9701 Chemistry Learner Guide 2015 - Home | GCE Guide Guide Cambridge Advanced Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry 9701

Learner Guide

Cambridge Advanced

Cambridge International AS and A LevelChemistry

9701

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© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Version 2

Contents

How to use this guide ...................................................................................................... 3Section 1: How will you be tested?Section 2: Examination adviceSection 3: What will be tested?Section 4: What you need to know

Section 1: How will you be tested? ..................................................................................... 5About the examinationAbout the papers

Section 2: Examination advice ............................................................................................. 7How to use this adviceGeneral advicePaper 1 Multiple ChoicePaper 2 AS Level Structured QuestionsPaper 3 Advanced Practical SkillsPaper 4 A Level Structured QuestionsPaper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation

Section 3: What will be tested? ......................................................................................... 13Assessment objectivesWeighting of assessment objectivesData Booklet

Section 4: What you need to know ................................................................................... 15IntroductionHow to use the tableTest yourself Physical chemistry: Atoms, molecules and stoichiometryPhysical chemistry: Atomic structurePhysical chemistry: Chemical bondingPhysical chemistry: States of matter Physical chemistry: Chemical energeticsPhysical chemistry: ElectrochemistryPhysical chemistry: EquilibriaPhysical chemistry: Reaction kineticsInorganic chemistry: The Periodic Table: chemical periodicityInorganic chemistry: Group 2Inorganic chemistry: Group 17Inorganic chemistry: An introduction to the chemistry of transition elementsInorganic chemistry: Nitrogen and sulfurOrganic chemistry: Introductory topicsOrganic chemistry and analysis: HydrocarbonsOrganic chemistry and analysis: Halogen derivativesOrganic chemistry and analysis: Hydroxy compoundsOrganic chemistry and analysis: Carbonyl compoundsOrganic chemistry and analysis: Carboxylic acids and derivativesOrganic chemistry and analysis: Nitrogen compounds

Organic chemistry and analysis: PolymerisationOrganic chemistry and analysis: Analytical techniquesOrganic chemistry and analysis: Organic synthesis

How to use this guide

3 Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry 9701


The guide describes what you need to know about your Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary (AS) Level or Cambridge International Advanced (A) Level Chemistry examinations. Schools choose one of the three options for their learners:

• To take all A Level components (AS Level and remainder of A Level) in the same examination session leading to the full A Level.

• To follow a staged assessment route to the A Level by taking the AS Level qualifi cation in an earlier examination session. If you do well enough you then have to take the fi nal part of the exam in a later examination session, leading to the full A Level.

• To take the AS qualifi cation only.

It is important when using this revision checklist that you know which one of the above three options has been chosen by your school, college or centre. If you do not know, then your chemistry teacher and examinations offi cer will know.

This guide will help you to plan your revision programme for the fi ve theory and practical examination papers. It will explain what examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you revise, by using ticks in Section 4 (‘What you need to know’) to check what you know and which topic areas you have covered.

The guide contains the following sections:

Section 1: How will you be tested?This section will give you information about the different types of theory and practical examination papers that are available.

Section 2: Examination adviceThis section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the ideas are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams.

Section 3: What will be tested?This section describes the areas of knowledge, understanding and skills that you will be tested on.

Section 4: What you need to knowThis shows the syllabus content for AS and the full A Level in a simple way so that you can check:

• the topics you need to know about

• how the theory differs from the practical syllabus

• details about each topic in the syllabus

• how much of the syllabus you have covered



Section 1: How will you be tested?



About the examinationAS Level candidates enter for Papers 1, 2 and 3

Candidates who already have the AS Level and are taking the full A Level enter for Papers 4 and 5

A Level candidates taking the full A Level at the end of the course enter for Papers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

About the papersThe table below gives you outline information about all the examination papers.

Paper Type of paper Duration Marks Weighting (%)

AS A2

1 Multiple Choice 1 hour 40 31% 15%

2 AS Level Structured Questions

1 hour 15 minutes

60 46% 23%

3 Advanced Practical Skills 2 hours 40 23% 12%

4 A Level Structured Questions

2 hours 100 38%

5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation

1 hour 15 minutes

30 12%

Paper 1 Multiple Choice (1 hour) (40 marks)40 multiple choice questions based on the AS Level syllabus content. The AS content consists of the parts of the syllabus in Section 3.2 Subject content that are not in bold type. 30 items will be of the direct choice type and 10 of the multiple completion type. All questions will include 4 responses. You will write your answers on an answer grid provided. You will need to answer all the questions.

Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions (1 hour 15 minutes) (60 marks)A variable number of structured questions based on the AS content. You will write your answers on the question paper. You will need to answer all the questions.

Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills (2 hours) (40 marks)This will feature two or three experiments drawn from different areas of chemistry. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. The scope of the practical test is indicated in the Practical Assessment section of the syllabus. You will write your answers on the question paper. You will need to answer all the questions.



Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions (2 hours) (100 marks)A variable number of structured questions based on the A Level syllabus, but which may contain material from the AS syllabus. The A Level content consists of the parts of the syllabus in Section 3.2 Subject content that are in bold type.

You will write your answers on the question paper. You will need to answer all the questions.

Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation (1 hour 15 minutes) (30 marks)This paper will consist of a variable number of questions of variable mark value based on the practical skills of planning, analysis and evaluation. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. You will write your answers on the question paper. You will need to answer all the questions.

Section 2: Examination advice



How to use this adviceThis advice highlights some common mistakes made by candidates. It is collected under various subheadings to help you when you revise a particular topic.

General advice• Read the question carefully. Yes, we know you’ve been told this before, but it is still a common issue.

Misreading a question costs you marks if you could have answered the question that was there.

• Don’t concentrate your revising on ‘diffi cult’ material if it means you leave out the ‘easier’ material. There will be many marks on each paper, so make sure you score them all. For example, learn all the defi nitions you have been taught, such as fi rst ionisation energy and standard electrode potential.

• There may be questions on the paper that could involve elements or compounds you may not have studied. Don’t give up on these questions! If you know your chemistry you will be able to score all the marks by applying what you know to these substances.

• Write clearly. If your answer to a question is “alkene” the person marking your papers must be able to be certain that you have written “alkene”: if it looks at all like “alkane” you will not get the mark.

• Write numbers clearly. If your answer to a question is “0.46 moles” make sure the numbers are clear: if it looks like you might have written “0.96 moles” or “0.40 moles” you will not get the mark.

• If you have to make a correction, cross out what you have written and write down your new answer clearly in an available space. Don’t try to write over the top of your previous answer, or fi t the new answer into the space between lines of writing. Make sure you identify your new answer clearly, e.g. “continuation of Q4 (b)”.

• On papers that give scope for longer answers, look at how many marks are available for each part of the question. For example, if part (a) has one mark and part (b) has two marks, then a single statement might be suffi cient for part (a) but it won’t be for part (b).

• In the example above, look out in part (b) for the possibility of writing a statement and an explanation.

• You are going to take several chemistry exam papers lasting a total of many hours. These papers will cover the whole syllabus very thoroughly. If you don’t know something, don’t rely on it not coming up. Find it out and learn it. If this doesn’t work go over it with your teacher and/or your classmates.

• Method marks contribute a lot to your total on many papers. Write out each step of your method! This is very important when you fi nd you are unable to work all the way through a longer question to the fi nal answer. Don’t give up on it, or leave blanks. You may be able to score the majority of the marks. Examples of this situation include:

° At the end of a four-mark calculation on gas volume you get an answer you know is wrong, e.g. you work out that 45,000 dm3 of gas are released from a test tube reaction! If you write out your method in full you may still score three marks if you have only made one mistake. Even if you only score one mark it might be important.

° You are answering a fi ve-mark organic question in which you have to use information from the question to deduce the full structural formula of a compound. You fi nd you cannot produce a structure that fi ts all the information. Answer the question anyway, stating in full what your deductions are from each separate piece of information in the question. Many answers like this can still score four or fi ve marks, even without the fi nal structure.



• Don’t cross out an answer, or part of an answer, simply because you are not satisfi ed with it. If you are changing an answer or part of an answer, only cross out your fi rst answer if it contradicts your new answer. For example, a question asks “describe and explain the processes involved when sodium chloride dissolves in water”:

° you might start by writing “Sodium chloride is a covalent compound”. If you then want to change this to “sodium chloride is an ionic compound”, you must cross out your fi rst answer because these two answers contradict each other.

° alternatively, you might start by writing “Sodium chloride dissolves in water to give a solution of pH 7”, and then you decide this is not relevant, and you need to start by considering the bonding in sodium chloride. Don’t cross out your original statement. It may score you one or more marks.

• Round off calculations to the correct number of signifi cant fi gures at the end of the calculation. Do not round off after each step of the calculation. If you do this, rounding errors can add together so that your fi nal answer is not close enough to the correct answer.

• Be prepared to guess intelligently. For example, a question says that “when silver nitrate solution is added to an unknown solution a yellow precipitate forms”. If you know that this means that either bromide or iodide ions are present, but you can’t remember which, you have nothing to lose if you guess. If you leave the answer blank, you get no mark. If you guess wrongly, you get no mark. If you guess correctly, you score a mark.

• If a question asks you about an inorganic compound you are not familiar with, look at your periodic table. You may be able to answer the question by applying your knowledge of other elements in the same group. If, for example, you get a question about the shape or acid/base behaviour of phosphine (PH3), think of what you know about ammonia (NH3).

• If a question asks you about an organic compound you are not familiar with, look at the functional groups in the compound. You may be able to answer the question by applying your knowledge of how these functional groups behave. If, for example, you get a question about an organic compound with an aldehyde (-CHO) group, think of what you know about ethanal (CH3CHO).

Paper 1 Multiple Choice• Answer every question.

• If you are not sure about an answer, make a note of the question number on the front of your question paper. Go back to this question fi rst if you have time at the end of the exam.

• Questions 1–30 have four answers. If you cannot spot the correct answer with certainty, mark each answer with a tick, a question mark, or a cross. Use this to decide which of the four answers is the best answer. Alternatively, if you do this and fi nd that you still have to guess, you are more likely to get it right if you can eliminate one or two of the choices.

• Some questions will state a fact, and then ask for an explanation of the fact. Beware of answers that are true but do not answer the question, e.g. a question asks, “Why does water have a higher melting point than propanone?” and one of the four choices is: “water molecules are polar”. This is true, but it does not answer the question as propanone molecules are also polar.

• Questions 31–40 have four statements. To answer these questions you have to decide whether each statement is true or not. When you have decided whether or not the fi rst statement is true, put a tick or cross by it. Do the same for the other statements. This way you don’t have to remember your earlier decisions while looking at later statements.

• If a question involves a calculation write out your method. This will save you time if you have to check your answer.

• Any bold type in a question is there to draw your attention to something important.



Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions• Use the space on the paper as a rough guide to the length of answer necessary. If there are fi ve lines to

write in, a one-line answer is unlikely to be enough.

• You must learn defi nitions exactly, e.g. defi nitions of energy changes. Don’t be satisfi ed with your learning of a defi nition until you are word perfect – you will lose marks otherwise.

• If state symbols are asked for in an equation, put them in. Read the question, and then answer it!

• Look out for questions that ask for an observation or statement and an explanation, and make sure you include the explanation. Look at the mark allocation to help you to decide how much detail is required in the explanation. There will probably be only one mark for the observation or statement.

• If a question asks for an explanation of a particular type you provide the answer that is being asked for. An example of this is a question that asks you to explain how the electronic confi gurations of the elements in a group affect the reactivity of the elements. If your answer concentrates on some other factor, for example the structure and bonding of the elements, it is unlikely to score marks.

• If you are calculating a ∆H⦵ value in a thermochemistry question, don’t forget that the ∆H⦵ values you are given to work it out are per mole of substance. For example, if you are using ∆Ho

f values to calculate the ∆H⦵ of the decomposition 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O make sure you use twice the value of the ∆H⦵

f of NaHCO3.

• Organic chemistry questions often ask for the isomers of a given compound to be drawn. Beware of writing answers that are simply redrawings of the same structure! You may fi nd it easier here if you draw skeletal formulae as well as displayed formulae. It is often easier to spot two identical structures if they are drawn as skeletal formulae.

• Give answers that are as specifi c and as precise as you are able. For example, in an organic chemistry question worth two marks you have to name the functional groups in the compound H2C=CHCH2CHO. If you answer “The compound has a double bond and a carbonyl group” you will score no marks. Many compounds have double bonds, but if it is a C=C double bond then the specifi c name for the functional group is “alkene”. Many compounds have carbonyl groups, but if the carbonyl group is directly bonded to a hydrogen atom then the specifi c name for the functional group is “aldehyde”. If you answer “The compound has an alkene functional group and an aldehyde functional group” you will score two marks.

• Many questions will ask you to state the observations that will be made during an experiment. Make sure you use the accepted terms to describe colour changes that will be seen. Use examiners’ reports and textbooks (e.g. AS Level and A Level Chemistry by Ratcliff et al) to fi nd out what these accepted terms are, e.g. colours of silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide should be described as white, cream and yellow respectively.

Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills• As with all exams it is essential that you read practical exam papers very carefully. You must follow the

instructions on the paper so that you do the correct experiments and record the correct observations. If the question tells you to record results or observations in a certain place you must record them in that place.

• Make sure you are well practised in handling all of the equations relating to titrations. Being able to convert between cm3 and dm3 is an essential part of this.

• Make sure you are well practised in the graphical techniques that have been necessary to answer questions on past papers. Get a set of results for each question of this sort and repeat the graphical exercises until your teacher agrees you have them right.



• Don’t forget to record titration results in a suitable format, giving initial and fi nal burette readings, and recording volumes to 0.05cm3, not 0.1cm3 or 0.01cm3.

• You need to get two titration results that are within 0.10cm3 of each other. You don’t need more accurate results than this unless the question specifi cally says so.

• Have a mental checklist to use when titrating:

° No air bubble in the tip of the burette

° No air bubbles anywhere in the pipette

° The bottom of the meniscus just touches the graduation on the pipette

° The colour change you’re looking for at the end-point should be caused by a single drop from the burette

• If a question tells you that repeated readings should not be taken, don’t repeat the readings! There will be no marks given for the repeats, you may lose marks for failing to follow instructions, and you may run short of time.

• Make sure you are well practised in the correct vocabulary for recording observations, e.g. precipitate, slight, dense, soluble, insoluble, excess, gelatinous, and effervescence.

• If you are asked to record observations do so in as much detail as possible. If a solution is colourless, or a precipitate is white, say so. Don’t just describe it as a “solution” or a “precipitate”.

• If you have to add one solution to another, looking for observations, add it slowly. You need to notice the difference between an instant or sudden change and a gradual change.

• If a change is instant or sudden, say so. If a change is gradual, say so. If the change goes through intermediate stages, describe each of these stages.

Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions• As with Paper 2 there will be defi nitions to learn for Paper 4. Make sure you know them exactly. Be

strict with yourself when you are practising them.

