9789088902871 - Ikram Et Al (Eds) 2015 - Egyptian Bioarchaeology - eBook

7/21/2019 9789088902871 - Ikram Et Al (Eds) 2015 - Egyptian Bioarchaeology - eBook

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Mcyptl`g

Fli`rhb`mijicybuo`gs, `glo`js, `gd tbm mgvlrigomgt

mdltmd fy

X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr &Vixlm S`jemr


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Xldmstigm ^rmss@ gmw cmgmr`tlig ia ^ufjlsblgc

\iu `rm rm`dlgc ` aujj vmrslig ia tbls fiie, air armm!

Tbls fiie ls p`rt ia tbm Xldmstigm m-jlfr`ry wbmrm oist ia iur

pufjlh`tligs `rm aujjy `hhmsslfjm air armm. Air `hhmss ti oirm

armm fiies vlslt; www.sldmstigm.hio/jlfr`ry

Diwgji`d Aujj ^DA

Qlslt tbm Xldmstigm m-jlfr`ry ti friwsm iur m-fiies. Air ` olglo`j

amm yiu h`g purhb`sm ` aujjy aughtlig`j ^DA `gd fy dilgc si, yiu

bmjp ti emmp iur jlfr`ry rugglgc.

www.sldmstigm.hio/jlfr`ry


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Xldmstigm ^rmss

Mcyptl`g

Fli`rhb`mijicy


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Mcyptl`g

Fli`rhb`mijicybuo`gs, `glo`js, `gd tbm mgvlrigomgt

mdltmd fy

X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr &Vixlm S`jemr


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6>0= tbm `utbirs

^ufjlsbmd fy Xldmstigm rmss, Jmldmgwww.sldmstigm.hio

LXFG


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Higtmgts@fstr`hts 3

^rma`hm 03X`jlo` Lerò, Kmsslh` E`lsmr `gd Vixlm S`jemr

Buo`g Vmo`lgs

Furl`js ugdmr tbm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs ia @omgbitmp LL 0 (04tb) almjd sm`sig ia

tbm Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Tbmfms. Blcbjlcbtmd `rm Xbàt 0 lg tbm airmhiurt iaTT 1=, wblhb bmjd tbm egiwg j`tmst furl`j ihhup`gt, `gd Xbàts 8 `gd 4 ig tbmm`stmrg sjipm ia tbm airmhiurt, wblhb bmjd tbm m`rjlmst. Xbàt 0 w`s lgtmgdmd airtbm irlclg`j 02tb Dyg`sty iwgmr ia TT 1= fut gmvmr usmd fy blo `gd tbm tiofltsmja w`s `f`gdigmd air rm`sigs ugegiwg. Lgstm`d, tbm rmo`lgs ia ` g`tur`jjyprmsmrvmd Hiptlh pmrlid b`ja-ouooy w`s aiugd lg tbm sbàt, pisslfjy dlsturfmdfy jiitmrs ia ` gm`rfy cr`vm `gd b`stljy dlsh`rdmd. Sm dmshmgdmd Xbàt 4 ti studylts jigm ihhup`gt, `g 02tb Dyg`sty ouooy tb`t b`d ifvliusjy fmmg dò`cmd fyjiitmrs. Tbm mstlo`tmd jmgctb ia tbls prif`fjm o`jm, ` rm`sig`fjm prixy lgdlh`tiria st`turm durlgc jlam, w`s 01= ho. Xbàt 8 privldmd ` hb`jjmgclgc olx ia `t jm`st

03 lgdlvldu`js, siom rmprmsmgtmd igjy fy igm ir ` amw figms, itbmrs fy jlofswr`ppmd lg blcb qu`jlty jlgmg pjus jiism figms o`thbmd durlgc tbm `g`jysls. Tbmj`ttmr o`y b`vm fmmg tbm irlclg`j 02tb Dyg`sty ihhup`gts; tbrmm `dujt o`jms, àmo`jm, ` hbljd `gd `g lga`gt `s dmtmrolgmd ario tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs. îsslfjmj`tmr lgtrusligs, `hhldmgt`j ir lgtmgtlig`j, lghjudmd tbrmm lga`gts, tbrmm hbljdrmg, `

kuvmgljm, twi `dujt o`jms `gd twi amo`jms. ^`tbijicy lg tbm ivmr`jj hijjmhtlig w`solglo`j; pirius irflt`j riias lg yiugcstmrs `gd aihl ia figm splhujms `gd kilgtsura`hm mrislig lg `dujts tb`t dld git rmsmofjm tbm usu`j sh`rs ia dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgtdlsm`sm.

Tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia @ebmt`tmg; ]gmxpmhtmd Vmsujts ario `H`plt`j Hlty

Crmthbmg V. D`ffs, Kmriom H. Vism & Omjlss` [`fmhel

Tbm sbirt-jlvmd h`plt`j hlty ia @ebmg`tmg, @ebmt`tmg (oidmrg @o`rg`), ls uglqumòigc `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g hltlms lg tb`t lt w`s fuljt, ihhuplmd, `gd `f`gdigmdlg `g g`rriw tmopir`j spmhtruo durlgc @ebmg`tmgs rmlcg (h. 084,>>>

rmsldmgts `s tbm iaalhl`js, sijdlmrs, `rtlsts, o`gua`hturmrs, `gd itbmrs rmspigslfjm


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`gd hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m, dmoigstr`tm tb`t lg o`gy h`sms flrtb w`s ` dlaalhujt `gdd`gcmrius mvmgt tb`t oist jlemjy rmqulrmd tbm `ld ia ` oldwlam. Sbljm `ghlmgtmplcr`pblh siurhms privldm sp`rsm mvldmghm ia flrtblgc pr`htlhms, tbm mvldmghmario Emjjls 6 succmsts tb`t tbm o`kirlty ia flrtb trùo`s lg lgdlvldu`js ario tbm

hmomtmry `rm oist jlemjy dum ti a`htirs suhb `s prijigcmd j`fir, hioprmsslig`gd tr`htlig airhms, `gd mxtr`htlig pr`htlhms durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss. @jsi, tbmdlaalhujtlms surriugdlgc hbljdflrtb dlrmhtjy rmj`tm ti tbm p`ttmrgs ia o`tmrg`j `gdlga`gt oirt`jlty smmg wltblg tbm Emjjls 6 pipuj`tlig.

Xtudylgc Mcyptl`g Ouoolms lg tbm Almjd

X`jlo` Lerò

@jtbiucb o`gy pmipjm b`vm studlmd ouoolms, dlc dlrmhtirs `gd mxh`v`tirs iatmg

`rm git `w`rm ia `jj tbm lgairo`tlig tb`t h`g fm dmrlvmd ario tbmsm `rtma`hts `gdbiw tbmy h`g fm studlmd lg irdmr ti privldm tbm o`xlouo ia lgairo`tlig.Tblsp`pmr mopb`slsms wb`t ls pisslfjm ti di lg tbm almjd wltb ` olglouo ia augdlgc`gd tbm jm`st òiugt ia tmhbgijicy, `gd `los ti privldm lgvmstlc`tirs wltb tbmr`gcm ia pisslfljltlms ia lgairo`tlig tb`t h`g fm dmrlvmd ario ouoolms. Tblslghjudms `g ivmrvlmw ia tbm mvldmghm tb`t h`g `gd sbiujd fm ift`lgmd ario òuooy, fitb lg tbm almjd `gd lg ldm`j stir`cm/ousmuo sltu`tligs5 tbm dlaamrmgtomtbids tb`t h`g fm mopjiymd ti mxtr`ht tbm o`tmrl`j5 `gd ` rmhirdlgc sbmmt tb`ta`hljlt`tms tbm rmhirdlgc.

@ H`sm ia Omt`st`tlh H`rhlgio` lg `g Ijd Elgcdio-^mrlidXemjmtig ario X`qq`r`

Lwig` Eizlmr`dze`-Icugoèlg

Lgtmgslvm study ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g buo`g rmo`lgs ivmr tbm p`st 0>> ym`rsb`s priduhmd ugdlsput`fjm mvldmghm air tbm prmsmghm ia prlo`ry `gd smhigd`ryo`jlcg`ghlms lg tbls p`st pipuj`tlig. @ smhigd`ry o`jlcg`ghy w`s ldmgtlalmdlg tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia `g ijdmr amo`jm rmhivmrmd ario tbm Ijd Elgcdiogmhripijls `t X`qq`r` Smst. O`hrishiplh mxòlg`tlig ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs

rmvm`jmd `g mxtmgslvm istmijytlh jmslig lg tbm gmurihr`gluo `gd aurtbmr so`jjmrpmrair`tligs surriugdlgc tbm jmslig. @ddltlig`j aih`j dmstruhtlig tb`t lgvijvmdigjy tbm mgdihr`gl`j sura`hm w`s rmvm`jmd tbriucb r`dlicr`pblh lo`clgc ia tbmseujj. Qlsu`j mxòlg`tlig ia tbm pist-hr`gl`j semjmtig rmvm`jmd `g istmijytlh jmsligtb`t dmvmjipmd lg tbm j`tmr`j fidy ia tbm alatb juof`r vmrtmfr`. Tbmsm jmsligs `rmhigslstmgt wltb omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`, ` o`jlcg`gt gmipj`so tb`t h`g sprm`d tifigm dlrmhtjy ario `g `dk`hmgt siat tlssum tuoiur, ir lgdlrmhtjy vl` tbm fjiid irjyopb`tlh systmos. @s ` rmsujt ia tbm piir prmsmrv`tlig ia siat tlssum, lghjudlgc tbmvlshmr`, ldmgtlalh`tlig ia tbm prlo`ry sltm ia h`ghmr lg tbm prmsmgt h`sm w`s blcbjyprifjmo`tlh `gd spmhuj`tlvm. Biwmvmr, tèlgc lgti higsldmr`tlig tbm dlstrlfutlig

`gd oirpbijicy ia tbm ifsmrvmd jmsligs, tbm lgdlvldu`js smx `gd `cm `t dm`tb, `s


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wmjj `s oidmrg lghldmghm r`tms ia omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`s, tbm X`qq`r` h`sm ls jlemjyti fm ` omt`st`sls ario h`rhlgio` ia tbm frm`st. Tbls ls rmpirtmd ti fm tbm oisthiooig hùsm ia omt`st`tlh figm dlsm`sm lg amo`jms, `hhirdlgc ti oidmrg hjlglh`jstudlms.

Xtudy ia Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms upig Buo`g Vmo`lgs arioEb`rc` I`sls

Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc

Xlghm 0> ouoolms `gd a`r oirm guomrius semjmt`j rmo`lgsfmjigclgc ti tbrmm hmomtmrlms ia Eb`rc` i`sls, Diuhb, @lg mj-J`fèb` gd Mj-Dmlr,b`vm fmmg studlmd fy R-r`ys ig tbm sltms. Tbm study ia Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms (C@J)w`s p`rt ia tbm wbijm wire. Tbmsm jlgms ihhur lgsldm figms àtmr ` jigc dlsm`sm ir

pmrlids ia o`jgutrltlig. Lt ls pisslfjm ti smm tbmo igjy fy R-r`ys (itbmrwlsm fyjiielgc `t smhtligs ia figms ugdmr ` olhrishipm). Tbm rmsm`rhb w`s lgltl`tmd àtmrL b`d egiwjmdcm ia tbm wires ia Cr`y wbi R-r`ymd ` jit ia ouoolms biusmdlg siom Muripm`g ousmuos (o`lgjy Frltlsb Ousmuo `gd Jmldmg Ousmuo).Cr`y aiugd `fiut 8>% ia C@J upig ouoolms. Ario tbm st`rt, `t Diuhb, L w`s`stiglsbmd ti ffgd `joist twlhm tbm guofmr ia C@J. Lt w`s tbm sòm `t J`fèb` `gdDmlr wltb siom v`rl`tligs. C@J `rm ugdiuftmdjy lg higgmhtlig wltb tbm st`gd`rdia jlvlgc, si tbmy smmo ti fm `g mxhmjjmgt hrltmrlig ti mv`ju`tm bm`jtb `gd sihl`j jmvmjlgsldm pipuj`tligs.

Ario Mcypt ti Jltbu`gl`; O`rlk` Vudzlgse`lt-@rhlo`vllmgs Ouooy `gd lts V`dlijiclh`j Lgvmstlc`tlig

D`rli ^lioflgi-O`sh`jl, Jldlk` OhEglcbt, @jdig` Xglteuvlmg,Vlo`gt`s K`geùse`s, @jclrd`s Tòilg`s, Vòg`s Q`j`glus,Sljarlmd Vismgd`bj & Xtmpb`glm ^`gzmr

Lopirt`gt algdlgcs b`vm rmhmgtjy fmmg rmvm`jmd highmrglgc ` ouooy lgtbm hijjmhtlig ia O`rlk` Vudzlgse`lt-@rhlo`vllmg, tbm alrst Jltbu`gl`gMcyptijiclst. Ario 0tb hmgturysbm ò`ssmd ` so`jj hijjmhtlig ia Mcyptl`g ifkmhts wblhb sbm fmqum`tbmd ti tbmG`tlig`j Ousmuo ia @rt lg 0. Tbm hijjmhtlig lghjudmd ` ouooy `hqulrmdario tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo lg H`lri durlgc bmr 0=>-> FH) `jtbiucb tbm mx`ht d`tm b`s


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@ Dmh`dm ia @dv`ghms lg tbm ^`jmip`tbijicy ia tbm @ghlmgtMcyptl`gs

Jls` X`ff`by

Tbm study ia buo`g rmo`lgs ario `ghlmgt Mcypt b`s o`dm crm`t strldms lg tbm j`stdmh`dm, air tbm oist p`rt dum ti dv`ghms lg omdlh`j mgclgmmrlgc gd flioijmhuj`rtmhbglqums. @ghlmgt DG@ b`s fmmg rmtrlmvmd ario f`htmrl`, vlrusms `gd p`r`sltms,clvlgc spmhl`jlsts `g mgtlrmjy gmw omtbid air rmhicglzlgc dlsm`sm. Air mxòpjm,tbls b`s tit`jjy hb`gcmd iur pmrspmhtlvm ig tufmrhujisls lg `ghlmgt Mcypt, gitigjy highmrglgc tbm mxtmgt ia lts prmsmghm lg tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g pipuj`tlig,fut lg ldmgtlaylgc tbm spmhlalhOyhif`htmrluostr`lgs hùslgc tbm lgamhtlig. VmhmgtHT-sh`g studlms b`vm ldmgtlalmd `tbmrishjmrisls `gd bm`rt dlsm`sm `s ` slcglalh`gtprifjmo òigc tbm uppmr hj`ss ia `ghlmgt Mcypt, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm prlmstjy aòljlms.

@jsi, tbm qumstlig ia wbmtbmr ir git h`ghmr ls `g ijd dlsm`sm b`s fmmg friucbtup `c`lg fmhùsm ia ` rmhmgt ldmgtlalh`tlig ia omt`st`tlh prist`tm h`ghmr lg `gMcyptl`g ouooy. Tbls p`pmr wljj prmsmgt `g ivmrvlmw ia rmhmgt dlshivmrlms lg`ghlmgt Mcyptl`g p`jmip`tbijicy, o`dm fitb lg omdlh`j studlms `gd mxh`v`tligslg tbm almjd.

Vmsijvlgc ` Ouooy Olso`thb

Figglm O. Xòpsmjj

Tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo lg Vlhboigd, LG (]X@) iwgs `g Mcyptl`gouooy lg dmhir`tmd wiidmg hiaalg. Tbm hiaalg gd lts ouooy wmrm purhb`smdfy tbm ousmuos aiugdmr, Ors. Sljjlò C``r, ario tbm H`lri `gtlqultlms dm`jmr,M. B`tiug, ig bmr trlp ti Mcypt lg 0


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Tbm ^mipjm ia X`y`j` Durlgc tbm J`tm Vio`g ti M`rjyFyz`gtlgm ^mrlid

Mucmg Xtriub`j

Tbm sltm ia X`y`j` w`s mxh`v`tmd fy tbm @ustrl`g olsslig ti Mcyptl`g Gufl` lg shipmia tbm Lgtmrg`tlig`j @htlig ia X`vmcu`rdlgc Gufl`g Oiguomgts ia ]GMXHI.Fmsldms smvmr`j rhb`mijiclh`j pufjlh`tligs, g gtbripijiclh`j igm highmrglgc tbmH-Criup `gd ^`g Cr`vm Hujturm w`s pufjlsbmd fy Xtriub`j `gd Kugcwlrtb (0>1, `gdti d`tm `pprixlo`tmjy 0>> furl`js b`vm fmmg ugm`rtbmd, r`gclgc lg d`tm ario tbmJ`tm ^mrlid (114-886 FH) lg tbm j`tmr pb`sms ia tbm hmomtmry, ti tbm rmlcg ia ElgcTmtl (h. 684=-6020 FH), tbm aiugdmr ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty, lg tbm pb`sm rmj`tmd titbm Ijd Elgcdio struhturms. Xiom ia tbmsm furl`js wmrm lg sltu, `gd siom wmrmdlsturfmd fy j`tmr `htlvlty `t tbm sltm. Tbm istmijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm furl`js lsigcilgc. Lg 6>>2, tbm tmò dlshivmrmd ` so`jj pyròld lg `g `rm` ia tbm hmomtmrydlrmhtjy `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm pyròld ia Elgc Tmtl. Sbljm ` h`rtiuhbm ir itbmrom`gs ia pisltlvmjy ldmgtlaylgc tbm iwgmr ia tbls pyròld ls ymt ti fm aiugd, lt b`s

fmmg succmstmd tb`t tbm tiof o`y fm tb`t ia qummg Xmsbmsbmt, tbm oitbmr ia ElgcTmtl `gd cr`gdoitbmr ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty Elgc ^mpl L. Biwmvmr, tbm istmijiclh`j`g`jysls ia tbm rmo`lgs aiugd lg tbm furl`j hbòfmr o`y succmst itbmrwlsm. Tblsp`pmr wljj privldm ` frlma blstirlh`j f`hecriugd ia tbm pmrlid surriugdlgc tbmrmlcg ia Elgc Tmtl, gd dlshuss ` pisslfjm ldmgtlalh`tlig ia tbm wio`g aiugd lg tbmgmw pyròld.


