9789088903489 - Lillios & Chazan (Eds) 2015 - Fresh Fields and Pastures New - eBook

7/23/2019 9789088903489 - Lillios & Chazan (Eds) 2015 - Fresh Fields and Pastures New - eBook

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XCXITQ XTIQIFRIB EF MOFOT OL

CFBTI^ @.R. @OOTI

ibetib dy

Kctefc R. Jejjeos & @eamcij Amczcf

Lrism Leijbs cfb

Xcsturis Fiw


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Qebistofi XrissC fiw nifircteof ol Xudjesmefn

Uou cri ricbefn c lujj virseof ol tmes dook, lor lrii!

Rmes dook es pcrt ol tmi Qebistofi i-jedrcry wmiri òst ol our

pudjeacteofs cri lujjy caaissedji lor lrii. Lor caaiss to òri

lrii dooks veset7 www.sebistofi.ao`/jedrcry

Bowfjocb Lujj XBL

\eset tmi Qebistofi i-jedrcry to drowsi our i-dooks. Lor c èfe`cj

lii you acf puramcsi c lujjy lufateofcj XBL cfb dy boefn so, you

mijp to kiip our jedrcry ruffefn.

www.sebistofi.ao`/jedrcry


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Qebistofi Xriss

Lrism Leijbs cfb

Xcsturis Fiw


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XCXITQ XTIQIFRIB EF MOFOT OLCFBTI^ @.R. @OOTI

ibetib dy

Kctefc R. Jejjeos & @eamcij Amczcf

Lrism Leijbs cfb

Xcsturis Fiw


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483< efbevebucj cutmors

Xudjesmib dy Qebistofi Xriss, Jiebifwww.sebistofi.ao`

EQDF 5>=-58-==58-12=-5

Jcy-out & aovir bisenf7 Qebistofi XrissXmotonrcpms aovir7

Cjso cvcejcdji cs7i-dook (XBL)7 EQDF 5>=-58-==58-125-


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Aoftifts

Xrilcai >@eamcij Amczcf & Kctefc . Jejjeos

Cfbriw @.R. @oori7 C Jeli ef Qirveai ol Cramciojony cfb tmi

Cacbi`y

33

Kctefc . Jejjeos

Cdu Muriyrc 3 ef Fortmwist Qyrec7 Xirepmiry Fo @ori 43

Drecf Doyb

Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea cfb Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea ef tmi @crsmjcfbs7 C

\eiw lro` Ror Qcniir, cbe cj-Mcsc, Gorbcf

23

Bidorcm E. Ojsziwske

C Tocb îjj Rrcvijjib? Ixpjorefn Rirèfcj Xjiestoaifi Muftir-

Nctmirir Cateveteis, Fitworks cfb @odejety ef Icstirf Gorbcf

99

Jesc C. @cmir

Itmfonrcpmy cfb tmi Tiaofstruateof ol Xrimestorea Jcfb Ysi efAyprus

=1

Qcrcm yrijj Qtiwcrt

Rmi Fiojetmea ef Bcj`ctec cfb Cfbriw @. R. @ooris Aoftreduteof to

Ets Efvistencteof

383

@crko @ifue

\ejjcnis, Jcfbsacpis, cfb Icrjy Lcrèfn ef Fortmirf Bcj`ctec 33>

Qcrcm D. @aAjuri & Ièj Xobrun

Fcvenctefn tmi Fiojetmea Cbrectea 329

eòtmy Kcesir & Qtco Lorifdcmir

Rckefn c Jvy ^cjk7 Icrjy Moèfef @odejety ef tmi Jowir Xcjiojetmea

ol tmi Qoutmirf Jivcft

3miyc @ojjisof


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Xrilcai

@eamcij Amczcf* & Kctefc . Jejjeos**

* Bipcrtìft ol Cftmropojony, Yfevirsety ol orofto, 35 Tussijj Qt.,orofto, OF @9Q 4Q4, Acfcbc, àmczcfHì.ao`

** Bipcrtìft ol Cftmropojony, 332 @cadrebi Mcjj, Ri Yfevirsetyol Eowc, Eowc Aety, EC 94424, YQC, kctefc-jejjeosHueowc.ibu

Cramciojony es cfe`ctib dy tmi tifseof ditwiif our eftirist ef jofn-tir`proaissis cfb riaonfeteof tmct our ivebifai rijctis to tmi cateveteis, oltif tmiòst quotebecf, ol efbevebucjs. Ol aoursi, cramciojony es fot tmi ofjy ifbicvorto nrcppji wetm tmes prodji`. Cnifay tmiory, efsperib dy tmi wretefn ol Nebbifscfb Dourbeiu, es dorf ol tmi strunnji to dcjcfai tmi prcateais ol ivirybcy jeli cfbtmi struaturis ol soaeity. mi Cffcjis Qamooj ol mestory brcws micvejy of Drcubijsebic cdout tmi vcreous ti`porcj sacjis ol mestory, fotcdjy tmi jofnui buri wmeames diyofb tmi ixpireifai ol tmi efbevebucj. Cfbriw @ooris acriir i`drcais tmisitwo lcaits ol cramciojonytmi efbevebucj/smort tir` cfb aojjiatevi/jofn tir`-- cfbtmi pcpirs aojjiatib miri lojjow c seèjcr aoursi. Ef mes dook of tmi ixacvcteof ol

Cdu Muriyrc, c dook tmct nois diyofb tmi rudrea ol seti riport to trujy diaoì caomirift cfb eftinrctib òfonrcpm, @oori cfb mes aojjicnuis brcw of ùjtepjijefis ol ivebifai to ufbirstcfb tmi bcejy jevis ol tmi piopji wmo jevib ef tmes s`cjjvejjcni dy tmi Iupmrctis. Mowivir, tmes risicram tic` cjwcys mcb c seùjtcfiousloaus of tmi jofn-tir` proaiss ol tmi orenefs ol cnreaujturi. Ef ùjtepji crteajis@oori mcs cbvcfaib ti`porcj struaturis lor tmes proaiss, tmus ifncnefn ef cti`porcj cfb nionrcpmea saopi wijj diyofb tmi ixpireifai ol cfy sefnji pirsofor nifircteof jevefn ef tmi pcst. Ef mes work, cs ef tmi pcpirs aojjiatib miri, tmiillort es fot to risojvi tmi besaripcfay ditwiif efbevebucj ixpireifai cfb jofn-tir` proaiss dut rctmir to kiip tmisi two odgiatevis ler`jy ef èfb ct cjj teìs. Et

es strekefn tmct c tmiì tmct iìrnis ef tmi pcpirs aojjiatib miri es c aofsebircteofol mow piopji òvi tmrounm spcai. Tctmir tmcf se`pjy cppjy cdstrcat actinoreisol òdejety strctineis tmi cutmors ol tmisi pcpirs csk us to tmefk cdout c piopjibjcfbsacpi, c jcfbsacpi ol eftircateofs cfb piopji ef òteof.

mi crteajis aojjiatib miri cri lro` c bevirsi nroup riljiatefn tmi saopi ol@ooris efljuifai. Efajubib cri aojjcdorctors, stubifts, stubifts ol stubifts,cfb soì wmo mcvi fot workib beriatjy wetm @oori dut wmo mcvi diif micvejyefljuifaib dy mes risicram. Ef efvetefn sudèsseofs wi prisiftib jettji ef tmi wcyol nuebijefis ixaipt sojeaetefn pcpirs wetm c nionrcpmea loaus of tmi Ficr Icst cfbtmi Dcjkcfs, wmeam mcvi diif tmi loaus ol @ooris leijb risicram. o our surpresi


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tmi risujtefn pcpirs cri ri`crkcdjy ufeleib ef tmier cttifteof to tmi rijcteofsmep olpiopji to tmi jcfbsacpi.

Lojjowefn c riveiw ol @ooris deonrcpmy cfb acriir ef cramciojony dy KctefcJejjeos, tmi aojjiateof opifs wetm c aoftreduteof dy Drecf Doyb tmct rivesets @oorissièfcj work ct Cdu Muriyrc. Doyb setuctis tmi leijbwork ct Cdu Muriyrc ef tmi

pojeteacj mestory ol tmi obirf @ebbji Icst. Cjtmounm tmi tmiì ol tmes pcpir es toprovebi c areteacj pirspiatevi of tmi aofaipts tmct nuebi risicram of tmi Fiojetmea,mes besausseof acffot mijp dut ivoki tmounmts ol tmi morror lcaefn Qyrecf piopjitobcy cfb tmi pirej to aujturcj miretcni. i acf ofjy mopi lor c bcy wmif Qyrecfscri cdji to riturf to tmier jevis cfb tmi ixpjorcteof ol tmi ream cramciojoneacj riaorbol Qyrec acf risuì. Doyb csks us to riaofsebir tmi foteof ol aori cfb pirepmirycs cppjeib to tmi Fctulecf. mes es c teìjy cfb e`portcft aoftreduteof tmct putstmi icrjeist oaaupcteof ol Cdu Muriyrc ef c fiw pirspiatevi cfb efvetis us tojook ct tmi Fctulecf wetm lrism iyis. Doybs aoftreduteof cjso rcesis lufbcìftcjquisteofs cdout tmi rijcteofsmep ditwiif cramciojoneacj pjcai cfb tmi piopji wmo

efmcdetib tmisi jcfbsacpis.mi tmiìs rcesib dy Doyb cri iamoib dy Bidorcm Ojsziwske, ofi ol @oorisaojjcdorctors ef tmi cfcjyses ol `ctirecjs lro` Cdu Muriyrc. Ojsziwske prisifts cbitcejib aoftixtucj cfcjyses ol tmi seti ol or Qcniir, c s`cjj jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmeacfb efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea seti ef tmi cbe cj-Mcsc, Gorbcf, to jook ct Jcti Xjiestoaifiixpjoetcteof ol `crsm ifverofìfts. Qmi lefbs tmct, aoftrcry to ixpiatcteof, cttmes pcrteaujcr joacteof tmi `crsmjcfb ifverofìft wcs ixpjoetib ef ripictibrisebiftecj vesets rctmir tmcf cs tmi mud ol jonesteacj jcfbsacpi usi. Dcsib of tmesacsi stuby Ojsziwske i`pmcsezis vcrecteof ef muftir-nctmirir dimcveor dcsib ofspiaelea fucfais ol ifverofìftcj aoftixt. Jesc @cmir tmif smelts tmi loaus to

tmi otmir ifb ol tmi spiatru`, to c seti wetm viry menm eftifsety ol oaaupcteof,aofsebirefn tmi ri`crkcdji cramciojoneacj riaorb ol tmi tirèfcj Xjiestoaifi seti olKmcrcfim E\ ef Icstirf Gorbcf. Bispeti tmi reamfiss ol tmes joacjety @cmir urnisus to smelt our loaus cwcy lro` tmi seti cfb towcrbs tmi spcais ditwiif tmi setiscfb cf efajusevi soaecj jcfbsacpi. @cmirs work cjso ufbirèfis tmi ajcrety ol tmibestefateof ditwiif tmi jeliwcys ol Fiojetmea soaeiteis cfb tmosi ol tmier muftir-nctmirir pribiaissors.

Qcrcm Qtiwcrt riturfs to tmi tmiì ol soaecjjy aofstruatib jcfbsacpis ef mirixcèfcteof ol itmfonrcpmeis ol jcfb usi of Ayprus cfb tmi rijivcfai ol tmisistubeis lor tmi eftirpritcteof ol cramciojoneacj surviy risujts. Qtiwcrt i`pmcsezis

tmi lrcnìftcteof ol jcfbmojbefns tmct risujts lro` efmiretcfai prcateais. Qmicrnuis tmct tmi ifirnitea efilleaeifay risujtefn lro` tmi fiib to trcvij to bestcftpjots ol jcfb es dcjcfaib dy tmi vcjui ol bestredutib jcfbmojbefns lor soaecjeftircateof cfb cs c dullir cncefst resk. Dcsib of tmes itmfonrcpmea dcaknroufbQtiwcrt jooks ct tmi usi ol seti-actamìft cfcjyses ef cramciojoneacj surviy cfbsetuctis tmi setis lro` mir owf surviy work of tmi Ebcjeof Qurviy Xrogiat wetmefcf ixpcfbib seti-actamìft aoftixt.

Dineffefn ef 4888 @oori smeltib tmi loaus ol mes leijbwork lro` tmi FicrIcst to Aroctec. Mes aojjcdorctor, @crko @ifue, provebis c mestoreacj ovirveiwol Fiojetmea risicram ef Bcj`ctec cfb setuctis @ooris aoftreduteof wetmef tmes


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drocbir mestoreacj aoftixt. Cs Doyb bois lor tmi @ebbji Icst, @ifue touamisof tmi e`pcat ol pojeteacj aoftixt of tmi bivijopìft ol cramciojoneacj risicramef tmi rineof. @ifues amcptir cjso drefns cttifteof to tmi vcjui ol eftirfcteofcjaojjcdorctevi pronrc`s ol risicram. Mes aoftreduteof es ixpcfbib dy @aAjuri cfbXobrun, wmo i`pmcsezi fot amcfni dut stcdejety ef Fiojetmea cbcptcteofs caross

èjjiffec. mes stcdejety ef cbcptcteof cppicrs to di arossaut dy smelts ef soaecjtrcfslor`cteofs cfb tmi bi`cfbs ol tmi èaro-ifverofìfts ol pcrteaujcr setis.Cramciojonests tifb to loaus of tirristrecj jcfbsacpis cfb to tmefk ol dobeis ol

wctir cs voebs wmiri seti bestreduteofs ifb. eòtmy Kcesir cfb Qtco Lorifdcmirquisteof tmi roji ol `creteì trcvij lor tmi Fiojetmea soaeiteis ol tmi Cbrectea. Eftmier aoftreduteof, Kcesir cfb Lorifdcmir provebi cf ovirveiw ol tmi aurrifts cfbwefb pcttirfs tmct woujb mcvi diif ol areteacj e`portcfai lor icrjy `crefirs. Eftmes aoftixt tmi cramciojoneacj ivebifai of tmi esjcfb ol Xcjcnruzc es pcrteaujcrjye`portcft, cs tmes wcs c areteacj stopovir lor scejors siikefn to cvoeb fenmt voycnis.miy aofajubi tmct efsticb ol catefn cs c dcrreir ditwiif ao`ùfeteis ol icrjy loob

probuairs ef tmi Cbrectea, tmi sic provebib tmi icfs dy wmeam nroups ceftcefibajosi aoftcat. @creteì trcvij woujb cjso mcvi e`portcft soaecj e`pjeacteofs, wetmtmi kfowjibni cfb skejj fiibib lor voycnefn dy sic possedjy jeètib to c sudnroupol tmi popujcteof.