• Some defi nitions will be essential in order to do calculations correctly. For example, you may have to do a calculation that involves Cl-Cl bonds. The data in the question says the bond energy for the Cl-Cl bond is +242 kJmol–1. Does this energy value refer to making bonds or breaking them? Does this energy term refer to one mole of Cl-Cl bonds or one mole of Cl atoms? If you don’t know the defi nition of bond energy then you are unlikely to get the right answer to the question.

• If a question requires the use of data from the Data Booklet, write down the data you have selected. There may be a mark for choosing the correct data from the booklet.

• This paper will ask you to write balanced chemical equations. Practise this skill.

• If a question gives details of a reaction and asks you to explain it there will probably be a mark for a balanced chemical equation. Write an equation, including state symbols. This gives you extra chances to pick up marks.

° There may be a mark for naming a certain product; if you forget to name it but write it in an equation you will get the mark.

° There may be a mark for saying a gas is given off; if you forget to state this but write it in an equation with (g) after it you will get the mark.

° There may be a mark for saying a precipitate forms; if you forget to state this but write it in an equation with (s) after it you may get the mark. For example, a question asks you about the thermal decomposition of the carbonates of Group 2 metals. If you write the equation MgCO3(s) → MgO(s)



+ CO2(g) you will pick up any marks available for saying that the products include a metal oxide, or for saying that the products include carbon dioxide gas.

• Be defi nite and specifi c. If a question asks you to describe the structure and bonding of a substance you need to use two words. One word describes the structure – giant or simple. One word describes the bonding – metallic, ionic, or covalent. Your answer must be two words, chosen from this list of fi ve.

• However you can make them much easier for yourself by learning all of the reactions the syllabus says you need to know. If you learn these reactions and practise writing the balanced chemical equations, you will give yourself the best chance you can.

• You are very likely to have to show your knowledge of at least one organic reaction mechanism. Practise them and make sure you know which reactions go by which mechanism. Learn the equations! Have a checklist in your memory for writing mechanisms:

° Defi nitions – electrophile and nucleophile

° Which bonds have to be labelled with dipoles (δ+ and δ–)

° Curly arrows represent the movement of an electron pair, so the arrow should start on a lone pair, or a bond pair, or the delocalised electrons in a benzene ring, and the arrowhead should point towards the atom, ion or molecule that the electron pair is going to.

• You may be asked to use your skills to interpret mass spectra and NMR spectra. Practice these skills by answering as many sample questions as you can.

• If a question seems to be about an area of chemistry which you know little or nothing about, it is important not to panic.

• Let us suppose that a question seems to be in an area that is unfamiliar to you. The following is a strategy that you could use when tackling such questions.

° Read carefully through the stem of the question and try to identify the areas of the course it is based on.

° Think back to what you studied in this topic.

° Look carefully at any information/data provided in the question.

° Read each sub-question carefully and see how it links to what you know, and any of the data provided.

° Remember these questions more often test your ability to apply what you know, not to recall specifi c points covered in lessons.

° Remember – any data provided is there for a reason. You will need to use it, or to select from it, when answering one or more parts of the question.

Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation • The planning exercise will require you to defi ne the problem and then describe a practical method.

• If you are asked to make a prediction, and to justify the prediction, make sure you do so.

• Your practical method should be detailed. Somebody else should be able to follow your method without having to come to you for clarifi cation.

• Make sure any drawings of apparatus are done clearly and simply.

• If the results obtained will then have to be processed, explain how this will be done.

• The paper may include a data handling question.

• This will involve some simple maths. Check your maths, including the choice of the number of signifi cant fi gures. If you are in doubt, work to 3 signifi cant fi gures.

• You may have to plot a graph. Number and label the axes clearly. The labels should include the quantity (eg mass) and the units (eg g). The numbering of the axes should make plotting straightforward – if 0.1 g



covers ten small squares then plotting is straightforward, if 0.25 g covers ten small squares then plotting is less straightforward – and the points to be plotted should use more than half the graph paper in each direction.

• You will have to evaluate an experiment and the set of results that was obtained.

• Identify any results that don’t fi t the general trend, suggesting an explanation of how they arose.

• Consider the quality of the method.

• Comment on the apparatus chosen – was it suitable?

• You may be asked what conclusion can be drawn, and whether or not the data supports a given hypothesis.

Section 3: What will be tested?



Assessment objectivesWe take account of the following in your answer papers.

Assessment objective: What this examines:

AO1 – knowledge with understanding

Remembering facts and applying these facts to new situations.

AO2 – ability in handling, applying and evaluating information

How you extract information and rearrange it in a sensible pattern. How you carry out calculations and make predictions. You also need to refl ect upon the validity and reliability of that information commenting on possible sources of error.

AO3 – use of experimental skills and investigations

Planning and carrying out experiments and recording, analysing and evaluating information. You also need to refl ect upon the validity and reliability of that information. You need to comment on possible sources of error and you need to identify ways in which to improve that experimental work.

The assessment objectives (AOs) listed below refl ect those parts of the aims of the syllabus which will be assessed. This is a brief description and your teacher will be able to provide you with more detailed information on assessment objectives.

AO1 Knowledge with understanding

Demonstrate with relation to understanding:

scientifi c phenomena, facts, laws, defi nitions, concepts, theories

scientifi c vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)

scientifi c instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety

scientifi c quantities and their determination

scientifi c and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications

present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships



AO2 Handling, applying and evaluating information

You should be able (in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation) to:

locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources

handle information, distinguishing the relevant from the extraneous

manipulate numerical and other data and translate information from one form to another

analyse and evaluate information so as to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences

construct arguments to support hypotheses or to justify a course of action

apply knowledge, including principles, to new situations

evaluate information and hypotheses

AO3 Experimental skills and investigations

You should be able to:

plan experiments and investigations

collect, record and present observations, measurements and estimates

analyse and interpret data to reach conclusions

evaluate methods and quality of data and suggest improvements

Weighting of assessment objectivesThis table gives a general idea of the allocation of marks to the assessment objectives, however the balance on individual papers may vary slightly from year to year.

Assessment Objective Weighting (%) On which papers?

AO1 42 1, 2 and 4

AO2 35 1, 2 and 4

AO3 23 3 and 5

Data BookletA Data Booklet is available for use in Papers 1, 2 and 4. The booklet is reprinted towards the back of the syllabus. Copies of the booklet can be ordered from Cambridge Publications. Please note that changes to the Data Booklet have been made for 2016. The new booklet will be used for the fi rst time in the March 2016 examination series (for India only) and Centres will be supplied with copies at this time. Further copies will be supplied as needed.

Section 4: What you need to know



IntroductionWhat you need to know is presented in a table, which describes the things you may be tested on in the examinations. These are arranged into themes, each being divided into topic areas. These topics are then subdivided into specifi c things you should be able to do. These topics will be placed into one of two columns:

• The fi rst column is for learners studying AS Level.

• The second column is additional material for learners studying the full A Level.

You need only refer to the fi rst column (Learners studying AS Level) if you are studying AS Level chemistry. If you are studying A Level chemistry then both columns are needed. If you are unsure about which material to use, you should ask your teacher for advice.

How to use the tableYou can use the table throughout your chemistry course to check the theme and topic areas you have covered. You can also use it as a revision aid. When you have a good knowledge of a topic, you tick the appropriate space in the checklist column.

The themes in the table are:

Physical chemistry: Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry

Physical chemistry: Atomic structure

Physical chemistry: Chemical bonding

Physical chemistry: States of matter

Physical chemistry: Chemical energetics

Physical chemistry: Electrochemistry

Physical chemistry: Equilibria

Physical chemistry: Reaction kinetics

Inorganic chemistry: The Periodic Table/chemical periodicity

Inorganic chemistry: Group 2

Inorganic chemistry: Group 17

Inorganic chemistry: An introduction to the chemistry of transition elements

Inorganic chemistry: Nitrogen and sulfur



Organic chemistry: Introductory topics

Organic chemistry: Hydrocarbons

Organic chemistry: Halogen derivatives

Organic chemistry: Hydroxy compounds

Organic chemistry: Carbonyl compounds

Organic chemistry: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Organic chemistry: Nitrogen compounds

Organic chemistry: Polymerisation

Organic chemistry: Analytical techniques

Organic chemistry: Organic synthesis

Test yourself Test yourself as follows:

• cover up the details with a piece of paper

• try to remember the details

• when you have remembered the details correctly, put a tick in the appropriate space in the checklist column.

If you use a pencil to tick the space you can retest yourself whenever you want by simply rubbing out the ticks. If you are using the table to check the topics you have covered, you can put a tick in the topic column next to the appropriate bullet point.

The Comment column can be used:

• to add further information about the details for each bullet point

• to note relevant page numbers from your textbook

• to add learning aids e.g. OIL RIG (for oxidation is loss (of electrons) and reduction is gain (of electrons))

• to highlight areas of diffi culty/things which you need to ask your teacher about.



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ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

1A

tom

s,

mol

ecul

es a

nd

stoi

chio

met

ry

The

calc

ulat

ion

of e

mpi

rical

an

d m

olec

ular

fo

rmul

ae

Defi

ne

and

use

the

term

s em

piric

al a

nd

mol

ecul

ar fo

rmul

ae

The

term

re

lativ

e fo

rmul

a m

ass

will

be

used

for

all

com

poun

ds

incl

udin

g io

nic

Cal

cula

te e

mpi

rical

and

m

olec

ular

form

ulae

, us

ing

com

bust

ion

data

or

com

posi

tion

by m

ass

Rea

ctin

g m

asse

s an

d vo

lum

es (o

f so

lutio

ns a

nd

gase

s)

Writ

e an

d co

nstr

uct

bala

nced

equ

atio

ns



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ato

ms,

mol

ecul

es a

nd s

toic

hiom

etry

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

1A

tom

s,

mol

ecul

es a

nd

stoi

chio

met

ry

Per

form

cal

cula

tions

, in

clud

ing

use

of t

he

mol

e co

ncep

t, in

volv

ing:

(i) re

actin

g m

asse

s (f

rom

form

ulae

and

eq

uatio

ns)

(ii) v

olum

es o

f ga

ses

(e.g

. in

the

burn

ing

of

hydr

ocar

bons

)(ii

i) vo

lum

es a

nd

conc

entr

atio

ns o

f so

lutio

ns

Wor

k ou

t an

swer

s to

th

e nu

mbe

r of

sig

nifi c

ant

fi gur

es a

sked

fo

r in

the

qu

estio

n. If

a

num

ber

of

sign

ifi ca

nt

fi gur

es is

not

as

ked

for

then

th

e nu

mbe

r of

sig

nifi c

ant

fi gur

es in

the

le

ast

accu

rate

pi

ece

of d

ata

shou

ld b

e us

ed.

Ded

uce

stoi

chio

met

ric

rela

tions

hips

fro

m

calc

ulat

ions



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ato

mic

str

uctu

reS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

2A

tom

ic

stru

ctur

eP

artic

les

in

the

atom

Iden

tify

and

desc

ribe

prot

ons,

neu

tron

s an

d el

ectr

ons

in te

rms

of

thei

r re

lativ

e ch

arge

s an

d re

lativ

e m

asse

s

Ded

uce

the

beha

viou

r of

bea

ms

of p

roto

ns,

neut

rons

and

ele

ctro

ns

in e

lect

ric fi

elds

Des

crib

e th

e di

strib

utio

n of

mas

s an

d ch

arge

with

in a

n at

om

Ded

uce

the

num

bers

of

pro

tons

, neu

tron

s an

d el

ectr

ons

pres

ent

in b

oth

atom

s an

d io

ns g

iven

pro

ton

and

nucl

eon

num

bers

and

ch

arge



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ato

mic

str

uctu

reS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

2A

tom

ic

stru

ctur

eTh

e nu

cleu

s of

the

ato

mD

escr

ibe

the

cont

ribut

ion

of p

roto

ns

and

neut

rons

to a

tom

ic

nucl

ei in

term

s of

pr

oton

num

ber

and

nucl

eon

num

ber

Dis

tingu

ish

betw

een

isot

opes

on

the

basi

s of

diff

eren

t nu

mbe

rs

of n

eutr

ons

pres

ent

Rec

ogni

se a

nd u

se

the

sym

bolis

m x y

A f

or

isot

opes

, whe

re x is

th

e nu

cleo

n nu

mbe

r an

d y i

s th

e pr

oton

nu

mbe

r

Elec

tron

s:

ener

gy

leve

ls, a

tom

ic

orbi

tals

, io

nisa

tion

ener

gy,

elec

tron

af

fi nity

Des

crib

e th

e nu

mbe

r an

d re

lativ

e en

ergi

es

of t

he s

, p a

nd d

or

bita

ls fo

r th

e pr

inci

pal q

uant

um

num

bers

1, 2

and

3

and

also

the

4s

and

4p

orbi

tals



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ato

mic

str

uctu

reS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

2A

tom

ic

stru

ctur

eD

escr

ibe

and

sket

ch t

he

shap

es o

f s

and

p or

bita

ls

Use

1s2 2s

2 2p6 et

c no

tatio

n to

sta

te t

he e

lect

roni

c co

nfi g

urat

ion

of a

tom

s an

d io

ns g

iven

the

pro

ton

num

ber

and

char

ge

Exp

lain

and

use

the

term

io

nisa

tion

ener

gyE

xpla

in a

nd u

se

the

term

ele

ctro

n af

fi nity

Exp

lain

the

fac

tors

in

fl uen

cing

the

ioni

satio

n en

ergi

es o

f el

emen

ts

Exp

lain

the

tren

ds in

io

nisa

tion

ener

gies

acr

oss

a Pe

riod

and

dow

n a

Gro

up o

f the

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble

Ded

uce

the

elec

tron

ic

confi

gur

atio

ns o

f el

emen

ts f

rom

su

cces

sive

ioni

satio

n en

ergy

dat

a

Inte

rpre

t su

cces

sive

io

nisa

tion

ener

gy d

ata

of

an e

lem

ent

in te

rms

of

the

posi

tion

of t

hat

elem

ent

with

in t

he

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al b

ondi

ngTh

is t

opic

intr

oduc

es t

he d

iffer

ent

way

s by

whi

ch c

hem

ical

bon

ding

occ

urs

and

the

effe

ct t

his

can

have

on

phys

ical

pro

pert

ies.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Co

mm

ent

3C

hem

ical

bo

ndin

gIo

nic

bond

ing

Des

crib

e io

nic

bond

ing,

as

in s

odiu

m

chlo

ride,

mag

nesi

um

oxid

e an

d ca

lciu

m

fl uor

ide,

incl

udin

g th

e us

e of

‘dot

-and

-cro

ss’

diag

ram

s

Cov

alen

t bo

ndin

g an

d co

-ord

inat

e (d

ativ

e co

vale

nt)

bond

ing

incl

udin

g sh

apes

of

sim

ple

mol

ecul

es

Des

crib

e, in

clud

ing

the

use

of ‘d

ot-a

nd-c

ross

’ di

agra

ms,

cov

alen

t bo

ndin

g. F

or e

xam

ple

as in

hyd

roge

n,

oxyg

en, c

hlor

ine,

hy

drog

en c

hlor

ide,

ca

rbon

dio

xide

, m

etha

ne a

nd e

then

e

Des

crib

e, in

clud

ing

the

use

of ‘d

ot-a

nd-c

ross

’ di

agra

ms,

co

-ord

inat

e (d

ativ

e co

vale

nt)

bond

ing.