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Fmblgd Mvmry O`se tbmrm ls ` A`hm, `gd Fmblgd tb`t `Xtiry. Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy `gd @ghlmgt Ldmgtltlms

Xigl` [èrzmwsel

Fli`rhb`mijicy lg Mcypt b`s armqumgtjy aihussmd upig igm sltm ir igm `spmht iabm`jtb `gd dlsm`sm. Tbls p`pmr dmvmjips ario tbmsm mxhmjjmgt aiugd`tligs, `gddmoigstr`tms tbm pitmgtl`j ia lgtmcr`tlvm rmsm`rhb lgti semjmt`j `gd ouoolalmdbuo`g rmo`lgs `gd lts usm lg aurtbmr dmvmjiplgc `gd oidlaylgc hurrmgt ldm`s`s ti sihl`j ldmgtltlms wltblg Mcypt. Tbm p`pmr dmf`tms tbm tbmirmtlh`j `spmhts ia`rhb`mijiclh`j ldmgtlty `gd pmrsigbiid. Flijiclh`j mxprmssligs ia ldmgtlty `rm`g`jysmd `gd dlshussmd, `gd tbm lgtmr`htligs wltb Mcyptijiclh`j mxprmssligs ialdmgtlty `rm tbmg mv`ju`tmd. Xtudlms ia Mcyptl`g ldmgtlty b`vm lghjudmd `spmhtsia mtbglhlty, cmgdmr rijms `gd dls`fljlty. Tbls p`pmr `ttmopts ti dmoigstr`tm tbm

flijiclh`j mxprmsslig gd lgtmrpj`y ia tbmsm oujtlpjm str`gds ia ldmgtlty wltblg p`stMcyptl`g pipuj`tligs.

Dics `t Mj Dmlr

Ar`gilsm Dug`gd, Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc & Hhljm H`jjiu

Bugdrmds ia ouoolms `gd semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia dics b`vm fmmg dlshivmrmd lgsldmtbrmm tiofs ia tbm ^tijmo`lh-Vio`g gmhripijls t Mj-Dmlr (Eb`rc` i`sls). Buo`gtiofs b`d fmmg rmusmd ti fury dics wblhb, ifvliusjy, b`d fmmg iaamrmd `s mxvititi ` h`glgm dmlty, wbism tmopjm b`s git fmmg dlshivmrmd tljj giw. Itbmr dicrmo`lgs b`vm fmmg dlshivmrmd `t D`f`sbly`, git a`r ario Dmlr. Ig tbls sltm, `fiut2> wmjj-prmsmrvmd ouoolms b`vm fmmg R-r`ymd, sbiwlgc siom iaa b`gd pr`htlhmsia mof`jomrs, mvmg tbiucb tbm ouoolms wmrm h`rmaujjy wr`ppmd `gd p`lgtmd. @tbiriucb study ia tbm dics b`s fmmg pursumd fy Hmhljm H`jjiu, ario tbm Ousmuoia G`tur`j Blstiry lg ^`rls, lg irdmr ti mst`fjlsb `s a`r `s pisslfjm tbmlr frmmd,pbyslh`j higdltligs `gd pisslfjy hlrhuost`ghms ia dm`tb. m purpism ia tblshigtrlfutlig ls ti prmsmgt tbm dlshivmry gd o`lg rmsujts ia iur rmsm`rhbms upig tbmsmrmo`lgs wblhb smmo ti fm r`tbmr r`rm, s tbm j`st lopirt`gt dlshivmrlms ia dic rmo`lgsd`tm ario m`rjy 6>tb hmgtury lg Olddjm Mcypt.

Amjlgm Dmshmgd`gt ia tbm Vmd ir tbm Fj`he J`gd; @Oujtldlshlpjlg`ry Lgvmstlc`tlig ia `g ]gusu`jjy J`rcm

@ghlmgt Mcyptl`g H`t Ouooy

H`rijlg Kib`gssig, Cmiaarmy Omtz & O`rc`rmt` ]bjbirg

Tbm prmsmgt lgvmstlc`tlig dmoigstr`tms tbm dlaalhujty ia smhurmjy dmtmrolglgctbm spmhlms ia hmrt`lg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g h`t rmo`lgs wltb rmc`rds ti dlshussligsig tbm pisslfjm prmsmghm ia tbm Kugcjm h`t (Amjls hbùs) òigc tbm tòm `gd/ir

diomstlh h`ts ia `ghlmgt Mcypt. @g mxhmptlig`jjy j`rcm `gd wmjj-prmsmrvmd h`touooy w`s studlmd fy om`gs ia R-r`y hioputmd tioicr`pby `gd oijmhuj`r


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omtbids. Tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs rmvm`jmd fy r`dlijicy dlspj`ymd ` smvmrmjy dò`cmdh`t wltb am`turms hb`r`htmrlstlh ia fitb tbm A. hbùs`gd tbm `ghmstr`j spmhlms ia tbmhiooig diomstlh h`t, Amjls sljvmstrls, `s wmjj `s `ttrlfutms wltb v`jums lgtmromdl`tmfmtwmmg tbm twi h`gdld`tm spmhlms. Ticmtbmr wltb tbm rmsujts ia tbm `g`jysms ia

`ghlmgt oltihbigdrl`j DG@ mxtr`htmd ario ` hùd`j vmrtmfr` fmjigclgc ti tbm h`touooy lg qumstlig, `gd ` rmvlmw ia qu`gtlalmd `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g h`t rmo`lgs lgtbm jltmr`turm, lt h`g fm highjudmd tb`t spmhlms ldmgtlalh`tlig ls git `jw`ys str`lcbt-airw`rd. Sm `rcum tb`t oirm rmamrmghm o`tmrl`j ls gmmdmd ti prmhlsmjy dmshrlfm tbmt`xigiolh pisltligs ia tbm dlaamrmgt elgds ia h`t rmo`lgs ia `ghlmgt Mcypt `gdtb`t ` pisslfjm lop`ht ia ihh`slig`j byfrldlz`tlig fmtwmmg tbm Kugcjm h`t `gd tbmdiomstlh h`t empt fy tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs o`y fm higsldmrmd. Tbls study b`s `jsisbiwg tb`t oujtlpjm o`kir o`trljlgms, pmrb`ps ario oirm tb`g igm diomstlh`tligmvmgt, mxlstmd òigc tbm ouoolalmd h`ts ia `ghlmgt Mcypt, `t jm`st fy Vio`gtloms.

Tbm îtmgtl`j ia Dmgdrihbrigijicy lg Mcypt; ]gdmrst`gdlgc@ghlmgt Buo`g/Mgvlrigomgt Lgtmr`htligs

^m`rhm ^ùj Hrm`so`g

F`slh trmm-rlgc `g`jysms b`vm fmmg `ppjlmd ti wiidmg `rhb`mijiclh`j rmo`lgs`riugd tbm wirjd air gm`rjy ` hmgtury `gd wltb crm`t suhhmss, fut igjy r`rmjy`gd lghiopjmtmjy ti Mcyptl`g o`tmrl`j. Sbmg trmm-rlgc studlms `rm `ppjlmd ti`rhb`mijicy (egiwg `s dmgdri`rhb`mijicy), tbmy `rm oist iatmg mopjiymd

ti `ddrmss hbrigijiclh`j qumstligs, air wblhb tbmrm ls ` crm`t gmmd lg Mcypt.@jtbiucb fuljdlgc tbm `ppriprl`tm trmm-rlgc hbrigijiclms air Mcypt wljj rmqulrmtbm hiipmr`tlig ia guomrius stèmbijdmrs `gd wljj tèm o`gy ym`rs, tbmrm `rm `jsiloomdl`tm higtrlfutligs ti fm o`dm, `s dmgdri`rhb`mijiclh`j lgtmrprmt`tligs `rmgit jloltmd igjy ti qumstligs ia tlom. Tbls higtrlfutlig lgtriduhms tbm mgiroiuspitmgtl`j ia dmgdrihbrigijicy air mgb`ghlgc iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia suhb `ghlmgtMcyptl`g buo`g/mgvlrigomgt lgtmr`htligs, lg `ddltlig ti st`tlgc lts hjm`rhbrigijiclh`j fmgmalts (hiop`rmd ti r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc) `gd privldlgc ` frlmalgtriduhtlig ti tbm omtbids ia dmgdrihbrigijicy.


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03 .

^rma`hm

X`jlo` Lerò, Kmsslh` E`lsmr, Vixlm S`jemr

Fli`rhb`mijicy, tbm study ia flijiclh`j rmo`lgs lg `g `rhb`mijiclh`j higtmxt, b`scrm`t pitmgtl`j lg Mcypt `s tbm dry hjlo`tm b`s suhhmssaujjy prmsmrvmd ` pjmtbirìa figm, tlssum, `gd pj`gt rmo`lgs wblhb `rm `fjm ti `dd higsldmr`fjy ti iurugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm mgvlrigomgt ia tbm ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs s wmjj s ti tbm pmipjmtbmosmjvms. @jtbiucb oirtu`ry `rhb`mijicy b`s jigc fmmg ` aihus ia Mcyptl`g`rhb`mijicy, `htu`j semjmt`j rmo`lgs b`vm blstirlh`jjy b`d ` vmry o`rclg`j rijm lgMcyptl`g `rhb`mijicy, iatmg fmlgc dlsh`rdmd àtmr, ir mvmg wltbiut study. Tbm sòmbijds trum air zii`rhb`mijiclh`j (`ghlmgt aùg`) `gd `rhb`mifit`glh`j (`ghlmgtpj`gt) rmo`lgs, wblhb b`vm tr`dltlig`jjy iatmg fmmg ivmrjiiemd lg a`viur ia oirmv`ju`fjm `rtma`hts, `g `ttltudm tb`t w`s hurrmgt ugtlj tbm 0s.

Vmhmgtjy, tbm `ttltudm tiw`rds tbmsm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmo`lgs b`s hb`gcmd,`gd rmsm`rhbmrs b`vm fmcug ti rm`jlzm tbmlr trmomgdius v`jum s `g rhb`mijiclh`jrmsiurhm. Tbmsm dlrmht jlges ti p`st pipuj`tligs iaamr ` wm`jtb ia lgairo`tlig ig`ghlmgt jlamstyjms `gd fmb`vlir, dlmt `gd gutrltlig, bm`jtb `gd dlsm`sm p`ttmrgs,olcr`tlig `gd dmoicr`pby, `glo`j busf`gdry, tbm `ghlmgt g`tur`j mgvlrigomgt`gd buo`g v`rl`fljlty. @s ` rmsujt, smvmr`j spmhl`jlzmd rmsm`rhb prikmhts `gdpufjlh`tligs b`vm `ppm`rmd. Biwmvmr, tbm pitmgtl`j ia tbmsm fli`rhb`mijiclh`jrmsiurhms h`g igjy fm aujjy rm`jlzmd la tbm rmsujts ia rmhmgt rmsm`rhb rm lgtmcr`tmd wltb`rhb`mijiclh`j `gd blstirlh`j algdlgcs. ]gairtug`tmjy, tbm v`rylgc f`hecriugds iafli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmsm`rhbmrs lg Mcypt (flijicy, ziijicy, istmijicy `gd omdlhlgmair mxòpjm) b`vm hrm`tmd ` j`he ia ` hiooig st`rtlgc pilgt air fli`rhb`mijiclh`jrmsm`rhb, `gd lt ls dlaalhujt ti cmt ` hiopjmtm ivmrvlmw ia `v`lj`fjm d`t`. Lg`ddltlig, aujj lgtmcr`tlig ia fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `gd Mcyptijiclh`j d`t` ls siomwb`t

prifjmo`tlh, slghm shbij`rs wltb f`hecriugd lg flijicy ir gtbripijicy rm iatmgsiomwb`t lsij`tmd ario tbm mxlstlgc gmtwire ia Mcyptijiclsts `gd `rhb`mijiclsts.Lg K`gu`ry ia 6>0>, tbm @omrlh`g Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmr lg Mcypt, lg hijj`fir`tlig

wltb tbm @omrlh`g ]glvmrslty lg H`lri `gd tbm Lgstltutm air Fli`rhb`mijicy,irc`glzmd tbm alrst lgtmrg`tlig`j ommtlgc ia buo`g rmo`lgs spmhl`jlsts wirelgc lgMcypt, tbm 6>0> Higamrmghm ia Buo`g Vmo`lgs lg Mcypt, lg `g maairt ti `ddrmsssiom ia tbmsm highmrgs. Tbm twi-d`y higamrmghm privldmd vmgum air shbij`rs ariotmg dlaamrmgt hiugtrlms ti prmsmgt tbmlr rmsm`rhb. Tbm suhhmss ia tbm higamrmghm,hiupjmd wltb lssums r`lsmd `t tbm Viugd T`fjm dlshussligs tb`t highjudmd tbmommtlgc, prioptmd us ti bist `gitbmr ommtlgc lg 6>08, `gd ti mxp`gd tbm shipm

ia tbm higamrmghm ti lghjudm git igjy buo`g rmo`lgs, fut jsi zii`rhb`mijicy gd`rhb`mifit`gy.


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02

Tbm o`lg `lo ia tbm higamrmghm `gd tbls rmsujtlgc vijuom ls ti strmsstbm lopirt`ghm ia suhb studlms, `gd ti bmjp lgtmcr`tm tbm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j,`rhb`mijiclh`j, gd tmxtu`j o`tmrl`js lg irdmr ti mjuhld`tm tbm blstiry, mgvlrigomgt,`gd hujturm ia `ghlmgt Mcypt lg ` bijlstlh o`ggmr. @ smhigd ifkmhtlvm, `gd tbm

rm`sig air bijdlgc tbm higamrmghm lg H`lri, w`s ti privldm ` jih`j vmgum airMcyptl`g shbij`rs ti ommt `gd prmsmgt tbmlr rmsm`rhb. Tbm higamrmghm tbmom ialgtmcr`tlig ls aurtbmr rmajmhtmd lg tbm v`rlmty gd lgtmrg`tlig`j sprm`d ia tbm p`pmrssufolttmd air pufjlh`tlig fy shbij`rs ario tblrtmmg dlaamrmgt hiugtrlms, wblhblg `ddltlig ti smvmr`j higtrlfutligs ig fli`rhb`mijicy `gd p`jmip`tbijicy `jsihivmr tiplhs `s dlvmrsm `s dmgdrihbrigijicy, DG@- `gd R-r`y studlms ia `glo`jouoolms, mxòlg`tlig ia tbm irc`glh higtmgts ia h`giplh k`rs, tbm lgvmstlc`tligia `ghlmgt ldmgtltlms `gd flrtblgc lg `ghlmgt Mcypt. Sm bipm tb`t tbls vijuomwljj spur aurtbmr dlshussligs `gd hijj`fir`tlig fmtwmmg shbij`rs ario dlaamrmgtdlshlpjlgms, hrm`tlgc ` sygmrcy tb`t wljj bmjp `dv`ghm iur study ia `ghlmgt Mcypt.

Tbm higamrmghm hiujd git b`vm cigm airw`rd wltbiut tbm alg`ghl`j `gdjiclstlh`j suppirt ia tbm Smggmr-Crmg Aiugd`tlig, tbm @omrlh`g ]glvmrslty lgH`lri, tbm Lgstltutm air Fli`rhb`mijicy, tbm @omrlh`g Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmr lg Mcypt.`gd tbm Hiughlj ia @omrlh`g Ivmrsm`s Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmrs. Xtàa omofmrs ia tbmsmlgstltutligs, Jljl`g Fiujis, Lo`g Xbmb`t`, O`ry X`dme, `gd K`gm Xoytbm wmrmp`rtlhuj`rjy bmjpauj gd wm iwm tbmo dmft ia cr`tltudm. Tb`ges rm dum ti @gdr K.Qmjdomlkmr air priduhlgc tbm `fstr`ht fiiejmt, `sslstlgc wltb tbm pufjlh`tligprihmss ia tbm prihmmdlgcs, `gd privldlgc oir`j suppirt, O`boiud T`wale iatbm Ajòmghi Bitmj air bls p`tlmghm `gd priamsslig`jlso, `gd ti tbm @omrlh`g]glvmrslty lg H`lri criup (@rlmj Xlgcmr, D`rhy B`hejmy, Glhbij`s Friwg, Emg`y`

Hò`hbi, @oy Sljsig, T`yjir Siidhihe, G`t`jlm O`rqumz, Moljy J`ytig,Jiulsm Fmrtlgl, Mooy O`jè, `gd X`r`b O`rml) wbism tlrmjmss maairts higtrlfutmdslcglalh`gtjy ti tbm suhhmss ia tbm higamrmghm.