Jeorc Morwetz cfb @eamcij Amczcf ixtifb tmi aofsebircteof ol piopji ovefncaross tmi jcfbsacpi to tmi Jowir Xcjiojetmea ol tmi soutmirf Jivcft. Ef tmieraoftreduteof tmiy `cki cf illort to no diyofb c loaus of efbevebucj setis to tckiup, cs sunnistib dy @cmir, tmi spcai ditwiif tmi setis. Morwetz cfb Amczcf sunnisttmct c Jvy ^cjk pcttirf ol òdejety, ef wmeam jofn ixaurseofs cri eftirspirsibwetm smortir oviìfts, enmt ollir cf cjtirfctevi to tmi beamoto`y ditwiif dcsi

ac`ps cfb muftefn setis.mi vojuì ajosis wetm cf crteaji dy ofi ol @ooris kiy aojjcdorctors ct Cdu

Muriyrc. Ef mir crteaji miyc @ojjisof ixpcfbs of mir icrjeir pudjeacteofs ol tmiskijitcj ri`cefs lro` Cdu Muriyrc. @ojjisof es poenfcftjy cwcri tmct tmi sudgiatsol mir cfcjyses cri tmi catucj ri`cefs ol ricj efbevebucjs wmo jevib ef tmi pcst.Mir nocj es fot to bisaredi skijitofs dut to ufbirstcfb cfb e`cnefi piopji. Eftmes pcpir tmi spctecj beìfseof ri`cefs areteacj cjtmounm miri tmi loaus es of tmibestreduteof ol skijitofs wetmef tmi seti.

î mcb tmi noob lortufi to mcvi Cfbriw @oori cbvesi us of our boatorcjrisicram ct Ucji. Mes e`pcat of our ebics cfb prcateai es lufbcìftcj. Et wcs c

ao`òf oaaurrifai to wcjk efto Cfbriws olleai to lefb me` piramib ovir jcrni`yjcr smiits wetm tmi jctist brclt ol tmi strctenrcpmea prolejis ol Cdu Muriyrc. Cltirollirefn us c aup ol aollii or tckefn us out to jufam, Cfbriw woujb nifirousjysmcri tmi jctist lefbefns lro` tmi seti, tmus, brcwefn us efto tmi ixaetiìft ol mesrisicram cfb cramciojony, cs c besaepjefi. Cfbriw wcs fot ofjy c risicramir dut cjsocf caao`pjesmib ticamir. i mcb tmi opportufety to spifb c aoupji ol yicrs settefnef tmi dcak ol mes jiaturis lor ôrjb Xrimestory cs ticamefn cssestcfts. Mes cdejetyto wicvi c aomirift cfb ifncnefn fcrrctevi out ol tmi bespcrcti strcfbs ol tmicramciojoneacj riaorb aoftefuis to di cf efspercteof to us, cs ticamirs cfb samojcrs.


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Cfbriw @.R. @oori7 C Jeli efQirveai ol Cramciojony cfb tmiCacbi`y

Kctefc . Jejjeos

Bipcrtìft ol Cftmropojony, 332 @cadrebi Mcjj, Ri Yfevirsety

ol Eowc, Eowc Aety, EC 94424, YQC, kctefc-jejjeosHueowc.ibu

Cdstrcat

mi acriir cfb aoftreduteofs ol Cfbriw @oori, cs cf cramciojonest ol tmi icrjylcrèfn piopjis ol tmi Ficr Icst cfb Aroctec, c ufevirsety cbèfestrctor, cfb cjicbir ef tmi Cramciojoneacj Efstetuti ol Cìreac, cri su``crezib.

Kiyworbs7 Cfbriw @oori, Cdu Muriyrc, Fiojetmea, Ficr Icst, Aroctec

Rmi Icrjy Uicrs

@oori, ricb tmes! C piraiptevi samooj`cstir uttirib tmisi lctiluj worbs to tmi34-yicr ojb Cfbriw @oori, wmeji mcfbefn me` c aopy ol A.^. Airc`s Nobs,Nrcvis cfb Qamojcrs. Butelujjy, Cfbriw ricb tmi dook. Tiaouftefn tmi jinifbcrybesaovireis ct roy, Kfossos, cfb Ameamif Etz, et lerib tmi e`cnefcteof ol tmi youfndoy lro` Bivof. Cltir ricbefn Nobs, Nrcvis cfb Qamojcrs, Cfbriw wcs efsperib tokiip ricbefn. Deddys isteòfy ol tmi Qpcbi lojjowib, aoflerèfn mes eftirist efcramciojony cfb tmi stuby ol tmi pcst. mes ìitefn wetm mes samooj`cstir wcs tmilerst ol wmct wcs to di c sireis ol sirifbepetous ifaouftirs wetm nifirous aojjicnuiscfb ìftors, wmo efsperib cfb nuebib Cfbriw tmrounmout mes acriir.

Dorf ef Bivof of Cprej 4>, 3529, Cfbriw @.. @oori wcs tmi ijbist sof olGe` cfb @crgorei @oori. Mes lctmir owfib jeìstofi qucrreis ef wistirf Ifnjcfb,dut Cfbriw kfiw icrjy of tmct mi beb fot wcft to lojjow ef mes lctmirs lootstips.

Cfbriws qucrry, so to spick, wcs to di tmi pcst. Mes lcèjy spift tmier su`ìrs oftmi fortm Aorfesm aocst, so wmif mi wcs 3


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ixacvcteofs orncfezib dy tmi tmif @efestry ol orks, wmeam pceb c òbist stepifb,cfb tmi gods provebib vcjucdji jicbirsmep ixpireifais.

Ef mes siaofb yicr ct Oxlorb, Cfbriw ixpireifaib cfotmir turfefn poeft ef mesjeli. Bcì Kctmjiif Kifyof, tmif Xrefaepcj ol Qt. Munms Aojjini, efvetib me` todi c seti supirvesor ol mir ixacvcteof ef Giruscji`, cfb ef tmi su`ìr ol 35


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Qyrec, cfb Cdu Muriyrc

mi yicr 35>8 wcs fot ofjy c turfefn poeft lor Cfbriw, pirsofcjjy, dut cjsoprolisseofcjjy. mes wcs tmi yicr mi lerst trcvijib to Qyrec, c pjcai mi jofn wcftib toveset, nuissefn tmct cfy cfswirs to quisteofs cdout tmi Fiojetmea ol tmi Ficr Icstaoujb di cfswirib dy risicram tmiri (@oori 4883.


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ao`pjiteof ol tmi bc` ct cdqc (fow @ibefct ij mcwrc), of tmi IupmrctisTevir, wmeam wcs to di ljoobib ef 35>2. owcrb tmi ifb ol tmi ben, Br. Douffesu`òfib Cfbriw to mes olleai cfb efvetib me` to no to tmi bc` cric cfb amoosic seti to ixacvcti. Cfbriw wcs ofjy 4< cfb c dineffefn nrcbucti stubift. mes wcsc òìftous opportufety to beriat mes lerst ixacvcteof. Lurtmiròri, tmes wcs to

di tmi lerst Dretesm ben ef Qyrec ef c biacbi, tmi priveous ofi mcvefn tirèfctib efufmcppy aerau`stcfais. Douffe `cbi et ajicr tmct, wmeji mi wcftib Cfbriw toixacvcti c seti ef tmi bc` cric, tmi nroufb rujis woujb di viry bellirift tmcf eftmi pcst. Mi trustib Cfbriw to lujlejj mes pcrt ol tmes meftib ct crrcfniìft, cfb

Cfbriw wcs viry ricby to ao`pjy. mi bcys ol fio-aojofecj cramciojony wiri pcst.Cjj tmi progiats ef tmi bc` cric woujb tcki pjcai ef pcrtfirsmep wetm tmi Qyrecfcutmoreteis. Diacusi et wcs c scjvcni opircteof, icam esseof woujb di cjjoactib mcjlol tmi crtelcats riaovirib cfb tmi ri`cefefn nevif to tmi efstetuteofs supportefn tmièsseof. mus, mcjl tmi Cdu Muriyrc crtelcats wift to tmi Cjippo @usiu`, cfb tmiotmir mcjl wcs bestredutib còfn cjj tmi spofsorefn efstetuteofs7 Dretesm @usiu`,

Csmòjicf @usiu`, Xett Tevirs @usiu`, @cfamistir Yfevirsety @usiu`,Derèfnmc` Aety @usiu`, Dojtof @usiu`, Jevirpooj @usiu`, ^crrefntof@usiu`, tmi Toycj Oftcreo @usiu`, orofto, cfb tmi Oreiftcj Efstetuti ol tmiYfevirsety ol Ameacno. Ef cbbeteof to bi Aoftifsof, Douffe wcs cfotmir `cgorefljuifai of Cfbriws acriir, niftjy nuebefn me` tmrounm tmi ao`pjixeteis olworkefn ef tmi @ebbji Icst.

Cltir tmi ben ct ijj Cswcb, Cfbriw cfb Dcrdcrc brovi to Dcnmbcb cfb spiftsivircj wiiks ef Ercq stubyefn ùsiu` aojjiateofs cfb vesetefn setis, cs pjcffiborenefcjjy (Lenuri 4). mif, tmiy riturfib to Qyrec cfb, ef Gufi 35>3, acrreibout c dreil riaoffcesscfai ol tmi bc` cric (@oori 4888741). Xriveous risicram

mcb ebifteleib icrjy cnreaujturcj setis ef tmi@ebbji Iupmrctis, efajubefn ijj QmiekmMcsscf cfb Cdu Muriyrc. miy vesetib dotmsetis cfb ctti`ptib to lefb otmirs priveousjyèssib. Qmiekm Mcsscf wcs c s`cjjir seti,cfb cppcriftjy fot oaaupeib lor cs jofncs Cdu Muriyrc. Qo, @oori sijiatib CduMuriyrc lor ixacvcteof, mopefn tmi jcrnicfb biip seti woujb probuai ivebifai lortmi trcfseteof lro` tmi Ipepcjiojetmea to tmi

Fiojetmea. Cltir riturfefn to Bc`csaus toaofler` tmier pjcfs, Cfbriw cfb Dcrdcrcbrovi dcak to Ifnjcfb to sit up tmi progiat,ifjest tmi aojjcdorcteofs ol Norbof Mejj`cf,ofy Jinni, cfb miyc @ojjisof, cfb rcesitmi fiaisscry lufbs lro` tmi Xett Tevirs@usiu`, Oxlorb, cfb otmir YK, YQ cfbAcfcbecf efstetuteofs.

Cfbriw cfb Dcrdcrc dincf ixacvcteofsct Cdu Muriyrc tmi lojjowefn yicr, ef Cunust

35>4. miy bun wetm c tic` `cbi up ol

Lenuri 4. Cfbriw @oori of drebni

ovir Qmc ij Crcd, Dcsrc, 35>3. Xmoto7Dcrdcrc @oori.


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stubifts, òstjy lro` Ifnjcfb cfb tmi YQ, cfb Qyrecfs lro` tmi joacj vejjcni lortwo òftms tmct yicr, cfb ef 35>1, tmiy bun lor lour òftms, lro` Cunust to tmidineffefn ol Biai`dir (Lenuri 1). miy wiri, tmirilori, ef tmi leijb tmrounmouttmi Oatodir ^cr ditwiif Esrcij, Qyrec, cfb Inypt. Fot suri wmitmir to stcy or no,tmi stcll ol tmi Beriatorcti Nifircj ol Cftequeteis cfb @usiu` wcftib Cfbriw tolefesm tmi ixacvcteofs cs pjcffib, cfb tmiers wcs tmi ofjy ixacvcteof cfywmiri eftmi @ebbji Icst tmct aoftefuib workefn tmrounm tmi wcr (@oori 488871>). @if

lro` tmi vejjcni wiri aofsareptib, cfb soì wiri kejjib, cfb suppjeis ol loob cfbluij rcf out. @iòreis ol tmi lufircjs cfb nreil ri`cef strofn.mosi jcst liw wiiks ol ixacvcteof turfib out to di aruaecj lor et wcs tmif tmct

Cfbriw ixacvctib Cdu Muriyrc 3, tmi Ipepcjciojetmea sittjiìft tmct sudsiquiftjyyeijbib ivebifai lor icrjy lcrèfn. Cs Cfbriw riacjjib7

owcrbs tmi ifb ol tmi ffirst sicsof ct Cdu Muriyrc wi wiri smort mcfbib cfbE wcs ruffefn tmi fflotcteof `camefi. î wiri proaissefn soì ufusucjjy bcrksoej lro` rifam I. Cs E jookib ct tmi micvy lrcateof ef tmi seivis E stcrtib to siijufctis cfb otmir èarojetms. Ct tmct òìft E kfiw tmct wi wiri bennefn efto cùam icrjeir sittjiìft tmct jcy difictm tmi Fio biposets. Res wcs Ipepcjciojetmea

Cdu Muriyrc 3. Et trcfslorìb our ufbirstcfbefn ol tmi senfeffiacfai ol tmi seti.(Lenuri 2)

Lenuri 1. Rmcfksnevefn beffir ct Cdu Muriyrc, 35>1. Xmoto7 Cftmofy Cjjif.


