoffstadt Bluff Visitor’s Center

602.4.9 Exterior structural members –Where horizontal separation of 20 ft is provided, heavy timber wood columns and arches are permitted externally.

Minimum Sizes – Roof Framing

Truss Framing> 4x6

Photo of Hoffstadt Bluff Visitor’s Center

Roof Decking> 2x T&G Deck! 1-1/8” WSP! 3x on edge-planks! CLT

Often 7/16” sheathing may be applied over 2x deck to increase diaphragm strength

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Minimum Sizes – Floor Framing

Column SupportingFloor Load> 8x8 nominal

Beam SupportingFloor Load> 6x10 nominal

IBC Section 602.4 (Table 602.4) address minimum sizes

Columns and beams can be sawn or Glu-laminated

Arch Sprung From the Ground

Timber Arches supporting roofloads and springing from floor > 6x8at bottom & 6x6 at top

Arches supporting roof loadsfrom top of wall shall be > 4x6

Images Provided by Structural Wood Corporation

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Equivalent Glued Laminated Net Size

Minimum NominalSolid Sawn Size

Minimum Glued-laminatedNet Size

Minimum Structural Composite Lumber Net Size

Table 602.4Wood member Size Equivalents

Width, Inch Width, InchWidth, InchDepth, Inch Depth, InchDepth, Inch

8

6

6

6

4

10

8

8

6

6

6 ¾

5

5

5

3

8 ¾

10 ½

8 ¼

6

6 7/8

7

5 ¼

5 ¼

5 ¼

9 ½

7 ½

3 ½

5 ½

7 ½

5 ½



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Measures:All inputs:

- Raw materials- Energy- Water

All outputs:- Products- Co-products- Emissions- Effluents- Wastes

Consider all stages in production, use, disposal

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Athena Sustainable Materials Institute (2011)

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the Roof of Raleigh-Durham Airport Terminal

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Life cycle assessment showed that use of wood rather than steel resulted in:- Energy savings of 5,600 MWh, equivalent to the

electricity use of 500 homes over 1 year or 23 days of operational energy use for the terminal.

- Global Warming Potential (GWP) savings of 1,000 t CO2e.

Roof of Raleigh-Durham Airport Terminal

Dispelling Myths about Wood Products

1. Is North America running out of Forests?

2. Does specifying wood products contribute to deforestation?

3. Is wood is a renewable resource?

Common environmental concerns about specifying wood:

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State of our ForestsForest Area in the United States

1630-20071045

759 760 756 761 744 738 747 749 751

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1630 1907 1938 1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002 2007

Thou

sand

Acr

es

Source: USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

72%

State of our ForestsForest Area in the United States

1630-20071045

759 760 756 761 744 738 747 749 751

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1630 1907 1938 1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002 2007

Thou

sand

Acr

es

Source: USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

72%

Forest area has been stable for over 100 years!

Million

Million

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State of our Forests

103.7 128.3 163 190 214.3 217.6

148.5174.1

223.4244.6

256.4 268

363.7363.2

346.7347

365.1 370.5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002

Inve

ntor

y (b

illio

n cu

bic

feet

)US Timber Volume on Timber Land

North South West

Source: USDA-Forest Service, US Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends FS-801. (2004).

State of our Forests

103.7 128.3 163 190 214.3 217.6

148.5174.1

223.4244.6

256.4 268

363.7363.2

346.7347

365.1 370.5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002

Inve

ntor

y (b

illio

n cu

bic

feet

)

US Timber Volume on Timber Land

North South West

Source: USDA-Forest Service, US Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends FS-801. (2004).

Volume of Trees has been growing for over 50 years!

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Dispelling Myths about Wood ProductsUS Forest Lands

" Specify certified sustainable wood products

" Ensures responsible and sustainable harvesting" No other building material uses a third-party

certification system to ensure sustainability" Creates economic disincentives to deforestation

How can we help to ensure forest sustainability?

Increase inDEMAND

Increase inSUPPLY

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Conclusions

Ithaca Foreign Car


Ithaca Foreign Car Repair

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Havens Elementary School, Piedmont CADesign : ATI Architects and EngineersGeneral Contractor: WebcorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt


Shenandoah Social CenterArchitect: Pinnacle Design, Dale WilkowskeTimber Structural Engineer: D. Remy & Co.

42’ span DF TrussesCompleted 2008

Photo courtesy David Hourdequin – D. Remy & Co.

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YMCA Camp Thunderbird Duke Energy Pavilion, Lake Wylie, South CarolinaPhotos: Stanley Capps



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This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

Scott [email protected]

Questions?

Wood Project [email protected]

WoodWorks Websitewww.woodworks.org

Photo New Energy Works Timberframers

Documents

9/30/2014 - woodworks.org · 9/30/2014 71 ts t ea s 2007 45 9 0 756 1 4 738 7 751 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 07 s o . 72% ts t ea s 2007 45 9 0 756 1 4 738 7 751. 9/30/2014 72 ts …