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0=-8> FH).

^rlir ti higstruhtlig ia tbm tmopjm, tbm `rm` w`s ihhuplmd fy ` gmhripijlsd`tlgc f`he ti tbm pmrlid fmtwmmg tbm Olddjm Elgcdio gd tbm mgd ia tbm XmhigdLgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/fmclgglgc ia tbm 02tb Dyg`sty. Tbmsm furl`js wmrm dlsturfmdfy tmopjm higstruhtlig. Twi ugdmrcriugd tiof hiopjmxms ario tbls prm-tmopjmhmomtmry, higslstlgc ia ` ròp, b`jjw`y gd smvmr`j hbòfmrs, rm hurrmgtjy fmlgcstudlmd. Tbm tiof-aljj b`s privldmd ugmxpmhtmdjy rlhb algds; o`gy typms `gd slzmsia vmssmjs, tmrr`hitt` iaamrlgc tr`ys, a`lmghm fm`ds `gd smol-prmhlius stigm òujmts,

`jigc wltb semjmt`j rmo`lgs.


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6>

@atmr tbm tmopjm w`s `f`gdigmd, tbm `rm` w`s `c`lg usmd `s ` gmhripijls ariotbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid igw`rds. Twmgty-aiur tiofs ia tbls pb`sm b`vmfmmg lgvmstlc`tmd (03 higt`lglgc buo`g rmo`lgs); m`hb higslstlgc ia squ`rm sbàttwi ti slx omtmrs dmmp wltb igm ir oirm so`jj lrrmcuj`rjy-sb`pmd riios jm`dlgc

iaa lt. Oist ia tbm cr`vms b`d `jrm`dy fmmg pjugdmrmd lg `gtlqulty ir, lg siomlgst`ghms, ldmgtlalmd `gd hjm`rmd fy ^mtrlm. Lg itbmr h`sms mjmomgts ia tbm augmr`ry`ssmofj`cms rmo`lgmd. Augmr`ry usm ia tbm `rm` higtlgumd lgti tbm ^tijmo`lh-Vio`g pmrlid.

Tbls `rtlhjm ls ` rmpirt fitb ig tbm prmjlolg`ry `g`jysls ia ` sòpjm ia 0>8lgdlvldu`js aiugd lg tbm v`rlius tiofs `t tbm tmopjm `gd tbm higtmgts ia twip`rtlhuj`r tiofs. Durlgc tbm oist rmhmgt almjd sm`sig, wm aihusmd iur maairts igrmhigstruhtlgc tbm bm`jtb st`tus `gd jlam-stirlms ia lgdlvldu`js furlmd lg tiof @03(studlmd fy C. Fmjj`gdl) `gd sbàt-tiof H8 (studlmd fy V. Dm O`rzi) (Alc. 0).Tbmsm twi tiofs wljj fm `ddrmssmd lg dmptb `s mxòpjms ia tbm twi oist hiooig

furl`j typms `t tbm sltm.

Omtbids

M`hb furl`j w`s trm`tmd lgdlvldu`jjy, tèlgc lgti `hhiugt cmgmr`j lgairo`tlig`fiut tbm mxh`v`tlig ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs `gd t`pbigiolh higsldmr`tligs(Dud`y 6>>=). Dmtmrolg`tlig ia smx w`s f`smd ig dlshrlolg`tiry hb`r`htmrlstlhsia tbm seujj `gd pmjvls (@hs`dl `gd Gmomsemrl 05 fut smm `jsi Fulestr` `gd]fmjèmr 0), dmgt`j mruptlig `gd dmvmjipomgt(]fmjèmr 0). Ciido`g `gd Visms (0


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60 .

Alc. 0. Cmgmr`j pj`g ia tbm tmopjm (dr`wlgc; M. Gmcrl) `gd tbm twi furl`j higtmxts; tiof @03 (dr`wlgc;

M. Hrihm `gd @. Higsiggl) `gd sb`at-tiof H8 (o`p; T. Pulrlgi, X. Fmg`zzl `gd

V. Dm O`rzi).


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66

Vmsujts

Cmgmr`j ^`j`midmoicr`pblh Vmsujts; Mgtlrm Xltm

Ivmr`jj, wm `g`jysmd 68 tiofs ia v`rlius typms `gd ario dlaamrmgt pmrlids tb`trmturgmd ` olglouo guofmr ia 0>=; 888 lgdlvldu`js. Air 30 lgdlvldu`js wmwmrm `fjm ti mst`fjlsb smx `gd air 21 wm wmrm `fjm ti mst`fjlsb `cm (T`fjms 0 `gd 6).

Tiof @03Lg 6>>%

îsslfjy o`jm = =%

Amo`jm 62 63%

îsslfjy amo`jm 3 3%

]gdmtmrolgmd# 64 68%

Git dmtmrolg`fjm* 2 2%

T`fjm 0. Mstlo`tmd smx - ivmr`jj sòpjm. #H`sms lg wblhb semjmt`j mjmomgts gmhmss`ry air smx

`ssmssomgt wmrm `fsmgt5 *Cmgmr`jjy kuvmgljms wbmrm smx-dmpmgdmgt hb`r`htmrlstlhs `rm git

mvldmgt.

@cm r`gcm Guofmr ^mrhmgt`cm

Lga`gs L (`cm amtus/>-3 ym`rs) 08 08%

Lga`gs LL (`cm 3-08 ym`rs) 2 2%

Kuvmgljms (`cm 08-60ym`rs) < 0 ym`rs) 84 88%

Ijd (`cm 71> ym`rs) 6 6%

Git dmtmrolg`fjm 03 01%

T`fjm 6. Mstlo`tmd `cm r`gcms - ivmr`jj sòpjm. T`fjm `d`ptmd ario Xbmumr `gd Fj`he (6>>>)àtmr Egusso`gg (0


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68 .

Tbm tiof higt`lgmd tbm rmo`lgs ia `t jm`st => lgdlvldu`js, 66 ia wblhb wmrmaujjy ir p`rtl`jjy `rtlhuj`tmd semjmtigs. Lg `ddltlig, 62 aurtbmr lgdlvldu`js wmrmrmprmsmgtmd fy hr`gl` `gd itbmr sh`ttmrmd rmo`lgs. Lg hb`ofmr M wm wmrm `fjm tildmgtlay glgm prlo`ry furl`js. F`smd ig `ssihl`tligs fmtwmmg pittmry `gd semjmt`j

rmo`lgs `gd tbm str`tlcr`pblh jih`tlig ia tbm rmo`lgs `t tbm tlom ia dlshivmry,lt w`s pisslfjm ti ldmgtlay twi dlstlght pb`sms ia tiof usm, tbm m`rjlmst `t tbmfmclgglgc ia tbm Olddjm Elgcdio `gd tbm j`tmr pb`sm d`tlgc ario tbm mgd iatbm Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid, ti tbm fmclgglgc ia tbm Gmw Elgcdio. Tblrty-twi lgdlvldu`js hiujd fm d`tmd; 00 ti tbm Olddjm Elgcdio `gd 60 ti tbm XmhigdLgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/Gmw Elgcdio. Tbm rmsujts air smx `gd `cm dmtmrolg`tlig `rmsuoo`rlzmd lg T`fjms 8-1.

Augmr`ry ^r`htlhms

Tbm mxtmgslvmjy studlmd pr`htlhm ia mof`jolgc (^mhe 0


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61

istmi`rtbrltls lg iur sòpjm (lt ls aiugd lg `joist `jj lgdlvldu`js `fivm airty ym`rsia `cm), olcbt succmst tb`t lts p`tbicmgmsls ls hjismjy rmj`tmd ti tbm strmss ji`d `gdpbyslh`j wire ugdmrtèmg durlgc `g lgdlvldu`js jlam.

Tbm prmsmghm ia piritlh tr`gsairo`tlig ia tbm irflt`j figm `gd ig tbm mxtmrg`j

sura`hm ia tbm hr`gl`j vùjt (alvm h`sms air hrlfr` irflt`jl` `gd igm air hrlfr` hr`gll,rmspmhtlvmjy) lg alvm lgdlvldu`js (twi wiomg `gd tbrmm hbljdrmg) ls prif`fjy dumti siom airo ia hbriglh `g`mol`; pmrb`ps ` rmsujt ia o`jgutrltlig ir p`r`sltmssuhb `s shblstisiol`sls (X`gdlsig `gd T`pp 0


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63 .

`cm wm smm `g lghrm`sm lg tbm prmsmghm ia h`rlms (Airsb`w 6>>>


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62

air mv`ju`tlig, tbm dlsm`sm ls oirm prmv`jmgt (4>%). Lt sbiujd fm gitmd, biwmvmr,tb`t tbm sòpjm ls dmalgltmjy tii so`jj ti `jjiw st`tlstlh`jjy v`jld highjusligs(` tmst air mqu`jlty ia pripirtligs a`ljs ti rmkmht B>) `gd lt sbiujd `jsi fm gitmdtb`t tbls pbmgiomgig ia hb`gcms lg tbm ihhurrmghm ia h`rlms `hriss tlom sbiujd

fm `ppri`hbmd wltb hùtlig slghm higsldmr`fjm v`rl`tlig b`s fmmg ifsmrvmd `hrisssòpjms (Vism mt `j.0< `gd 6>0>.Tbm tiof mgtry 8.= omtmrs dmmp ls lg tbm girtbwmst ia tbm tmopjm `rm`. Lg`ddltlig ti tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid `rtla`hts, tbm sbàt `jsi higt`lgmd j`tmrGmw Elgcdio `gd Hiptlh hmròlh sbmrds `jigc wltb s`gdstigm fjihes `pp`rmgtjyriffmd ario tbm `f`gdigmd tmopjm (Xms`g` `gd Pulrlgi 6>0>), succmstlgc tbmrm-usm `gd/ir jiitlgc (`gd sufsmqumgt f`healjjlgc) ia tbm tiof siom tlom àtmr ltshigstruhtlig.

@t tbm f`sm ia tbm tiof sbàt `rm tbm mgtr`ghms ia hbòfmrs @ `gd H. Tbm girtb-m`stmrg hbòfmr, @, w`s aiugd stljj sm`jmd wltb fjihes ia oudfrlhe, jlomstigm `gds`gdstigm. @t tbm mgtr`ghm ia tbm hbòfmr tbmrm wmrm smvmr`j fm`ds `gd ar`comgtsia buo`g hr`gl`. Tbm f`healjj, higslstlgc ia ` s`gdy o`trlx, w`s vmry hiop`htmd.Lgsldm wmrm twi piirjy prmsmrvmd s`rhipb`cl. Tbrmm aujjy `rtlhuj`tmd semjmtigs dmslcg`tmd T86, T88 `gd T84 wmrm rmhivmrmd ario hbòfmr @, `jj lgtmrrmdwltb tbm hr`gluo ti tbm XXS. Vmo`lgs ia ` aiurtb lgdlvldu`j dmslcg`tmd T8=

wmrm aiugd olxmd wltb ivl-h`prld figms. Lg tbm sòm str`tlcr`pblh jmvmj twilsij`tmd hr`gl` (dmslcg`tmd @M `gd @A) wmrm rmhivmrmd, irlmgtmd tiw`rds tbm girtb.Fmgm`tb semjmtig T88 wm aiugd tbm rmo`lgs ia ` alatb lgdlvldu`j, dmslcg`tmd T83,`gd `gitbmr lsij`tmd hr`gluo (@C), `c`lg irlmgtmd tiw`rds girtb. @ddltlig`j ivl-h`prld rmo`lgs wmrm aiugd ig tbm wmst sldm ia tbm hbòfmr.

Ig tbm siutbm`st sldm, gm`r tbm mgtr`ghm, wm ldmgtlalmd ` rmhmss (dmslcg`tmdhbòfmr F) tb`t w`s hjismd wltb ` oudfrlhe w`jj. Sltblg tbm rmhmss twi usb`ftlswmrm aiugd, fitb lgt`ht `gd ar`comgtmd. Oirmivmr, tbm rmhmss higt`lgmd aiurhr`gl` (dmslcg`tmd @B, @L, @J `gd @O) `gd sh`ttmrmd ivl-h`prld rmo`lgs.

Tbm mgtr`ghm ti hbòfmr H, ig tbm siutbwmst sldm ia tbm sbàt, w`s hjismd

fy `g lrrmcuj`r w`jj ia j`rcm frlhes `gd s`gdstigm fjihes (`fiut 08 lg tit`j, iawblhb tbrmm firm tr`hms ia dmhir`tlig). Tbm siutbmrg hirgmr ia tbm sbàt higt`lgmdtwi ar`comgts ia ` jlomstigm stmj` dmplhtlgc `g iaamrlgc shmgm, `hhiop`glmd fy` blmricjypblh tmxt. Tbm stmj` ar`comgts `ppm`r ti b`vm airomd p`rt ia tbm w`jjhjislgc tbm mgtr`ghm ti hbòfmr H. Tbm hiop`ht s`gd f`healjj ia tbm hbòfmrylmjdmd ` guofmr ia cjifuj`r `gd tufuj`r fm`ds `jigc wltb hmròlh sbmrds. Lgsldmtbm hbòfmr, wm aiugd tbm aujjy `rtlhuj`tmd rmo`lgs ia twi lgdlvldu`js wltbtbmlr bm`ds irlmgtmd tiw`rds tbm girtbm`st, dmslcg`tmd T44 `gd T4=. Tbm j`ttmrsbiwmd slcgs ia p`rtl`j ouoolalh`tlig, mvldmghmd fy tbm rmo`lgs ia f`gd`cms `gdfltuolgius o`tmrl`j prmsmrvmd lg tbm pmjvlh rmclig. Lg suo, tbm sbàt higt`lgmd `

olglouo guofmr ia 6> lgdlvldu`js, tbm o`kirlty ia wblhb hiujd fm `ssmssmd wltbrmspmht ti `cm `gd smx (T`fjms 3 `gd 2).


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6) lgdlvldu`js ls gitmwirtby, `gd hiujd pisslfjyfm ` rmajmhtlig ia tbm guomrius p`tbijiclms `gd strmssms rmj`tmd ti d`ljy jlammghiugtmrmd lg tbm o`tmrl`j, wblhb o`y b`vm jmd ti ` a`lrjy jiw `vmr`cm `cm-`t-dm`tb ia tbm lgdlvldu`js lg tbm sòpjm, mvmg tbiucb omtbidijiclh`j lssums (l.m.,

omtbids air `cm dmtmrolg`tlig b`vm fmmg dmvmjipmd ig rmhmgt pipuj`tligs, `gdolcbt ugdmrmstlo`tm tbm rm`j `cm `t dm`tb ia `rhb`mijiclh`j pipuj`tligs) h`ggitfm rujmd iut.

@gtbripiomtrlh D`t`

H`jhuj`tlig ia st`turm w`s igjy pisslfjm air alvm lgdlvldu`js; tbrmm o`jm lgdlvldu`js,igm amo`jm lgdlvldu`j `gd `g lgdlvldu`j wbism smx w`s lgdmtmrolg`fjm. Lg tbmo`jm lgdlvldu`js, tbm `vmr`cm bmlcbt w`s h`jhuj`tmd `s 01>2). Tbm igjy amo`jm lgdlvldu`j lgstm`d ls fmtwmmg 0=1 `gd 010 ho. Tbmst`turm ia tbm lgdlvldu`j ia lgdmtmrolg`tm smx w`s mstlo`tmd wltb Xkvijdsairouj`, rmsujtlgc lg ` bmlcbt mstlo`tlig ia 018-012 ho.

Tbm rmsujt ia tbm `gtbripiomtrlh `g`jysls wmrm lghigslstmgt. Tbmrm wmrm gisufst`gtl`j dlaamrmghms fmtwmmg tbm lgdlvldu`js rmhivmrmd ario tbm twi hbòfmrs`gd tbm rmhmss tbm ivmr`jj sòpjm w`s a`lrjy bioicmgmius. îsthr`gl`j lgdlhms,ig tbm itbmr b`gd, ylmjdmd oirm uglairo rmsujts; lgdmmd `joist mvmry lgdlvldu`jsbiwmd ` oirm dmvmjipmd uppmr fidy rmj`tlvm ti tbm jiwmr fidy (Ijlvlmr 0).Tbls o`y b`vm fmmg dum ti wire strmss (bm`vy ji`ds ig tbm sbiujdmrs), ` vlmwsuppirtmd fy tbm rifustgmss ia tbm hj`vlhjms `gd tbm prmsmghm ia mgtbmsipbytms.Tbls tbmiry b`s fmmg aurtbmr suppirtmd fy p`j`mip`tbijiclh`j g`jysms; vmrtmfr`m

sbiwmd istmipbytms lg `ddltlig ti Xhboirjs bmrgl`s `gd hrusblgc ia tbm vmrtmfr`jmgdpj`tms (Gmrjlhb mt `j.6>>8).