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Cfbriw riturfib to Oxlorb cltir ixacvctefn ct Cdu Muriyrc, stejj issiftecjjy cdineffefn nrcbucti stubift. Ct tmi teì, Oxlorb riquerib fo aoursi work, gust ctmises ao`pjitib wetmef c ricsofcdji teì pireob. Cfbriw cjso sct ef of c liw ajcssisef cftmropojony cfb itmfonrcpmy tmct senfeleacftjy webifib mes ufbirstcfbefnol trcbeteofcj soaeiteis. Cjso burefn tmisi yicrs ef Oxlorb, Cfbriw cfb Dcrdcrcsamejbrif, mo`cs cfb Aoreffc, wiri dorf.

Lor mes bessirtcteof, Cfbriw mcb biaebib wetm mes supirvesor, Bcì Kifyof

(kfowf cs K), tmct mi woujb wreti of tmi Fiojetmea ol tmi Jivcft, wmeam woujbefajubi c ao`primifsevi surviy dcsib of mes trcvijs lro` 353 wetmefsenmts lro` Cdu Muriyrc cbbib. Mes tmises, iftetjib mi Fiojetmea ol tmi Jivcft,wcs ao`pjitib cfb mcfbib ef icrjy ef 35>=. Cs Cfbriw bisaredib7

K crrcfnib lor Nrcmc i Ajcrk to aoì ovir lro` Ac`drebni to di `y ixtirfcjixcèfir. Ri vevc voai ixc` wift wijj cppcriftjy cfb E cwcetib tmi risujt.Qmortjy cltir K tijipmofib ì to tijj ì tmct E mcb pcssib cfb woujb di riaievefntmi B.Xmej. binrii. Our aofvirscteof wcs menmjy aofnrctujctory of dotm sebis,`crkib dy ùtucj ciateof cfb, of `y sebi, dy biip rispiat. Qex wiiks jctir smibeib ol c micrt cttcak. E wcs mir jcst boatorcj stubift.

Ef tmi YQ Crezofc, Ucji, Toamistir Efstetuti ol Riamfojony

Ivif wetm c boatorcti ef mcfb, gods ef cramciojony wiri sacrai ef Dretcef ef tmi jcti35>8s, cfb Cfbriw wcs ristjiss. Cs et mcppifib, Crt Gijefik lro` tmi Yfevirsetyol Crezofc wcs spifbefn scddcteacjs ef Oxlorb tmosi yicrs, cfb Cfbriw not tokfow me`. Ofi bcy mi sceb Cfbriw, E wejj di of scddcteacj cncef fixt yicr. ^myboft you no to uasof cfb ticam `y aoursis? Cs Crezofc wcs c aiftir lor tmiFiw Cramciojony, tmes prospiat tmrejjib Cfbriw. Qo, ditwiif 35>5-35=1, Cfbriw

Lenuri 2. Cfbriw @oori cs sacji,

Rrifam I, Cdu Muriyrc, 35>1.

Xmoto7 Cftmofy Cjjif.


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ifgoyib lour eftijjiatucjjy steùjctefn yicrs tmiri, wmiri mi cjso jicrfib to ticamef cf Cìreacf ufevirsety. Ct tmi ifb ol tmosi lour yicrs, cf cssestcft prolissorsmepopifib up ct Ucji, cfb Cfbriw wcs merib.

Ef 35=1, Cfbriw crrevib ct Ucji cfb spift 3< yicrs tmiri. mi lerst ienmtwiri ef tmi Cftmropojony bipcrtìft, wmiri mi tcunmt popujcr ajcssis ef ôrjb

Xrimestory, Iuropicf cramciojony, cfb Cramciojoneacj @itmob cfb miory, cfbìftorib nrcbucti stubifts, suam cs `ysijl cfb @eamcij Amczcf. misi yicrswiri lojjowib dy sirveai cs cf Cssoaecti Bicf ef tmi Nrcbucti Qamooj ol Crtscfb Qaeifais, lojjowefn cf efvetcteof lro` tmi tmif Bicf Giroì Xojjett. ^mejic bicf, Cfbriw jicrfib to ufbirstcfb tmi workefns ol tmi ufevirsety lro` c fiwpirspiatevi cfb bivijop vcjucdji cbèfestrctevi skejjs burefn c turdujift pireob eftmi Nrcbucti Qamooj, wmeam efajubib bicjefn wetm c rinujcr turfovir ol bicfs. Eftmosi ienmt yicrs, mi sirvib ufbir lour bicfs.

Ef 3555, cfotmir opportufety prisiftib etsijl, cfb tmct wcs to cssuì tmiBicfsmep ol tmi Aojjini ol Jedircj Crts ct tmi Toamistir Efstetuti ol iamfojony.

Cfbriw took et of diacusi mi mcb c biip eftirist ef menmir ibuacteof cfb lijttmct mi mcb soìtmefn to aoftreduti, ispiaecjjy to outaoìs ct tmi nrcbucticfb ufbirnrcbucti jivijs. @ori e`portcftjy, et ncvi me` cf opifefn to put eftoprcateai tmounmts tmct mcb diif `cturefn lor `cfy yicrs. Et cjso posib cf ixaetefnamcjjifni. TE wcs ufusucj ef tmct et wcs òvefn lorwcrb rcpebjy lro` tmi top oltmi siaofb rcfk ol ufevirseteis to tmi lerst rcfk. Ct tmct teì, tmi Aojjini ol Jedircj

Crts wcs siif cs c wick ijiìft ef wmct tmi ufevirsety wcs tryefn to diaoì.Cfbriw scw c rcri opportufety to `cki c ricj bellirifai ef c smort pireob ol teì.Cfb so mi beb. Cs c Bicf, mi wcs cdji to efaricsi tmi sezi ol tmi lcaujty dy 98%,rcesi ixpiatcteofs lor ticamefn cfb risicram senfeleacftjy, ifaourcni tmi lcaujty to

nrictjy efaricsi tmier samojcrjy output, efcunurcti sivircj fiw binrii pronrc`s,cfb `cki tmi aojjini c `cgor pjcyir ef tmi TE ufevirsi, wetm tmi support ol tmiXrovost, Xrisebift, cfb Docrb ol rustiis.

Cltir sivif yicrs cs Bicf ol tmi Aojjini ol Jedircj Crts, Cfbriw wcs jookefnlor c amcfni, cfb mi efbeactib tmct c suaaissor smoujb di sounmt. Qmortjy cltirtmct, tmi pmofi rcfn, cfb tmi Xrovost cskib el mi woujb diaoì tmier fiw Bicfol Nrcbucti Qtubeis. miy mcb mcb suam c poseteof `cfy yicrs dilori dut et mcbjcpsib. Fow, wetm ovir 4,988 nrcbucti stubifts, tmiy ricjezib tmiy fiibib soìofito aricti c sifsi ol ao`ùfety còfn tmi bellirift nrcbucti pronrc`s ct TE cfbstrifntmif tmier ao`pitetevifiss cfb risicram prolejis. E acjjib tmi Xrovost dcak

tmi lojjowefn òrfefn to scy tmct E woujb bo et cfb c liw wiiks jctir dincf `yfiw god, Cfbriw riacjjs. Ef mes lour yicrs ef tmi poseteof, mi ifirniteacjjy workib,tmrounm ups cfb bowfs, to duejb tmi lrcìwork ol c fiw orncfezcteof to ovirsiiwmct wcs c rcpebjy efaricsefn fu`dir ol nrcbucti stubifts ef ovir =8 pronrc`scaross tmi ufevirsety.

Aroctec Dcak to tmi Iuropicf Fiojetmea, cfb lujj aeraji

^meji lujjy ifncnib cs c Bicf ct TE, Cfbriw `ceftcefib c siaofb `cgor risicramtrcgiatory, tmes teì of tmi Fiojetmea ol Bcj`ctec, Aroctec. ^my Aroctec? C liw

òftms cltir crrevefn ct TE, mi jicrfib cdout c fiw TE aojjini ef Budrovfek


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cfb, cs Bicf mi wcs rispofsedji lor tmi jedircj crts pcrt ol tmi aurreauju`, cswijj cs `ceftcefefn caaouftcdejety cfb stcfbcrbs. Ef @cram 4888, mi vesetibtmi ac`pus cfb sortib out tmi essuis ufbir quisteof. ^meji tmiri, mi wcs cjsoeftrobuaib to sivircj primestorea cramciojonests ef tmi Qpjet rineof wmo took me`to veset Fiojetmea setis.

Ameil còfn tmi` wcs Xrolissor @crko @ifuse, wmo efvetib Cfbriw,of tmi spot, to aojjcdorcti wetm me` of c progiat to efvistencti tmi Fiojetmeaol tmi rineof. @crko wcs Qifeor Aurctor ol Xrimestorea Cramciojony ef tmiedifek @usiu` cfb c rispiatib lenuri ef Aroctecf cramciojony. Bcj`ctec wcscf e`portcft rineof lor tmi stuby ol icrjy lcrèfn. @ost cramciojoneacj risicrammcb diif loausib of acvis, wetm tmier jofn mestoreis ol usi, dut diefn joactib lcrlro` cnreaujturcj zofis, tmisi kefbs ol setis woujb fot probuai tmi dist kefb olivebifai lor icrjy cnreaujturi. Opif cer setis wiri wmiri work wcs fiibib. ôrkdincf ef 4884 wetm c riaoffcesscfai, cfb wcs lojjowib dy ixacvcteofs ct BcfejoDetefg cfb Xokrovfek ef sudsiquift yicrs. Cs ct Cdu Muriyrc, Cfbriw aoorbefctib

cf eftirbesaepjefcry tic`, efajubefn ofy Jinni (fow biaicsib), Qcrcm @aAjuri,Quscf Aojjini, Giffelir Qètm, cfb Todirt Neinifncak (Lenuris 9-38). ôrk esofnoefn, dut Cfbriw riacjjs c iurikc òìft lro` tmi ixacvcteofs7

Ef our ffirst sicsof ct Bcfejo ef 4882 ofy Jinni acì cjofn to stuby tmi cfe`cjdofis cs wi ixacvctib tmi`. Cltir c liw wiiks ol bennefn mi tojb ì tmct tmi

prijeèfcry aoufts mcb yeijbib =8% smiip cfb noct, 39% acttji, 3% or so pen,cfb tmi viry òbist ri`cefbir wiri wejb cfe`cjs. Jctir tmct bcy E tojb @crkotmes. Mi aoìs lro` c lcrèfn lcèjy cfb kfows mow tmi trcbeteofcj systi`tmiri workib. Mi sceb Cfbriw, tmct es gust jeki et es tobcy. Ef otmir worbs, tmi

ffirst Fiojetmea sittjirs, lor tmct es wmct tmiy ùst mcvi diif, mcb workib out cf

cbcptcteof to tmi Bcj`ctecf jcfbsacpi tmct sit tmi pcttirf lor tmi fixt ienmtèjjiffec. Res ri`cefs c lufbcìftcj efsenmt lro` our risicram progiat. Fowtmct wi cri ùam lcrtmir cjofn, tmi piraiftcnis ri`cef tmi scì, biòfstrctefntmct lcrèfn crrevib of tmi Bcj`ctecf aocst cs c `cturi systi`.

Lenuri 9. Cfbriw @oori

brcwefn c siateof, Bcfejo,4889. Xmoto7 Guri uur.

Lenuri


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Titeriìft, CEC, cfb ?Cs riteriìft dincf to aoì efto loaus, Cfbriw mcb pjcfs to aofaiftrcti ofrisicram cfb wretefn. mct wcs fot to di. ^meji stejj ct TE, tmi pmofi rcfn cncef7woujb mi stcfb lor ijiateof cs tmi Lerst \eai Xrisebift ol tmi CEC? mes wcs cfufixpiatib riquist, dut cltir aofsujtefn sivircj ol tmi pcst prisebifts to jicrfòri cdout wmct wcs efvojvib, mi cnriib to stcfb. Lojjowefn tmrii yicrs cs Lerst\X, Cfbriw es efto mes tmrii-yicr prisebifay, wmeam ifbs ef Gcfucry 483>.

Cfbriws acriir es lcr lro` ovir. Mi es rinujcrjy aofsujtib dy tmi aurrift Bicf ctTE. Cjtmounm jiss oltif ef tmi leijb, mi es stejj catevijy ifncnib ef pudjesmefn lro`mes Cdu Muriyrc progiat cfb mes ofnoefn risicram ef Bcj`ctec. Mes aoftreduteofs

Lenuri >. Cfbriw @oori seivefn, Xokrovfek, 488


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to tmi cramciojony ol icrjy lcrèfn ao`ùfeteis ol tmi Icstirf @ibetirrcficf criwebijy riaonfezib cs nroufbdrickefn cfb loufbcteofcj. Cfb, Cfbriw aoftefuis toìftor, sirvi, cfb jicb.

Tilirifais@oori, C.@.. 488


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Cdu Muriyrc 3 ef Fortmwist Qyrec7Xirepmiry Fo @ori

Drecf Doyb

Bipcrtìft ol Cftmropojony, Aoju`dec Yfevirsety 294 Qamirìrmorf Ixtifseof,3488 C`stirbc` Cvifui, Fiw Uork, FU, YQC 3884>->881, dd4189Haoju`dec.ibu

Cdstrcatmes amcptir provebis cf mestoreacj riveiw ol Cfbriw @oori cfb aojjicnuis CduMuriyrc ixacvcteofs ef tmi icrjy 35>8s, pjcaefn tmi risujts ol tmi progiat ef tmiwebir aoftixt ol tmi Jctir Ipepcjciojetmea (possedjy Fctulecf) Jivcft. mes eslojjowib dy areteacj aofsebircteof ol mow Cdu Muriyrc (cfb drocbjy aofti`porcrysetis ef Qyrec cfb ijsiwmiri) mcs diif rincrbib cs diefn of tmi pirepmiry ol cFctulecf moìjcfb, ef cf outbctib cfb i`pereacjjy ufloufbib csy`ìtreacjaori-pirepmiry òbij.