For

exa

mpl

e as

in t

he fo

rmat

ion

of

the

amm

oniu

m io

n an

d in

the

Al 2C

l 6 m

olec

ule



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al b

ondi

ngS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Co

mm

ent

3C

hem

ical

bo

ndin

gE

xpla

in t

he s

hape

s of

and

bon

d an

gles

in

mol

ecul

es b

y us

ing

the

qual

itativ

e m

odel

of

elec

tron

-pai

r re

puls

ion

(incl

udin

g lo

ne p

airs

). U

se s

impl

e ex

ampl

es

such

as:

B

F 3 (t

rigon

al);

CO

2 (lin

ear);

C

H4 (

tetr

ahed

ral);

N

H3 (

pyra

mid

al);

H2O

(non

-line

ar);

SF 6

(oct

ahed

ral):

PF 5

(trig

onal

bi

pyra

mid

al) t

o ill

ustr

ate

your

ans

wer

s

Des

crib

e co

vale

nt

bond

ing

in te

rms

of

orbi

tal o

verla

p, g

ivin

g σ

and π

bond

s



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al b

ondi

ngS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

3C

hem

ical

bo

ndin

gD

escr

ibe

the

conc

ept

of h

ybrid

isat

ion

to fo

rm

sp, s

p2 , and

sp3 o

rbita

ls

Pre

dict

the

sha

pes

of

and

bond

ang

les

in

mol

ecul

es s

imila

r to

th

ose

stat

ed a

bove

Inte

rmol

ecul

ar

forc

es,

elec

tron

egat

ivity

an

d bo

nd

prop

ertie

s

Exp

lain

the

term

s bo

nd

ener

gy, b

ond

leng

th

and

bond

pol

arity

and

us

e th

em to

com

pare

th

ere

activ

ities

of

cova

lent

bo

nds



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al b

ondi

ngS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

3C

hem

ical

bo

ndin

gD

escr

ibe

hydr

ogen

bo

ndin

g, u

sing

am

mon

ia a

nd w

ater

as

sim

ple

exam

ples

of

mol

ecul

esco

ntai

ning

N-H

and

O

-H g

roup

s

Des

crib

e in

term

olec

ular

forc

es

(van

der

Waa

ls’ f

orce

s),

base

d on

per

man

ent

and

indu

ced

dipo

les,

as

in C

HC

l 3(l);

B

r 2(l)

and

the

liqu

id

Gro

up 1

8 el

emen

ts

App

ly t

he c

once

pt o

f el

ectr

oneg

ativ

ity to

ex

plai

n bo

nd p

olar

ity,

dipo

le m

omen

ts a

nd

the

beha

viou

r of

oxi

des

with

wat

er



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al b

ondi

ngS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

3C

hem

ical

bo

ndin

gM

etal

lic

bond

ing

Des

crib

e m

etal

lic b

ondi

ng

in te

rms

of a

latt

ice

of

posi

tive

ions

sur

roun

ded

by

delo

calis

ed e

lect

rons

Bon

ding

an

d ph

ysic

al

prop

ertie

s

Des

crib

e, in

terp

ret

and

pred

ict

the

effe

ct

of d

iffer

ent

type

s of

bo

ndin

g (io

nic

bond

ing;

co

vale

nt b

ondi

ng;

hydr

ogen

bon

ding

; oth

er

inte

rmol

ecul

ar in

tera

ctio

ns;

met

allic

bon

ding

) on

the

phys

ical

pro

pert

ies

of

subs

tanc

es

Ded

uce

the

type

of

bond

ing

pres

ent

from

giv

en

info

rmat

ion

Sho

w u

nder

stan

ding

of

chem

ical

reac

tions

in

term

s of

ene

rgy

tran

sfer

s as

soci

ated

with

the

br

eaki

ng a

nd m

akin

g of

ch

emic

al b

onds



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Sta

tes

of m

atte

r Th

e st

udy

of t

he p

artic

les

in s

olid

s, li

quid

s an

d ga

ses

and

the

inte

ract

ions

bet

wee

n th

em is

impo

rtan

t in

und

erst

andi

ng t

he p

hysi

cal p

rope

rtie

s of

su

bsta

nces

.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

4S

tate

s of

m

atte

r

The

gase

ous

stat

e:

idea

l and

rea

l gas

es

and

pV =

nR

T

Sta

te t

he b

asic

as

sum

ptio

ns o

f th

e ki

netic

th

eory

as

appl

ied

to a

n id

eal g

as

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y in

te

rms

of in

term

olec

ular

fo

rces

and

mol

ecul

ar s

ize

the

cond

ition

s ne

cess

ary

for

a ga

s to

app

roac

h id

eal

beha

viou

r

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y in

te

rms

of in

term

olec

ular

fo

rces

and

mol

ecul

ar s

ize

the

limita

tions

of

idea

lity

at v

ery

high

pre

ssur

es a

nd

very

low

tem

pera

ture

s

Sta

te a

nd u

se t

he g

ener

al

gas

equa

tion

pV =

nR

T in

ca

lcul

atio

ns, i

nclu

ding

the

de

term

inat

ion

of M

r

The

liqui

d st

ate

Des

crib

e, u

sing

a k

inet

ic-

mol

ecul

ar m

odel

, the

liqu

id

stat

e; m

eltin

g; v

apor

isat

ion

and

vapo

ur p

ress

ure



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Sta

tes

of m

atte

rS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

4S

tate

s of

m

atte

rTh

e so

lid

stat

e:la

ttic

e st

ruct

ures

Des

crib

e, in

sim

ple

term

s,

the

latt

ice

stru

ctur

e of

a

crys

talli

ne s

olid

whi

ch is

:(i)

ioni

c, a

s in

sod

ium

ch

lorid

e, m

agne

sium

oxi

de(ii

) sim

ple

mol

ecul

ar, a

s in

io

dine

and

the

ful

lere

ne

allo

trop

es o

f ca

rbon

(C6

0

and

nano

tube

s on

ly)

(iii)

gian

t m

olec

ular

, as

in

silic

on(IV

) oxi

de a

nd t

he

grap

hite

, dia

mon

d an

d gr

aphe

ne a

llotr

opes

of

carb

on(iv

) hyd

roge

n-bo

nded

, as

in ic

e(v

) met

allic

, as

in c

oppe

r



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Sta

tes

of m

atte

rS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

4S

tate

s of

m

atte

rD

iscu

ss t

he fi

nite

nat

ure

of

mat

eria

ls a

s re

sour

ces

and

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f re

cycl

ing

proc

esse

s

Out

line

the

impo

rtan

ce

of h

ydro

gen

bond

ing

to

the

phys

ical

pro

pert

ies

of

subs

tanc

es, i

nclu

ding

ice

and

wat

er (f

or e

xam

ple,

bo

iling

and

mel

ting

poin

ts,

visc

osity

and

sur

face

te

nsio

n)

Sug

gest

fro

m q

uote

d ph

ysic

al d

ata

the

type

of

stru

ctur

e an

d bo

ndin

g pr

esen

t in

a s

ubst

ance



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al e

nerg

etic

sS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

5C

hem

ical

en

erge

tics

Ent

halp

y ch

ange

, ∆H

Exp

lain

tha

t ch

emic

al re

actio

ns

are

acco

mpa

nied

by

ener

gy

chan

ges,

prin

cipa

lly in

the

form

of

hea

t en

ergy

; the

ene

rgy

chan

ges

can

be e

xoth

erm

ic (∆

H

nega

tive)

or

endo

ther

mic

(∆H

po

sitiv

e)

Exp

lain

and

use

the

term

s:en

thal

py c

hang

e of

reac

tion

and

stan

dard

con

ditio

ns,

with

par

ticul

ar re

fere

nce

to: f

orm

atio

n; c

ombu

stio

n;

hydr

atio

n; s

olut

ion;

ne

utra

lisat

ion;

ato

mis

atio

n

Exp

lain

and

use

the

term

: bon

d en

ergy

(∆H

pos

itive

, i.e

. bon

d br

eaki

ng)

Exp

lain

and

use

the

term

s:

latt

ice

ener

gy (∆

H n

egat

ive,

i.e.

ga

seou

s io

ns to

sol

id la

ttic

e)

Cal

cula

te e

ntha

lpy

chan

ges

from

app

ropr

iate

exp

erim

enta

l re

sults

, inc

ludi

ng t

he u

se o

f th

e re

latio

nshi

p en

thal

py c

hang

e ∆H

=

–m

c∆T

Exp

lain

, in

qual

itativ

e te

rms,

th

e ef

fect

of

ioni

c ch

arge

and

of

ioni

c ra

dius

on

the

num

eric

al

mag

nitu

de o

f a

latt

ice

ener

gy



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al e

nerg

etic

sS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

5C

hem

ical

en

erge

tics

Hes

s’ L

aw,

incl

udin

g B

orn-

Hab

er

cycl

es

App

ly H

ess’

Law

to

cons

truc

t si

mpl

e en

ergy

cy

cles

, and

car

ry o

ut

calc

ulat

ions

invo

lvin

g su

chcy

cles

and

rele

vant

ene

rgy

term

s, w

ith p

artic

ular

re

fere

nce

to d

eter

min

ing

enth

alpy

cha

nges

tha

t ca

nnot

be

foun

d by

dire

ct

expe

rimen

t, e

.g. a

nen

thal

py c

hang

e of

fo

rmat

ion

from

ent

halp

y ch

ange

s of

com

bust

ion

App

ly H

ess’

Law

to

cons

truc

t si

mpl

e en

ergy

cy

cles

, and

car

ry o

ut

calc

ulat

ions

invo

lvin

g su

chcy

cles

and

rele

vant

ene

rgy

term

s, w

ith p

artic

ular

re

fere

nce

to t

he fo

rmat

ion

of a

sim

ple

ioni

c so

lid a

nd o

f its

aqu

eous

sol

utio

n

App

ly H

ess’

Law

to

cons

truc

t si

mpl

e en

ergy

cy

cles

, and

car

ry o

ut

calc

ulat

ions

invo

lvin

g su

chcy

cles

and

rele

vant

ene

rgy

term

s, w

ith p

artic

ular

re

fere

nce

to a

vera

ge b

ond

ener

gies

App

ly H

ess’

Law

to

cons

truc

t si

mpl

e en

ergy

cy

cles

, and

car

ry o

ut

calc

ulat

ions

invo

lvin

g su

chcy

cles

and

rele

vant

ene

rgy

term

s, w

ith p

artic

ular

re

fere

nce

to B

orn-

Hab

er

cycl

es (i

nclu

ding

ioni

satio

n en

ergy

and

ele

ctro

n af

fi nity

)

Con

stru

ct a

nd in

terp

ret

a re

actio

n pa

thw

ay d

iagr

am,

in te

rms

of t

he e

ntha

lpy

chan

ge o

f th

e re

actio

n an

d of

the

act

ivat

ion

ener

gy



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al e

nerg

etic

sS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

5C

hem

ical

en

erge

tics

Entr

opy

chan

ge,

∆S

⦵ex

plai

n th

at e

ntro

py is

a

mea

sure

of

the

‘dis

orde

r’

of a

sys

tem

, and

tha

t a

syst

em b

ecom

es m

ore

stab

le w

hen

its e

nerg

y is

spr

ead

out

in a

mor

e di

sord

ered

sta

te

expl

ain

the

entr

opy

chan

ges

that

occ

ur: (

i) du

ring

a ch

ange

in s

tate

e.

g. (s

) → (I

); (I)

→ (g

); (s

) → (a

q); (

ii) d

urin

g a

tem

pera

ture

cha

nge

(iii)

durin

g a

reac

tion

in

whi

ch t

here

is a

cha

nge

in t

he n

umbe

r of

gas

eous

m

olec

ules

pred

ict

whe

ther

the

en

trop

y ch

ange

for

a gi

ven

proc

ess

is p

ositi

ve o

r ne

gativ

e

calc

ulat

e th

e en

trop

y ch

ange

for

a re

actio

n,

∆S

⦵ , giv

en t

he s

tand

ard

entr

opie

s, S

⦵ , of

the

reac

tant

s an

d pr

oduc

ts



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Che

mic

al e

nerg

etic

sS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

5C

hem

ical

en

erge

tics

Gib

bs f

ree

ener

gy,

∆G

⦵de

fi ne

stan

dard

Gib

bs f

ree

ener

gy c

hang

e of

reac

tion

by m

eans

of

the

equa

tion

∆G

⦵ = ∆H ⦵ –

T∆

S ⦵

calc

ulat

e ∆

G ⦵ fo

r a

reac

tion

usin

g th

e eq

uatio

n ∆

G⦵ =

∆

H ⦵ –

T∆

S ⦵

stat

e w

heth

er a

reac

tion

or p

roce

ss w

ill b

e sp

onta

neou

s by

usi

ng t

he

sign

of ∆

G ⦵

pred

ict

the

effe

ct o

f te

mpe

ratu

re c

hang

e on

the

sp

onta

neity

of

a re

actio

n,

give

n st

anda

rd e

ntha

lpy

and

entr

opy

chan

ges



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ele

ctro

chem

istr

yTh

is to

pic

illus

trat

es t

he re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n el

ectr

icity

and

che

mic

al c

hang

es. C

hem

ical

reac

tions

can

be

inve

stig

ated

by

look

ing

at e

lect

rode

po

tent

ials

.

Syl

lab

us

Sec

tio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

6El

ectr

oche

mis

try

Red

ox

proc

esse

s:

elec

tron

tr

ansf

er

and

chan

ges

in

oxid

atio

n nu

mbe

r (o

xida

tion

stat

e)

Cal

cula

te o

xida

tion

num

bers

of

elem

ents

in

com

poun

ds a

nd io

ns

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n re

dox

proc

esse

s in

term

s of

ele

ctro

n tr

ansf

er a

nd

chan

ges

inox

idat

ion

num

ber

Use

cha

nges

in o

xida

tion

num

bers

to h

elp

bala

nce

chem

ical

equ

atio

ns.