Xmx Guofmr ^mrhmgt`cm

O`jm 2 4>%

Amo`jm = 6=%

Git dmtmrolg`fjm 0 =%

]gdmtmrolgmd 1 8>%

T`fjm 3. Tiof H8 Mstlo`tmd smx.

@cm r`gcm Guofmr ^mrhmgt`cm

Lga`gts L-LL (`cm >-08 ym`rs) 8 0=%

Kuvmgljms (`cm 08-60 ym`rs) 0 =%

\iugc dujts (`cm 60-8= ym`rs) 3 8=%

O`turm dujts (`cm 8=-1> ym`rs) 1 8>%

Ijd (71> ym`rs) > >%

Git dmtmrolg`fjm 8 0=%

T`fjm 2. Xbàt H8 mstlo`tmd `cm r`gcms.


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8>

Vmhigstruhtlig ia Bm`jtb Higdltligs `gd Aughtlig`j Xtrmssms

^`jmip`tbijiclh`j `g`jysms sbiwmd tbm prmsmghm ia `g`mol` lg smvmr`j lgdlvldu`js(hrlfr` hr`gll gd hrlfr` irflt`jl`), joist hmrt`lgjy ttrlfut`fjm ti bmoijytlh gdomc`jifj`stlh gmol`s dum ti jiss gd hiopmgs`tiry ivmr-priduhtlig ia rmd fjiidhmjjs (S`jemr mt `j.6>>>=; 600).

Tbmrm wmrm `jsi smvmr`j oirm ughiooig p`tbijiclh`j higdltligs lg tbmo`tmrl`j. Hr`gluo @O prmsmgtmd ` jytlh jmslig om`surlgc ` hiupjm ia oljjlomtrmsig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm. Xuhb jmslig o`y b`vm fmmg hùsmd fy Blstlihytisls R, r`rm dlsm`sm. Blstlihytisls b`s tbrmm dlaamrmgt hjlglh`j o`glamst`tligs; hr`gluo @Osh`sm `ppm`rs ti fm mislgipbljlh cr`gujio`. Tbls dlsm`sm ls tbm oist hiooig airoia Blstlihytisls tb`t dmvmjips lg hbljdrmg, o`jms lg p`rtlhuj`r, `gd ls hb`r`htmrlzmdfy slgcjm ir oujtlpjm figm jmsligs. Tbm hiursm ls iatmg smja-jloltlgc `gd fmglcg.Xeujj jmsligs `rm hiooig, `s lg tbm h`sm ia hr`gluo @O (^`c`vlgi `gd ^`hm 6>>0;06=-061, Irtgmr 6>>8; 810). Hr`gluo @B sbiwmd ` typm ia hr`glistmgisls; `higcmglt`j fgiro`jlty ia tbm hr`gluo, hùsmd fy prmo`turm auslig ia igm ir oirmsuturms, wltb rmsujt`gt dmairo`tlig ia tbm seujj. Lg tbls h`sm ihhlplt`j pj`clihmpb`jyw`s gitmd, hùsmd fy tbm prmo`turm hjisurm ia tbm lpslj`tmr`j jòfdild suturm.Tbls `gio`jy b`s ` higcmglt`j mtlijicy tb`t ls stljj git wmjj ugdmrstiid, `gd h`gmltbmr fm priduhmd fy cmgmtlh gio`jy ir fm smhigd`ry ti itbmr dlsm`sm prihmssms(Airg`hl`rl `gd Cluaar` 6>>>


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80 .

Alc. 4. Dmprmssmd ar`hturm ia tbm seujj ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm, T4=, ario sbàt H8 (pbiti;

V. Dm O`rzi).

Alc. =. ^rif`fjm ipmg ar`hturm jm`dlgc ti istmioymjltls, T4=, ario sbàt H8 (pbiti; V. Dm

O`rzi).

Tbm cmgmr`j plhturm tb`t tbls `g`jysls p`lgts ia tbm jlvms ia tbmsm lgdlvldu`jsls igm ia bm`vy d`ljy pbyslh`j j`fir ario hbljdbiid lgti `dujtbiid. Lg `ddltligti tbm maamhts ia bm`vy, rmpmtltlvm, pbyslh`j `htlvlty tbm pmipjm `jsi suaamrmd arioo`jgutrltlig, p`r`sltlh dlsm`sms, trùo`, `gd higcmglt`j `gio`jlms. Lt oust,biwmvmr, fm gitmd tb`t igjy glgmtmmg sufkmhts wmrm `g`jyzmd. Aurtbmr rmsm`rhb igtbls gmhripijls uslgc shlmgtlalh omtbids ug`v`lj`fjm ti us lg ` almjd higtmxt lgMcypt wljj `joist surmjy rmvm`j oirm lgairo`tlig `fiut tbm jlvms ia tbism furlmdtbmrm.

Alg`jjy, ` ciid guofmr ia sufkmhts dlspj`y mplcmgmtlh ir gig-omtrlhhb`r`htmrlstlhs, lg p`rtlhuj`r p`rlmt`j airòlg` (62%) `gd trihbjm`r githb airo

(64%). Itbmr mplcmgmtlh hb`r`htmrlstlhs wmrm `jsi ifsmrvmd, lghjudlgc jòfdildisslhjms ig tbm sutur`j figms (01%), `hhmssiry tr`gsvmrsm airòlg` ig tbm hmrvlh`j


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86

vmrtmfr`m (06%), lgarìrflt`j airòlg` ir githbms (2%), supr`trihbjm`r spurs(2%) `gd stmrg`j airòlg` (4%). Tbiucb tbmsm am`turms h`g fm mgvlrigomgt`jjylgajumghmd, tbmy `rm usu`jjy tr`gsolttmd cmgmtlh`jjy, succmstlgc siom dmcrmm iaelgsblp òigcst tbm pmipjm lg tiof H8.

Highjusligs

Tbm `gtbripijiclh`j `gd p`j`mip`tbijiclh`j `g`jysls lgvijvmd =6 lgdlvldu`js ariotiofs @03 `gd H8. Tbm `g`jysls b`s privldmd ` wm`jtb ia lgairo`tlig, o`lgjyrmj`tmd ti tbm jlamstyjm `gd bm`jtb st`tus ia tbm lgdlvldu`js `g`jyzmd, fut b`s `jsijmat o`gy qumstligs ug`gswmrmd. Tbm pmrhmgt`cms fmjiw `rm `jj om`surmd `c`lgst `f`sm ia tbmsm =6 lgdlvldu`js.

Lt ls gitmwirtby tb`t oist ia tbm lgdlvldu`js wltbiut o`remd dlaamrmghmswltb rmc`rds ti `cm ir smx suaamrmd higdltligs suhb `s splg`j istmi`rtbrltls. Lg

`ssihl`tlig wltb vmry o`remd oushjm lgsmrtligs tbls algdlgc lgdlh`tms ` blcb jmvmjia lgtmgsm pbyslh`j j`fir, mspmhl`jjy lgvijvlgc tbm uppmr fidy. Aurtbmr, `riugd06% ia tbm lgdlvldu`js ugdmr study suaamrmd trùo`tlh lgkurlms suhb `s ar`hturms iatbm tlfl`, rlfs ir g`s`j smptuo5 suhb lgkurlms o`y b`vm ihhurrmd lg tbm hiursm ia tbmbm`vy j`fir bypitbmslzmd `fivm.

Tbm wire `jsi rmvm`jmd mlcbt h`sms (0=% ia tbm sòpjm) ia hrlfr` hr`gll (G?6)`gd hrlfr` irflt`jl` (G?1), mvldmghm ia o`jgutrltlig-rmj`tmd g`mol` ir p`r`sltms lghbljdbiid. Xiom lgdlvldu`js mxblflt jlgm`r mgòmj bypipj`sl`s aurtbmr mvldmghmia strmss lg siom h`sms oirm tb`g igm mplsidm pmr lgdlvldu`j.

Alg`jjy, `joist `jj semjmtigs mxblfltmd slcglalh`gt dmgt`j wm`r. Tbls higdltlig

`ppm`rs ti b`vm fmmg wldmsprm`d lg Mcypt `hriss `jj hj`ssms, smxms `gd `cms `gd lsoist jlemjy rmj`tmd ti s`gd `gd oljjstigm dmfrls lg aiid, jm`dlgc ti tbm mxpisurm iadmgtlg `gd pmrlidigt`j dlsm`sm.

Lg highjuslig, `g`jysls ia tbls so`jj sòpjm ia semjmt`j rmo`lgs b`s ylmjdmdlgtmrmstlgc lgairo`tlig. @s oirm ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs ario tbm Tmopjm iaOljjligs ia \m`rs ia @omgbitmp LL `rm g`jyzmd, tbmsm m`rjy rmsujts wljj fm mxp`gdmdsi tb`t igm h`g dmvmjip ` sijld ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm jlvms ia tbm pmipjm wbi, oistjlemjy, jlvmd gm`rfy `gd wmrm j`ld ti rmst lg tbm `rm` ihhuplmd fy tbm tmopjm.

@hegiwjmdcmomgts

Sm tb`ge `jj tbm stàa ia tbm HMAF prikmht tmò, lg p`rtlhuj`r @. Higsiggl,T. Pulrlgi, M. Gmcrl `gd A. Cl`gl. Sm wiujd `jsi jlem ti tb`ge Hr`lc @jmx`gdmr airloprivlgc tbm Mgcjlsb ia tbls p`pmr `gd air tbm st`tlstlh`j `g`jysls.


35/252

88 .

Fli`rhb`mijicy, TT 1= ^rikmht,Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Tbmfms

Kmriom X. Hyfujsel, Vifmrt K. Xt`re & Tòs @. Fhs

Lgtriduhtlig

Tbm TT 1= rikmht mgtmrmd lts 04tb almjd sm`sig lg 6>0> wltb g `g`jysls ia buo`grmo`lgs ario alvm lgtmrrmj`tmd furl`j jih`tligs ssihl`tmd wltb Tbmf`g Tiof (TT)1=, tbm tiof ia Gmfòug/Lolsmf` lg Xbmleb @fd mj-Purg`; Xbàt Tiof 0 `gd` = fy = omtmr tmst uglt lg tbm airmhiurt ia TT 1=, Xbàt Tiofs 8 `gd 4 ig tbmm`stmrg sjipm ia tbm airmhiurt, `gd tbm sjiplgc p`ss`cm lgsldm TT 1= (Alc. 0). @tjm`st twmgty-tbrmm lgdlvldu`js wmrm rmprmsmgtmd lg tbm `ssmofj`cm, tbm o`kirlty iawblhb w`s rmhivmrmd ario Xbàt Tiof 8. Tbls tiof w`s irlclg`jjy higstruhtmd`gd usmd durlgc tbm 02tb Dyg`sty, fut `jsi higt`lgmd rmo`lgs ario j`tmr pmrlids.Tiof rifflgc, rmusm ia tbm sbàts, `gd 0


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37/252

8= .

Alc. 6. @gtbripijicy j`fir`tiry lg hb`pmj ia TT 1= (pbiti; K.X. Hyfujsel).

alfuj`m, `gd ammt (Alc. 8). @jj ia tbmsm figms wmrm ldmgtlh`j lg sufst`ghm `gd hijir`gd hiopjmomgt`ry lg dmvmjipomgt.

@s tbm lgdlvldu`js ia Xb`at 8 wmrm smp`r`tmd, tbmlr `g`tiolh`j lgvmgtirlms wmrmrmhirdmd ig prmvliusjy prmp`rmd d`t` airos ig wblhb dmt`ljmd ifsmrv`tligs wmrmo`dm highmrglgc `cm `gd smx ldmgtlalh`tlig, omtrlh `gd gigomtrlh hr`gl`j `gd

pisthr`gl`j semjmt`j oirpbijicy, `gd criss lgdlh`tirs ia semjmt`j p`tbijicy. Smusmd v`rlius siurhms `s culdmjlgms; Hyfujsel (6>>0) `gd X`ugdmrs (0


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81

Alc. 8. ^mrsig 6, tbm rmo`lgs ia ` hbljd `ssmofjmd ario jiism figms `gd ` ouooy fugdjm

wblhb b`d fmmg mxh`v`tmd ario Jmvmjs 41-40f `gd Jmvmj 82 ia Xb`at 8. Tbm pbiti sbiws

`g m`rjy st`cm ia `ssmofjy. Itbmr p`rts ia tbm gmurihr`gluo wmrm j`tmr o`thbmd ti tbmihhlplt`j sbiwg lg tbm curm `gd `ddmd ti ^mrsig 6 (pbiti; K.X. Hyfujsel).


39/252

83 .

àtmr tbm almjd sm`sig fy higsujtlgc studlms spmhlalh ti `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs `gdGufl`gs (m.c. Buoomrt `gd Q`g Cmrvmg 0>=).

Oist ia iur ifsmrv`tligs wmrm istmijiclh`jjy irlmgtmd. Biwmvmr, wm gitmd `gyugusu`j ir iutst`gdlgc siat tlssum am`turms wbmrm pisslfjm `gd rmhicglz`fjm. Tbls

w`s jsi trum air tbm rmo`lgs ario tbm itbmr aiur jih`tligs. Tbmsm higslstmd o`lgjyia wr`ppmd lgdlvldu`js `gd/ir lgdlvldu`js wltb sufst`gtl`j siat tlssum prmsmrv`tligwltb siom mxpismd semjmt`j mjmomgts ir p`rts. Lghjudmd bmrm w`s `g lgdlvldu`jario tbm aiur omtmr dmmp Xbàt 4, wbi w`s `g`jyzmd lg sltu(Alc. 4).

Vmsujt Blcbjlcbts

Xbàt 8

Tbls tiof w`s lg usm fmairm TT 1= w`s fuljt, pisslfjy fy tbm elgcs sig, ivmrsmmr

ia siutbmrg airmlcg j`gds, ^mgrm. Lgshrlfmd augmr`ry higms `gd h`giplh ar`comgtslgdlh`tmd tb`t mgrm gd guofmr ia itbmr lgdlvldu`js wmrm lgdmmd lgtmrrmd lg tbmfurl`j hbòfmr (Fhs 6>>> (Ouooy Fugdjm 2), `g lga`gt/hbljd ia 6.= ym`rs 0> oigtbs,- ^mrsig 0= (Ouooy Fugdjm =), ` o`jm lg bls m`rjy ti old-twmgtlms.

@ sufst`gtl`j òiugt ia prmsmrvmd siat tlssum w`s mghiugtmrmd lg ^mrsig 2.Oist ia tbm rlcbt b`gd w`s prmsmrvmd gd tbm prixlo`j mgd ia tbm tblrd algcmr firmtbm dlstlght loprmsslig ia ` rlgc. Hiujd tbls b`vm fmmg tbm iaalhl`j, ^mgrm, blosmja9

Tbrmm `dujt amo`jms, twi `ddltlig`j `dujt o`jms, ` kuvmgljm ia 06 ym`rs 8>oigtbs, tbrmm hbljdrmg fmtwmmg twi gd slx ym`rs ia `cm, gd tbrmm lga`gts (h. flrtbti twi ym`rs) wmrm `jsi rmprmsmgtmd òigc tbm Xbàt 8 rmo`lgs. Igm ia tbm o`jms,^mrsig 8/8`, mxblfltmd p`tbijiclh`j jmsligs lg tbm pmjvls `gd siom jigc figms tb`to`y b`vm stmoomd ario `g ljl`hus `fshmss wltb sufsmqumgt smptlh `rtbrltls. Tbmsmo`glamst`tligs, biwmvmr, `rm stljj ugdmr lgvmstlc`tlig `s `rm prif`fjm p`tbijiclh`jjmsligs lg tbm irflt`j riias ia ^mrsig 6.


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82

Alc. 4. @g`jysls ia ouooy lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr ia Xb`at 4 (pbiti; O. G`cy).


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8/0`gd higsmqumgtjy rmaljjmd wltb dmfrls ario v`rlius itbmr `rm`s ugdmr hjm`r`ghm`t tbm tlom (Fhs 0>). @g lgt`ht ouooy ia `g `ghbirltm (^riolgse` 0>>5Fhs mt `j. 6>>


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4>

@sldm ario ^mrsigs 8/8` `gd 6 lg Xbàt 8, semjmt`j p`tbijicy `ppm`rs ti b`vm fmmgolglo`j, `jtbiucb lt rmo`lgs tii m`rjy lg tbm prikmht ti spmhuj`tm `fiut ivmr`jjbm`jtb. Ia tbm guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js rmhivmrmd ario Xbàt 8, tbm j`rcm guofmr ialoo`turm (< ia 03 ir =8%) o`y lgdlh`tm blcb r`tms ia suf`dujt oirt`jlty lg tbmhigtrlfutlgc pipuj`tligs, g vmgum ia rmsm`rhb ti pursum lg hiop`r`tlvm higtmxtwltb itbmr studlms ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs.

Alc. =. Sr`pplgcs ario tbm J`tm @gtlqum pmrlid (`fivm) wmrm aiugd lg Xbàt 0. Tbm b`ja-

ouooy (fmjiw) ls g`tur`jjy prmsmrvmd `gd lghjudms ` ripm fmjt (pbitis; K.X. Hyfujsel).