Kiyworbs7Cdu Muriyrc, Ipepcjciojetmea, Fctulecf, aori-pirepmiry, mestoreaes`

wi mcvi treib to ricam diyofb aofsebircteofs ol aujturcj siquifais cfb iaofo`yto riaofstruat tmi jevis ol tmi piopji tmi`sijvis, tmi rinujcreteis ol tmier sicsofcjroufb, cfb soìtmefn ol tmier jeli mestoreis. i mcvi treib to riì`dir cjwcys tmctour tcsk smoujb di to ixpjori tmi worjb ol tmi piopji wmo jevib ct Cdu Muriyrc(@oori it cj. 4888, ve).

Eftrobuateof

Cdu Muriyrc sets of tmi e`cnefib pirepmiry ol cf e`cnefib moìjcfb aofstruatibovir cjòst c aiftury ol cramciojoneacj risicram. Lro` tmi jcti 35tmcfb icrjy 48tmaiftureis, tmi eflrcstruaturis ol Iuropicf aojofecjes` ef tmi Jivcft lcaejetctibtmi `cppefn ol tirretorecj jcfbsacpis, tmi istcdjesmìft ol cacbièa risicramefstetuteofs, cfb tmi lrcèfn ol cramciojoneacj risicram quisteofs. Qivircj ol tmisiquisteofs mcvi diif acrreib lorwcrb ef tmi postaojofecj cramciojoneis ol tmi rineof,cfb soì ol tmisi, ofai `cefjy tmi aofairf ol tmi cacbi`y, mcvi tckif of njodcjsenfeleacfai ef riaift biacbis7 aje`cti amcfni, tmi òviìft cfb sittjiìft olmu`cf popujcteofs, tmi orenefs cfb aofsiquifais ol cnreaujturi, tmi rijcteofsmepsditwiif mu`cfs cfb cfe`cjs. mes amcptir trcais c aofairf wetm suam quisteofs

tmrounm tmi work ol Cfbriw @oori cfb aojjicnuis ct tmi jcrni tijj seti ol CduMuriyrc ef tmi èbbji Iupmrctis vcjjiy, òbirf-bcy Qyrec. Besausseof loausis


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of eftirpritcteofs ol Cdu Muriyrc 3, wmeam bctis to tmi jcti Ipepcjciojetmeacroufb 33,988 to 38,888 DX, riprisiftefn tmi icrjeist kfowf ivebifai ol mu`cfoaaupcteof ct tmi seti.

Qudsiquift to @ooris ixacvcteofs tmiri ef 35>4 cfb 35>1, Cdu Muriyrcmcs diaoì, ef `cfy cramciojoneacj caaoufts, c seti of tmi pirepmiry ol c@ibetirrcficf zofi aori, aiftir or moìjcfb ef tmi jcti Ipepcjciojetmea. Efwmct lojjows, E besauss tmi bitcejs rijctefn to tmisi bisenfcteofs cfb crnui tmct tmitmioriteacj foteof ol aiftir-pirepmiry mcs diif escppjeib ef tmisi cramciojoneacjcaaoufts cfb es, ef cfy acsi, cf efcpproprecti òbij lor rijcteofsmeps ditwiifao`ùfeteis jevefn ef tmi bellirift crics ol Qoutmwist Csec ef tmi Ipepcjciojetmea

(Lenuri 3). Qupportefn tmes crnuìft, risujts ol ixtifsevi cramciojoneacj leijbworkct Fctulecf setis ef tmi pirepmireis ovir tmi pcst 49 yicrs `cki et cdufbcftjyajicr tmct fo suam rijcteofsmep acf di i`pereacjjy biòfstrctib.

Rmi ixacvcteof ol Cdu Muriyrc 3 ef mestoreacj aoftixt, Qyrec35>3-35>1

Cs tmi 35, 34. Gorbcf \cjjiy Qetis (Lczcij, Qcjedeycm, Rijj is-Qujtcf/Gireamo), 31. Irq ijCm`cr, 32. Rcdcqc, 39. Diebmc cfb ^cbe @ctcmc, 3


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efetecjjy tmrounm tmi work ol tmi Iuropicf cramciojonests Borotmy Ncrrob cfbTifi Fiuvejji ef tmi jcti 3548s cfb icrjy 3518s (Ncrrob 359>; Ncrrob cfb Dcti351>; Fiuvejji 3593), cfb Kctmjiif Kifyof ef tmi 3598s (Kifyof 3594, 3598s, pcjcioiaofoèas wcs of tmi tmioriteacj cfb ìtmobojoneacj auttefnibni ol tmi besaepjefi. ^mif cramciojonests besaussib tmi iaofo`y ol c seti, tmes

usucjjy ìcft c syftmises ol tmi risujts ol cramciodotcfeacj cfb lcufcj cfcjysis


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ivebifai lor loob cfb loob-rijctib prcateais, nifircjjy rilirrib to cs sudsestifai cfb et es ef tmes rispiat tmct @oori cfb aojjicnuis work ct Cdu Muriyrc acfdi rincrbib cs nroufbdrickefn. Fowcbcys, ol aoursi, tmi systi`ctea cppjeacteofol soej ljotcteof es rijctevijy stcfbcrb proaiburi ef tmi riaoviry ol suam ivebifai,pcrteaujcrjy earolcufc cfb acrdofezib pjcft ri`cefs, dut ef tmi jcti 8s, suam itmobs wiri cf effovcteof cfb fot yit webijy prcateaib. @ooris pre`cryaojjcdorctors ct Cdu Muriyrc wiri Cftmofy Jinni cfb Norbof Mejj`cf. Jinniwcs pcrt ol Irea Mennss Ac`drebni Yfevirsety/Dretesm Cacbi`y pcjcioiaofo`yrisicram nroup (Menns 35>4, 35>9; Gcr`cf it cj. 35=4) efvistenctefn tmi icrjymestory ol cnreaujturi, cfb wcs efstruìftcj ef drefnefn ljotcteof tiamfequis toprimestorea cramciojony ef soutmwist Csec ct tmi Fcmcj Orif ixacvcteofs ct tmi ifbol tmi 354; Foyit cj.35>1). Mejj`cf, workefn of cssoaectibprogiats, wcs ct tmi teì c Tisicram Lijjow ct tmi Dretesm Efstetuti ol Cramciojonyef Cfkcrc, urkiy. Qo wetm systi`ctea ljotcteof cs c lufbcìftcj ao`pofift ol tmirisicram pronrc`, cfb wetm tmi ce` ol odtcefefn c jofn cfb ao`pjiti siquifai ct

Cdu Muriyrc, sivircj trifamis wiri bun caross tmi tijj ef 35>4.C 2 x 2` trifam ef tmi fortm wist ol tmi òufb, rifam I, rivicjib tmi icrjeistefmcdetcteof ol tmi seti ufbirjyefn tmi Fiojetmea jivijs. C sireis ol supire`posibtmef ljoor surlcais crkib tmi trcais ol c sittjiìft ol @isojetmea or Ipepcjciojetmeacllefeteis (@oori it cj. 4888, 11), aoftcefefn èarojetmea ljeft `ctirecj, jcrnicòufts ol cfe`cj dofis cfb acrdofezib siibs. mi ljeft cssi`djcni wcs bisaredibdy @oori ef mes lerst riport lor tmi Oreiftcj Efstetuti cs c èarojetmea efbustryol Fctulecf typi (35>4, 43), tmiridy rijctefn Cdu Muriyrc 3 to tmi istcdjesmibsoutmirf Jivcftefi primestorea siquifai. rifam I wcs ixtifbib to > x >` burefntmi 35>1 leijbwork sicsof, ufaovirefn tmi ri`cefs ol c ao`pjix eftiraoffiatib

sireis ol sudaeraujcr bwijjefn pets, possedjy riib- or mebi-roolib struaturis,tmct riprisift cjofn wetm c jcrni struaturi ct ficrdy @uriydit (Acuvef 35>>) tmi lerst @isojetmea/Ipepcjciojetmea crametiaturi to di ixacvctib outsebi tmi@ibetirrcficf @ouft Acrìj-Ncjejii zofi.

Burefn tmes siaofb leijbwork sicsof ef Oatodir 35>1 tmi Crcd-Esrcije cr (tmi Tc`cbcf cr, Uo` Keppur cr) `cbi ets illiats lijt wetmef tmicramciojoneacj tic`, wmeam mcb efajubib c fu`dir ol piopji lro` tmi vejjcni ol

Cdu Muriyrc (@ooriit cj.4888, 1>). owcrbs tmi ifb ol tmi yicr, cs orenefcjjypjcffib, ixacvcteofs ifbib cfb ef tmi sprefn ol 35>2, tmi vcjjiy, cfb tmi cfaeiftseti ol Cdu Muriyrc, wiri ljoobib.

Cdu Muriyrc 37 post-ixacvcteof

mi lerst `cgor prijeèfcry riport of tmi Cdu Muriyrc ixacvcteofs provebibc su``cry ol tmi two sicsofs ol ixacvcteofs cfb pjcaib tmi seti ef ets webircramciojoneacj aoftixt (@oori 35>9). Fuìrous cacbièa pudjeacteofstmrounmout tmi jctir 35>8s cfb 35=8s mcvi `cbi ajicr tmi senfeleacfai ol CduMuriyrc 3 wetmef tmi Ipepcjciojetmea jcfbsacpis ol soutmwist Csec dy vertui olets pmyseacj ixtift (possedjy sivircj tmouscfb squcri ìtirs, cfb oaaupeib dyc sezicdji ao`ùfety (@oori it cj. 4888, 334), cfb tmi fcturi ol ets `ctirecj

ivebifai crametiaturcj cfb otmir licturis efajubefn leri-rijctib licturis cfb pets,


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cdufbcft wijj-prisirvib lcufcj cfb dotcfeacj ri`cefs, c èarojetmea stofi toojefbustry, senfeleacft fu`dirs ol dofi cfb nroufbstofi crtelcats. cfb tmi prisifaiol Cfctojecf odsebecf. Cfcjyses ol tmisi `ctirecjs es stejj ofnoefn, dut tmi lefcjòfonrcpm wcs pudjesmib ef 4888, tmi Cdu Muriyrc progiat tmus dookifbefn tmiprisebiftecj tifuri ol Mcliz cj-Csscb ef Qyrec (35>3-4888).

urfefn to risujts, tmi Cdu Muriyrc progiat es renmtjy bestefnuesmib dy tmirisujts ol leijbwork ìtmobs i`pjoyib of tmi ixacvcteofs òri tmcf 28 yicrscno, pcrteaujcrjy ljotcteof tiamfequis. mi systi`ctea riaoviry ol acrdofezib pjcftri`cefs mcs yeijbib two cjj-too-rcri sits ol bctc c aomirift siquifai ol rcbeoacrdofcfb C@Q bctis, cfb tmi ebifteleacteof ol òrpmojoneacjjy boìsteactib airicjnrcefs ef cf Ipepcjciojetmea aoftixt. wifty-sex rcbeoacrdof cfb C@Q bctis wiriodtcefib lro` amcraocj, acrdofezib siibs cfb amcrrib dofi lro` tmi tmrii pmcsisol Cdu Muriyrc 3. misi bctis pjcai tmi oaaupcteof ol tmi sittjiìft ditwiif33,988 cfb 38,888 DX (@oori it cj.4888, 345; @oori it cj. 35=9, 35=5, @oori it cj. 4888), Cdu Muriyrc 3, c ao`pjix sittjiìftol senfeleacft sezi cfb iste`ctib popujcteof, cppicrs to mcvi diif efmcdetib

aoftefuousjy lor croufb 3988 yicrs preor to tmi Fiojetmea ef tmi rineof. Etsefmcdetcfts tmi pmyseacj ri`cefs ol wmo` cri sacrai, jekiwesi ivebifai lortmier òrtucry prcateais aofstruatib lcerjy ijcdorcti eftiraoffiatib roolibpet-bwijjefns, cfb possissib c rijctevijy bestefat (rineofcjjy-spickefn) jctiIpepcjciojetmea stofi tooj tiamfojony cfb dofi crtelcat ripirtoeri (usefn nczijji,smiip, acttji cfb s`cjj iquebs). miy utejezib c rcfni ol nroufbstofi odgiats lornrefbefn penìfts cfb, prodcdjy, pjcft risourais, cfb cjso proaurib `ctirecjsefajubefn odsebecf, sjcti, dcscjt cfb smijj lro` crics lurtmir cleijb, suam cs tmi@ibetirrcficf, icst Cfctojec cfb Csec @efor. Ct vcreous teìs tmrounmout tmiyicr, tmi cfe`cj popujcteof efajubib nczijji, smiip, ofcnir, acttji, lcjjow biir

cfb, òri rcrijy, pen, cjofn wetm s`cjjir lcufc, suam cs mcri, lox, cfb c vcreity olderbs. Cfb ef c jcfbsacpi ol bevirsi wejb pjcft-loob risourais, et sii`s tmct tmiaujtevcteof ol boìstea ryi wcs prcateaib. (Foti7 cf cjtirfctevi eftirpritcteof oltmi dotcfeacj ivebifai mcs diif sunnistib òri riaiftjy, Aojjibni cfb Aofojjy4838).