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ele

ctro

chem

istr

yS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

6El

ectr

oche

mis

try

Sta

ndar

d el

ectr

ode

pote

ntia

ls

E⦵ :

stan

dard

ce

ll po

tent

ials

E

⦵ cel

l and

th

e N

erns

t eq

uatio

n

Defi

ne

the

term

s:(i)

sta

ndar

d el

ectro

de

(redo

x) p

oten

tial

(ii) s

tand

ard

cell

pote

ntia

l

Des

crib

e th

e st

anda

rd

hydr

ogen

ele

ctro

de

Des

crib

e m

etho

ds u

sed

to m

easu

re t

he s

tand

ard

elec

trod

e po

tent

ials

of:

(i) m

etal

s or

non

-met

als

in

cont

act

with

the

ir io

ns in

aq

ueou

s so

lutio

n(ii

) ion

s of

the

sam

e el

emen

t in

diff

eren

t ox

idat

ion

stat

es



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ele

ctro

chem

istr

yS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

6El

ectr

oche

mis

try

Sta

ndar

d el

ectr

ode

pote

ntia

ls E

⦵ : st

anda

rd c

ell

pote

ntia

ls E

an

d th

e N

erns

t eq

uatio

n

Cal

cula

te a

sta

ndar

d ce

ll po

tent

ial b

y co

mbi

ning

tw

o st

anda

rd e

lect

rode

pot

entia

ls

Use

sta

ndar

d ce

ll po

tent

ials

to

exp

lain

/ded

uce

the

dire

ctio

n of

ele

ctro

n fl o

w in

a

sim

ple

cell

Use

sta

ndar

d ce

ll po

tent

ials

to

pre

dict

the

feas

ibili

ty o

f a

reac

tion

Ded

uce

from

E⦵ v

alue

s th

e re

lativ

e re

activ

ity o

f el

emen

ts

of G

roup

17

(the

hal

ogen

s)

chlo

rine,

bro

min

e an

d io

dine

, as

oxi

disi

ng a

gent

s

See

con

tent

on

rela

tive

reac

tivity

of

hal

ogen

s as

ox

idis

ing

agen

ts in

E

lect

roch

emis

try

(Sec

tion

6),

Sta

ndar

d el

ectr

ode

pote

ntia

ls

Con

stru

ct re

dox

equa

tions

us

ing

the

rele

vant

hal

f-eq

uatio

ns

Pre

dict

qua

litat

ivel

y ho

w t

he

valu

e of

an

elec

trod

e po

tent

ial

varie

s w

ith t

he c

once

ntra

tion

of t

he a

queo

us io

n



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ele

ctro

chem

istr

yS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

6El

ectr

oche

mis

try

Use

the

Ner

nst

equa

tion,

e.

g. E

= E

⦵ + (0

.059

/z)

log

[oxi

dise

d sp

ecie

s] /

[red

uced

spe

cies

] to

pred

ict

quan

titat

ivel

y ho

w t

he v

alue

of

an

elec

trod

e po

tent

ial

varie

s w

ith th

e co

ncen

trat

ions

of

the

aqu

eous

ions

; ex

ampl

es in

clud

e C

u(s)

+

2e– ⇌ Cu2+

(aq)

, Fe3+

(aq)

+ e

– ⇌ Fe

2+(a

q), C

l2(g)

+ 2

e– ⇌ 2Cl– (aq)

Bat

terie

s an

d fu

el c

ells

Sta

te t

he p

ossi

ble

adva

ntag

es

of d

evel

opin

g ot

her

type

s of

ce

ll, e

.g. t

he H

2/O

2 fue

l cel

l an

d th

e ni

ckel

-met

al h

ydrid

e an

d lit

hium

-ion

rech

arge

able

ba

tter

ies



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Ele

ctro

chem

istr

yS

ylla

bu

s S

ecti

on

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

6El

ectr

oche

mis

try

Elec

trol

ysis

Pre

dict

the

iden

tity

of t

he

subs

tanc

e lib

erat

ed d

urin

g el

ectr

olys

is f

rom

the

sta

te

of e

lect

roly

te (m

olte

n or

aq

ueou

s), p

ositi

on in

the

re

dox

serie

s (e

lect

rode

po

tent

ial)

and

conc

entr

atio

n

Sta

te a

nd a

pply

the

re

latio

nshi

p,

F =

Le,

bet

wee

n th

e Fa

rada

y co

nsta

nt, t

he

Avo

gadr

o co

nsta

nt a

nd t

he

char

ge o

n th

e el

ectr

on

Cal

cula

te:

(i) t

he q

uant

ity o

f ch

arge

pa

ssed

dur

ing

elec

trol

ysis

(ii) t

he m

ass

and/

or v

olum

e of

sub

stan

ce li

bera

ted

durin

g el

ectr

olys

is, i

nclu

ding

th

ose

in t

he e

lect

roly

sis

of

H2S

O4(

aq);

Na 2

SO

4(aq

)

Des

crib

e th

e de

term

inat

ion

of a

val

ue o

f th

e A

voga

dro

cons

tant

by

an e

lect

roly

tic

met

hod



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Equ

ilibr

iaTh

is t

opic

illu

stra

tes

that

man

y ch

emic

al r

eact

ions

are

rev

ersi

ble

and

invo

lve

an e

quili

briu

m p

roce

ss. T

he c

onsi

dera

tion

of t

he m

any

fact

ors

that

can

af

fect

an

equi

libriu

m is

an

impo

rtan

t as

pect

of

phys

ical

che

mis

try.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

7Eq

uilib

riaR

ever

sibl

e re

actio

nsE

xpla

in, i

n te

rms

of

rate

s of

the

forw

ard

and

reve

rse

reac

tions

, wha

t is

mea

nt b

y a

reve

rsib

lere

actio

n

Dyn

amic

eq

uilib

rium

Exp

lain

, in

term

s of

ra

tes

of t

he fo

rwar

d an

d re

vers

e re

actio

ns, w

hat

is m

eant

by

a dy

nam

ic

equi

libriu

m

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g ch

emic

al

equi

libria

Sta

te L

e C

hate

lier’s

P

rinci

ple

and

appl

y it

to d

educ

e th

e qu

alita

tive

effe

cts

of

chan

ges

in te

mpe

ratu

re,

conc

entr

atio

n or

pr

essu

re, o

n a

syst

em a

teq

uilib

rium



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Equ

ilibr

iaS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

7Eq

uilib

riaS

tate

whe

ther

cha

nges

in

con

cent

ratio

n,

pres

sure

, tem

pera

ture

or

the

pre

senc

e of

a

cata

lyst

, aff

ect

the

valu

e of

the

equ

ilibr

ium

co

nsta

nt fo

r a

reac

tion

Equ

ilibr

ium

co

nsta

nts

Ded

uce

expr

essi

ons

for

equi

libriu

m c

onst

ants

in

term

s of

con

cent

ratio

ns,

K c, a

nd p

artia

l pre

ssur

es,

K p

Trea

tmen

t of

the

re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n K p

and

Kc i

s no

t re

quire

d

Cal

cula

te t

he v

alue

s of

eq

uilib

rium

con

stan

ts in

te

rms

of c

once

ntra

tions

or

par

tial p

ress

ures

fro

m

appr

opria

te d

ata



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Equ

ilibr

iaS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

7Eq

uilib

riaC

alcu

late

the

qua

ntiti

es

pres

ent

at e

quili

briu

m,

give

n ap

prop

riate

dat

a

Suc

h ca

lcul

atio

ns

will

not

re

quire

the

so

lvin

g of

qu

adra

tic

equa

tions

The

Hab

er

proc

ess

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e co

nditi

ons

used

in t

he

Hab

er p

roce

ss

The

Con

tact

pr

oces

sD

escr

ibe

and

expl

ain

the

cond

ition

s us

ed in

the

C

onta

ct p

roce

ss

Ioni

c eq

uilib

riaS

how

und

erst

andi

ng o

f, an

d us

e, t

he B

rons

ted-

Low

ry t

heor

y of

aci

ds

and

base

s, in

clud

ing

the

use

of t

he a

cid-

I, ba

se-II

co

ncep

t

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y th

e di

ffer

ence

s in

beh

avio

ur

betw

een

stro

ng a

nd

wea

k ac

ids

and

base

s in

term

s of

the

ext

ent

of

diss

ocia

tion

Exp

lain

the

term

s pH

, K

a, pK

a and

Kwan

d us

e in

ca

lcul

atio

ns



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Equ

ilibr

iaS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

7Eq

uilib

riaC

alcu

late

[H+(a

q)] a

nd p

H

valu

es fo

r st

rong

and

wea

k ac

ids

and

stro

ng b

ases

Exp

lain

the

cho

ice

of

suita

ble

indi

cato

rs fo

r ac

id-b

ase

titra

tions

, giv

en

appr

opria

te d

ata

Des

crib

e th

e ch

ange

s in

pH

du

ring

acid

-bas

e tit

ratio

ns

and

expl

ain

thes

e ch

ange

s in

term

s of

the

str

engt

hs o

f th

e ac

ids

and

base

s



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Equ

ilibr

iaS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

7Eq

uilib

riaB

uffe

r so

lutio

nsE

xpla

in h

ow b

uffe

r so

lutio

ns

cont

rol p

H

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

eir

uses

, inc

ludi

ng t

he ro

le o

f H

CO

3- io

n in

con

trol

ling

pH

in b

lood

Cal

cula

te t

he p

H o

f bu

ffer

so

lutio

ns, g

iven

app

ropr

iate

da

ta

Sol

ubili

ty

prod

uct

Sho

w u

nder

stan

ding

of,

and

use,

the

con

cept

of

solu

bilit

y pr

oduc

t, K

sp

Cal

cula

te K

sp f

rom

co

ncen

trat

ions

and

vic

e ve

rsa

The

com

mon

io

n ef

fect

Sho

w u

nder

stan

ding

of

the

com

mon

ion

effe

ct

Par

titio

n co

effi c

ient

sS

tate

wha

t is

mea

nt

by p

artit

ion

coef

fi cie

nt;

calc

ulat

e an

d us

e a

part

ition

co

effi c

ient

for

a sy

stem

in

whi

ch t

he s

olut

e is

in t

he

sam

e m

olec

ular

sta

te in

the

tw

o so

lven

ts



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Rea

ctio

n ki

netic

sTh

e in

vest

igat

ion

of t

he f

acto

rs t

hat

affe

ct t

he r

ate

of a

che

mic

al re

actio

n is

impo

rtan

t in

the

stu

dy o

f ph

ysic

al c

hem

istr

y. T

he te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd t

he

addi

tion

of a

cat

alys

t ca

n bo

th a

ffec

t th

e pr

ogre

ssio

n of

a c

hem

ical

reac

tion.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

8R

eact

ion

kine

tics

Term

inol

ogy

Exp

lain

and

use

the

term

ra

te o

f re

actio

nE

xpla

in a

nd u

se t

he te

rms:

ra

te e

quat

ion;

ord

er o

f re

actio

n; r

ate

cons

tant

; ha

lf-lif

e of

a re

actio

n; r

ate-

dete

rmin

ing

step

Col

lisio

n th

eory

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y, in

te

rms

of c

ollis

ions

, the

ef

fect

of

conc

entr

atio

n ch

ange

s on

the

rat

e of

a

reac

tion

Rat

e co

nsta

nt

Cal

cula

te a

rat

e co

nsta

nt

usin

g th

e in

itial

rat

es

met

hod

Effe

ct o

f te

mpe

ratu

re

on re

actio

n ra

tes

and

rate

co

nsta

nts;

the

co

ncep

t of

ac

tivat

ion

ener

gy

Exp

lain

and

use

the

te

rm a

ctiv

atio

n en

ergy

, in

clud

ing

refe

renc

e to

the

B

oltz

man

n di

strib

utio

n



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Rea

ctio

n ki

netic

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

8R

eact

ion

kine

tics

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y, in

te

rms

of t

he B

oltz

man

n di

strib

utio

n an

d th

e co

llisi

on f

requ

ency

, the

ef

fect

of

tem

pera

ture

ch

ange

on

the

rate

of

a re

actio

n

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y th

e ef

fect

of

tem

pera

ture

ch

ange

on

a ra

teco

nsta

nt a

nd h

ence

the

rat

e of

a r

eact

ion

Hom

ogen

eous

an

d he

tero

gene

ous

cata

lyst

s in

clud

ing

enzy

mes

Exp

lain

and

use

the

term

ca

taly

sis

Exp

lain

tha

t ca

taly

sts

can

be h

omog

enou

s or

he

tero

gene

ous

Exp

lain

tha

t, in

the

pr

esen

ce o

f a

cata

lyst

, a

reac

tion

has

a di

ffer

ent

mec

hani

sm, i

.e. o

ne o

f lo

wer

act

ivat

ion

ener

gy



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Rea

ctio

n ki

netic

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

8R

eact

ion

kine

tics

Inte

rpre

t th

is c

atal

ytic

ef

fect

in te

rms

of t

he

Bol

tzm

ann

dist

ribut

ion

Des

crib

e en

zym

es a

s bi

olog

ical

cat

alys

ts

(pro

tein

s) w

hich

may

ha

ve s

peci

fi city

Rat

e eq

uatio

nsC

onst

ruct

and

use

rat

e eq

uatio

ns o

f th

e fo

rm r

ate

= k

[A]m

[B]n

Lim

ited

to s

impl

e ca

ses

of

sing

le s

tep

reac

tions

an

d m

ulti-

step

pr

oces

ses

with

a r

ate-

dete

rmin

ing

step

for

whi

ch m

and

n

are

0, 1

or

2

Ord

er o

f re

actio

nD

educ

e th

e or

der

of

a re

actio

n, o

r th

e ra

te

equa

tion

for

a re

actio

n by

th

e in

itial

rat

es m

etho

d

Ded

uce

the

orde

r of

a

reac

tion,

or

the

rate

eq

uatio

n fo

r a

reac

tion

by

the

half-

life

met

hod



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Rea

ctio

n ki

netic

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

8R

eact

ion

kine

tics

Ded

uce,

for

zero

- and

fi r

st-o

rder

reac

tions

, the

or

der

of re

actio

n, o

r th

e ra

te e

quat

ion

for

a re

actio

n fr

om c

once

ntra

tion-

time

grap

hs

Cal

cula

te a

n in

itial

rat

e us

ing

conc

entr

atio

n da

taIn

tegr

ated

fo

rms

of

rate

are

not

re

quire

d

Sho

w u

nder

stan

ding

tha

t th

e ha

lf-lif

e of

a fi

rst-

orde

r re

actio

n is

inde

pend

ent

of

conc

entr

atio

n

Use

the

hal

f-lif

e of

a

fi rst

-ord

er re

actio

n in

ca

lcul

atio

ns



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Rea

ctio

n ki

netic

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

8R

eact

ion

kine

tics

For

a m

ultip

-ste

p re

actio

n,

sugg

est

a re

actio

n m

echa

nism

tha

t is

co

nsis

tent

with

the

rat

e eq

uatio

n an

d th

e eq

uatio

n fo

r th

e ov

eral

l rea

ctio

n

For

a m

ulti-

step

reac

tion,

pr

edic

t th

e or

der

that

w

ould

resu

lt fr

om a

giv

en

reac

tion

mec

hani

sm (a

nd

vice

ver

sa)

Dev

ise

a su

itabl

e ex

perim

enta

l tec

hniq

ue

for

stud

ying

the

rat

e of

a

reac

tion,

fro

m g

iven

in

form

atio

n

Cha

ract

eris

tics

and

mod

es

of a

ctio

n in

ho

mog

eneo

us

and

hete

roge

neou

s ca

taly

sis

Out

line

the

cata

lytic

role

of

iron

in t

he H

aber

pro

cess

Out

line

the

cata

lytic

re

mov

al o

f ox

ides

of

nitr

ogen

in t

he e

xhau

st

gase

s fr

om c

ar e

ngin

es



Phy

sica

l che

mis

try:

Rea

ctio

n ki

netic

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

8R

eact

ion

kine

tics

Out

line

the

cata

lytic

role

of

atm

osph

eric

oxi

des

of

nitr

ogen

in t

he o

xida

tion

of

atm

osph

eric

sul

fur

diox

ide

Out

line

the

cata

lytic

role

of

Fe2+

Fe3+

in t

he I

- / S

2O82-

re

actio

n

Out

line

the

cata

lytic

rol

e of

enz

ymes

, inc

ludi

ng t

he

expl

anat

ion

of s

peci

fi city

us

ing

a si

mpl

e lo

ck a

nd

key

mod

el

Inhi

bitio

n of

en

zym

es is

no

t re

quire

d



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

The

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble:

che

mic

al p

erio

dici

tyTh

is to

pic

illus

trat

es t

he re

gula

r pa

tter

ns in

che

mic

al a

nd p

hysi

cal p

rope

rtie

s of

the

ele

men

ts in

the

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

9Th

e P

erio

dic

Tabl

e/ch

emic

al

perio

dici

ty

Per

iodi

city

of

phy

sica

l pr

oper

ties

of

the

elem

ents

ac

ross

the

th

ird p

erio

d (s

odiu

m to

ar

gon)

Des

crib

e qu

alita

tivel

y (a

nd

indi

cate

the

per

iodi

city

in

) the

var

iatio

ns in

at

omic

rad

ius,

ioni

c ra

dius

, mel

ting

poin

t an

d el

ectr

ical

con

duct

ivity

of

the

elem

ents

(see

the

D

ata

Boo

klet

)

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y th

e va

riatio

n in

ato

mic

rad

ius

and

ioni

c ra

dius

Inte

rpre

t th

e va

riatio

n in

mel

ting

poin

t an

d in

el

ectr

ical

con

duct

ivity

in

term

s of

the

pre

senc

e of

si

mpl

e m

olec

ular

, gia

nt

mol

ecul

ar o

r m

etal

lic

bond

ing

in t

he e

lem

ents

Exp

lain

the

var

iatio

n in

fi r

st io

nisa

tion

ener

gy (s

ee

the

Dat

a B

ookl

et)



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

The

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble:

che

mic

al p

erio

dici

tyS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

9Th

e P

erio

dic

Tabl

e/ch

emic

al

perio

dici

ty

Per

iodi

city

of

che

mic

al

prop

ertie

s of

th

e el

emen

ts

in t

he t

hird

pe

riod

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns,

if an

y, o

f th

e el

emen

ts

with

oxy

gen

to g

ive

Na 2

O;

MgO

; Al 2O

3; P

4O10

; SO

2;

SO

3

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns,

if an

y, o

f th

e el

emen

ts

with

chl

orin

e to

giv

e N

aCl;

MgC

l 2; A

l 2Cl 6;

SiC

l 4; P

Cl 5

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns, i

f an

y, o

f th

e el

emen

ts N

a an

d M

g on

ly w

ith w

ater

Sta

te a

nd e

xpla

in t

he

varia

tion

in o

xida

tion

num

ber

of t

he o

xide

s an

d ch

lorid

es in

tert

ms

of t

heir

vake

nce

shel

l ele

ctro

ns

Oxi

des

of

sodi

um to

su

lfur

only

; ch

lorid

es o

f so

dium

to

phos

phor

ous

only



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

The

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble:

che

mic

al p

erio

dici

tyS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

9Th

e P

erio

dic

Tabl

e/ch

emic

al

perio

dici

ty

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns o

f th

e ox

ides

with

wat

erTr

eatm

ent

of p

erox

i-de

s an

d su

pero

x-id

es is

not

re

quire

d

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e ac

id/b

ase

beha

viou

r of

ox

ides

and

hyd

roxi

des,

in

clud

ing,

whe

re re

leva

nt,

amph

oter

ic b

ehav

iour

in

reac

tion

with

bas

es

(sod

ium

hyd

roxi

de o

nly)

an

d ac

ids

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

actio

ns o

f th

e ch

lorid

es

with

wat

er

Inte

rpre

t th

e va

riatio

ns

and

tren

ds in

che

mic

al

prop

ertie

s in

term

s of

bon

ding

and

el

ectr

oneg

ativ

ity

Sug

gest

the

typ

es o

f ch

emic

al b

ondi

ng p

rese

nt

in c

hlor

ides

and

oxi

des

from

obs

erva

tions

of

thei

r ch

emic

al a

nd p

hysi

cal

prop

ertie

s



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

The

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble:

che

mic

al p

erio

dici

tyS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

9Th

e P

erio

dic

Tabl

e/ch

emic

al

perio

dici

ty

Pre

dict

the

cha

ract

eris

tic

prop

ertie

s of

an

elem

ent

in a

giv

en g

roup

by

usin

g kn

owle

dge

of c

hem

ical

pe

riodi

city

Ded

uce

the

natu

re,

poss

ible

pos

ition

in

the

Per

iodi

c Ta

ble,

and

id

entit

y of

unk

now

n el

emen

ts f

rom

giv

en

info

rmat

ion

of p

hysi

cal

and

chem

ical

pro

pert

ies



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Gro

up 2

The

phys

ical

and

che

mic

al p

rope

rtie

s of

the

ele

men

ts o

f G

roup

2 (t

he a

lkal

ine

Ear

th m

etal

s) a

re in

trod

uced

in t

his

topi

c.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

10G

roup

2S

imila

ritie

s an

d tr

ends

in

the

prop

ertie

s of

the

Gro

up

2 m

etal

s m

agne

sium

to

bar

ium

an

d th

eir

com

poun

ds

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns

of t

he e

lem

ents

with

: ox

ygen

, wat

er a

nd d

ilute

ac

ids

Des

crib

e th

e be

havi

our

of

the

oxid

es, h

ydro

xide

s an

d ca

rbon

ates

with

wat

er a

nd

with

dilu

te a

cids

Des

crib

e th

e th

erm

al

deco

mpo

sitio

n of

the

ni

trat

es a

nd c

arbo

nate

s

Inte

rpre

t an

d ex

plai

n qu

alita

tivel

y th

e tr

end

in t

he t

herm

al s

tabi

lity

of t

he n

itrat

es a

nd

carb

onat

es in

term

s of

the

cha

rge

dens

ity

of t

he c

atio

n an

d th

e po

laris

abili

ty o

f th

e la

rge

anio

n

Inte

rpre

t an

d m

ake

pred

ictio

ns f

rom

the

tr

ends

in p

hysi

cal a

nd

chem

ical

pro

pert

ies

of t

heel

emen

ts a

nd t

heir

com

poun

ds



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Gro

up 2

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

10G

roup

2S

tate

the

var

iatio

n in

th

e so

lubi

litie

s of

the

hy

drox

ides

and

sul

fate

s

Inte

rpre

t an

d ex

plai

n qu

alita

tivel

y th

e va

riatio

n in

sol

ubili

ty

of t

he h

ydro

xide

s an

d su

lfate

s in

term

s of

re

lativ

e m

agni

tude

s of

th

e en

thal

py c

hang

e of

hyd

ratio

n an

d th

e co

rres

pond

ing

latt

ice

ener

gy

Som

e us

es

of G

roup

2

com

poun

ds

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e us

e of

cal

cium

hyd

roxi

de

and

calc

ium

car

bona

te

(pow

dere

d lim

esto

ne) i

n ag

ricul

ture



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Gro

up 1

7S

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

11G

roup

17

Cha

ract

eris

tic

phys

ical

pr

oper

ties

Des

crib

e th

e co

lour

s of

ch

lorin

e, b

rom

ine

and

iodi

ne

Des

crib

e th

e tr

end

in

vola

tility

of c

hlor

ine,

bro

min

e an

d io

dine

Inte

rpre

t th

e vo

latil

ity o

f th

e el

emen

ts c

hlor

ine,

bro

min

e an

d io

dine

, in

term

s of

van

de

r W

aals

’ for

ces

The

chem

ical

pr

oper

ties

of

the

elem

ents

an

d th

eir

hydr

ides

Des

crib

e th

e re

lativ

e re

activ

ity o

f th

e el

emen

ts

chlo

rine,

bro

min

e an

d io

dine

as

oxi

disi

ng a

gent

s

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

actio

ns o

f th

e el

emen

ts

with

hyd

roge

n

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

lativ

e th

erm

al s

tabi

litie

s of

th

e hy

drid

es.



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Gro

up 1

7S

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

11G

roup

17

Inte

rpre

t th

ese

rela

tive

stab

ilitie

s in

term

s of

bon

d en

ergi

es

Som

e re

actio

ns o

f th

e ha

lide

ions

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

actio

ns o

f ha

lide

ions

w

ith a

queo

us s

ilver

ions

fo

llow

ed b

y aq

ueou

s am

mon

ia

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

actio

ns o

f ha

lide

ions

w

ith c

once

ntra

ted

sulfu

ric

acid



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Gro

up 1

7S

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

11G

roup

17

The

reac

tions

of

chl

orin

e w

ith a

queo

us

sodi

um

hydr

oxid

e

Des

crib

e an

d in

terp

ret

in te

rms

of c

hang

es o

f ox

idat

ion

num

ber

the

reac

tion

of c

hlor

ine

with

col

d, a

nd w

ith h

ot,

aque

ous

sodi

um h

ydro

xide

Som

e im

port

ant

uses

of

the

halo

gens

and

of

hal

ogen

co

mpo

unds

Exp

lain

the

use

of

chlo

rine

in w

ater

pur

ifi ca

tion

Sta

te t

he in

dust

rial

impo

rtan

ce a

nd

envi

ronm

enta

l sig

nifi c

ance

of

the

hal

ogen

s an

d th

eir

com

poun

ds, i

nclu

ding

: bl

each

, PV

C, h

alog

enat

ed

hydr

ocar

bons

as

solv

ents

, as

refr

iger

ants

, and

in

aero

sols

.

See

als

o co

nten

t on

use

s in

S

ectio

n 16

, H

alog

en

deriv

ativ

es



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

An

intr

oduc

tion

to th

e ch

emis

try

of tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

The

phys

ical

and

che

mic

al p

rope

rtie

s of

the

tra

nsiti

on e

lem

ents

are

intr

oduc

ed in

thi

s to

pic.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

12A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

the

ch

emis

try

of t

rans

ition

el

emen

ts

Gen

eral

phy

sica

l pr

oper

ties

of

the

elem

ents

(t

itani

um to

co

pper

)

Exp

lain

the

mea

ning

of

tran

sitio

n el

emen

t, in

term

s of

d-b

lock

ele

men

ts fo

rmin

g on

e or

mor

e st

able

ions

with

in

com

plet

e d

orbi

tals

Ske

tch

the

shap

e of

a d

or

bita

l

Sta

te t

he e

lect

roni

c co

nfi g

urat

ion

of t

he fi

rst

row

tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

and

of

thei

r io

ns

Con

tras

t, q

ualit

ativ

ely,

the

m

eltin

g po

int

and

dens

ity o

f th

e tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

with

th

ose

of c

alci

um a

s a

typi

cal

s-bl

ock

elem

ent

Des

crib

e th

e te

nden

cy o

f tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

to h

ave

varia

ble

oxid

atio

n st

ates

Pre

dict

fro

m a

giv

en

elec

tron

ic c

onfi g

urat

ion,

the

lik

ely

oxid

atio

n st

ates

of

a tr

ansi

tion

elem

ent



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

An

intr

oduc

tion

to th

e ch

emis

try

of tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

12A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

the

ch

emis

try

of t

rans

ition

el

emen

ts

Gen

eral

ch

arac

teris

tic

chem

ical

pr

oper

ties

of

the

fi rst

set

of

tra

nsiti

on

elem

ents

, tit

atin

ium

to

copp

er

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

actio

ns o

f tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

with

liga

nds

to

form

com

plex

es, i

nclu

ding

th

e co

mpl

exes

of

copp

er(II)

and

coba

lt (II)

ions

with

w

ater

, and

am

mon

ia

mol

ecul

es a

nd h

ydro

xide

and

ch

lorid

e io

ns

Defi

ne

a lig

and

as a

spe

cies

th

at h

as a

lone

pai

r of

el

ectr

ons

and

can

form

a

dativ

e bo

nd to

a c

entr

al

met

al a

tom

or

ion

incl

udin

g m

onod

enta

te, b

iden

tate

and

po

lyde

ntat

e lig

ands

.

Defi

ne

a co

mpl

ex a

s a

mol

ecul

e or

ion

form

ed b

y a

cent

ral m

etal

ato

m o

r io

n su

rrou

nded

by

one

or m

ore

ligan

ds.

Des

crib

e tr

ansi

tion

met

al

com

plex

es a

s lin

ear,

octa

hedr

al, t

etra

hedr

al, o

r sq

uare

pla

nar



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

An

intr

oduc

tion

to th

e ch

emis

try

of tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

12A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

the

ch

emis

try

of t

rans

ition

el

emen

ts

Sta

te w

hat

is m

eant

by

co-o

rdin

atio

n nu

mbe

r an

d pr

edic

t th

e fo

rmul

a an

d ch

arge

of

a co

mpl

ex io

n,

give

n th

e m

etal

ion,

its

char

ge, t

he li

gand

and

its

co-

ordi

natio

n nu

mbe

r



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

An

intr

oduc

tion

to th

e ch

emis

try

of tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

12A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

the

ch

emis

try

of t

rans

ition

el

emen

ts

Exp

lain

qua

litat

ivel

y th

at

ligan

d ex

chan

ge m

ay o

ccur

in

clud

ing

the

com

plex

es o

f co

pper

(II)

ions

with

wat

er

and

amm

onia

mol

ecul

es a

nd

hydr

oxid

e an

d ch

lorid

e io

ns

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e us

e of

Fe3+

/Fe2+

, MnO

4- /M

n2+ a

nd

Cr 2

O72-

/Cr3+

as

exam

ples

of

redo

x sy

stem

s

See

als

o co

nten

t on

redo

x eq

uatio

ns

in E

lect

ro-

chem

istr

y (S

ectio

n 6)

S

tand

ard

elec

trod

e po

tent

ials

Pre

dict

, usi

ng E

o val

ues,

the

lik

elih

ood

of re

dox

reac

tions

Col

our

of

com

plex

esD

escr

ibe

the

split

ting

of d

egen

erat

e d

orbi

tals

in

to t

wo

ener

gy le

vels

in

octa

hedr

al a

nd te

trah

edra

l co

mpl

exes

Exp

lain

the

orig

in o

f co

lour

in

tra

nsiti

on e

lem

ent

com

plex

es (l

ight

ene

rgy

abso

rbed

as

an e

lect

ron

mov

es b

etw

een

two

non-

dege

nera

te d

orb

itals



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

An

intr

oduc

tion

to th

e ch

emis

try

of tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

12A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

the

ch

emis

try

of t

rans

ition

el

emen

ts

Des

crib

e qu

alita

tivel

y th

e ef

fect

of

diff

eren

t lig

ands

on

abs

orpt

ion

and

ther

efor

e co

lour

: eg

copp

er(II)

ions

w

ith w

ater

, hyd

roxi

de,

amm

onia

and

chl

orid

e lig

ands

App

ly t

hese

idea

s of

liga

nds

and

com

plex

es to

oth

er

met

als,

giv

en in

form

atio

n.