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40 .

@hegiwjmdcmomgts

X`jlo` Lerò w`s lgstruomgt`j lg lgltl`tlgc tbm fli`rhb`mijicy ia TT 1= `gdls ugdmrtèlgc tbm aùg`j `g`jysls. Tbm Xuprmom Hiughlj ia @gtlqultlms (XH@)pmrolttmd tbls wire `gd wm `hegiwjmdcm tbm `sslst`ghm ia @fduj V`bo`g @bomdB`s`g, jih`j XH@ lgspmhtir. Bugc`rl`g Mxpmdltlig hrmw omofmrs lghjudmd JszjHzlare, @gdrm` B`szgis, E`t` K`spmr, Msztmr Otys, O`rhmjj G`cy, `gd ErlsztlgQrtms. Alg`ghl`j suppirt air tbm 6>0> sm`sig hòm ario tbm Bugc`rl`g Olsslig(G`tlig`j Xhlmgtlalh `gd Vmsm`rhb Augd, Bugc`ry) `gd tbm H`g`dl`g Ousmuo iaBlstiry lg H`g`d`.


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45/252

48 .

Tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia @ebmt`tmg;]gmxpmhtmd Vmsujts ario ` H`plt`j

Hlty

Crmthbmg V. D`ffs, Kmriom H. Vism & Omjlss` [`fmhel

Lgtriduhtlig

Sbljm prif`fjy gmvmr lgtmgdmd ti rmajmht tbm jlvms ia tbm gig-mjltm pufjlh `gdpisslfjy igjy rmajmhtlgc `g ldm`jlzmd vmrslig ia mjltm jlam, tbm tbmoms pirtr`ymd lgtbm d`ljy jlam shmgms ig tbm w`jjs lg tbm rihe hut tiofs ia tbm @o`rg` mjltms `rmdiolg`tmd fy dmplhtligs ia `fugd`ghm `gd ipujmghm, wltb iaamrlgcs ti tbm @tmghigslstlgc ia bm`plgc pljms ia frm`d gd cr`lg, sb`ges ia om`t, gd vmssmjs ia bm`rtydrlge. Tbm rm`dy lgtmrprmt`tlig ia tbls ls tbm succmstlig tb`t jlam `t @ebmt`tmg w`sia jlam aujj ia dlmt`ry dlvmrslty gd surpjus. Tbm g`jyzmd semjmt`j rmo`lgs ario tbmgig-mjltm Xiutb Tiof Hmomtmry (XTH) `t @o`rg` (g?634) rmajmht tbm `gtltbmsls iatbls diolg`gt tbmom, prmsmgtlgc higtr`stlgc plhturm ia jlam aljjmd wltb blcb jmvmjsia cmgmr`j, gutrltlig`j, `gd wireji`d strmss. Cmgmr`j lgdlh`tirs ia strmss lghjudmtbm oirt`jlty prialjm (blcb pist-lga`ghy suf`dujt oirt`jlty lg siom `rm`s ia tbmhmomtmry) `gd `dujt st`turm (@o`rg` `dujts `rm tbm sbirtmst ia `gy egiwg `ghlmgtMcyptl`g pipuj`tlig, hiop`r`tlvm sòpjms ario [èrzmwsel 6>>8). Gutrltlig`jstrmss ls dlrmhtjy rmajmhtmd lg tbm semjmt`j jmsligs ia hrlfr` irflt`jl` (66.4%), piritlhbypmristisls (8.0%), `gd tbism jmsligs hb`r`htmrlstlh ia shurvy (8.0%). Sireji`dstrmss lg `dujts (g?03=) ls o`glamst lg tbm armqumghy ia splg`j trùo` (Xhboirjsgidms 84..1%), gd dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgt dlsm`sm (ivmr`jjsplgm 43.4%). Tbm dmhldmdjy piir bm`jtb st`tus ia tbm gig-mjltm pipuj`tlig `t

@o`rg` succmsts tb`t tbm sihl`j, rmjlclius, `gd pijltlh`j upbm`v`j hùsmd fy@ebmg`tmgs dmvitlig ti tbm @tmg `gd bls higsmqumgt `htlvltlms mxtmgdmd lgti tbmrm`jo ia lgdlvldu`j bm`jtb `s wmjj. Lg ir `riugd bls alatb rmcg`j ym`r, @omgbitmpLQ (h. 084,>>> lgdlvldu`js (Emop6>06), wiujd fm egiwg `s @ebmt`tmg `gd tbm elgc, @ebmg`tmg, fitb rmajmhtlgc bls

dmvitlig ti tbm ighm rmj`tlvmjy olgir dmlty tbm @tmg (Q`g Dlke 6>>>).


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44

Alc. 0.O`p ia @o`rg` wltb lgsmt sbiwlgc tbm jih`tlig wltblg Mcypt (o`p; E. ]gdmrwiid).


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4= .

Tbm pmrlid ia ihhup`tlig, giw h`jjmd tbm @o`rg` ^mrlid, w`s git igjy o`remdfy o`kir hb`gcms ti tbm st`tm rmjlclig, fut `jsi ti tbm `rtlstlh h`gig ia Mcypt.

@ebmg`tmg prihj`lomd tbm vlsu`j sug dlsh, tbm @tmg, ti fm tbm slgcuj`r cid ia Mcypt.Lo`cms ia gi itbmr cids alcurmd lgti tbm iaalhl`j riy`j `rtlstlh rmprmsmgt`tligs, `gd

oist ia tbm buo`g alcurms pissmss ppm`r`ghms ugjlem gy itbmr pmrlid lg Mcyptl`gblstiry, wltb mjigc`tmd bm`ds `gd ugrm`jlstlh fidy sb`pms.@o`rg` slts gm`rjy mquldlst`gt ario tbm tr`dltlig`j Gmw Elgcdio h`plt`js ia

Omopbls `gd Tbmfms lg Olddjm Mcypt (Alc. 0), ` jih`tlig tb`t b`d fitb pijltlh`j`gd rmjlclius om`glgc. @rhb`mijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tligs ivmr oirm tb`g hmgtury b`vmrmvm`jmd ` hlty hiopjmtm wltb smvmr`j p`j`hms, tmopjms, `gd hiooigmr rmsldmghmsia v`rlius slzms (Emop 6>06). Sltblg tbm fiugd`ry stmj`m tb`t o`re tbm jlolts iatbm hlty, @o`rg` mvmg b`s twi wiremrs vljj`cms tbiucbt ti fm slolj`r ti Dmlr mj-Omdlg` (Lfldmo).

Tbm r`pld criwtb ia @ebmt`tmg h`g fm `t jm`st p`rtjy ttrlfutmd ti tbm lggiv`tlig

ia tbm t`j`t`t fjihe, ` oidmst slzmd (0 huflt fy huflt5 ~3> ec) fuljdlgc fjihetb`t hiujd fm o`gmuvmrmd fy ` slgcjm lgdlvldu`j. Tbmsm ldmgtlh`jjy slzmd fuljdlgcmjmomgts prioitmd ` oirm systmo`tlh fuljdlgc prihmdurm tb`g w`s pisslfjm wltbsjmdcms `gd oiguomgt`j `rhbltmhturm ia prmvlius tloms (Emop 6>06). @ebmt`tmgw`s `f`gdigmd qulhejy `atmr tbm dm`tb ia @ebmg`tmg, pmrb`ps `s m`rjy `s ym`rigm ia bls suhhmssirs rmlcg (Q`g Dlke 6>>>). Tbm tit`j pmrlid ia ihhup`tlig iatbm hlty sp`ggmd kust 0=-6> ym`rs `gd privldms ` cjlopsm lgti tbm `ghlmgt wirjdr`rmjy `v`lj`fjm lg tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j higtmxt. Tbls sbirt ihhup`tlig `gd r`pld`f`gdigomgt b`s rmgdmrmd @o`rg` tbm oist `rhb`mijiclh`jjy `hhmsslfjm `ghlmgthlty sltm lg Mcypt, hhmss ti tbm struhturms fmlgc uglgblfltmd fy dmh`dms ti hmgturlms

ia sufsmqumgt ihhup`tlig (Emop 00>f).Sltb tbm mxhmptlig ia tbm rmoiv`j ia tbm stigmwire durlgc tbm rmlcg ia Birmobmf`gd siom oidmrg mghri`hbomgt fy a`ros gd jih`j vljj`cms, @o`rg` o`lgt`lgs tbmlgtmcrlty ia tbm `ghlmgt hlty.

Tbm hurrmgt fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `g`jysls aihusms ig tbm XTH, wblhb ls tbmj`rcmst `gd jm`st t`pbigiolh`jjy hiopriolsmd ia tbm tbrmm ti alvm j`rcm hmomtmrlmsldmgtlalmd `t @o`rg` durlgc Cmicr`pblh Lgairo`tlig Xystmo (CLX) survmys iatbm dmsmrt (Amgwlhe 6>>=). Xltu`tmd `jigc `gd wltblg ` dmsmrt w`dl huttlgc tbmm`stmrg dmsmrt pj`tm`u, tbm XTH ls tbiucbt ti fm tbm rmstlgc pj`hm ia `s o`gy`s =,>>> lgdlvldu`js rmprmsmgtlgc `jj ia tbm mhigiolh str`t` s`vm air tbm blcbmst

ia mjltms. Tbm v`rlmd oirtu`ry trm`tomgts, r`gclgc ario gi furl`j ciids `gd/irwr`pplgcs `jj tbm w`y up ti `gd lghjudlgc ` slgcjm oud-frlhe tiof-jlem struhturmsuccmst tbism lgdlvldu`js lgtmrrmd lg tbm XTH rmprmsmgt ` v`rlmty ia sihl`j `gdmhigiolh hj`ssms `t @o`rg` (Emop mt `j. 6>08). Tbm jih`tlig ia tbm XTH, wltbblcb-iaalhl`js tiofs h`rvmd lgti tbm dmsmrt a`hlgc hjlaas `t tbm mgtr`ghm ti tbm XTHw`dl, succmsts tbm sp`tl`j irlmgt`tlig ia tbm furl`js `t @o`rg` o`y rmajmht tbmivmr`rhblgc irc`glz`tlig ia tbm hlty ltsmja, wltb blcb r`gelgc hlty p`trigs b`vlgcj`rcm biusms surriugdmd fy tbm so`jjmr biusms ia tbm jiwmr r`ges (Emop 6>06).

Furl`j trm`tomgts wltblg tbm XTH v`ry wldmjy. Xiom vmry dmcr`dmd a`frlh b`sfmmg aiugd lg o`gy cr`vms, fut ugairtug`tmjy git mgiucb rmo`lgs ti dmtmrolgm

wbmtbmr lt stmos ario sbriuds ir hjitblgc. Q`rlius airos ia irc`glh o`ttlgc wmrm


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usmd ti hivmr tbm o`kirlty ia tbm lgdlvldu`js lg ` ajmxlfjm hiaalg typm higt`lgmr iasirts. Xiom ia tbm hivmrlgc o`ts wmrm o`dm iut ia algm alfmrs gd ciid prmsmrv`tlig`jjiws us ti smm tbm h`rmauj wire lt tiie ti hrm`tm tbmo. O`t hiaalgs, o`dm ia `s iaymt ugldmgtlalmd stlhes, `rm `jsi hiooig, lg wblhb tbm stlhes wmrm fiugd ticmtbmr

fy tblg pj`gt-alfmr ripm. Tblhemr ripm w`s `jsi iatmg prmsmgt, usmd ti flgd tbmmgtlrm stlhe hiaalg riugd tbm dmhm`smd. Tbls tblhemr ripm w`s tbmg tlmd ti priduhmh`rrylgc b`gdjms, wblhb wiujd b`vm m`smd tbm t`se ia h`rrylgc tbm lgdlvldu`jario tbm hlty hmgtmr. @ smhigd, `gd prmsuomd blcbmr hj`ss ia furl`j trm`tomgtls rmprmsmgtmd fy wiidmg hiaalgs, ia wblhb tbmrm ls ` rmj`tlvmjy so`jj guofmr(g?6>) wltblg tbm mgtlrm hmomtmry (Emop mt `j. 6>08). Mvmg wltblg tbls so`jjsòpjm, biwmvmr, tbmrm ls higsldmr`fjm v`rl`tlig, wltb siom lgdlvldu`js b`vlgcpj`lg, ugdmhir`tmd hiaalgs wbljm itbmrs b`vm fmùtlaujjy dmhir`tmd, fut ugrm`d`fjmhiaalgs wltb r`gdio blmricjypblh hb`r`htmrs, `gd ` tblrd h`tmciry lghjudms algmjyo`dm `gd dmhir`tmd hiaalgs wltb rm`d`fjm tmxt (Emop `gd Xtmvmgs 6>>25 Emop

6>0>). Tbm oist mxhjuslvm furl`j trm`tomgt ls tb`t ia tbm oud-frlhe tiof struhturmdlshivmrmd lg 6>>1, wblhb rmo`lgs uglqum trm`tomgt (@ofrldcm gd Xbmppmrsig6>>1) (Alc. 6). Tbm prmsmghm ia tbmsm amw mhigiolh`jjy t`xlgc furl`js succmsts tb`tblcb st`tus lgdlvldu`js wmrm furlmd `t tbm XTH. Higvmrsmjy, tbm prmsmghm ia siomlgdlvldu`js wltb gi furl`j trm`tomgt `t `jj ir ` olglo`j a`frlh hivmrlgc succmststbm lghjuslig ia lgdlvldu`js wltb jiw mhigiolh rmsiurhms.

Oistjy, furl`j plts `rm slgcjm, fmlgc git ouhb j`rcmr tb`g tbm sp`hm gmhmss`ryti j`y tbm fidy. Biwmvmr, lg hmrt`lg `rm`s ia tbm hmomtmry oujtlpjm furl`js ihhur,oist hiooigjy g dujt amo`jm gd igm ir oirm hbljdrmg. Dmpmgdlgc ig tbm rmìa tbm hmomtmry, oujtlpjm furl`js `rm mltbmr sldm fy sldm, wltb tbm cr`vm hut fmlgc

Alc. 6Hijj`cm ia furl`j trm`tomgts ifsmrvmd lg tbm XTH5 @) Alfmr o`lgc5 F) Siid hig5H) Xtlhe hig5 D) Oud-frlhe struhturm (pbitis; @o`rg` Trust).


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43 .

wldm mgiucb air twi lgdlvldu`js (succmstlvm ia furl`j t tbm sòm tlom), ir st`hemd,wltb cr`vm huts fmlgc slolj`r lg slzm ti slgcjm furl`js. Tbus, tbm j`ttmr h`sm o`yrmprmsmgt mltbmr slgcjm ir sufsmqumgt furl`j mvmgts (Elgc-Smtzmj 6>0>5 Xbmppmrsig6>0>).

@s ls hiooig lg oist `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g hmomtmrlms, tbm o`kirlty (h. 1>%) iacr`vms wmrm dlsturfmd fy cr`vm riffmrs. Oist armqumgtjy, tbm sb`jjiwmr furl`js wmrmtbm igms àamhtmd fy tbm rifflgc mvmgts, tbiucb dmptb ia furl`j ls git rmajmhtlvmia st`tus lg `gy ldmgtlal`fjm w`y, smmolgc lgstm`d ti fm oirm ia ` aughtlig iatbm dmptb ti fmdrihe. Hiooigjy, fidlms rmoivmd ario tbm furl`j sbàt durlgcrifflgc mvmgts wmrm aiugd `rtlhuj`tmd ig tbm `ghlmgt sura`hm gm`r tbm cr`vmsbàt, succmstlgc tbm rifflgc ihhurrmd rmj`tlvmjy hjism ti tbm tlom ia lgtmromgt,fmairm tbm siat tlssums wmrm hiopjmtmjy dmhiopismd. Sbljm tbm cr`vm rifflgchmrt`lgjy b`s b`d ` dmtrlomgt`j maamht ig tbm ivmr`jj rmhivmry ia o`tmrl`j ciids,tbm `rtlhuj`tlig ia tbm semjmt`j mjmomgts `gd h`rmauj mxh`v`tlig ia tbm rmo`lgs fy

tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j tmò (jmd fy @gg` Xtmvmgs `gd F`rry Emop ia tbm OhDig`jdLgstltutm air @rhb`mijicy `gd tbm @o`rg` Trust) b`s jmd ti tbm rmhivmry ia gm`rjyhiopjmtm smts ia semjmt`j rmo`lgs lg oist h`sms (Emop mt `j.6>08). Tbm hiooigdls`ssihl`tlig ia hr`gl`j rmo`lgs ario tbm pist-hr`gl`j rmo`lgs `gd jiss ia hmrvlh`jvmrtmfr`m ls jòmgt`fjm, `gd oèms rmkilglgc ia tbm twi fidy smhtligs lopisslfjmwltbiut dmstruhtlvm DG@ typlgc. Biwmvmr, sm`sig àtmr sm`sig, slolj`r guofmrsia bm`djmss fidlms `gd fidljmss bm`ds `rm rmhivmrmd, oèlgc tbm rmsm`rhbmrshigaldmgt tb`t tbm rmhivmrmd hr`gl` gd pist-hr`gl` rmprmsmgt tbm sòm lgdlvldu`js,mvmg la tbmy h`ggit fm dmalgltlvmjy o`thbmd. Ivmr`jj, tbm prmsmrv`tlig ia semjmt`jrmo`lgs `t tbm XTH ls rmo`re`fjm, wltb oist ia tbm rmo`lgs mxh`v`tmd lg mxhmjjmgt

higdltlig. Oist lgdlvldu`js `rm aujjy semjmtiglzmd. Biwmvmr, p`rtl`j irc`glhprmsmrv`tlig ls armqumgtjy aiugd, wltb tbm rmhivmry ia aujj bm`ds ia b`lr, dmslhh`tmdfr`lg o`ttmr, algcmr `gd timg`ljs, `gd j`rcm smhtligs ia dmslhh`tmd siat tlssum fmlgcgit ughiooig.