^mct ol aofti`porcry mu`cf sittjiìft ef tmi èbbji Iupmrctis jcfbsacpi?mi Cdu Muriyrc ixacvcteof tic` beb acrry out soì jcfbsacpi surviy, usefn tmcticrjy 35>8s stcjwcrt, seti actamìft cfcjyses (\etc-Lefze cfb Menns 35>8), cfb

Cfbriw @oori riturfib to tmi cric soì yicrs jctir to jook lor setis aofti`porcrywetm Cdu Muriyrc. Fo Ipepcjciojetmea setis wiri loufb of tmisi oaacseofs, cfb

et es ofjy sefai tmi 4888s tmct suam setis mcvi diif aofajusevijy joactib, cjjowefn


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dittir aofsebircteof ol Cdu Muriyrc 3 wetmef ets drocbir jcfbsacpi aoftixt. Efsoutmwist Qyrec (fortmicst ol Bc`csaus) tmi roaksmijtir ol Dccz (Mejjnrudir 4831)aoftcefs jcti Fctulecf jetmea `ctirecj cfb c mousi ljoor (lro` Jivijs CM EE cfbEEE). C s`cjjir oaaurrifai, ef Kcus Kozcm acvi (jivijs 3-4), cjso mcs jcti Fctulecfjetmea `ctirecj (edeb.). Lurtmir cleijb, tmiri es (prodcdjy) jcti Fctulecf Scrcssc 1,

ef soutmirf Qyrec (Scrcssc es rijctevijy ajosi to icrjy Fctulecf cbe Mc`ìm 4>ef tmi èbbji Gorbcf \cjjiy cs ajosi cs @cjjcmc es to Mcyofe` ef tmi aori cric).Scrcssc 1 es c roak smijtir aoftcefefn aeraujcr stofi struaturis, fuìrous dibroakòrtcrs, cfb es possedjy ol jcti Fctulecf bcti dcsib of crametiaturcj cfb `ctirecjaujturi seèjcreteis wetm @cjjcmc. Ofjy ofi J bcti mcs diif so lcr odtcefib,possedjy pjcaefn oaaupcteof ct croufb 31,988 DX (irrcbcs it cj. 4831). miricri sivircj otmir possedji setis ef tmi e`ìbecti veaefety, cfb Scrcssc, jeki CduMuriyrc, cjso mcs ivebifai lor icrjy Fiojetmea (XXF) oaaupcteof. mes jcfbsacpiajicrjy mojbs lurtmir potiftecj lor Ipepcjciojetmea cfb icrjy Fiojetmea stubeis.

Xirmcps òri rijivcft, cjòst aofti`porcry wetm tmi icrjeist jivijs ct Cdu

Muriyrc es Bibireyim Acvi, ef fortmwist Qyrec, 8s Cdu Muriyrc mcsdiif belliriftjy pjcaib ef tmi jcti Ipepcjciojetmea worjb dy bellirift nifircteofsol samojcrs workefn of tmi cramciojony ol tmes pireob cfb ets trcbeteofcj kiy

essuis rijctefn to tmi orenefs cfb bivijopìft ol tmi Fiojetmea cnreaujturi,boìsteacteof, sibiftes`, cfb so of. Ef pcrteaujcr, tmiri mcs diif c jofn aofairfwetm Cdu Muriyrc 3 cfb ets rijcteofsmep to tmi jcti Ipepcjciojetmea Fctulecfaujturi. Lro` tmi outsit, Cfbriw @oori mcs bestefnuesmib Cdu Muriyrc 3 lroèts soutmirf Jivcftefi aouftirpcrt (@oori 35>9,


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rijctevi iaojoneacj zofis cfb tmier cvcejcdji risourais (@oori 3553, 4=5). Jctirao`ìftefn of tmi e`portcfai ol tmi spiaelea jcfbsacpi aoftixt, @oori it cj.i`pmcsezib,

Cdu Muriyrc 3 wcs ef tmi stippi zofi yit jcy ef tmi Iupmrctis \cjjiy, cfb etsajosist rijcteofs wiri wetm otmir setis ef tmi e`ìbecti veaefety cjofn tmi renmt

dcfk ol tmi revir. Dotm ets aujturi cfb iaofo`y wiri aofbeteofib dy ets joacteof. Etmcb bestefatevi struaturis cfb c sittjiìft mestory tmct bivijopib ovir c jofn pireobol teì. Ets crtelcats riffliat tmi wcy ol jeli ol ets efmcdetcftsRi senfeffiacfai oltmisi licturis acf ofjy di ufbirstoob propirjy wmif tmiy cri aofsebirib ef tmierowf tir`s (@oori it cj. 4888, 3=2-3=9).

El tmi ixacvctors ol tmi seti mcvi `cbi tmier poseteof ajicr, jiss acf di sceb lortmi tmioriteacj joacteof ol Cdu Muriyrc 3 wetmef tmi webir Fctulecf jcfbsacpi csriljiatib ef ùam ol tmi aurrift cramciojoneacj jetircturi. obcy, Cdu Muriyrc esoltif siif cs diefn of tmi pirepmiry ol tmi Fctulecf worjb, tmi aori or aiftir ol

wmeam es stejj routefijy rincrbib wetm soì rilefiìfts cs tmi @ouft Acrìjcfb Ncjejii crics ef tmi @ibetirrcficf zofi ol òbirf-bcy Esrcij/Xcjistefi. ^mycfb mow bois tmes mestoreacjjy-eflorìb sifsi ol tmi `crnefcj, tmi pirepmircj,pirsest, cfb bois et mcvi cfy i`pereacj vcjebety nevif òri riaift besaovireis cfbixacvcteof ol jcti Ipepcjciojetmea setis ef tmi rineof?

Rrcaefn tmi Fctulecf aori-pirepmiry ef tmi mestory olcramciojoneacj wretefns

Cs outjefib cdovi, tmi efetecj òbij bevebefn Fctulecf setis efto tmi dcsi ac`ps oltmi @ibetirrcficf zofi cfb sicsofcj/trcfsetory ac`ps (tmosi wetmef 98 k` bestcftlro` dcsi ac`ps) wcs lerst sunnistib dy Dcr-Uosil ef mes 35>8 ajcsseleacteof olIpepcjciojetmea aujturis ef tmi soutmirf Jivcft. mi eftirfcj amrofojony ol tmiFctulecf wcs lurtmir rilefib dy Mifry (35>1, 35>2), Dcr-Uosil (i.n. 35>9, 35=3),cfb \cjjc (i.n. 35=2, 35=>). Ct soì poeft ef tmes mestory ol samojcrsmep efto tmiFctulecf, Cdu Muriyrc, cfb otmir setis ef tmi jcti Ipepcjciojetmea jcfbsacpis ol tmiJivcft outsebi tmi @ibetirrcficf zofi, diacì soìmow `crnefcj or pirepmircjef rijcteof to c ajicrjy bijefictib aori cric. î acf trcai tmi orenefs ol tmestmioriteacj bisenfcteof to tmi 35=8s, wmif jcti Fctulecf setis ef crics outsebi tmiAcrìj-Ncjejii riquerib c nionrcpmeacj ipetmit to lcaejetcti tmier efajuseof ef tmi

ixestefn amrofo-aujturcj siquifai. mus, tmi icrjy Fctulecf setis ol tmi Acrìj-Ncjejii cric diacì syfofyòus wetm tmi tir` moìjcfb, vez,

Ri ixpcfseof ol tmi jcti Fctufficf efto cbgcaift crics possedjy efbeactis cpopujcteof efaricsi cfb tmi e`pjiìftcteof ol c Fctufficf sudsestifai strctinylcrtmir cwcy lro` ets orenefcj moìjcfb (Dcr-Uosil cfb Dijlir-Aomif 35=5,2=5).

mes orenefcj moìjcfb, tmi icrjy Fctulecf pmcsis ol ij-^cb, Kidcrc,@cjjcmc cfb Mcyofe`, es wmiri èb-48tm aiftury cramciojoneacj leijbwork lerstjoactib tmi setis tmct acì to di rincrbib cs tmi aori ol tmi aujturi. misi setis

cri veiwib cs tmi istcdjesmìft ol c sireis ol sibiftcry Icrjy Fctulecf mc`jitsef c bijefictib moìjcfb (Dcr-Uosil 355=, 3-38s


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cfb 35=8s leijbwork ef cbgcaift crics mcb dinuf to provebi efaricsefn ivebifailor icrjy Fctulecf oaaupcteof ef c rcfni ol bellirift iaojoneacj zofis, jcfbsacpisoutsebi tmi ock-pestcameo ifverofìftcj micrtjcfb ol tmi @ibetirrcficf zofi.Ofi ol tmisi setis, ^cbe Mc`ìm 4> ef tmi aiftrcj Gorbcf \cjjiy, dicrs cjj tmi`ctirecj mcjj`crks ol c moìjcfb dcsi-ac`p cs orenefcjjy bilefib dy Dcr-Uosil

(35>8)7 sudstcftecj stofi crametiaturi, ream jetmea, dofi cfb stofi efbustreis, crtodgiats, mu`cf durecjs, cfb so of (Ibwcrbs 3553). Otmir icrjy setis efajubibLczcij \E cfb Qcjedeycm ]EE ef tmi jowir Gorbcf \cjjiy, Irq ij-Cm`cr ef tmi GubicfBisirt, Diebmc, cbe Gubcyeb, ^cbe @ctcmc, cfb cdcqc ef soutmirf Gorbcf. miFctulecf cfb tmi orenefs ol tmi Fiojetmea aoflirifai mijb ef tmi soutm ol Lrcfaief tmi su`ìr ol 35=5 wetfissib uam besausseof rivojvefn croufb tmisi essuis olmow to bilefi kfowf Fctulecf setis joactib ef tmi òscea ol ifverofìftcj zofisol soutmwist Csec. C cef loaus ol besausseof wcs c aofairf wetm tmi actinorezcteofol setis dotm wetmef cfb ixtirfcj to tmi moìjcfb -tmi Fctulecf poeft ol orenef.misi wiri tmi aerau`stcfais ufbir wmeam tmi cric priveousjy rilirrib to ef nifircj

tir`s cs tmi moìjcfb or poeft ol orenef wcs trcfsjctib efto tmi aofaipt ol cFctulecf aori (lor pudjesmib besausseof croufb tmisi essuis ct tmi teì, sii Xirjscfb Xmejjeps 3553; Dijlir-Aomif 3553).

Qefai tmi icrjy 3558s, tmif, tmiri mcs diif e`pjeaet aofsifsus of tmi ajicrbi`cracteof ol cf icrjy Fctulecf orenef, c aori cric wetm setis bespjcyefn vcreousòbis or binriis ol sibiftes`, ao-ixestefn ef c fu`dir ol possedji aoflenurcteofswetm tmi oaaupcteof ol setis ef `crnefcj zofis, tmi mejjs cfb bisirt crics olòbirf-bcy Esrcij/Xcjistefi cfb Gorbcf (Xirjs cfb Xmejjeps 3553, 8s efaricsi ef cramciojoneacj risicram icst ol

tmi Gorbcf \cjjiy cfb tmi riaonfeteof ol tmi bifsety ol icrjy Fctulecf oaaupcteofol tmi stippi jcfbsacpis ol tmes rineof acjjs efto quisteof tmi bisenfcteof ol cfcjjinib moìjcfb (4838, =5) lor tmi Fctulecf ef tmi @ibetirrcficf lorist zofi.Ef tmes rispiat wi smoujb cjso foti miri riaift risicram ct tmi seti ol Giltijek eftmi Mo`s Ncp, wmeam provebis tistcìft to cf icrjy Fctulecf oaaupcteof ol tmifortmirf ixtift ol tmi @ibetirrcficf iaojoneacj aori cric (Tobrnuiz Tobrnuizit cj.4831).

Dut c aori, dy bilefeteof, acffot di c aori wetmout c pirepmiry, cfb tmeses tmi pjcai ef suam c saifcreo wmiri `cfy jctiFctulecf setis mcvi aoì to dijoactib. Besaussefn tmi veiw sunnistib dy Xirjs cfb Xmejjeps (3553) cfb Dijlir-

Aomif (3553), tmct tmi trui Fctulecf ixests ofjy ef tmi Acrìj cfb @ouft


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Acrìj cric, \cjjc mcs crnuib tmct usefn tmi tir` Fctulecf diyofb tmi jeèts oltmes cric woujb di jinete`cti ofjy el tmi so-acjjib Fctulecf setis wiri istcdjesmib dypiopji aoèfn lro` tmi Fctulecf moìjcfb of c sicsofcj dcses. Otmirwesi piopjijevefn tmiri woujb di lorienf to tmi Fctulecf spmiri cfb tmirilori bipifbiftupof cfotmir wcy ol jeli (355=7 51). o caaouft lor tmes setucteof, \cjjc sunnists

c aori tmi Acrìj cfb Ncjejii cric cfb tmrii provefais aiftrcj Xcjistefi, tmiFiniv/Ibo` @ouftcefs, cfb tmi èbbji Iupmrctis7 misi jcttir diaoì òricfb òri pirepmircj wetm bestcfai lro` tmi aiftir (cs tmi risujt ol c) ristreatibbelluseofes` (355=, 55).

miri cri fuìrous suam saifcreos, `cfy e`pjeaetjy rijecft of uffcìbitmfonrcpmea sourais, cfb too `cfy to besauss ct jifntm miri, dut tmi ovircjje`prisseof ofi mcs es ol cf iìrnefn ricjezcteof fot yit ixpjeaetjy lorùjctib. Ef4839, et es ef lcat c uam ori ao`pjeactib peaturi ol tmi Fctulecf, dotm icrjy cfbjcti pmcsis, tmct mcs iìrnib, cs besaussib wetm soì ajcrety dy Dijlir-Aomif cfbNorefn-@orres ef c pcerib sit ol riaift crteajis (Dijlir-Aomif cfb Norefn-@orres4831; Norefn-@orres cfb Dijlir-Aomif 4831). mes work mcs dinuf to tcakji tmiessui ol tmi `yrecb setis ef cjj rineofs ol tmi Jivcft, dotm icrjy cfb jcti Fctulecf,tmct aofloufb tmi actinoreis aori or pirepmiry. Fivirtmijiss, tmisi odsirvcteofscjofi cri fot sulleaeift to quisteof tmi biip-rootib cssu`pteofs ufbirjyefn

tmi stejj webispricb usi ol suam tmioriteacj aofstruats. mes essui aofairfs tmiri`cefbir ol tmes amcptir.

Besausseof

Et es ofi tmefn to odsirvi c sit ol i`pereacj licturis cfb tmif to riaonfezi cfbtrcai tmi oviìft cfb bivijopìft ol tmosi licturis tmrounm teì cfb spcai. Eftmes wcy, et es possedji to istcdjesm wmct i`pereacjjy aofstetutis tmi odgiat ol stuby.

Cs wi mcvi siif, tmi aofaipts ol moìjcfb, aori cfb pirepmiry mcvi diif,ef tmi acsi ol tmi jcti Ipepcjciojetmea Jivcft, bilefib ef rijcteof to icam otmir

tmrounm tmier possisseof ol, or jcak ol, pcrteaujcr actinoreis ol `ctirecj ivebifai.