Ste

reoi

som

eris

m

in t

rans

ition

el

emen

t co

mpl

exes

desc

ribe

the

type

s of

st

ereo

isom

eris

m s

how

n by

co

mpl

exes

, inc

ludi

ng t

hose

as

soci

ated

with

bid

enta

te

ligan

ds:

(i) c

is-t

rans

isom

eris

m,

e.g.

cis

- and

tra

ns-p

latin

P

t(N

H3)

2Cl 2

(ii) o

ptic

al is

omer

ism

, e.g

. [N

i(NH

2CH

2CH

2NH

2)3]

2+

desc

ribe

the

use

of c

ispl

atin

as

an

antic

ance

r dr

ug a

nd it

s ac

tion

by b

indi

ng t

o D

NA

in

canc

er c

ells

, pre

vent

ing

cell

divi

sion



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

An

intr

oduc

tion

to th

e ch

emis

try

of tr

ansi

tion

elem

ents

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

12A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

the

ch

emis

try

of t

rans

ition

el

emen

ts

Sta

bilit

y co

nsta

nts,

Kst

ab

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

ligan

d ex

chan

ges

in te

rms

of

com

petin

g eq

uilib

ria)

See

als

o E

quili

bria

(S

ectio

n 7)

stat

e th

at t

he s

tabi

lity

cons

tant

, Kst

ab, o

f a

com

plex

io

n is

the

equ

ilibr

ium

co

nsta

nt fo

r th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

the

com

plex

ion

in a

sol

vent

fr

om it

s co

nstit

uent

ions

or

mol

ecul

es

dedu

ce e

xpre

ssio

ns fo

r th

e st

abili

ty c

onst

ant

of a

liga

nd

subs

titut

ion

expl

ain

ligan

d ex

chan

ge in

te

rms

of s

tabi

lity

cons

tant

s,

Kst

ab, a

nd u

nder

stan

d th

at a

larg

e K

stab

is d

ue to

th

e fo

rmat

ion

of a

sta

ble

com

plex

ion



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Nitr

ogen

and

sul

fur

This

topi

c in

trod

uces

som

e of

the

che

mis

try

asso

ciat

ed w

ith n

itrog

en a

nd s

ulfu

r.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

T

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

13N

itrog

en

and

sulfu

rN

itrog

en: I

ts

unre

activ

ityE

xpla

in t

he la

ck o

f re

activ

ity

of n

itrog

en

Am

mon

ia,

amm

oniu

m io

n,

nitr

ic a

cid

and

fert

ilise

rs

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e ba

sici

ty o

f am

mon

iaS

ee a

lso

cont

ent

in

Equ

ilibr

ia

(Sec

tion

7), I

onic

eq

uilib

ria

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e fo

rmat

ion

(by

an a

cid-

base

re

actio

n) a

nd t

he s

truc

ture

of

the

amm

oniu

m io

n

Des

crib

e th

e di

spla

cem

ent

of

amm

onia

fro

m it

s sa

lts

Sta

te t

he in

dust

rial

impo

rtan

ce o

f am

mon

ia a

nd

nitr

ogen

com

poun

ds d

eriv

ed

from

am

mon

ia



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Nitr

ogen

and

sul

fur

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

T

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

13N

itrog

en

and

sulfu

rN

itrog

en: T

he

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

of

nitr

ogen

oxi

des

and

nitr

ates

Sta

te a

nd e

xpla

in t

he

envi

ronm

enta

l con

sequ

ence

s of

the

unc

ontr

olle

d us

e of

ni

trat

e fe

rtili

sers

Sta

te a

nd e

xpla

in t

he n

atur

al

and

man

-mad

e oc

curr

ence

of

oxid

es o

f ni

trog

en

Sta

te a

nd e

xpla

in t

he

cata

lytic

rem

oval

of

oxid

es

of n

itrog

en f

rom

car

exh

aust

ga

ses

Exp

lain

why

atm

osph

eric

ox

ides

of

nitr

ogen

are

po

lluta

nts,

incl

udin

g th

eir

cata

lytic

role

in t

he o

xida

tion

of a

tmos

pher

ic s

ulfu

r di

oxid

e

See

als

o co

nten

t in

R

eact

ion

kine

tics

(Sec

tion

8), H

omo

-ge

neou

s an

d he

tero

-ge

neou

s ca

taly

sts

incl

udin

g en

zym

es



Inor

gani

c ch

emis

try:

Nitr

ogen

and

sul

fur

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

T

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

13N

itrog

en

and

sulfu

rS

ulfu

r: T

he

form

atio

n of

at

mos

pher

ic

sulfu

r di

oxid

e,

its ro

le in

aci

d ra

in

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

atm

osph

eric

sul

fur

diox

ide

from

the

com

bust

ion

of

sulfu

r co

ntam

inat

ed fo

ssil

fuel

s

Sta

te t

he ro

le o

f su

lfur

diox

ide

in t

he fo

rmat

ion

of a

cid

rain

and

des

crib

e th

e m

ain

envi

ronm

enta

l co

nseq

uenc

es o

f ac

id r

ain



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Alth

ough

the

re a

re fe

atur

es o

f or

gani

c ch

emis

try

topi

cs t

hat

are

dist

inct

ive,

it is

inte

nded

tha

t yo

u m

ake

cros

s-re

fere

nces

with

oth

er t

hem

es/t

opic

s in

th

e sy

llabu

s. W

hen

desc

ribin

g pr

epar

ativ

e re

actio

ns, y

ou w

ill b

e ex

pect

ed to

quo

te t

he re

agen

ts, e

.g. a

queo

us N

aOH

, the

ess

entia

l pra

ctic

al c

ondi

tions

, e.

g. re

fl ux,

and

the

iden

tity

of e

ach

of t

he m

ajor

pro

duct

s. D

etai

led

know

ledg

e of

pra

ctic

al p

roce

dure

s ar

e no

t re

quire

d: h

owev

er, y

ou m

ay b

e ex

pect

ed

to s

ugge

st (f

rom

you

r kn

owle

dge

of t

he re

agen

ts, e

ssen

tial c

ondi

tions

and

pro

duct

s) w

hat

step

s m

ay b

e ne

eded

to p

urify

/ ex

trac

t a

requ

ired

prod

uct

from

the

reac

tion

mix

ture

. In

equa

tions

for

orga

nic

redo

x re

actio

ns, t

he s

ymbo

ls [O

] and

[H] a

re a

ccep

tabl

e.

In e

ach

of t

he s

ectio

ns b

elow

, you

will

be

expe

cted

to b

e ab

le to

pre

dict

the

reac

tion

prod

ucts

of

a gi

ven

com

poun

d in

reac

tions

tha

t ar

e ch

emic

ally

si

mila

r to

tho

se s

peci

fi ed.



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Mol

ecul

ar,

stru

ctur

al

and

empi

rical

fo

rmul

ae

Writ

e st

ruct

ural

fo

rmul

ae e

.g.

CH

3CH

2CH

2OH

for

prop

an-1

-ol a

nd n

ot

C3H

7OH

.

For

mor

e de

tails

, se

e sy

llabu

s S

ectio

n 5.

4

Writ

e di

spla

yed

form

ulae

sho

win

g th

e re

lativ

e pl

acin

g of

all

atom

s an

d th

e nu

mbe

r of

bon

ds b

etw

een

all

the

atom

s

The

hexa

gon

sym

bol f

or

cycl

ohex

ane

is

acce

ptab

le

Writ

e sk

elet

al fo

rmul

ae,

deriv

ed f

rom

the

di

spla

yed

form

ulae

, sh

owin

g th

e ca

rbon

-ca

rbon

bon

ds in

the

ca

rbon

ske

leto

n an

d th

e as

soci

ated

fun

ctio

nal

grou

ps. S

kele

tal

form

ulae

mus

t be

un

ambi

guou

s.

For

mor

e de

tails

, se

e sy

llabu

s S

ectio

n 5.

4

Dra

w o

ptic

al is

omer

s gi

ving

thr

ee-

dim

ensi

onal

str

uctu

res

acco

rdin

g to

the

co

nven

tion

used

For

mor

e de

tails

, se

e sy

llabu

s S

ectio

n 5.

4



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Func

tiona

l gr

oups

and

th

e na

min

g of

org

anic

co

mpo

unds

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f al

kane

s an

d al

kene

s

Kno

wle

dge

of

benz

ene

or it

s co

mpo

unds

is n

ot

requ

ired

for

AS

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f ar

enes

You

will

be

expe

cted

to

reco

gnis

e th

e sh

ape

of t

he

benz

ene

ring

The

circ

le-

in-a

-hex

agon

co

nven

tion

for

repr

esen

ting

the

arom

atic

rin

g is

pr

efer

red

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

form

ulae

of

halo

geno

alka

nes

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

form

ulae

ha

loge

noar

enes

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f al

coho

ls

(incl

udin

g pr

imar

y,

seco

ndar

y an

d te

rtia

ry)

Inte

rpre

t, a

nd u

se t

he

gene

ral,

stru

ctur

al,

disp

laye

d an

d sk

elet

al

form

ulae

of

phen

ols



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f al

dehy

des

and

keto

nes

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f ca

rbox

ylic

ac

ids

and

este

rs

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f ac

yl

chlo

rides

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f am

ines

(p

rimar

y on

ly) a

nd

nitr

iles

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e ge

nera

l, st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed

and

skel

etal

fo

rmul

ae o

f am

ides

and

am

ino

acid

s

Und

erst

and

and

use

syst

emat

ic

nom

encl

atur

e of

si

mpl

e al

ipha

tic

orga

nic

mol

ecul

es w

ith

func

tiona

l gro

ups

give

n ab

ove

with

up

to s

ix

carb

on a

tom

s.

Six

plu

s si

x ca

rbon

ato

ms

for

este

rs a

nd

amid

es, s

trai

ght

chai

ns o

nly)

Und

erst

and

and

use

syst

emat

ic

nom

encl

atur

e of

sim

ple

arom

atic

mol

ecul

es

with

one

ben

zene

rin

g an

d on

e or

mor

e si

mpl

e su

bstit

uent

s,

for

exam

ple

3-ni

trob

enzo

ic a

cid,

2,

4,6-

trib

rom

ophe

nol



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Ded

uce

the

poss

ible

is

omer

s fo

r an

org

anic

m

olec

ule

of k

now

n m

olec

ular

form

ula

Cha

ract

eris

tic

orga

nic

reac

tions

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e te

rm: f

unct

iona

l gro

up

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e te

rms:

hom

olyt

ic a

nd

hete

roly

tic fi

ssio

n,

free

rad

ical

, ini

tiatio

n,

prop

agat

ion

and

term

inat

ion

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e te

rms:

nuc

leop

hile

, el

ectr

ophi

le, a

dditi

on,

subs

titut

ion,

el

imin

atio

n, h

ydro

lysi

s an

d co

nden

satio

n



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Inte

rpre

t an

d us

e th

e te

rms:

oxi

datio

n an

d re

duct

ion

In e

quat

ions

for

orga

nic

redo

x re

actio

ns, t

he

sym

bols

[O]

and

[H] a

re

acce

ptab

le

Sha

pes

of o

rgan

ic

mol

ecul

es; σ

an

d π

bond

s

Des

crib

e th

e sh

apes

of

, and

bon

d an

gles

in,

the

etha

ne a

nd e

then

e m

olec

ules

Des

crib

e th

e sh

ape

of,

and

bond

ang

les

in, t

he

benz

ene

mol

ecul

e

Pre

dict

the

sha

pes

of,

and

bond

ang

les

in,

othe

r re

late

d m

olec

ules

Exp

lain

the

sha

pes

of,

and

bond

ang

les

in,

the

etha

ne a

nd e

then

e m

olec

ules

in te

rms

of

σ an

d π

carb

on-c

arbo

n bo

nds

Exp

lain

the

sha

pe o

f, an

d bo

nd a

ngle

s in

, the

be

nzen

e m

olec

ule

in

term

s of

σ a

nd π

car

bon-

carb

on b

onds



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Isom

eris

m:

stru

ctur

al;

cis-

tran

sn

and

ster

eo-

isom

eris

m

Des

crib

e st

ruct

ural

is

omer

ism

and

its

divi

sion

into

cha

in,

posi

tiona

l, an

d fu

nctio

nal g

roup

is

omer

ism

Des

crib

e st

ereo

isom

eris

m a

nd it

s di

visi

on in

to g

eom

etric

al

(cis

-tra

ns) a

nd o

ptic

al

isom

eris

m

Use

of

E, Z

no

men

clat

ure

is

acce

ptab

le b

ut is

no

t req

uire

d

Des

crib

e ci

s-tr

ans

isom

eris

m in

alk

enes

, an

d ex

plai

n its

orig

in

in te

rms

of re

stric

ted

rota

tion

due

to t

he

pres

ence

of π

bond

s

Exp

lain

wha

t is

mea

nt

by a

chi

ral c

entr

e an

d th

at s

uch

a ce

ntre

gi

ves

rise

to o

ptic

al

isom

eris

m

You

shou

ld

appr

ecia

te t

hat

com

poun

ds

can

cont

ain

mor

e th

an o

ne

chira

l cen

tre,

bu

t kn

owle

dge

of m

eso

com

poun

ds, o

r no

men

clat

ure

such

as

dias

tere

oiso

mer

s is

not

req

uire

d.



Org

anic

che

mis

try:

Intr

oduc

tory

topi

csS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

14A

n in

trod

uctio

n to

org

anic

ch

emis

try

Iden

tify

chira

l cen

tres

an

d/or

cis

-tra

ns

isom

eris

m in

a m

olec

ule

of g

iven

str

uctu

ral

form

ula

Ded

uce

the

mol

ecul

ar

form

ula

of a

com

poun

d fr

om it

s st

ruct

ural

, di

spla

yed,

or

skel

etal

fo

rmul

a.