Tbm tbiriucbgmss ia tbm cr`vm rifflgc `t tbm XTH prmhjudms `ssmssomgt ia tbmmx`ht qu`gtlty ia o`tmrl`j ciids lghjudmd wltblg furl`js durlgc tbm @o`rg` mrlid,fut ` suaalhlmgt guofmr ia hiopjmtmjy ugdlsturfmd cr`vms b`vm fmmg mxh`v`tmdti succmst tb`t sh`rhlty ia cr`vm ciids w`s tbm rujm, r`tbmr tb`g tbm mxhmptlig.Biwmvmr, tbm rmj`tlvmjy amw ltmos tb`t b`vm fmmg dlshivmrmd lg tbm XTH `rm iatmgqultm jivmjy `gd lghjudm fr`hmjmts, rlgcs, gmhej`hms, m`rrlgcs, òujmts, `gd pittmry

(Emop mt `j.6>08).Sbljm tbm `dirgomgts ia tbm mjltm tiof w`jjs wmrm jlemjy gmvmr lgtmgdmd ti

fm smmg fy tbm cmgmr`j pufjlh, `gd o`y git rmprmsmgt tbm jlvlgc higdltligs iatbm `vmr`cm pmrsig `t @o`rg`, tbm rmprmsmgt`tlig ia j`rcm sb`ges ia om`t `gdivmrajiwlgc f`semts ia cr`lg (D`vlms 08-02) di succmst tb`t tbm j`rdmrs ia

@o`rg` wmrm stihemd wmjj mgiucb ti privldm ` suaalhlmgt dlmt air tbm hltlzmgs ia tbmhlty. Lt smmomd tb`t `fugd`ghm w`s tbm tbmom `t @o`rg`, kudclgc fy tbm typlh`jshmgms ia aiid-`-pjmgty hivmrlgc tbm w`jjs ia tbm mjltms tiofs `gd tbm bugdrmdsia iaamrlgc t`fjms aj`gelgc tbm Xo`jj @tmg Tmopjm. Gmvmrtbmjmss, tbm igcilgcfli`rhb`mijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs ario tbm XTH succmsts tb`t tbm


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`vmr`cm hltlzmg `t @o`rg` o`y git b`vm fmmg mgkiylgc tbm hiooig tbmom ldm`j ia`ghlmgt Mcypt tb`t lghjudms jlam, prispmrlty, `gd bm`jtb.

O`tmrl`js `gd Omtbids

@s ia A`jj 6>06, 634 lgdlvldu`js (03= `dujts5 >1 tbriucb 6>06.

Xemjmt`j `g`jysls ls higduhtmd fy ` tmò ia rmsm`rhbmrs `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm]glvmrslty ia @re`gs`s Fli`rhb`mijicy ia Tmjj mj-@o`rg` almjd shbiij, wblhblghjudms lgstruhtirs, studmgts, `gd Mcyptl`g lgspmhtir tr`lgmms. D`t` hijjmhtligls f`smd ig o`hrishiplh mxòlg`tlig uslgc pufjlsbmd st`gd`rds, wltb aihus igtbism st`gd`rds spmhlalh`jjy ppjlh`fjm ti `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g sòpjms. Xt`gd`rd dujt

`cm `gd smx mstlo`tms `rm o`dm uslgc tbm culdmjlgms prmshrlfmd fy Fulestr` `gd]fmjèmr (0), jigc figm jmgctb (ugpufjlsbmd @o`rg` omtrlh st`gd`rds `gd O`rmsb0), `gd mplpbysm`j auslig (Xhb`mamr mt `j. 6>>00). Xt`turm mstlo`tms `rm f`smd ig o`xlouo jigc figm jmgctb (prmamrmghm tiamour, tbmg jiwmr jmc figms, aijjiwmd fy `ro figms) uslgc V`xtmr `gd hijjm`cumsairouj`m air `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs (6>>1).

Vmsujts

Tbm dmoicr`pblh prialjm ia tbm XTH str`ys ario tbm mxpmhtmd prialjm air g ghlmgtsòpjm (Alc. 8). Ia tbm tit`j sòpjm, cm mstlo`tms rm pisslfjm air 666 lgdlvldu`js.

@s ls mxpmhtmd, blcb jmvmjs ia lga`gt `gd suf`dujt oirt`jlty `rm ifsmrvmd, wltb61.0% ia tbm lgdlvldu`js mxh`v`tmd dylgc fmairm `cm smvmg. Tbm mxpmht`tlig lstbmg tb`t oirt`jlty wiujd drip iaa slcglalh`gtjy `gd ugtlj old ti j`tm `dujtbiidtbmrm wiujd fm amw dm`tbs ifsmrvmd. Biwmvmr, `t @o`rg`, tbm oirt`jlty r`tm`htu`jjy rlsms tbriucb tbm hbljdbiid `gd yiugc `dujt pb`sms, pmèlgc durlgc tbm0=-6= ym`r `cm r`gcm, prmhlsmjy wbmrm tbm jiwmst r`tm ia dm`tb sbiujd fm ifsmrvmd.Gi slcglalh`gt dlaamrmghms lg tbm `cm struhturms ia o`jms `gd amo`jms b`vm fmmgldmgtlalmd (6?>.185 p?>.4634).

Tbm o`xlouo amoir`j jmgctb, wblhb h`g fm usmd ti mstlo`tm st`turm t @o`rg`ls so`jj. @dujt o`jms (g?83) b`vm vmr`cm amoir`j jmgctb ia 46.< ho. @dujt amo`jms(g?=>) `vmr`cm sjlcbtjy sbirtmr (`s ls mxpmhtmd), `t 40.0 ho. Tbmsm jmgctbs `rmsbirtmr tb`g `gy itbmr rmpirtmd sòpjm ario mltbmr Mcypt ir Gufl` durlgc `gypmrlid ia `ghlmgt blstiry (hiop`r`tlvm sòpjms ario [èrzmwsel 6>>8 `gd Fuzig6>>1) (Alc. 4).

Jmsligs lgdlh`tlvm ia gutrltlig`j dmalhlmghlms (Lrig, Qltòlg H, Qltòlg D)

`rm a`lrjy hiooig. @t tbm XTH, 81.4% ia tbm suf`dujts `gd 06.3% ia tbm `dujtsb`vm mvldmghm ia siom st`cm ia hrlfr` irflt`jl`, succmstlvm ia ` smvmrm, pisslfjy


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4>>1).

Alc. 8Dmoicr`pblh prijm ia tbm XTH (lghjudms igjy lgdlvldu`js air wblhb `cm mstlo`tligs

wmrm pisslfjm).


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=>

Tit`j trùo` r`tms `rm mxhmptlig`jjy blcb lg tbm XTH sòpjm. Twi-tblrds(11.3%) ia `dujts `gd 0>.=% ia suf`dujts mxblflt siom airo ia `gtmoirtmotrùo` siomwbmrm ig tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs. Oist hiooigjy, tbm splgm w`sàamhtmd, `gd ` guofmr ia dlaamrmgt p`tbijiclh`j higdltligs wmrm ifsmrvmd ig

tbm vmrtmfr`m. Hioprmsslig ar`hturms ia tbm vmrtmfr`j fidlms wmrm ifsmrvmd lg6>.>>5 Kudd 6>>456>>15 Fuzig `gd Vlhbo`g 6>>3), tbm trùo` `t @o`rg` ls j`rcmjy higslstmgt wltb`hhldmgt`j trùo` `gd wltb ` amw git`fjm mxhmptligs (D`ffs `gd Xhbàamr 6>>2),`rm git lgdlh`tlvm ia lgtmrpmrsig`j vlijmghm.

Dlshusslig

Tbm ivmr`rhblgc plhturm prmsmgtmd fy tbm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm XTHsòpjm `t @o`rg` ls ia ` pipuj`tlig mxpmrlmghlgc blcb jmvmjs ia strmss. Lgdmmd, jlam`t @o`rg` oust b`vm fmmg ` virtmx ia strmssirs, higvmrclgc ig tbm lgdlvldu`j ario`t jm`st aiur sldms, lghjudlgc mhigiolh, sihl`j, mgvlrigomgt`j, gd hujtur`j vmgums.Tbmsm strmssms o`glamst lg tbm semjmt`j sòpjm lg ` guofmr ia dlaamrmgt, iatmg gig-spmhlalh systmolh, w`ys.

Tbm dmoicr`pby ia @o`rg` ls strlelgc. Sbmg hiop`rmd ti typlh`j dmoicr`pblh

prialjm air `ghlmgt pipuj`tligs, @o`rg` mxblflts `g ughb`r`htmrlstlh`jjy blcb r`tmia dm`tb oigc ijdmr hbljdrmg gd yiugc dujts. Oujtlpjm jlgms ia mvldmghm succmsttb`t tbm `ghlmgt hlty o`y b`vm fmmg fmsmt fy `g `s ia ymt ugldmgtlalmd mpldmolhdlsm`sm. Fitb tbm ^j`cum ^r`ymrs ia Oursljl LL `gd tbm @o`rg` Jmttmrs suppirttbls succmstlig. Oursljls pr`ymrs `rm ` pjm` ti fm rmjlmvmd ia tbm pj`cum ia Mcypttb`t w`s friucbt upig bls pmipjm àtmr higt`ht wltb tbm Mcyptl`gs durlgc f`ttjm(Xlgcmr 6>>6). Aurtbmr suppirtlgc mvldmghm air `g mpldmolh `t @o`rg` h`g `jsi fmaiugd lg tbm @o`rg` Jmttmrs, ` smrlms ia hioouglh`tligs ti `gd ario tbm rujmrsia surriugdlgc elgcdios ti @ebmg`tmg (M@ 00, 8=,


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=0 .

`gd M@ >1) succmsts tb`t tbm hltlzmgs ia

@o`rg` dld git higsuom om`t ig ` rmcuj`r f`sls. @ pritmlg rmduhmd ir dmalhlmgtdlmt wiujd hmrt`lgjy lgblflt criwtb, dmvmjipomgt, `gd o`lgtmg`ghm ia hmjjuj`rtlssums. Tbm mxtrmomjy sbirt st`turm ia tbm @o`rg` rmsldmgts aurtbmr suppirts`rcuomgts tb`t dlmts `t @o`rg` o`y git b`vm fmmg suaalhlmgt ti aumj `jj gmmds air` bm`jtby fidy.

Mgvlrigomgt`j strmssms wiujd b`vm `rlsmg ario tbm b`rsb mgvlrigomgt, tbmdmsmrt j`gdsh`pm fmlgc r`tbmr ugairclvlgc, mvmg lgti oidmrg tloms. Sireji`dstrmssms, rmajmhtmd lg tbm blcb jmvmjs ia p`tbijiclh`j jmsligs ifsmrvmd ig vmrtmfr`j

mjmomgts gd itbmr wire rmj`tmd trùo`, succmst tb`t tbm d`ljy mgmrcy mxpmgdlturms

Alc. =.Armqumghlms ia trùo`tlh ar`hturms lg tbm `dujts ia tbm XTH sòpjm.


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=6

wmrm blcb. Tbm `rhb`mijicy ia @o`rg` ls higslstmgt wltb ` pricrò ia smja-fuljtbiusms tb`t wmrm higstruhtmd mxtrmomjy r`pldjy (Emop 6>06). Tbm hltlzmgs ia

@o`rg` wmrm t`semd wltb git igjy fuljdlgc tbm hlty, `g ugdmrtèlgc tb`t wiujdb`vm lgvijvmd sufst`gtl`j maairt `gd d`gcmr wblhb ls rmajmhtmd lg tbm trùo` r`tms

`gd dmvmjipomgt ia istmipbytms lg tbm splg`j hijuog ia tbm pipuj`tlig, fut `jsiwltb o`lgt`lglgc jlam `t tbm hlty. @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs giro`jjy s`w tbmosmjvms `sjlvlgc òld ` f`hedrip ia pj`gts criwlgc ario amrtljm silj `gd fmlgc surriugdmdfy flrds `gd `glo`js (Lfldmo). Lg higtr`st, sltu`tmd `s lt w`s `t `g mjmv`tlig`fivm tbm typlh`j `ggu`j lgugd`tlig ia `ghlmgt tloms, tbm hlty ia @o`rg` iaamrmd` st`re j`gdsh`pm ig wblhb ti fuljd ` jlam ym`r-riugd. Lg irdmr ti suppirt tbmv`st c`rdmgs `gd irhb`rds egiwg ario @o`rg` rmjlmas `gd p`lgtlgcs `gd privldmpit`fjm w`tmr air higsuoptlig, hiielgc, `gd itbmr d`ljy t`ses, tbm rmsldmgts ia

@o`rg` mxpmgdmd higsldmr`fjm mgmrcy h`plt`j lg ift`lglgc `gd dlstrlfutlgc w`tmr.S`tmr `t @o`rg` w`s dr`wg ario dmmp wmjjs wltblg o`gy biusm mghjisurms lg

tbm hlty vl` ` stmmp st`lrh`sm `gd sb`dua (Lfldmo). @jtmrg`tmjy, w`tmr hiujd `jsib`vm fmmg dr`wg dlrmhtjy ario tbm Gljm, fut `s tbm rlvmr ls `g `rhb`mijiclh`jjylgvlslfjm siurhm, tbls rmo`lgs omrm spmhuj`tlig. Tbm guofmr ia wmjjs wltblg tbmhlty succmsts tbm Gljm w`s jlemjy smhigd`ry siurhm, la usmd t jj. Vmc`rdjmss ia biwlt w`s ift`lgmd, `ghlmgt ri`dw`ys jlgmd wltb friemg ar`comgts ia w`tmr vmssmjs`ttmst ti tbm tr`gspirt ia w`tmr tbriucbiut tbm hlty, siomtloms `s a`r `s alvm eo titbm Sireomgs Qljj`cm, wblhb j`hemd ` wmjj. Clvmg tbm `vmr`cm slzm ia tbmsm vmssmjs`gd tbm wmlcbt ia w`tmr, tbm ji`d ig gy clvmg lgdlvldu`j hiujd b`vm fmmg s ouhb`s 8=-4= ec (2>-0>> jfs) (h`jhuj`tlig f`smd ig mstlo`tmd vmssmj slzm ario Emop6>065 h`jhuj`tligs fy CVD).

Alg`jjy, @o`rg` alts tbm hj`sslh prialjm ia ` pipuj`tlig ugdmr tbm strmss iaughmrt`lgty (Oiss 000), wiujd b`vm

rmsujtmd lg lghrm`smd psyhbijiclh`j strmss vl` sihl`j ughmrt`lgty. Tbls wiujd b`vm`rlsmg ig `g lgdlvldu`j jmvmj upig ommtlgc gmw pmipjm, dmspltm tbm hisoipijlt`g`gd oujtlhujtur`j g`turm ia Gmw Elgcdio Mcyptl`g h`plt`j hltlms (Oiss 0


55/252

=8 .

Flrtb lg @ghlmgt Mcypt; Tlolgc,Trùo`, `gd Trluopb9

Mvldmghm ario tbm Dèbjmb I`sls

Tisb` J. Dupr`s, X`gdr` O. Sbmmjmr,

J`g` Sljjlòs & ^mtmr Xbmjdrlhe

Lgtriduhtlig

Hbljdflrtb ls cmgmr`jjy ` sufkmht tb`t w`s git wmjj dihuomgtmd lg `gtlqulty, `gd`ghlmgt Mcypt ls gi mxhmptlig. Tbm sh`gt mvldmghm tb`t wm di b`vm ario Mcypt lsrmj`tmd mltbmr ti tbm dmltlms ir ti tbm gifljlty `gd riy`jty ia Mcyptl`g sihlmty, `gdlgairo`tlig rmc`rdlgc biw tbls prihmss w`s dm`jt wltblg tbm jiwmr hj`ssms ls joistgigmxlstmgt. Lt sbiujd jsi fm gitmd tb`t tbm tlom pmrlid ia ghlmgt Mcypt hivmrs ivmr8>>> ym`rs ia blstiry, `gd `jtbiucb o`gy siurhms oèm swmmplgc cmgmr`jlz`tligshighmrglgc ghlmgt Mcyptl`g hbljd flrtblgc pr`htlhms, lt sbiujd fm rmomofmrmd tb`ttbmsm pr`htlhms oist jlemjy v`rlmd ivmr tlom `gd wltb cmicr`pblh`j jih`tlig. Tbmo`kirlty ia mvldmghm ls dr`wg ario dihuomgt`ry ir `rhb`mijiclh`j mvldmghm, `gdigjy ig r`rm ihh`slig ls flijiclh`j mvldmghm higsldmrmd. Tbm Vio`gi-Hbrlstl`gpmrlid Emjjls 6 hmomtmry lg tbm Dèbjmb I`sls (Alc. 0) privldms `g ippirtuglty timxpjirm tbls qumstlig ario ` fli`rhb`mijiclh`j pmrspmhtlvm.