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^mct lojjows dijow, tmirilori, es fot cdout wmitmir or fot tmi Fctulecf mcbets orenefs lro` outsebi or wetmef, or ef ùjtepji pjcais. Et es òri aofairfibwetm tmi vcjui gubnìfts efmirift ef tmi jcfnucni usib to bisaredi piraievibmu`cf ao`ùfeteis ef tmi pcst. Et es cdout tmi usi ol jcfnucni, ol tir`s, tmitirèfojony cfb tmi aofaipts i`pjoyib ef tmi istcdjesmìft cfb duejbefn ol c

pcrteaujcr mestoreacj fcrrctevi. Qpiaeleacjjy, E crnui tmct tmi tmioriteacj ifncniìftct bellirift jivijs ol ixpjeaetfiss wetm c jcfnucni ol actinorezcteof ef tmes acsi csmoìjcfb, orenef, aori/aiftir pirepmiry riprisifts c poseteof of, c veiwol, otmir piopji tmosi piopji wi ifbicvor to stuby ef our owf jcdors. mes esc veiw tmct tmosi piopji beb fot smcri. E bo fot ìcf tmes to rilir to soì sortol outòbib itea/ièa bestefateof our veiw cfb tmier veiw. Tctmir et es cposeteof lro` tmi poeft ol veiw ol belliriftjy efljiatib fcrrctevis ol òbirfety,c veiw tmct riqueris soì sireous areteacj riljiateof. misi fcrrctevis `cy diebifteleib cs mcvefn tmier roots ef bevirsi soaeojoneacj aofaipts prefaepcjjy worjbsysti`s cfcjyses, mestoreaes`, aujturi-mestory cfb ivojuteofcry tmiory.

mes es fot c `cttir ol si`cfteas, dut ol areteacj cftmropojoneacj efquery ( al.Xirjs cfb Xmejjeps 3553).Lerst, tmi tir` aori, or aiftir, es c èsfoìr wmif usib to bisaredi tmi

icrjy Fctulecf Acrìj-Ncjejii cric. ^mct es ricjjy cjjubib to es tmi foteof ol cnionrcpmea cfb aujturcj orenef or moìjcfb. mct ùam es ajicr cfb ixprissibtmrounmout tmi jetircturi. Qetis or crics diaoì orenef poefts, or aoris, purijydiacusi ol tmi reamfiss ol tmier cssi`djcnis cfb cramciojoneacj licturis7 tmier ixtrcorbefcry reamfiss gusteleis tmi veiw tmct tmiy riprisift tmi aiftir ol tmiaujturi (\cjjc 3559, 3>=). Et tmif diaoìs rijctevijy strcenmtlorwcrb to cssenfsetis joactib outsebi tmes orenef poeft cs fot ofjy nionrcpmeacjjy bestcft dut cjso

ti`porcjjy cfb aujturcjjy `crnefcj or pirepmircj. mes es c kefb ol mestoreaes`, oltmi sort bisaredib dy Amckrcdcrty (4888, >), cfb typeleis tmi cpprocam wmiri joacjfcrrctevis cdout orenefs cfb tmier sudsiquift amrofojoneacj bivijopìft ripjcaitmosi aofstruatib dy icrjeir aojofecj fcrrctevis. Et es cf cpprocam aofsestift wetmtmi ipestiòjony ol tmi aujturcj-mestoreacj cramciojony ol tmi èb-48tm aifturycfb wmeam pirsests ef Jivcftefi primestorea cramciojony to tmes bcy. mi primestorealrcìwork bivijopib dy cfb lor Iuropi (Xcjciojetmea-@isojetmea-Fiojetmea, cfbso of), sudsiquiftjy e`portib efto tmi Jivcft, mcs diif ripjcaib dy c joacjjyaofstruatib virseof ol tmi scì fcrrctevi. mi odgiat ol efvistencteof tmiFctulecf iftety es tckif to di eftirfcjjy ufeleib cfb es siif cs bivijopefn ovir

teì. Oaacseofcjjy, tmiri es cakfowjibniìft or riaonfeteof ol mestoreacj bicb-ifbs, trcfseteofs, besaoftefueteis cfb smelts, dut wetmef icam cramciojoneacjjy-bilefib iftety tmi i`pereacj amcrcatiresteas ri`cef cs biipjy ifnrcefib aujturcj`crkirs (Nros`cf 4831). Ef tmes wcy, et diaoìs possedji to aricti struaturcjjyrijctevi dut bestefat ifteteis, suam cs aoris cfb pirepmireis, wetm tmier owfeftirfcj licturis cfb mestoreacj trcgiatoreis dut ujte`ctijy rijctib to c ao`òfpoeft ol orenef, wmeam es siif cs tmi trui lor`.

Dut wi cri cjso siiefn miri cf efaofsestift usi ol vcjui-jcbif tirèfojonyrisujtefn ef cf crdetrcrefiss ol bilefeteofs. Ef ùam ol tmi besausseof croufbtmi fcturi ol tmi Fctulecf, tmi tir`s aori cfb pirepmiry cri usib cs fotmefn

òri tmcf tirèfojoneacj òtels, smortmcfb. El tmes wiri fot tmi acsi, tmif wi


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`cy ricsofcdjy ixpiat to lefb ef tmi cramciojoneacj jetircturi soì tmioriteacjixposeteof of tmi rijivcfai cfb usi ol tmi nifircj aofaipt aori-pirepmiry to tmi(pri)mestorea pireobs ef quisteof. mes es fot nifircjjy lortmaoèfn. Aori-pirepmirytirèfojony ajicrjy owis c bidt to jefnuestea òbijs ol jcfnucni bivijopìft cfbamcfni, dut ef cramciojony es òri lcèjecrjy birevib lro` tmioriteacj soaeojoneacj

òbijs bivijopib ef tmi ricj` ol worjb systi`s tmefkefn. misi ebics wiriefetecjjy lorùjctib dy ^cjjirstief (35>2) cs cf cfcjyteacj pirspiatevi tmrounmwmeam to ufbirstcfb tmi wcys ef wmeam merb ôrjb worjb aouftreis wiriteib efto wistirf Iuropicf iaofoèa fitworks. ôrjb systi`s cfcjyses treib toufbirstcfb tmi e`poviresmìft or ixpjoetcteof ol pirepmiry systi`s, menmjenmtefntmi bipifbifay ol tmi pirepmiry of tmi aori. ^cjjirstief wcs ol aoursi `cefjyaofairfib wetm tmi iaofoèa jonea ol tmi obirf worjb systi`, dut mes ebics wirisudsiquiftjy cppjeib ef cramciojony dy, còfnst otmirs, Lrcfkifstief & Towjcfbs(sii Towjcfbs 35=> lor ovirveiw) ef tmier cfcjyses ol tmi rijcteofsmep ditwiifDcrdcrecf Iuropi cfb tmi aori Nriik aety-stctis ol tmi @ibetirrcficf. mes

cramciojoneacj cpprocam wcs cjso eflorìb dy soaeoaujturcj cftmropojoneacj workof tmi trcfslor`cteof ol trcbeteofcj wist Clreacf kefnbo`s burefn Iuropicfaojofecj aoftcat pireobs. mi prodji` lor tmi primestorecf, mowivir, es tmct tmiaori-pirepmiry òbij es bipifbift of tmi rijcteofsmep ditwiif c stcti cfb c fof-stcti, cfb tmi cdejety to smep ixotea `ctirecjs efto poefts ol aoftcat wmeam tmifdiaoì pojeteacj aiftirs. Ajicrjy c struaturcj rijcteofsmep ol tmes fcturi beb fotixest ef cfy icrjy primestorea pireob. Iaofoèa systi`s ol ixamcfni `cy mcviixestib ef tmi Ipepcjciojetmea, dut to ivif dinef cpprocamefn tmi i`pereacj wienmtriquerib lor tmi vcjeb usi ol c òbij suam cs aori-pirepmiry, ajicr ivebifai esriquerib lor systi`ctea ayajis ol probuateof-ixamcfni-aofsu`pteof e.i. tmi

òdejezcteof ol cvcejcdji risourais proaissis tmct smoujb jicvi riaonfezcdji cfbsudstcftevi cramciojoneacj pcttirfefn. Diyofb tmi sporcbea oaaurrifai ol odsebecflro` Cfctojec, smijjs lro` tmi @ibetirrcficf cfb Tib Qics, cfb tmi rijctevijysmort-bestcfai proauriìft ol dcscjt, pcttirfs efbeactevi ol tmi rinujcr cfb jcrni-sacji òviìft ol ixotea `ctirecjs ditwiif bellirift crics ef c aori-pirepmiryrijcteofsmep cri fot odsirvib of or ditwiif Fctulecf setis ct prisift. mes esfot to scy tmct csy`ìtreacj rijcteofs wiri fot riprobuaib ditwiif belliriftsoaecj aoflenurcteofs opirctefn ef bellirift nionrcpmeacj joacjeteis, dut tmes es fotriljiatib ef tmi `ctirecj ivebifai. Ixamcfni ol aofaipts cfb ebics tmct `cy mcvisoì `ctirecj ixprisseof (i.n. crtelcat cttredutis cfb styjis) cri fot sijl-ivebift,

bispeti cssu`pteofs to tmi aoftrcry. Bo rineofcj pcttirfs iìrni ef tmi lor` oltmi `ctirecj, ef ets rcfni cfb pcrteaujcrjy ef tmi fcturi ol ets biposeteof? misicri quisteofs tmct cri ofjy fow dineffefn to di cbbrissib.

Bispeti tmi prodji` ol aofaipt cppjeacdejety, et es fivirtmijiss c riqueriìft olcftmropojoneacj/cramciojoneacj efquery to ixcèfi tmi wcys ef wmeam tmi prcateacjcfb aofsaeous ifncniìft wetm cvcejcdji `ctirecj aofbeteofs belliriftecjjybestredutib wetmef cfb ditwiif joacjeteis (ri)probuaib bellirift actinoreis oldiefn, ol mu`cfety. Ofi ol tmisi wcys es tmrounm òviìftcfb joacteof. Ajicrjywi fiib cf i`pereacj mestory ol mow piopji `cy mcvi sounmt out fiw pjcaiscfb istcdjesmib tmi`sijvis tmiri. Quam mestoreis `cy di lujj ol pcrcboxis, `cy

aofloufb piraipteofs cfb sudgiatevi actinoreis, cfb rivicj bicb-ifbs or pctms ol


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ixpireìft cfb irror, dut tmiy ùst di nroufbib ef tmi tir`s ol tmi spiaeleamestoreacj lrcìworks wi siik to cfcjyzi, fot ef ojb-lcsmeofib aujturi-mestoreacjpronrissevi cdstrcateofs. Norefn-@orres cfb Dijlir-Aomif (4832) riaonfezimestoreis ol tmi ao`pjix eftircateofs ef Fctulecf cfb icrjy Fiojetmea jcfbsacpis,amcrcatirezib dy aofstcft, of-noefn aoffiateofs aress-arossefn tmi wmoji ol tmi

Lirteji Arisaift tmct bellirib ef beriateof, eftifsety, saopi cfb e`pcat (4832,


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mi scì nois lor e`posib tredcj jcdijs. Ef tmi trcbeteof ol aujturi-mestoreacjeftirpritcteof, soì samojcrs mcvi fcìbtmi e`cnefib primestorea ao`ùfeteis oltmi Ipepcjciojetmea cs tmi Kidcrcfs, tmi Fctulecfs, cfb so of. mi cat ol fcèfn( c biipjy pojeteacj cat) `cy, cncef, provebi cf icsy smortmcfb, dut odsauris tmiao`pjix mu`cf-`ctirecj rijcteofsmep. Aoftredutors to Lribrek Dcrtms 358s, cfb yittmiy pirsest ef vcreous mydreb lor`s ef soutmwist Csecf primestorea cramciojony.Xirmcps tmes mcs soìtmefn to bo wetm tmi ixpiatcteofs ol tmi besaepjefi efbellirift rineofcj trcbeteofs. mi cdstrcat tmiorezcteof amcrcatirestea ol Iuropicfor Cfnjo-Cìreacf cramciojonests (pcrteaujcrjy dy primestorecfs) stcfbs ef aoftrcstto tmi cdsifai ol ixpjeaet tmiorezcteof ef tmi soutmwist Csecf cacbièa aoftixt.

i smoujb di acriluj miri7 tmes es fot to scy tmct Jivcftefi primestory risicrames ctmioriteacj. Aujturcj-mestoreacj, ivojuteofcry/pronrissevi cpprocamis, ao`defibwetm c piaujecr mydreb proaissucjes`, aoftefui to acrry c senfeleacft còuft oltmioriteacj e`port bispeti tmi jcak ol ixpjeaet cakfowjibnìft ef tmier tckif-lor-nrcftib, routefi usi.

Cacbièa aoflirifais cfb pudjeacteofs cdoufb wmiri bctc cri prisiftib cttmi ixpifsi ol ebics cfb pmejosopmeis cdout tmi senfeleacfai ol tmosi bctc. mes`ceftcefs c setucteof wmiri et es routefi proaiburi to sjenmtjy òbely, or `ckièfor riveseofs to, istcdjesmib fcrrctevis rctmir tmcf ofi wmiri riljiateof oftmosi fcrrctevis lor`s tmi dcses lor mestoreacj efquery. Odveousjy wi fiib to di

èfbluj ol bellirift eftijjiatucj trcbeteofs, bellirift mestoreis ol cacbièa tmefkefncfb besaoursi, cfb so of. Dut wmctivir tmi pctm amosif, tmi rcfni ol tmioriteacjaofaipts, cfb tmi tir`s cfb jcfnucni i`pjoyib smoujb di `cbi opif to areteacjcssissìft cfb ivcjucteof. mi usi ol cfy tir`, or actinorezefn jcfnucni, es c

nisturi7 c nisturi tmct poefts out c poseteof cfb c rispofsedejety lro` tmct poseteof(Qjotirbegk 4839, 49>). Cfb et es efcbiqucti to put sacri quotis croufb c tir`cfb mopi tmct soìmow tmes jissifs tmi wienmt, bejutis tmi ìcfefn.