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sC

ompo

unds

con

tain

ing

only

car

bon

and

hydr

ogen

are

cal

led

hydr

ocar

bons

. Thi

s cl

ass

of c

ompo

und

can

be s

ub-d

ivid

ed in

to a

lkan

es, a

lken

es a

nd

aren

es.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Alk

anes

Und

erst

and

the

gene

ral

unre

activ

ity o

f al

kane

s,

incl

udin

g to

war

ds p

olar

re

agen

ts

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

lkan

es: c

ombu

stio

n,

subs

titut

ion

by c

hlor

ine

and

subs

titut

ion

by

brom

ine

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

eth

ane

Des

crib

e th

e m

echa

nism

of

free

-ra

dica

l sub

stitu

tion

at

met

hyl g

roup

s w

ith

part

icul

ar re

fere

nce

to t

he in

itiat

ion,

pr

opag

atio

n an

d te

rmin

atio

n re

actio

ns

Exp

lain

the

use

of

crud

e oi

l as

a so

urce

of

alip

hatic

and

aro

mat

ic

hydr

ocar

bons



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Sug

gest

how

‘cra

ckin

g’

can

be u

sed

to o

btai

n m

ore

usef

ul a

lkan

es

and

alke

nes

of lo

wer

Mr

from

larg

er h

ydro

carb

on

mol

ecul

es

Alk

enes

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

lken

es: a

dditi

on

of h

ydro

gen,

ste

am,

hydr

ogen

hal

ides

and

ha

loge

ns

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

eth

ene

and

prop

ene

Des

crib

e M

arko

vnik

ov

addi

tion

of a

sym

met

ric

elec

trop

hile

s to

pro

pene

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

lken

es: o

xida

tion

by c

old,

dilu

te a

cidi

fi ed

man

gana

te(VII

) ion

s to

fo

rm t

he d

iol



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

lken

es: o

xida

tion

by h

ot, c

once

ntra

ted

acid

ifi ed

man

gana

te(VII

) io

ns r

uptu

ring

the

carb

on-t

o-c

arbo

n do

uble

bo

nd, d

eter

min

ing

the

posi

tion

of a

lken

e lin

kage

s C

=C

in la

rger

m

olec

ules

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

lken

es:

poly

mer

isat

ion

See

als

o po

lym

er-

isat

ion

Des

crib

e th

e m

echa

nism

of

elec

trop

hilic

add

ition

in

alke

nes,

usi

ng b

rom

ine/

ethe

ne a

nd H

Br/p

rope

ne

as e

xam

ples

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e in

duct

ive

effe

cts

of a

lkyl

gr

oups

on

the

stab

ility

of

cat

ions

form

ed d

urin

g el

ectr

ophi

lic a

dditi

on



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Des

crib

e th

e ch

arac

teris

tics

of

addi

tion

poly

mer

isat

ion

as e

xem

plifi

ed b

y po

ly(e

then

e) a

nd P

VC

Ded

uce

the

repe

at u

nit

of a

n ad

ditio

n po

lym

er

obta

ined

fro

m a

giv

en

mon

omer

Iden

tify

the

mon

omer

(s)

pres

ent

in a

giv

en

sect

ion

of a

n ad

ditio

n po

lym

er m

olec

ule

Rec

ogni

se t

he d

iffi c

ulty

of

the

dis

posa

l of

poly

(alk

ene)

s, i.

e. n

on-

biod

egra

dabi

lity

and

harm

ful c

ombu

stio

n pr

oduc

ts



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Hyd

roca

rbon

s as

fue

ldD

escr

ibe

and

expl

ain

how

the

com

bust

ion

reac

tions

of

alka

nes

led

to t

heir

use

as f

uels

in

the

hom

e, in

dust

ry a

nd

tran

spor

t

Are

nes

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

rene

s: s

ubst

itutio

n re

actio

ns w

ith c

hlor

ine

and

with

bro

min

e

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

benz

ene

and

met

hylb

enze

ne

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of

aren

es: n

itrat

ion

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

rene

s: F

riede

l-Cra

fts

alky

latio

n an

d ac

ylat

ion

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of a

rene

s: ‘c

ompl

ete’

ox

idat

ion

of t

he s

ide-

chai

n to

giv

e a

benz

oic

acid

Des

crib

e th

e ch

emis

try

of

aren

es: h

ydro

gena

tion

of

the

benz

ene

ring

to fo

rm

a cy

cloh

exan

e rin

g



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Des

crib

e th

e m

echa

nism

of

ele

ctro

phili

c su

bstit

utio

n in

are

nes,

us

ing

the

mon

onitr

atio

n an

d br

omin

atio

n of

be

nzen

e as

exa

mpl

es

Sug

gest

the

mec

hani

sm

of o

ther

ele

ctro

phili

c su

bstit

utio

n re

actio

ns,

give

n da

ta.

Des

crib

e th

e ef

fect

of

the

delo

calis

atio

n of

ele

ctro

ns

in t

he e

lect

roph

ilic

subs

titut

ion

of a

rene

s

Inte

rpre

t th

e di

ffer

ence

in

reac

tivity

bet

wee

n be

nzen

e an

d ch

loro

benz

ene

Pre

dict

whe

ther

ha

loge

natio

n w

ill o

ccur

in

the

side

-cha

in o

r ar

omat

ic

nucl

eus

in a

rene

s de

pend

ing

on re

actio

n co

nditi

ons

App

ly t

he k

now

ledg

e of

po

sitio

ns o

f su

bstit

utio

n in

the

ele

ctro

phili

c su

bstit

utio

n of

are

nes



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roca

rbon

sS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

15H

ydro

carb

ons

Rec

ogni

se t

he

envi

ronm

enta

l co

nseq

uenc

es o

f ca

rbon

mon

oxid

e,

oxid

es o

f ni

trog

en a

nd

unbu

rnt

hydr

ocar

bons

ar

isin

g fr

om t

he in

tern

al

com

bust

ion

engi

ne

Rec

ogni

se t

he

envi

ronm

enta

l co

nseq

uenc

es o

f th

e ca

taly

tic re

mov

al o

f po

lluta

nt g

ases

Rec

ogni

se t

he

envi

ronm

enta

l co

nseq

uenc

es o

f ga

ses

that

con

trib

ute

to t

he

enha

nced

gre

enho

use

effe

ct

Out

line

the

use

of in

fra-

red

spec

tros

copy

in

mon

itorin

g ai

r po

llutio

n

See

als

o co

nten

t on

in

fra-

red

spec

tros

copy

in

Ana

lytic

al

tech

niqu

es



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hal

ogen

der

ivat

ives

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

T

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

16H

alog

en

deriv

ativ

esH

alog

enoa

lkan

es

and

halo

geno

aren

es

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

hal

ogen

oalk

anes

as

exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

the

follo

win

g nu

cleo

phili

c su

bstit

utio

n re

actio

ns

of b

rom

oeth

ane:

hy

drol

ysis

; for

mat

ion

of n

itrile

s; fo

rmat

ion

of p

rimar

y am

ines

by

reac

tion

with

am

mon

ia

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

hal

ogen

oalk

anes

as

exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

the

elim

inat

ion

of

hydr

ogen

bro

mid

e fr

om

2-br

omop

ropa

ne

Des

crib

e th

e m

echa

nism

of

nucl

eoph

ilic

subs

titut

ion

in h

alog

enoa

lkan

es

Des

crib

e S

N1

and

SN2

mec

hani

sms

incl

udin

g th

e in

duct

ive

effe

cts

of

alky

l gro

ups

See

als

o co

nten

t on

el

ectr

ophi

lic

effe

ct o

f al

kyl

grou

ps in

H

ydro

carb

ons

(Sec

tion

15),

Alk

enes



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hal

ogen

der

ivat

ives

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

T

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

16H

alog

en

and

deriv

ativ

es

Rec

all t

hat

prim

ary

halo

geno

alka

nes

tend

to

rea

ct v

ia t

he S

N2

mec

hani

sm; t

ertia

ry

halo

geno

alka

nes

via

the

SN1

mec

hani

sm

and

seco

ndar

y ha

loge

noal

kane

s by

a

mix

ture

of

the

two,

de

pend

ing

on s

truc

ture

Rel

ativ

e st

reng

th

of t

he C

-Hal

bon

dIn

terp

ret

the

diff

eren

t re

activ

ities

of

halo

geno

alka

nes

with

pa

rtic

ular

refe

renc

e to

hyd

roly

sis

and

the

rela

tive

stre

ngth

s of

C

-Hal

bon

ds

Inte

rpre

t th

e di

ffer

ent

reac

tiviti

es o

f ha

loge

noal

kane

s an

d ch

loro

benz

ene

with

pa

rtic

ular

refe

renc

e to

hyd

roly

sis

and

the

rela

tive

stre

ngth

s of

C

-Hal

bon

ds.

Exp

lain

the

use

s of

fl u

oroa

lkan

es a

nd

fl uor

ohal

ogen

oalk

anes

in

term

s of

the

ir re

lativ

e ch

emic

al in

ertn

ess

R

ecog

nise

the

con

cern

ab

out

the

effe

ct o

f ch

loro

fl uor

oalk

anes

on

the

ozon

e la

yer



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roxy

com

poun

dsTh

is to

pic

intr

oduc

es t

he c

hem

istr

y of

a v

ersa

tile

clas

s of

org

anic

com

poun

ds, h

ydro

xyl c

ompo

unds

, whi

ch c

onta

in a

–O

H g

roup

.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

17H

ydro

xy

com

poun

dsA

lcoh

ols

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

al

coho

ls, e

xem

plifi

ed b

y et

hano

l: co

mbu

stio

n

(exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

eth

anol

)

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

al

coho

ls, e

xem

plifi

ed b

y et

hano

l: su

bstit

utio

n to

gi

ve h

alog

enoa

lkan

es

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

al

coho

ls, e

xem

plifi

ed b

y et

hano

l: re

actio

n w

ith

sodi

um

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

al

coho

ls, e

xem

plifi

ed

by e

than

ol: o

xida

tion

to

carb

onyl

com

poun

ds a

nd

carb

oxyl

ic a

cids

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

al

coho

ls, e

xem

plifi

ed b

y et

hano

l: de

hydr

atio

n to

al

kene

s



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roxy

com

poun

dsS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

17H

ydro

xy

com

poun

dsR

ecal

l the

che

mis

try

of

alco

hols

, exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

etha

nol:

este

r fo

rmat

ion

by e

ster

ifi ca

tion

with

ca

rbox

ylic

aci

ds

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

al

coho

ls, e

xem

plifi

ed

by e

than

ol: f

orm

atio

n of

es

ters

by

acyl

atio

n w

ith

acyl

chl

orid

es u

sing

eth

yl

etha

noat

e an

d ph

enyl

be

nzoa

te a

s ex

ampl

es

Cla

ssify

hyd

roxy

co

mpo

unds

into

prim

ary,

se

cond

ary

and

tert

iary

al

coho

ls

Sug

gest

cha

ract

eris

tic

dist

ingu

ishi

ng re

actio

ns,

e.g.

mild

oxi

datio

n

Ded

uce

the

pres

ence

of

a C

H3C

H(O

H)-

grou

p in

an

alco

hol f

rom

its

reac

tion

with

alk

alin

e aq

ueou

s io

dine

to fo

rm

tri-i

odom

etha

ne

Phe

nol

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

ph

enol

, as

exem

plifi

ed b

y th

e re

actio

n w

ith b

ases



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Hyd

roxy

com

poun

dsS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

17H

ydro

xy

com

poun

dsR

ecal

l the

che

mis

try

of

phen

ol, a

s ex

empl

ifi ed

by

the

reac

tion

with

sod

ium

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

ph

enol

, as

exem

plifi

ed

by t

he n

itrat

ion

of a

nd

brom

inat

ion

of t

he a

rom

atic

rin

g

Rec

all t

he c

hem

istr

y of

ph

enol

, as

exem

plifi

ed b

y th

e re

actio

n w

ith d

iazo

nium

sa

lts

See

als

o co

nten

t on

fo

rmat

ion

of p

heno

l in

Nitr

ogen

co

mpo

unds

(S

ectio

n 20

), Pr

imar

y am

ines

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e re

lativ

e ac

iditi

es o

f w

ater

, ph

enol

and

eth

anol



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Car

bony

l com

poun

dsTh

is to

pic

intr

oduc

es t

he c

hem

istr

y of

the

car

bony

l com

poun

ds, a

ldeh

ydes

and

ket

ones

.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

18C

arbo

nyl

com

poun

dsA

ldeh

ydes

Keto

nes

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of a

ldeh

ydes

and

ket

ones

fr

om p

rimar

y an

d se

cond

ary

alco

hols

resp

ectiv

ely

usin

g C

r 2O

72-/

H+

Des

crib

e th

e re

duct

ion

of

alde

hyde

s an

d ke

tone

s us

ing

NaB

H4 o

r Li

AlH

4

Des

crib

e th

e m

echa

nism

of

the

nuc

leop

hilic

ad

ditio

n re

actio

ns o

f hy

drog

en c

yani

de w

ith

alde

hyde

s an

d ke

tone

s

Des

crib

e th

e us

e of

2,

4-d

initr

ophe

nylh

ydra

zine

re

agen

t (2

,4-D

NP

H) t

o de

tect

the

pre

senc

e of

ca

rbon

yl c

ompo

unds



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Car

bony

l com

poun

ds

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

18C

arbo

nyl

com

poun

dsD

educ

e th

e na

ture

(a

ldeh

yde

or k

eton

e) o

f an

unk

now

n ca

rbon

yl

com

poun

d fr

om t

he

resu

lts o

f si

mpl

e te

sts

(i.e.