Ifstmtrlhs `gd Oldwlamry lg @ghlmgt Mcypt

Lt ls cmgmr`jjy `hhmptmd tb`t tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs wmrm `dv`ghmd lg omdlhlgmhiop`rmd ti higtmopir`gmius hujturms (Gugg, 0


56/252

=4

Alc. 0. Jih`tlig ia tbm Dèbjmb I`sls wltblg Mcypt, `gd tbm jih`tlig ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry

wltblg tbm Dèbjmb I`sls (o`p; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tmò).

Sb`t ls cj`rlgcjy olsslgc ario tbls `gd itbmr omdlh`j jltmr`turm ario `ghlmgtMcypt ls tbm omgtlig ia ` omdlh`j spmhl`jty highmrglgc ifstmtrlhs, ir spmhlalh`jjyoldwlvms. Sbljm tbmrm dims git `ppm`r ti fm Mcyptl`g tmrolgijicy rmhicglzlgctbmsm spmhlalh priamssligs, tbmrm `rm twi rmamrmghms ti wiomg wbi smrvmd tblsaughtlig lg tbm `ghlmgt tmxts; -rlgl, usmd lg 8rd h. @D (Xujjlv`g 005 B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j. 6>>=) succmst tb`t twi ir tbrmmwiomg wiujd `sslst durlgc j`fir, p`rtlhuj`rjy la tbm wio`g w`s ia blcb st`tus,tbm siurhm ia tbls prihjò`tlig ls gmvmr omgtligmd. Lt ls pisslfjm tb`t tbls ldm`w`s pmrpmtu`tmd ario rltu`j dmplhtligs ia dmltlms ir riy`jty mgc`cmd lg tbm flrtbprihmss lg wblhb tbm ciddmssms Lsls, Gmpbtbys, Bmqmt, gd Omsebmgmt rm sslstlgclg tbm flrtb (B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j.6>>=). Itbmrs succmst tb`t, la ` wio`g w`sia jiwmr st`tus, tbmg lt o`y fm ` vljj`cm mjdmr ir tbm wio`gs oitbmr ir slstmrs tb`twiujd `sslst wltb tbm flrtb (Cr`vms-Friwg 6>0>; 26).


57/252

== .

Lt ls `jsi lopirt`gt ti higsldmr higtmopir`gmius siurhms ig oldwlamry arioViom `gd Crmmhm. @jtbiucb lt ls lopisslfjm ti egiw tbm mxtmgt ti wblhb tbmsmsiurhms o`y b`vm rm`hbmd `gd lgajumghmd pr`htlhms lg Mcypt, `gd p`rtlhuj`rjy lgtbm D`ebjmb I`sls, tbmsm siurhms o`y clvm siom lgslcbt lgti biw ifstmtrlhs w`s

pr`htlhmd. Igm siurhm lg p`rtlhuj`r, Cyg`mhijicy fy Xir`gus ia Mpbmsus (>3). Xir`gus rmhicglzms tbm oldwlam, ir ifstmtrlhms,`gd prihj`los tb`t ldm`jjy tbm oldwlam sbiujd fm;

Jltmr`tm, wltb bmr wlts `fiut bmr, rmspmht`fjm, pissmssmd ia ` ciid omoiry, jivlgcwire, rmspmht`fjm, siugd ia jlof, rifust `gd `hhirdlgc ti siom pmipjm, mgdiwmdwltb jigc sjlo ffgcmrs `gd sbirt g`ljs `t bmr ffgcmrtlps. (Xir`gus, CygmhijicyFiie 0;=)

Flrtblgc ^j`hm `gd ^isltlig lg @ghlmgt Mcypt

Mvmg tbiucb tbmrm ls vmry jlttjm dlrmht mvldmghm ia biw `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g wiomgmxpmrlmghmd hbljdflrtb, tbmrm ls ` spmhlalh blmricjypb `s ` dmtmrolg`tlvm air flrtb(B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j. 6>>=). Tbls blmricjypb sbiws tbm bm`d ia tbm lga`gt(`gd pmrb`ps tbm `ros/fidy) momrclgc ario tbm wio`gs fidy, `gd o`y `jsilgdlh`tm tbm `hhmptmd flrtblgc pisltlig ia squ`ttlgc ir egmmjlgc ig siom sirt iapj`tairo. Sbljm lt ls git egiwg la wiomg wmrm smhjudmd durlgc flrtb, istr`h` arioDmlr mj-Omdlg` (Xujjlv`g 04).

Oist siurhms (m.c., Viflgs 00>), tbmrm ls vmryjlttjm mvldmghm ario tbm tijmo`lh gd Vio`g pmrlids ti lgdlh`tm biw wiomg c`vmflrtb. Higtmopir`gmius mvldmghm ario Vio`g `gd Crmme siurhms succmst tb`t

tbmrm o`y b`vm fmmg o`gy dlaamrmgt pisltligs usmd air flrtblgc (Tido`g 6>>3),


58/252

=1

`jtbiucb Xir`gus rmhioomgds ` flrtblgc hb`lr ir stiij (Xir`gus, CygmhijicyFiie 6). @ Vio`g pmrlid (h. @D 0>>-0=>) hj`y r`ttjm dlshivmrmd `t tbm Mcyptl`gsltm ia @gtlgim (@sbtig 6>>4; 0=1-0=3) sbiws prmcg`gt wio`g lg j`fir wltb bmrjmcs spj`ymd up lg tbm `lr, succmstlgc tbm pisslfljlty ia dlaamrmgt flrtblgc pisltligs

fmlgc usmd lg tbls pmrlid.

Vmomdlms, Xpmjjs, Cids `gd Ciddmssms @ssihl`tmd wltb Hbljdflrtb

Ouhb tbm s`om `s iur om`cmr egiwjmdcm `fiut giro`j j`fir, tbmrm ls sp`rsmlgairo`tlig highmrglgc biw tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs dm`jt wltb tbm prihmss iaflrtblgc `g lga`gt tbriucb ` dlaalhujt j`fir. Tbmrm `rm igjy ` amw rmamrmghms o`dmlg tbm omdlhi-o`clh`j p`pyrl highmrglgc prmcg`ghy gd hbljdflrtb, gigm ia wblhbdm`j wltb tbm rmj`tmd pisslfjm hiopjlh`tligs. Tbm V`o`ssmuo LQ p`pyrus b`ssmvmr`j smhtligs pmrt`lglgc ti hbljdflrtb;

Ti smp`r`tm Ublo_ ario bls oitbmr wbi ls clvlgc flrtb (Gugg 0


59/252


60/252

=2

bm`d a`hlgc wmst, lgdlh`tlgc Hbrlstl`g styjm furl`j (Flrrmjj 08). Lt`ppm`rs tb`t tbm hmomtmry pipuj`tlig w`s hioprlsmd ia `jj lgdlvldu`js (Tihbmrl mt`j.6>>=), lghjudlgc furl`js ia amtusms `s yiugc `s 01 wmmes cmst`tlig `gd lga`gtswltb jmtb`j `gd dlsalcurlgc higcmglt`j higdltligs, suhb `s gmur`j tufm dmamhts jlem`gmghmpb`jy, gd lglmghmpb`jy wltb pisslfjm mghmpb`jihmjms (Hipm 6>>25 O`tbmws6>>2), `gd istmicmgmsls lopmramht` (Hipm `gd Dupr`s 6>06).

Lt ls hiooigjy rmhicglzmd tb`t lga`ghy `gd hbljdbiid lg tbm p`st wmrmd`gcmrius tloms lg jlam, `gd tb`t igjy ` so`jj pmrhmgt`cm ia lgdlvldu`js o`dm lt ti`dujtbiid. @g`jysms ia tbm Emjjls 6 pipuj`tlig b`vm suppirtmd tbls, rmvm`jlgc tb`ttbm blcbmst pmrhmgt`cms ia lgdlvldu`js lgtmrrmd lg Emjjls 6 `rm hbljdrmg (11%). Iatbism hj`sslalmd `s hbljdrmg, 8>% ia tbm ivmr`jj pipuj`tlig.

Alc. 6. O`p ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. Hlrhjms lgdlh`tm tbm jih`tlig ia tbm furl`js wltb flrtb

tr`uo` (o`p; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).


61/252

=2; 083-082). Fy hioflglgc rmsujts ia cr`vm irlmgt`tlig

(Lfldmo; 081-046) `gd st`fjm lsitipm `g`jysms ia sbirt-tmro tlssums suhb `s b`lr`gd g`ljs (Sljjlòs mt `j.6>00), lt w`s dmtmrolgmd tb`t tbm o`kirlty ia amtusms,gmwfirgs, `gd wiomg ia hbljd-fm`rlgc `cm wmrm dylgc `t ` spmhlalh tlom ia tbmym`r, lg p`rtlhuj`r O`rhb `gd @prlj (Sljjlòs mt `j.6>06). @ghlmgt `gd oidmrgpipuj`tligs typlh`jjy mxpmrlmghm `ggu`j pb`sm o`xlo` `gd sm`sig`j o`xlo`lg flrtbs higvmrcmgt ti tbm `ggu`j pb`sm o`xlo` lg oirt`jlty air lga`gts `gdrmpriduhtlvm-`cm wiomg, rmajmhtlgc tbm jlge fmtwmmg tbm dlaalhujtlms ia hbljdflrtb`gd survlv`fljlty ia gmwfirgs (Sljjlòs 6>>2; 0=4).

Ti aurtbmr mv`ju`tm tbm slcglalh`ghm ia tbls tlolgc lg flrtb, tbm `cm `t dm`tbair amtusms `gd gmwfirgs w`s usmd `s ` st`rtlgc pilgt air dmtmrolglgc tbm oigtb

ia highmptlig, fy hiugtlgc f`he cmst`tlig`j wmmes. Tbm rmsujts ario tbls `g`jyslslgdlh`tm tb`t highmptligs wmrm t tbm blcbmst durlgc tbm oigtbs ia Kujy gd @ucust(Sljjlòs mt `j.6>06). Tbmsm oigtbs ia sm`sig`j o`xlo` lg highmptlig hirrmj`tmwltb tbm tlolgc ia Vio`g-Mcyptl`g amrtljlty amstlv`js lg Dèbjmb (E`pmr 6>>0).Lg `ddltlig, oigtbs ia sm`sig`j olglo` lg highmptlig, Dmhmofmr `gd K`gu`ry,hirrmj`tm wltb tbm tlolgc ia m`rjy Hbrlstl`g fmb`vlir`j `gd smxu`j priblfltligstbriucbiut tbm @dvmgt `gd Jmgtmg sm`sigs (Friwg 0


62/252

1>

O`tmrl`j Mvldmghm Vmj`tmd ti Hbljdflrtb `t Emjjls

Sbljm tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry dims higt`lg furl`j lghjusligs, igjy twi lgst`ghms iao`tmrl`j rmo`lgs rmj`tm dlrmhtjy ti hbljdflrtb. @ rlgc wltb ` a`lmghm alcurm ia Fms

(Alc. 4@) w`s rmhivmrmd ario tbm `ssihl`tmd higtmxt ia tbm ajiir ia Tiof 4 ia tbm

Alc. 8. @) Furl`j 802 sbiwlgc `g lga`gt (802f) pj`hmd fmsldm tbm jiwmr jmcs ia `g `dujt amo`jm

(802`)5 F) Furl`j =08 sbiwlgc `g lga`gt (=08f hjism-up, lgsmt) fmtwmmg tbm amoir` ia `g `dujt

amo`jm (=08`)5 H) Furl`j 12=, twi lga`gts ticmtbmr (jmat), `gd tbm rmspmhtlvm semjmtigs (rlcbt)

sbiwlgc ` prif`fjm smt ia ar`tmrg`j twlgs (pbitis; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).


63/252

10 .

Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. Lgtmrmstlgcjy, smvmr`j ia tbm lgdlvldu`js mxblfltlgc flrtb trùo``rm jih`tmd lg hjism prixlolty ti tbls tiof struhturm (Alc. 6). @jsi, mvldmghm iaripm/hird usmd ti tlm iaa tbm uofljlh`j hird b`s fmmg gitmd ig Furl`j 28, ` 88wmme-ijd amtus, ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry (Alc. 4F).

Xemjmt`j Mvldmghm ia Hbljdflrtb Vmj`tmd Trùo` `t Emjjls

O`gy ia tbm oitbmrs `gd lga`gts ario Emjjls wbi dlmd durlgc hbljdflrtb o`y gitmxblflt `gy mvldmghm ia semjmt`j trùo`, p`rtlhuj`rjy la igjy siat tlssum struhturms`rm àamhtmd, suhb `s wbmg `g lga`gt dlms ia suaaih`tlig, ir ` oitbmr dlms ariobmoirrb`clgc. Tbmrm ls, biwmvmr, semjmt`j mvldmghm ario Emjjls 6 lgdlvldu`js wbidld suaamr ario hbljdflrtb-rmj`tmd trùo`, `gd tbism wbi survlvmd lg spltm ia lt.Dystihl`, jltmr`jjy om`glgc dlaalhujt flrtb, lghjudms utmrlgm lgmrtl` (prijigcmdj`fir) `gd ifstruhtligs tb`t h`g ihhur durlgc tbm flrtblgc prihmss. Hjlglh`jd`t` lgdlh`tms tb`t wiomg mxpmrlmghlgc tbmlr alrst prmcg`ghy `rm `t blcbmr rlse

Alc. 4. @) Frigzm rlgc wltb ` a`lmghm curm ia tbm cid Fms5 F) Furl`j 28 sbiwlgc ` strlgc/hird

usmd ti tlm tbm uofljlh`j hird (pbitis; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tmò).


64/252

16

air dystihl` tb`g wiomg wbi b`vm b`d prmvlius flrtbs (Xmjlg mt `j.6>>2). Tblshirrmj`tlig o`y bmjp mxpj`lg tbm blcb guofmr ia amtusms gd gmwfirgs dihuomgtmdlg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry.

@ giro`j dmjlvmry lgvijvms wb`t ls egiwg `s tbm H`rdlg`j Oivmomgts ia

J`fir (@jjmg mt `j.6>>3). Tbls rmamrs ti tbm hb`gcms tb`t ihhur lg tbm pisltligia tbm amt`j bm`d tbriucbiut tbm j`fir prihmss. Tbmsm hb`gcms usu`jjy ihhur lgtbm aijjiwlgc smqumghm; mgc`cmomgt, dmshmgt, ajmxlig, lgtmrg`j rit`tlig, mxtmgslig`s tbm amt`j bm`d pricrmssms tbriucb tbm flrtb h`g`j, mxtmrg`j rit`tlig, `gd tbmgsbiujdmr rit`tlig àtmr tbm bm`d b`s dmjlvmrmd. @gy hb`gcms ti tbm H`rdlg`jOivmomgts h`g rmsujt lg dystihl`. Tbls h`g jm`d ti prijigcmd j`fir, wblhb putstbm amtus `t rlse air bypixl` (j`he ia ixycmg) `gd dm`tb. Xbiujdmr dystihl` `gditbmr airos ia ifstruhtmd j`fir b`vm slolj`r higsmqumghms (Lfldmo). Frmmhb flrtb`jsi prmdlspisms flrtblgc ti dystihl`, p`rtlhuj`rjy ia tbm àtmr-hiolgc bm`d. Tbmsmhigdltligs h`g b`vm g lop`ht ig tbm amt`j semjmtig, p`rtlhuj`rjy wbmg sslst`ghm ls

usmd ti `ld lg ` dlaalhujt dmjlvmry. Ig ihh`slig lt o`y fm gmhmss`ry ti usm airhm tiarmm tbm lga`gt ario tbm pmjvlh iutjmt, ihh`slig`jjy hùslgc trùo` ti tbm gmwfirg.Tbm oist hiooig `rm`s ia semjmt`j trùo` durlgc hbljdflrtb `rm tbm hj`vlhjm,buomrus, hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m, gd rlfs, jtbiucb itbmr semjmt`j mjmomgts o`y jsi fmb`romd (Oihzycmof` mt `j.6>0>).

Ar`hturmd Hj`vlhjm

Ar`hturms ti tbm hj`vlhjm, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm j`tmr`j pirtlig, `rm tbm oist hiooigjydihuomgtmd flrtb lgkurlms gd hhiugt air s ouhb s % ia oidmrg flrtb trùo`

ar`hturms (m.c. E`pj`g mt `j.0


65/252

18 .

(Alc. =H). Furl`j 123h, ` 0-oigtb ijd, mxblflts ` bm`jlgc ar`hturm ia tbm prixlo`jrlcbt buomrus wltb gmw pmrlistm`j figm airo`tlig `gd hirrmspigdlgc gmw figmairo`tlig ig tbm rlcbt sh`puj` (Alc. =D). Ar`hturms ia tbls typm `rm tbiucbt tifm hùsmd fy rit`tlig ir bypmrmxtmgslig ia tbm `ro durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss, `gdihhur oirm armqumgtjy wltb j`rcmr amtusms, ir durlgc frmmhb prmsmgt`tlig wbmgslcglalh`gt airhm ls usmd ti armm tbm lga`gt ario tbm pmjvlh iutjmt (H`vlcjl` mt `j.