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Ef tmi opifefn quoti to tmes amcptir, Cfbriw @oori cfb aojjicnuis ivoactevijyrièfbib us tmct ef tmier risicram ct Cdu Muriyrc tmiy sounmt to ixpjori tmiworjb cfb tijj soìtmefn ol tmi jeli-mestoreis ol tmi piopji tmiri. Dy kiipefntmi aofsebircdji odjencteofs ol tmes lufbcìftcj tcsk ef veiw, wi cvoeb jicvefn ourcramciojoneacj sudgiats trcppib efsebi e`poviresmib fcrrctevis tmct odsauri tmi

jevis ol tmi piopji tmi`sijvis.

Cakfowjibnìfts

mes pcpir es rispiatlujjy bibeactib to tmi ìòry ol ofy Jinni.@cfy tmcfks to tmi ibetors, @eamcij Amczcf cfb Kctefc Jejjeos, lor tmi kefb

efvetcteof to aoftreduti to tmes vojuì lor Cfbriw @oori, cfb pcrteaujcrjy toKctefc lor mir pcteifai ef cwcetefn tmi `cfusarept. mi pcpir mcs difilettibnrictjy lro` besausseofs wetm Wo Arossjcfb cfb Aourtfiy Qefnjitof.

TilirifaisCmìb, Q. 4888. Qtrcfni ifaouftirs7 i`dobeib otmirs ef post-aojofecjety. Jofbof7 Toutjibni.

Dcrtm, L. (ib.) 35-1=.

Dcr-Uosil, O. 35>8. mi Ipepcjciojetmea aujturis ol Xcjistefi. Yfpudjesmib Xm.B. tmises.Giruscji`7 Midriw Yfevirsety.

Dcr-Uosil, O. 35>9. mi Ipe-Xcjciojetmea ef Xcjistefi cfb Qefce, ef7 îfborl, L. cfb C.I.@crks (ibs.). Xrodji`s ef primestory7 Fortm Clreac cfb tmi Jivcft. Bcjjcs7 Q@Y Xriss,1=.

Dcr-Uosil, O. 35=3. mi Ipe-pcjciojetmea ao`pjixis ef tmi soutmirf Jivcft, ef7 Acuvef,G. cfb X. Qcfjcvejji (ibs.). Xrmestoeri bu Jivcft. Jyof7 @cesof bi jOreift, 1=5-28=.

Dcr-Uosil, O. 355=. mi Fctulecf aujturi ef tmi Jivcft, tmrismojb to tmi orenefs olcnreaujturi. Ivojuteofcry Cftmropojony>.

Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb I. amirfov 35. Cramciojoneacj lefbs cfb lossej lcufcs ol tmi Fctulecfcfb èarojetmea efbustreis ct Mcyofe` Acvi (îstirf Ncjejii, Esrcij). Esrcij Gourfcj ol

Woojony39, 382-328.

Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb L.T. \cjjc (ibs.). 3553. Fctulecf lorcnirs ef tmi Jivcft7 tirèfcj Xjiestoaifisoaecj amcfnis ef wistirf Csec. Cff Crdor, @eamencf7 Eftirfcteofcj @ofonrcpms ef

Xrimestory.

Dijlir-Aomif, C. 3553.mi Fctulecf ef tmi Jivcft. Cffucj Tiveiw ol Cftmropojony 48,3-3=


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Acuvef, G. 35>>. Jis louejjis bi @uriydit (35>3-35>2) it jiur senfeleacfai pour jis orenefisbi jc sbiftcrescteof cu Xroami-Oreift. Cffucj ol tmi Cìreacf Qamooj ol OreiftcjTisicram 227 35-2=.

Amckrcdcrty, B. 4888. Xrovefaecjezefn Iuropi7 postaojofecj tmounmt cfb mestoreacj bellirifai.Fiw Girsiy7 Xrefaitof Yfevirsety Xriss.

Aojjibni, Q. cfb G. Aoffojjy 4838. Ticssissefn tmi ivebifai lor tmi aujtevcteof ol wejbarops burefn tmi Uoufnir Brycs ct ijj Cdu Muriyrc, Qyrec. Ifverofìftcj Cramciojony39, 342-31=.

Ncrrob, B.C.I. cfb [email protected]. Dcti 351>. mi Qtofi Cni ol @ouft Acrìj. Oxlorb7 AjcrifbofXriss.

Norefn-@orres, C.F. cfb C. Dijlir-Aomif 4831. Tuèfcteofs of tmi roji ol pirepmirycfb aiftri ef tmi Fctulecf, ef7 Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb L.T. \cjjc (ibs.). Fctulecf lorcnirsef tmi Jivcft7 tirèfcj Xjiestoaifi soaecj amcfnis ef wistirf Csec. Cff Crdor, @eamencf7Eftirfcteofcj @ofonrcpms ef Xrimestory, 91.

Nros`cf, J. 4831. mi Fctulecf amrofojoneacj samiì fiw efsenmts cfb tmiere`pjeacteofs, ef7 Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb L.T. \cjjc (ibs.), Fctulecf lorcnirs ef tmi Jivcft7tirèfcj Xjiestoaifi soaecj amcfnis ef wistirf Csec. Cff Crdor, @eamencf7 Eftirfcteofcj@ofonrcpms ef Xrimestory, 1. mi Fctulecf ol Xcjistefi7 ets `ctirecj aujturi cfb iaojony. YfpudjesmibXm.B. tmises. Bcjjcs7 Q@Y.

Mifry, B.O. 35>2. mi utejezcteof ol tmi èaroduref tiamfequi ef tmi Jivcft. Xcjoreift4/4, 1=5-15=.

Mifry, B.O. 3559. Aujturcj ivojuteof cfb eftircateof burefn tmi Ipepcjiojetmea, ef7Mifry, B.O. (ib.). Xrimestorea aujturcj iaojony cfb ivojuteof7 efsenmts lro` soutmirf

Gorbcf. Fiw Uork7 Xjifu` Xriss, 11>-121.

Mifry, B.O. 4831. mi Fctulecf cfb tmi Uoufnir Brycs, ef7 Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb L.T. \cjjc(ibs.). Fctulecf lorcnirs ef tmi Jivcft7 tirèfcj Xjiestoaifi soaecj amcfnis ef wistirf Csec.

Cff Crdor, @eamencf7 Eftirfcteofcj @ofonrcpms ef Xrimestory, 9=2-4. Xcpirs ef iaofoèa primestory. Ac`drebni7 Ac`drebni YfevirsetyXriss.

Menns, I.Q. (ib.). 35>9. Xcjcoiaofo`y. Ac`drebni7 Ac`drebni Yfevirsety Xriss.

Mejjnrudir, K.L. 4831 mi Fctulecf ol soutmwistirf Qyrec setis ef tmi Bc`csausprovefai, ef7 Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb L.T. \cjjc (ibs.). Fctulecf lorcnirs ef tmi Jivcft7tirèfcj Xjiestoaifi soaecj amcfnis ef wistirf Csec. Cff Crdor, @eamencf7 Eftirfcteofcj@ofonrcpms ef Xrimestory, 4=-22.

Mejj`cf, N.A. 35>9. mi pjcft ri`cefs lro` ijj Cdu Muriyrc7 c prijeèfcry riport. Efmi Ixacvcteof ol ijj Cdu Muriyrc ef Qyrec7 c prijeèfcry riport, dy C.@.. @oori.Xroaiibefns ol tmi Xrimestorea Qoaeity23, >8->1.


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Mejj`cf, N.A. 3554/35>1, 43-41.

@oori, C.@.. 35>9. mi ixacvcteof ol ijj Cdu Muriyrc ef Qyrec7 c prije`efcry riport.Xroaiibefns ol tmi Xrimestorea Qoaeity23, 98->>.

@oori, C.@.. 35=9. mi bivijop`ift ol Fiojetmea soaeiteis ef tmi Ficr Icst. Cbvcfaisef orjb Cramciojon y2, 3->-452.

@oori, C.@.. 3554. mi e`pcat ol rcbeoacrdof bctefn ct tmi icrjy vejjcni ol Cdu Muriyrcof tmi Iupmrctis. Tcbeoacrdof12/1, =98-=9=.


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@oori, C.@.., G.C.G. Nowjitt, T.I.@. Mibnis, N.A. Mejj`cf, C.G. Jinni cfb X.C. Towjy-Aofwy. 35=.

Ojsziwske, B.E. 4882. Xjcft loob sudsestifai essuis cfb saeiftelea efquery ef tmi icrjyFctulecf, ef7 Bijcni, A. (ib.). mi jcst muftir-nctmirirs ef tmi Ficr Icst. Oxlorb7 DCTE.Q. 3148, 3=5-485.

Xirjs, A. cfb G. Xmejjeps. 3553. mi Fctulecf aoflirifai besausseof, ef7 Dcr-Uosil, O.,cfb T.T. \cjjc (ibs.). mi Fctulecf Aujturi ef tmi Jivcft. Cff Crdor, @E7 Eftirfcteofcj@ofonrcpms ef Xrimestory, Cramciojoneacj Qireis 3, -3.

Qtikijes, @. 3524. Xrije`efcry riport of soufbefns ef primsetorea acvis ef Xcjistefi(@unmcrit cj-^ctwct; @unmcrit cf-Fuqqtcm; @unmcrit ^cbe-Lcjjcm; @unmcrit Cdu-Ysdc; Ercq ij-Dcrub). Dujjitef ol tmi C`ireacf Qamooj ol Oreiftcj Tisicram=


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cffo, K., N. êjjaox, Q. @umisif, U. Fesmecke, U. Kcfgo cfb . Ckczcwc. 4831.Xrijeèfcry risujtis lro` cfcjysis ol amcrrib pjcft ri`cefs lro` c durft Fctulecfduejbefn ct Bibereyim Acvi ef fortmwist Qyrec, ef7 Dcr-Uosil, O. cfb L.T. \cjjc (ibs.).Fctulecf lorcnirs ef tmi Jivcft7 tirèfcj Xjiestoaifi soaecj amcfnis ef wistirf Csec. Cff

Crdor, @eamencf7 Eftirfcteofcj @ofonrcpms ef Xrimestory, =1-=>.

\cjjc, L.T. 35=2. Jis efbustreis bi sejix bi @cjjcmc (Iyfcf) it bu Fctouleif bcfs ji Jivcft.Xcres7 Cssoaecteof Xcjoreift.

\cjjc, L.T. 35=>. Amrofojonei cdsojui it amrofojoneis rijctevis bcfs ji Fctouleif, ef7Curifami, O., G. Ivef cfb L. Mours (ibs.). Amrofojoneis bu Xroami Oreift/Amrofojoneisol tmi Ficr Icst7 rijctevi amrofojoneis cfb cdsojuti amrofojony 3< 888-2 888 DX. Oxlorb7DCT E.Q. 1>5, 4-452.

\cjjc, L.T. 3559. Lerst sittjib soaeiteis Fctulecf (34 988- 38 488 DX), ef7 Jivy, .I.(ib.). mi cramciojony ol soaeity ef tmi Mojy Jcfb. Jofbof7 Qmilleijb Yfevirsety Xriss,3.

\cjjc, L.T. 355=. Fctulecf sibiftes`7 c nuiss, ef7 Toaik, .T. cfb O. Dcr-Uosil (ibs.).Qicsofcjety cfb Qibiftes`7 cramciojoneacj pirspiatevis lro` Ojb cfb Fiw ôrjb setis.Mcrvcrb7 Xicdoby @usiu`, 51-385.

\etc-Lefze, A. cfb I.Q. Menns 35>8. Xrimestorea iaofo`y ef tmi @ouft Acrìj cric olXcjistefi7 seti actamìft cfcjyses. Xroaiibefns ol tmi Xrimestorea Qoaeity1.

^cjjirstief, E. 35>2. mi òbirf worjb-systi`. Jofbof.


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Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea cfb EfetecjIpepcjiojetmea ef tmi @crsmjcfbs7 C\eiw lro` Ror Qcniir, ^cbe cj-Mcsc,Gorbcf

Bidorcm E. Ojsziwske

Bipcrt`ift ol Cftmropojony, Xiff @usiu`, 14), tmi Mcsc rineof aoftcefib senfeleacft


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witjcfbs risourais (Qamujbifrief 355=; Qamujbifrief cfb Ajcrk 4883; êfir4838). misi efajubib c Xjiestoaifi `crsmjcfb/possedji jcki ef tmi icstirf dcsefcfb `crsmjcfbs/pofbs ct tmi `cgor aofljuifais ol tmi ^cbe cj-Mcsc wetm etstredutcreis ef tmi lor` ol ef-stric` witjcfbs, cjofn wetm lrism wctir sprefns cfbtmi cfe`cjs tmct wiri cttrcatib to tmi pcjubcj sittefn tmiri.

Rmi Qeti ol Ror Qcniir

mi roaksmijtir ct or Qcniir es cpproxe`ctijy 9` x 2` ef sezi cfb tobcy escdout 3>` cdovi tmi amcffij ef tmi tredutcry wcbe (Lenuri 3). Ct tmi teì ol etsoaaupcteof, mowivir, tmi roaksmijtir jekijy wcs setuctib ofjy sjenmtjy cdovi tmiamcffij, cs ost iroseof ef tmi wcbe systi` ef tmes rineof es post-Xjiestoaifi ef cni(Qamujbifrief 355=, 441). mes seti es cdout 1k` upstric` lro` tmi aofljuifaiwetm tmi ^cbe cj-Mcsc cfb soì 9k` (cs tmi derb ljeis) fortm ol tmi jcrni`crsmjcfbs cric soìteìs eftirpritib cs Xjiestoaifi Jcki Mcsc (Qamujbifrief

cfb Ajcrk 3552). Et mcs icsy caaiss to tmi Kirck Xjcticu rineof e`ìbectijy fortmol tmi ^cbe cj-Mcsc.mi sex 3` dy 3` ufets ixacvctib ct tmi seti cjj ricamib dibroak. Cjtmounm

efetecjjy bisaredib cs cf Icrjy Ipepcjiojetmea seti (Aoef`cfit cj.3555; Ojsziwskeit cj.355=), tmiri es fow ricsof to dijeivi tmct tmi biposets aoftcef dotm JctiYppir Xcjiojetmea cfb Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea oaaupcteofs (sii Tcbeoacrdof Bctiscfb Jetmea Cssi`djcni siateofs dijow). mi biposets wiri >9-=8a` ef tmeakfiss

Lenuri 3. Ovirveiw ol

Ror Qcniir lro` tmi wcbe

amcffij dijow tmi seti

(pmoto dy Bidorcm E.Ojsziwske).