Feh

ling’

s an

d To

llens

’ rea

gent

s; e

ase

of

oxid

atio

n)

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

n of

C

H3C

O- co

mpo

unds

with

al

kalin

e aq

ueou

s io

dine

to

give

tri-

iodo

met

hane



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Car

boxy

lic a

cids

and

der

ivat

ives

This

topi

c in

trod

uces

the

che

mis

try

of c

arbo

xylic

aci

ds a

nd t

heir

deriv

ativ

es.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

19C

arbo

xylic

ac

ids

and

deriv

ativ

es

Car

boxy

lic

acid

sD

escr

ibe

the

form

atio

n of

car

boxy

lic a

cids

fro

m

alco

hols

, ald

ehyd

es a

nd

nitr

iles

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns

of c

arbo

xylic

aci

ds in

the

fo

rmat

ion

of s

alts

, usi

ng

reac

tive

met

als,

alk

alis

, or

car

bona

tes

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns o

f ca

rbox

ylic

aci

ds in

th

e fo

rmat

ion

of a

cyl

chlo

rides

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns

of c

arbo

xylic

aci

ds in

the

fo

rmat

ion

of e

ster

s

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns

of c

arbo

xylic

aci

ds in

the

fo

rmat

ion

of a

lcoh

ols,

by

use

of L

iAl H

4

Rec

ogni

se t

hat

som

e ca

rbox

ylic

aci

ds c

an

be f

urth

er o

xidi

sed:

th

e ox

idat

ion

of

met

hano

ic a

cid,

H

CO

2H, w

ith

Fehl

ing’

s an

d To

llens

’ re

agen

ts



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Car

boxy

lic a

cids

and

der

ivat

ives

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

19C

arbo

xylic

ac

ids

and

deriv

ativ

es

Rec

ogni

se t

hat

som

e ca

rbox

ylic

aci

ds c

an

be f

urth

er o

xidi

sed:

th

e ox

idat

ion

of

etha

nedi

oic

acid

, H

O2C

CO

2H, w

ith

war

m a

cidi

fi ed

man

gana

te(VII

)

Exp

lain

the

rel

ativ

e ac

iditi

es o

f ca

rbox

ylic

ac

ids,

phe

nols

and

alco

hols

Use

the

con

cept

of

elec

tron

egat

ivity

to

exp

lain

the

ac

iditi

es o

f ch

lorin

e-su

bstit

uted

eth

anoi

c ac

ids

Acy

l ch

lorid

es

Des

crib

e th

e hy

drol

ysis

of

acyl

ch

lorid

es

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

etha

noyl

chl

orid

e

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

ns o

f ac

yl

chlo

rides

with

al

coho

ls, p

heno

ls,

amm

onia

and

pr

imar

y am

ines



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Car

boxy

lic a

cids

and

der

ivat

ives

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

t

19C

arbo

xylic

ac

ids

and

deriv

ativ

es

Exp

lain

the

rela

tive

ease

of

hydr

olys

is o

f ac

yl c

hlor

ides

, alk

yl

chlo

rides

and

ary

l ch

lorid

es in

clud

ing

the

cond

ensa

tion

(add

ition

-elim

inat

ion)

m

echa

nism

for

the

hydr

olys

is o

f ac

yl

chlo

rides

Est

ers

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of e

ster

s fr

om c

arbo

xylic

ac

ids

usin

g et

hyl

etha

noat

e as

an

exam

ple

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

eth

yl

etha

noat

e

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of e

ster

s fr

om a

cyl c

hlor

ides

us

ing

phen

yl

benz

oate

as

an

exam

ple

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

phen

yl b

enzo

ate

Des

crib

e th

e ac

id a

nd

base

hyd

roly

sis

of e

ster

s

Sta

te t

he m

ajor

co

mm

erci

al u

ses

of

este

rs e

.g. s

olve

nts;

pe

rfum

es; fl

avo

urin

gs



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Nitr

ogen

com

poun

dsM

any

biol

ogic

al m

olec

ules

con

tain

nitr

ogen

. Thi

s to

pic

intr

oduc

es t

he c

hem

istr

y of

a v

arie

ty o

f or

gani

c co

mpo

unds

tha

t co

ntai

n ni

trog

en.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

20N

itrog

en

com

poun

dsP

rimar

y am

ines

D

escr

ibe

the

form

atio

n of

alk

yl a

min

es b

y th

e re

actio

n of

am

mon

ia w

ith

halo

geno

alka

nes.

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

ethy

lam

ine

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of a

lkyl

am

ines

by

the

redu

ctio

n of

am

ides

with

Li

AlH

4

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of a

lkyl

am

ines

by

the

redu

ctio

n of

nitr

iles

with

Li

AlH

4 or

H2/N

i

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of p

heny

lam

ine

by t

he

redu

ctio

n of

nitr

oben

zene

by

Sn/

conc

HC

l

Des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e ba

sici

ty o

f am

ines

Exp

lain

the

rela

tive

basi

citie

s of

am

mon

ia, e

thyl

amin

e an

d ph

enyl

amin

e in

term

s of

th

eir

stru

ctur

es



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Nitr

ogen

com

poun

dsS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

20N

itrog

en

com

poun

dsD

escr

ibe

the

reac

tion

of

phen

ylam

ine

with

aqu

eous

br

omin

e

Des

crib

e th

e re

actio

n of

ph

enyl

amin

e w

ith n

itrou

s ac

id to

giv

e th

e di

azon

ium

sa

lt an

d ph

enol

Des

crib

e th

e co

uplin

g of

be

nzen

edia

zoni

um c

hlor

ide

and

phen

ol a

nd t

he u

se

of s

imila

r re

actio

ns in

the

fo

rmat

ion

of d

yest

uff

Am

ides

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

amid

es f

rom

the

reac

tion

betw

een

RN

H2 a

nd R

’CO

Cl

Exe

mpl

ifi ed

by

etha

nam

ide

Rec

ogni

se t

hat

amid

es a

re

neut

ral

Des

crib

e am

ide

hydr

olys

is

on t

reat

men

t w

ith a

queo

us

alka

li or

aci

d

Des

crib

e th

e re

duct

ion

of

amid

es w

ith L

iAlH

4



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Nitr

ogen

com

poun

dsS

ylla

bu

s se

ctio

nT

hem

eTo

pic

Lear

ner

s st

ud

yin

g A

S L

evel

Additional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

20N

itrog

en

com

poun

dsA

min

o ac

ids

Des

crib

e th

e ac

id/b

ase

prop

ertie

s of

am

ino

acid

s an

d th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

zwitt

erio

ns

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

pept

ide

bond

s be

twee

n am

ino

acid

s to

giv

e di

- and

tr

i-pep

tides

Des

crib

e si

mpl

y th

e pr

oces

s of

ele

ctro

phor

esis

and

th

e ef

fect

of

pH, u

sing

pe

ptid

es a

nd a

min

o ac

ids

as

exam

ples



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Pol

ymer

isat

ion

This

topi

c ill

ustr

ates

how

sm

all m

olec

ules

join

toge

ther

to fo

rm p

olym

ers

and

how

the

ir pr

oper

ties

are

usef

ul in

eve

ryda

y lif

e.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

21P

olym

eris

atio

nA

dditi

on

Con

dens

atio

n po

lym

eris

atio

nD

escr

ibe

the

char

acte

ristic

s of

con

dens

atio

n po

lym

eris

atio

n in

pol

yest

ers

as e

xem

plifi

ed b

y Te

ryle

ne

Des

crib

e th

e ch

arac

teris

tics

of c

onde

nsat

ion

poly

mer

isat

ion

in p

olya

mid

es a

s ex

empl

ifi ed

by

poly

pept

ides

, pro

tein

s,

nylo

n 6,

nyl

on 6

,6 a

nd

Kevl

ar

Ded

uce

the

repe

at u

nit

of

a co

nden

satio

n po

lym

er

obta

ined

fro

m a

giv

en

mon

omer

or

pair

ofm

onom

ers

Iden

tify

the

mon

omer

(s)

pres

ent

in a

giv

en s

ectio

n of

a c

onde

nsat

ion

poly

mer

mol

ecul

e



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Pol

ymer

isat

ion

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

21P

olym

eris

atio

nP

redi

ctin

g th

e ty

pe o

f po

lym

eris

atio

n

Des

crib

e th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

poly

este

rs a

nd p

olya

mid

es

Pre

dict

the

typ

e of

po

lym

eris

atio

n re

actio

n fo

r a

give

n m

onom

er o

r pa

ir of

m

onom

ers

Ded

uce

the

type

of

poly

mer

isat

ion

reac

tion

whi

ch p

rodu

ces

a gi

ven

sect

ion

of a

poly

mer

mol

ecul

e

Bio

degr

adab

le

poly

mer

sR

ecog

nise

tha

t po

lyal

kene

s ar

e ch

emic

ally

iner

t an

d ca

n th

eref

ore

be d

iffi c

ult

to

biod

egra

de

Rec

ogni

se t

hat

a nu

mbe

r of

pol

ymer

s ca

n be

de

grad

ed b

y th

e ac

tion

of

light

Rec

ogni

se t

hat

poly

este

rs

and

poly

amid

es a

re

biod

egra

dabl

e by

hy

drol

ysis

Des

crib

e th

e hy

drol

ysis

of

prot

eins



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Pol

ymer

isat

ion

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

21P

olym

eris

atio

nP

rope

rtie

s of

po

lym

ers

Dis

cuss

the

pro

pert

ies

and

stru

ctur

es o

f po

lym

ers

base

d on

the

ir m

etho

ds o

f fo

rmat

ion

Bot

h ad

ditio

n an

d co

nden

satio

n sh

ould

be

cons

ider

ed

Dis

cuss

how

the

pr

esen

ce o

f si

de-c

hain

s an

d in

term

olec

ular

forc

es

affe

ct t

he p

rope

rtie

s of

po

lym

eric

mat

eria

ls

For

exam

ple,

po

lyal

kene

s,

PTF

E (T

efl o

n,

Kevl

ar)

Exp

lain

the

sig

nifi c

ance

of

hydr

ogen

-bon

ding

in t

he

pairi

ng o

f ba

ses

in D

NA

in

rela

tion

to t

he re

plic

atio

n of

gen

etic

info

rmat

ion

Dis

tingu

ish

betw

een

the

prim

ary,

sec

onda

ry

and

tert

iary

str

uctu

re o

f pr

otei

ns

Sta

te t

hat

the

seco

ndar

y st

ruct

ures

foun

d in

pr

otei

ns a

re α

-hel

ix a

nd

β-p

leat

ed s

heet



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Pol

ymer

isat

ion

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

do

Co

mm

ent

21P

olym

eris

atio

nE

xpla

in t

he s

tabi

lisat

ion

of s

econ

dary

str

uctu

re

by h

ydro

gen

bond

ing

betw

een

C=

O a

nd N

-H

grou

ps in

the

bac

kbon

e

Exp

lain

the

sta

bilis

atio

n of

tert

iary

str

uctu

re b

y R

-gro

up in

tera

ctio

ns

Des

crib

e ho

w p

olym

ers

have

bee

n de

sign

ed t

o ac

t as

non

-sol

vent

bas

ed

adhe

sive

s, e

.g. e

poxy

re

sins

and

sup

ergl

ues

Des

crib

e ho

w p

olym

ers

have

bee

n de

sign

ed t

o ac

t as

con

duct

ing

poly

mer

s,

e.g.

pol

yace

tyle

ne



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Ana

lytic

al te

chni

ques

Ana

lytic

al te

chni

ques

are

impo

rtan

t to

ols

for

inve

stig

atin

g or

gani

c co

mpo

unds

.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

22A

naly

tical

te

chni

ques

Chr

omat

ogra

phy

Exp

lain

and

use

the

te

rms

Rf va

lue

in t

hin

laye

r ch

rom

atog

raph

y an

d re

tent

ion

time

in g

as/

liqui

d ch

rom

atog

raph

y fr

om

chro

mat

ogra

ms

Inte

rpre

t ga

s/liq

uid

chro

mat

ogra

ms

in t

erm

s of

th

e pe

rcen

tage

com

posi

tion

of a

mix

ture

Infr

a-re

d sp

ectr

osco

pyA

naly

se a

n in

fra-

red

spec

trum

of

a si

mpl

e m

olec

ule

to id

entif

y fu

nctio

nal g

roup

s

See

the

D

ata

Boo

klet

fo

r fu

nctio

nal

grou

ps

requ

ired

Mas

s sp

ectr

omet

ryD

educ

e th

e m

olec

ular

mas

s of

an

orga

nic

mol

ecul

e fr

om

the

mol

ecul

ar io

n pe

ak in

a

mas

s sp

ectr

umde

duce

the

nu

mbe

r of

car

bon

atom

s in

a

com

poun

d us

ing

the

M+1

pe

ak



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Ana

lytic

al te

chni

ques

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

22A

naly

tical

te

chni

ques

Ded

uce

the

pres

ence

of

brom

ine

and

chlo

rine

atom

s in

a c

ompo

und

usin

g th

e M

+2

peak

Sug

gest

the

iden

tity

of

mol

ecul

es fo

rmed

by

sim

ple

frag

men

tatio

n in

a g

iven

m

ass

spec

trum

Car

bon-

13 N

MR

sp

ectr

osco

pyA

naly

se a

car

bon-

13 N

MR

sp

ectr

um o

f a

sim

ple

mol

ecul

e to

ded

uce:

(i) t

he d

iffer

ent

envi

ronm

ents

of

the

car

bon

atom

s pr

esen

t

(ii) t

he p

ossi

ble

stru

ctur

es fo

r th

e m

olec

ule

Pre

dict

the

num

ber

of

peak

s in

a c

arbo

n-13

NM

R

spec

trum

for

a gi

ven

mol

ecul

e



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Ana

lytic

al te

chni

ques

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

22A

naly

tical

te

chni

ques

Prot

on ( 1

H) N

MR

sp

ectr

osco

pyA

naly

se a

nd in

terp

ret

a pr

oton

NM

R s

pect

rum

of

a si

mpl

e m

olec

ule

to d

educ

e:

(i) t

he d

iffer

ent

type

s of

pro

ton

pres

ent

usin

g ch

emic

al s

hift

val

ues

(ii) t

he re

lativ

e nu

mbe

rs o

f ea

ch t

ype

of p

roto

n pr

esen

t fr

om re

lativ

e pe

ak a

reas

(iii)

the

num

ber

of n

on-

equi

vale

nt p

roto

ns a

djac

ent

to a

giv

en p

roto

n fr

om t

he

split

ting

patt

ern,

usi

ng t

he n

+

1 r

ule

(iv) t

he p

ossi

ble

stru

ctur

es

for

the

mol

ecul

e

Pre

dict

the

che

mic

al s

hift

s an

d sp

littin

g pa

tter

ns o

f th

e pr

oton

s in

a g

iven

mol

ecul

e

Des

crib

e th

e us

e of

te

tram

ethy

lsila

ne, T

MS

, as

the

stan

dard

for

chem

ical

sh

ift m

easu

rem

ents



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Ana

lytic

al te

chni

ques

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

22A

naly

tical

te

chni

ques

Sta

te t

he n

eed

for

deut

erat

ed s

olve

nts,

e.g

. C

DC

l 3, w

hen

obta

inin

g an

N

MR

spe

ctru

m

Des

crib

e th

e id

entifi

cat

ion

of O

–H a

nd N

–H p

roto

ns b

y pr

oton

exc

hang

e us

ing

D2O



Org

anic

che

mis

try

and

anal

ysis

: Org

anic

syn

thes

isTh

is to

pic

intr

oduc

es t

he s

trat

egie

s us

ed in

syn

thes

is o

f or

gani

c m

olec

ules

.

Syl

lab

us

sect

ion

Th

eme

Top

icLe

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

AS

Lev

elAdditional

mat

eria

l fo

r le

arn

ers

stu

dyi

ng

th

e fu

ll A

Lev

el

Th

ing

s yo

u s

ho

uld

b

e ab

le t

o d

oC

om

men

tT

hin

gs

you

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le

to d

oC

om

men

t

23O

rgan

ic

synt

hesi

sS

ynth

esis

of

chira

l dru

g m

olec

ules

Sta

te t

hat

mos

t ch

iral d

rugs

ex

trac

ted

from

nat

ural

so

urce

s of

ten

cont

ain

only

a

sing

le o

ptic

al is

omer

Sta

te re

ason

s w

hy t

he

synt

hetic

pre

para

tion

of d

rug

mol

ecul

es o

ften

requ

ires

the

prod

uctio

n of

a s

ingl

e op

tical

isom

er, e

.g. b

ette

r th

erap

eutic

act

ivity

, few

er

side

eff

ects

Syn

thet

ic ro

utes

For

an o

rgan

ic m

olec

ule

cont

aini

ng s

ever

al f

unct

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9701 Chemistry Learner Guide 2015 - Home | GCE Guide Guide Cambridge Advanced Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry 9701