6>>=). Clvmg tbm st`cm ia bm`jlgc `gd tbm `cm ia tbm lgdlvldu`js, tbmsm lgkurlms(p`rtlhuj`rjy tbism ig 123h) oist jlemjy ihhurrmd durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss.

@gitbmr airo ia hiopjmx flrtb-rmj`tmd buomr`j ar`hturm ls buomrus v`rusdmairolty, o`remd fy dmhrm`sm lg tbm gcjm ia tbm bm`d gd slcglalh`gt sbirtmglgcia tbm buomr`j dl`pbysls (Oijti 6>>>). @jtbiucb tbmrm h`g fm itbmr gig-trùo`tlhhùsms ia buomr`j v`rus dmairolty, suhb `s ouhipijys`hhb`rldisls, tb`j`ssmol`,rlhemts, gd istmio`j`hl` (E`hel mt j.6>08), dlaamrmgtl`j dl`cgisls ia tbm aiur dujth`sms ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry (Furl`js 23, 064, 4>8, `gd 131, Alc. =M `gd =A),succmsts ` hùsm jlgemd ti flrtb trùo` (smm Oijti 6>>> air lg-dmptb dlshussligia dlaamrmgtl`j dl`cgisls). Flrtb trùo` ti tbm sbiujdmr rmj`tmd ti j`rcm lga`gt slzm

`gd frmmhb prmsmgt`tlig b`s fmmg succmstmd `s ` pisslfjm hùsm ia buomr`j v`rus

Alc. =. Mxòpjms ia semjmt`j flrtb trùo` ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. @) Furl`j 123f dlspj`ylgc

` bm`jmd ar`hturm wltb figm rmoidmjlgc ig tbm j`tmr`j mgd ia tbm jmat hj`vlhjm5 F) Furl`j 133

dlspj`ylgc ` bm`jmd ar`hturm ig tbm j`tmr`j mgd ia tbm jmat hj`vlhjm5 H) Furl`j 8


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14

dmairolty (prixlo`j buomr`j mplpbyslijysls) (Mjjmasmg mt `j.0>06). Furl`j 100, `cmd6=-wmmes cmst`tlig, mxblflts crmmgstlhe ar`hturms `t tbm `gtmriomdl`j mgd ia twirlfs (Alc. =B). @jtbiucb pmdl`trlh rlf ar`hturms h`g fm lgdlh`tlvm ia gig-`hhldmgt`jtrùo` (F`rry `gd Bihelgc 0=) succmst tb`t amt`jslzm sbiujd git b`vm fmmg `g lssum durlgc dmjlvmry, `s tbm lga`gts ario tbm Emjjls 6

hmomtmry wmrm git hiop`r`tlvmjy j`rcm. Tbmrmairm, ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs `gd frmmhbprmsmgt`tlig sbiujd fm hjismjy mxòlgmd `s tbm pisslfjm hùsm ia smrlius prifjmosdurlgc dmjlvmry. @jj ia tbm flrtb lgkurlms dihuomgtmd ario tbls semjmt`j hijjmhtligsuccmst tb`t ` oldwlam ir tr`lgmd flrtb `sslst`gt wiujd b`vm fmmg prmsmgt, `gdlg siom h`sms wiujd b`vm rmsirtmd ti dò`clgc o`gmuvmrs ti dmjlvmr tbm lga`gt.Tbmsm lghjudm `ppjylgc prmssurm ti tbm sbiujdmrs `gd pitmgtl`jjy ar`hturlgc tbmhj`vlhjm ir dò`clgc tbm prixlo`j buomr`j mplpbysls, twlstlgc tbm ro gd hùslgcbuomr`j ar`hturm, ir pujjlgc ig tbm seujj ir `sslstlgc ` frmmhb dmjlvmry `gd hùslgchmrvlh`j ar`hturm. @s gitmd m`rjlmr, smvmr`j ia tbm lgdlvldu`js wltb flrtb trùo``rm jih`tmd lg tbm sòm p`rt ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry (Alc. 6), pmrb`ps succmstlgc

` p`rtlhuj`rjy riucb oldwlam, ir pisslfjy tb`t amo`jms jlgemd ti tbls p`rt ia tbm


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1= .

hmomtmry b`d prifjmo`tlh ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs. Tbm pmrljs ia flrtb rmj`tmd tiprifjmo`tlh ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs `s ` prlo`ry higtrlfutir ti tbm blcb guofmr iagmwfirgs `gd hbljd-fm`rlgc `cmd wiomg lghjudmd lg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry wljj fm` sufkmht ia auturm rmsm`rhb.

@hegiwjmdcmomgts

Tbm ùtbirs wiujd jlem ti tb`ge tbm Mcyptl`g Olglstry ia Xt`tm air @gtlqultlms airtbmlr higtlgumd suppirt ia iur olsslig. Sm wiujd `jsi j lem ti mxtmgd tb`ges ti `jjtbm omofmrs ia tbm Dèbjmb I`sls ^rikmht (DI^), `gd tbm DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicyTmò. Xpmhl`j tb`ges ti X`jlo` Lerò, Kmsslh` E`lsmr, `gd Vixy S`jemr airirc`glzlgc tbm 6gd Fli`rhb`mijicy ia Mcypt higamrmghm, ario wblhb tbls p`pmrw`s firg. Tbls rmsm`rhb w`s augdmd lg p`rt fy tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtbripijicy `ttbm ]glvmrslty ia Hmgtr`j Ajirld`, tbm Lgstltutm air tbm Xtudy ia tbm @ghlmgt Sirjd

`t Gmw \ire ]glvmrslty, tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtbripijicy `t Smstmrg ]glvmrslty,XXBVHH, `gd tbm HVH ia H`g`d`.


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Xtudylgc Mcyptl`g Ouoolms lg tbmAlmjd

X`jlo` Lerò

Ouoolms, tbm `rtlalhl`jjy prmsmrvmd fidlms ia buo`gs ir itbmr `glo`js, `rmhiooigjy aiugd ig mxh`v`tligs `gd b`vm fmmg studlmd lg ` v`rlmty ia w`ys air

hmgturlms (Lerò gd Didsig 0>5 @uadmrbmldm 6>>85 Lerò 6>06).Xmvmr`j pufjlh`tligs tii guomrius ti jlst bmrm b`vm rmsujtmd ario tbmsm v`rlmdmxòlg`tligs. Tbm w`y lg wblhb ouoolms b`vm fmmg studlmd b`s hb`gcmd ivmrtlom, oivlgc ario ugwr`pplgc `gd ùtipslms (@uadmrbmldm 6>>85 Lerò `gdDidsig 004). Dlaamrmgtp`pmrs b`vm fmmg wrlttmg wltb rmc`rd ti biw fmst ti lo`cm `gd study ouoolms lgtbm ldm`j higdltlig ia ` ousmuo (@dòs `gd @jsip 6>>25 Jyggmrup 6>>>8; 880-885 Lerò 6>>


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1>8; 880aa) b`s privldmd airo air studylgc ouoolms lg tbmalmjd, `gd fmjiw, tbmrm ls ` oirm dmt`ljmd vmrslig tb`t tbls ùtbir usms lg tbm almjdwbmg gi ugwr`pplgc tèms pj`hm5 lt h`g fm `d`ptmd air m`hb sltm `gd tbm dlaamrmgtsltu`tligs tb`t `rm mghiugtmd.

Qlsu`j Mxòlg`tlig

Tbm oist f`slh gd lopirt`gt p`rt ia mxòlglgc ouooy ls ` vlsu`j mxòlg`tlig.@atmr pbiticr`pby (ivmr`jj `gd dmt`ljmd), tbls sbiujd lghjudm om`surmomgts ia tbmmgtlrm fidy, ir wblhbmvmr p`rts `rm fmlgc mxòlgmd (jmgctb, jmgctb ia `ros `gd/ir jmcs, wldtb `t sbiujdmrs, wldtb `t blps, wldtb `t ammt, la pisslfjm hlrhuoamrmghmia bm`d), wltb ` git`tlig fmlgc o`dm `s ti wbmtbmr lt ls wr`ppmd ir ugwr`ppmd.

@ f`slh dmshrlptlig ia tbm st`tm ia tbm ouooy, jlgemd ti tbm pbiticr`pbs, sbiujdaijjiw. Tbls sbiujd lghjudm lgairo`tlig fiut wbmtbmr lt ls wr`ppmd ir ugwr`ppmd,dmt`ljs `fiut tbm f`gd`cms (smm smhtlig ig f`gd`cms), tbm prmsmghm ia fm`d gmts iritbmr `dirgomgts ia h`rtigg`cm, c`rj`gds, `gd òujmts la tbmy `rm vlslfjm.


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olcbt b`vm ihhurrmd vl` tbm `tj`s. Tbm jmat sldm ia tbm tirsi sbiujd fm hbmhemd airtbm mof`jolgc hut gd sufsmqumgt trm`tomgt. La tbm lgtmrlir ls mxpismd lts p`helgcsbiujd fm dihuomgtmd. H`rm sbiujd fm tèmg lg mxòlglgc tbm wbijm fidy `ssiomtloms t`ttiis `rm aiugd ig siom ia tbm jlofs.

Tbm prmsmghm ia iljs ls dlaalhujt ti dmtmht, fut st`lgs ia iljs, rmslgs, ir fidykulhms, p`rtlhuj`rjy ig tbm f`he ia tbm ouooy (ir wbmrm lt w`s pisltligmd àtmrprmp`r`tlig, lg tbm h`sm ia `glo`js), sbiujd fm gitmd `gd dmshrlfmd. Tbmsmo`tmrl`js `rm `jsi aiugd ig tbm fidy ltsmja, `gd o`glamst tbmosmjvms `s ` d`re(fj`he) o`tmrl`j. Aurtbmroirm, rmog`gts ia g`trig sbiujd fm rmhirdmd. Aurtbmrlgairo`tlig h`g fm mxtr`htmd ario tbmsm o`tmrl`js fy h`rrylgc iut tmsts ig tbmo(smm smhtlig ig tmstlgc).

Lgsmhts ir tbmlr j`rv`m tb`t `rm aiugd lg tbm ouooy privldm lgairo`tlig`fiut tbm oèlgc ia tbm ouooy la tbmrm ls `g `fugd`ghm ia ajy j`rv`m `gdpiir prmsmrv`tlig, hjm`rjy tbmrm w`s `g lgsuaalhlmghy ia g`trig usmd durlgc tbm

dmslhh`tlig prihmss. ]slgc lgsmhts, `g mgtioijiclst (airmgslh ir itbmr) h`g sbmdjlcbt ig tbm fidys mxpisurm ti tbm `toispbmrm àtmr dm`tb.

@ pbyslh`j `gtbripijiclst h`g mst`fjlsb tbm smx, `cm, `gd bm`jtb ia tbm ouooyfy vlsu`j mxòlg`tlig ia tbm figms, gd siom lgairo`tlig h`g fm dmrlvmd tbriucbmgdishipy la tbm ouooy ls git tii tlcbtjy wr`ppmd. Biwmvmr, la tbm ouooy lswr`ppmd r`dlicr`pby ls gmmdmd ti study tbmsm.

V`dlicr`pblh Lo`clgc

Lg almjd higdltligs ` pirt`fjm R-r`y o`hblgm sbiujd fm usmd ti lo`cm tbm fidy

wltbiut dò`clgc lt. Tbmsm lo`cms h`g privldm siom lgairo`tlig `fiut tbmwr`pplgcs, fut o`lgjy sbiw tbm figms wltblg tbm wr`pplgcs, `s wmjj `s `gyòujmts ir p`pyrl. Tbm figms h`g sbiw tbm pisltlig ia tbm fidy, `cm `gd smx ia `glgdlvldu`j, `gd hmrt`lg `spmhts ia tbm lgdlvldu`js bm`jtb (gutrltlig, friemg figms,dlsm`sms tb`t rm o`glamst ig tbm figm) h`g `jsi fm rmvm`jmd. Aurtbmroirm, g R-r`yls usmauj s ` culdm la tbm ouooy ls HT-sh`ggmd, s lt jjiws igm ti pj`hm tbm sjlhms`jigc tbm fidy `gd ti t`rcmt spmhlalh `rm`s air oirm dmt`ljmd study (tbm ldm`js ialo`clgc lg ` higtrijjmd mgvlrigomgt `rm iutjlgmd lg @dòs `gd @jsip 6>>2 `gdJyggmrup 6>>


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Hbmolh`j `gd Itbmr Tmsts

Xmvmr`j tmsts h`g fm h`rrlmd iut ig tbm f`gd`cms, fidlms, `gd mof`jolgc `cmgtsti ajmsb iut igms ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm ouooy. Tlssum sòpjms h`g fm usmdair blstijiclh`j tmsts, tbm ldmgtlalh`tlig ia dlaamrmgt dlsm`sms, lghjudlgc o`j`rl`,jmlsbo`gl`sls, shblstisiol`sls, tufmrhujisls, trlhblgisls, `s wmjj `s itbmr dlsm`sms(Oljjmt mt j.05 Oljjmr 0=5 Fuzig mt `j. 6>>35 Tbiopsig mt `j. 6>>25 @ff`tm mt `j. 6>0>) lgirdmr ti mst`fjlsb tbm irlclgs, dlmt, `gd oivmomgt ia fitb buo`gs `gd `glo`js.Tbmsm `g`tiolh`j mjmomgts h`g `jsi fm usmd air H-04 d`tlgc, `s wmjj `s air DG@.

@jtbiucb DG@ h`g fm mxtr`htmd, lts `hhur`hy rmo`lgs ` vmxmd qumstlig (^fi0>5 [lge gd Gmrjlhb 6>>=5 B`w`ss mt `j. 6>0>5Jirmgzmg `gd Sljjmrsjmv 6>0>). Gigmtbmjmss, lt ls usmauj ti sòpjm tbm ouoolms`gd ti emmp tbmsm `s p`rt ia tbm algds, ir lg ` stir`cm f`ge, mltbmr tbm O`ghbmstmrOuooy Xtir`cm a`hljlty, ir fy hrm`tlgc igm lg Mcypt.

@ddltlig`jjy, slopjm tmsts, suhb `s sijufljlty, ir oirm hiopjmx igms, suhb `s c`shbrio`ticr`pby, o`ss spmhtriomtry, `gd RVA h`g fm h`rrlmd iut ig o`gy ia tbmo`tmrl`js usmd lg prmp`rlgc tbm ouooy, si tb`t tbmy h`g fm ldmgtlalmd (Fuhejmy mt`j.0>0). Xuhb ldmgtlalh`tligs git igjy sbmdjlcbt ig biw ouooy ls o`dm, fut jsi `fiut tbm sihli-mhigiolh f`hecriugd ia

tbm dmhm`smd, `gd tbm tr`dm gmtwires prmsmgt `t tbm tlom tb`t `jjiwmd air dlaamrmgto`tmrl`js ti fm usmd lg ouoolalh`tlig.

Xtir`cm

Tbm mxh`v`tirs `gd rmsm`rhbmrs rmspigslfljlty ti ` ouooy di git mgd wltbdihuomgtlgc `gd studylgc lt (C`rhl` mt `j.6>>2). Tbmy `jsi gmmd ti mgsurm tb`ttbmy privldm ` f`slh jmvmj ia lgdlvldu`j stir`cm ti pritmht tbm ouooy. Tbus,pj`ges ia wiid wltb str`ps air smhurlgc tbm ouoolms, ir sb`jjiw hiaalgs `rm ciidiptligs. Tbm ouooy sbiujd fm pritmhtmd ario dust gd dlrt fy hivmrlgc, ldm`jjyia hld armm p`pmr, fut mvmg siom elgd ia tmxtljm sbmmtlgc ls hhmpt`fjm. Lgsmht tbrm`tls ` o`kir prifjmo, `gd lgsmht tr`ps sbiujd fm pj`hmd lg str`tmclh jih`tligs `riugdtbm ouooy. Hòpbir `gd hrmisitm `rm `jsi pisslfjm pmst dmtmrrmgts, fut wiujdgmmd ti fm rmgmwmd.

Lg Mcypt, tbm Olglstry ia @gtlqultlms ls rmspigslfjm air privldlgc `gdo`lgt`lglgc tbm stir`cm sp`hm. Xtir`cm ia ouoolalmd rmo`lgs ls dlaalhujt dum tipr`htlh`j lssums ia sp`hm, hjlo`tm, higsmrv`tlig, alg`ghm, `gd smhurlty. @g ldm`jsijutlig wiujd fm ` riio dmdlh`tmd spmhlalh`jjy ti ouooy stir`cm wltb hjlo`tmhigtrij, fut tbls ls r`rm `gd git `jw`ys am`slfjm. Tbus, ` riio (ir tiof) wltb `rmj`tlvmjy higst`gt hjlo`tm ls ldm`j, wltb rmcuj`r hbmhes fmlgc o`

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