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(Aoef`cf it cj. 3555; Ojsziwske it cj. 355=). Lour strctc wiri ebifteleib. miuppiròst (Qtrctu` E) riprisifts cf uppir sit ol oaaupcteofs burefn tmi EfetecjIpepcjiojetmea (Fidikecf; sii Jetmea Cssi`djcni cfb Tcbeoacrdof Bctis dijow).Qtrctc EE cfb EEE aorrispofb to c jowir sit ol oaaupcteofs òst prodcdjy cssoaectibwetm tmi Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea, wmeji Qtrctu` \ es tmi Licturi 1 micrtm tmct

es aoftixtucjjy cssoaectib wetm Qtrctc EE cfb EEE. mi micrtm licturis (c totcj ol1 wiri loufb) wiri fot struaturib micrtms, dut tmi tmeakfiss cfb sezi ol tmiLicturi 1 micrtm sunnist tmct et wcs ripictibjy usib. mi Licturi 1 micrtm pcrtecjjysets of dibroak, es aoftcefib wetmef Qtrctu` EE, cfb es cbgcaift to Qtrctu` EEE.Xcjioifverofìftcj, rcbeoacrdof, lcufcj, cfb jetmea bctc lor or Qcniir criixcèfib dijow, lojjowib dy c besausseof ol tmes seti ef tmi aoftixt ol tmi ^cbecj-Mcsc rineof cfb tmi icstirf Jivcft.

Xcjioifverofìftcj Bctc

Qibeìft sc`pjis lor pojjif cfb pmytojetm ixtrcateof wiri tckif lro` c vcreityol aoftixts ct tmi seti. Lour ol tmi pmytojetm sc`pjis wiri cfcjyzib (otmirs crief pronriss ef 4839). mi cfcjyzib pmytojetm sc`pjis cri lro` tmi Licturi 4 (efQtrctu` EE) cfb 1 micrtms, cs wijj cs lro` Qtrctu` EEE (Yfet I2, Jivij 32). Cjj oltmisi riprisift tmi jowir sit ol oaaupcteofs. miy yeijbib wooby pjcfts cfb nrcssislro` dotm breir, stippea cfb aoojir, òestir pjcft rineìs (Tosif 4888), wmeam esfot surpresefn nevif tmi setis joacteof ef tmi wcbe systi` dut ajosi to tmi pjcticucdovi, wmeam woujb mcvi diif nrcssy cfb breir. mi Licturi 1 micrtm ef pcrteaujcraoftcefib jcrni còufts ol nrcss pmytojetms, wmeam cy mcvi diif soì ol tmi luijusib cfb pirmcps cjso riprisift dibbefn. mi prisifai ol ficrdy, stcfbefn wctir es

efbeactib dy sibni cfb riib pmytojetms, ispiaecjjy ef tmi sc`pjis lro` tmi Licturi1 micrtm.ôrk of tmi pojjif es ofnoefn. mi prijeèfcry risujts lro` two sc`pjis (ofi

lro` tmi Licturi 1 micrtm cfb ofi lro` Qtrctu` E, Yfet B2, Jivij 4) yeijbibivebifai lor opif stippi wetm c fu`dir ol repcrecf ijiìfts (Q. Lesm, pirsofcjao`ùfeacteof), tmus supportefn tmi pmytojetm bctc. Nevif tmct tmi pmytojetm cfbpojjif sc`pjis cri lro` tmi uppir (Qtrctu` E) cfb jowir (Qtrctc EE, EEE, cfb \)aoftixts ct tmi seti, tmiy sunnist tmct joacj mcdetct beb fot smelt senfeleacftjy ovirtmi pireob ol tmi Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea cfb Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea oaaupcteofs.

Tcbeoacrdof BctisOl tmi tmrii rcbeoacrdof bctis odtcefib lor or Qcniir, two sc`pjis wiri lro` tmiLicturi 1 micrtm gust cdovi dibroak (Qtrctu` \7 Yfets D1 cfb D2) cfb ofi sc`pjilro` ficr tmi top ol Qtrctu` EE (Yfet B1, Jivij >) (Ojsziwske 4881, 414). Ct59.2% prodcdejety, tmi acjedrctib (Drofk Tc`siy 4885) micrtm bctis usefn EftAcj31, virseof 2.4, cri 49,4


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(E) ao`pcrib to tmosi jowir bowf ef tmi siquifai (besaussib dijow), sunnisttmct or Qcniir aoftcefs dotm Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea cfb Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmeaoaaupcteofs.

Lcufcj Cssi`djcni

Cjtmounm tmi lcufcj cssi`djcni lro` or Qcniir wcs menmjy lrcnìftib, etaoftcefib fuìrous ebiftelecdji spiaeìfs (FEQX03,338) ao`pcrib to otmirEfetecj/Icrjy Ipepcjiojetmea setis ef tmi ^cbe cj-Mcsc rineof (Kiffirty 4838;@ufro it cj. ef priss). misi mcvi fot yit diif bevebib efto uppir cfb jowiroaaupcteofs caaorbefn to strctc, dut nevif tmi @FEs, suam c beveseof ènmt fotyeijb probuatevi aoftrcsts. Còfn tmi `c``cjecf lcufc, tmi ebifteleib dofis cri`cefjy nczijji (@FE ol 9), wetm s`cjj còufts ol iquebs cfb curoams (@FE ol ofiicam). miri cri cjso ijiìfts lro` c lox cfb c lijeb. Q`cjjir ncì aofsestib oltortoesi (@FE ol 1) cfb mcri (@FE ol 4), cfb tmiri wiri soì ìbeu`-sezi derb

spiaeìfs (@FE ol 4). Cdout 38% ol tmi FEQX ijiìfts wiri durfib. Ofi dofitooj wcs riaovirib (Kiffirty 4838). Et es tmi bestcj ifb ol c poeft.Curoams wcs cssoaectib wetm wittir mcdetcts, wmeji iquebs riquerib noob caaiss

to wctir ao`pcrib to `cfy stippea spiaeis. mi prisifai ol nczijji, wmeam ef tmesrineof wiri òst jekijy stippea spiaeis (suam cs Nczijjc sudnuttorosc), efbeactis tmiajosi proxeèty ol opif nrcssjcfbs. Et es possedji tmct tmi priboèfcftjy nczijjicssi`djcni ct or Qcniir sunnists tmct tmiy wiri acpturib wmeji trcvijjefn tmrounmtmi tredutcry wcbe lro` tmi pjcticu cdovi to ricam wctir sourais ct or ficr tmi`crsmis ct tmi aofljuifai wetm tmi ^cbe cj-Mcsc. Cs tmi nczijji acracssis ct orQcniir mcvi ijiìfts riprisiftctevi ol tmi wmoji cfe`cj, et cppicrs tmct dutamiry

cfb aofsu`pteof oaaurrib ct tmi seti, efbeactefn tmct tmi biposets jekijy efajubidcsiac`p cateveteis (Kiffirty 4838; sii cjso cj-Fcmcr cfb Ojsziwske ef priss).Xroaissefn ol nczijji efajubib drickefn tmi siaofb pmcjcfni to odtcef `crrow.

Jetmea Cssi`djcni

mi totcj jetmea cssi`djcni riaovirib lro` cjj strctc ct or Qcniir fu`dirs 34,255peiais. Fot efajubefn s`cjj ljckis (:48``), tmi bidetcni es rounmjy mcjl djcbi/djcbijit cfb mcjl ljcki djcfks ol vcreous typis. miri cri, mowivir, soìwmct òridjcbi/djcbijit aoris tmcf ljcki aoris. @ost aoris ef cjj strctc cri sefnji pjctlor`,sefnji lcai.

cdji 3 smows tmi tooj cssi`djcni lor icam ol tmi lour strctc cfb efajubisbitcejs of tmi èarojetmea ao`pofift. Qittefn csebi Qtrctu` \ (wmeam es tmiLicturi 1 micrtm) lor tmi òìft, bctc ef tmi tcdji cri rijctevijy ajicr-aut efsmowefn bellirifais ditwiif Qtrctu` E cfb Qtrctc EE/EEE. Còfn tmi jcrni toojao`pofift, Qtrctu` E mcs viry liw ifbsarcpirs ao`pcrib to Qtrctc EE cfb EEE, cfb,tmiri es c sjenmtjy ijivctib prisifai ol trufacteofs ef Qtrctu` EEE. Cs tmisi ajcssisol jcrni toojs cri udequetous ef Yppir Xcjiojetmea cfb Ipepcjiojetmea cssi`djcnis,vcrecdejety ef tmier lriquifaeis `cy efbeacti bellirefn i`pmcsis of seti cateveteistmrounm teì ct or Qcniir. Ofi viry eftrenuefn licturi ol tmi cssi`djcni es tmiprisifai ol lour cbzis (Lenuri 4), soì ol wmeam mcvi trcfamit djows to smcrpifofi ibni. miri cri two cbzis lro` Qtrctu` EEE cfb ofi icam ef Qtrctu` EE cfb


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Qtrctu` E. Xotiftecjjy tmisi `cy mcvi diif usib ef woobworkefn cateveteis,cjtmounm tmes es c viry tiftctevi cttreduteof dcsib of lor` cjofi.

mi èarojetmea ao`pofift ef tmi strctc ct or Qcniir es queti eflor`ctevi.Qtrctu` E es amcrcatirezib dy tmi menmist lriquifaeis ol cttifuctib aurvib (cjsokfowf cs dcakib, boudji cramib), aurvib, cfb Jc @ouejjcm typis (Lenuri 1). QtrctcEE cfb EEE, of tmi otmir mcfb, mcvi fuìrous Bulour, otmir efvirsijy ritouamib, cfbOuamtctc djcbijits. mi senfcturi ol Bulour cfb Ouamtctc djcbijits es riaonfezibct otmir icstirf Jivcftefi setis cs efbeactefn amrofojoneacj cttreduteof to tmi Jcti

Yppir Xcjiojetmea (Dyrb 4832; Aoef`cf 355=; Ojsziwske cfb cj-Fcmcr 4833d;

Qtrctu`

Rooj Ajcss E EE EEE \*

Ifbsarcpir 4.5 38.4 39.> 1.>

Duref 1.3 3.< 1.< 3.5

Dorir 3.3 8.2 - -

Dcakib Xeiai 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5

Rrufacteof 3.3 3.4 1.< >.2

Fotam/Bifteaujcti 4.5 5.1 32.=

aurvib 44.4 33.5 4.= 44.4

cttifuctib aurvib =.8 3.< - 3.=

Jc @ouejjcm poeft 38.1 1.5 - 1.>

Scjkmcf poeft 3.4 4.2 4.= -

Bulour djcbijit 8.2 2.= 32.1 1.>

efvirsi 3.5 1.4 48.8 >.2

Ouamtctc djcbijit 2.< 33.3 49.> 3.=

poeftib 5.4 =.> 4.= 44.4

trufactib .3 >.2

otmir 1.= 5.9 9.> 9.

@ujtepji Rooj 8.2 8.2 - -

Qpiaecj Rooj 3.1 8.= 3.4 8.5

\crec** 8.> 8.= 4.2 -

RORCJQ (f) 291 42< =1 38=

Rcdji 3. Drickbowf ol lriquifay ol toojs lro` RorQcniir, wetm bitcej ol èarojetms, dy jivij. *Qtrctu` \ estmi Licturi 1 micrtm tmct es cssoaectib wetm Qtrctc EE cfb

EEE. **\crec efajubis tmi cbzis.

Lenuri 4. Cf cbzi lro` RorQcniir (brcwefn dy Drcbjiy @.

Ivcfs).


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Qamyji cfb Yirp`cff 35==), wmeam cppicrs to di supportib dy tmi bctis lro` tmiLicturi 1 micrtm (Qtrctu` \) ct or Qcniir (sii Tcbeoacrdof Bctis cdovi).

Cttifuctib aurvib djcbijits cri viry fcrrow èarojetms typeacj ol tmi EfetecjIpepcjiojetmea (Fidikecf efbustry) (Dyrb cfb Ncrrcrb 4831, 1>2-1>9), cjtmounmtmi lriquifay ol tmisi ct or Qcniir es jow ao`pcrib to c fu`dir ol otmir Fidikecfcssi`djcnis ct setis ef tmi icstirf Jivcft (Dyrb cfb Ncrrcrb 4831; Ojsziwske cfbcj-Fcmcr 4833c, 4832; cj-Fcmcr it cj. 4885). mi Qtrctu` E cssi`djcni ct orQcniir, mowivir, es soìwmct seèjcr to tmct ol tmi Fidikecf (Cric B) ct Cyf

Scseyyc ef tmi Czrcq Dcsef, wmiri tmi lriquifaeis ol cttifuctib aurvib (acjjibcram-dcakib ct Cyf Scseyyc) cri rijctevijy jow, wmeji dcakib cfb trufactib, aurvibpoeftib, cfb poeftib djcbijits cri proèfift (Teamtir 4833, 23).

mi rcbeoacrdof bcti lro` menm ef tmi Qtrctu` EE aoftixt prisu`cdjy ìcfstmct tmi Qtrctu` E cssi`djcni postbctis 44,488 acj DA dy cf ufkfowf eftirvcjol teì, dut nevif tmi prisifai ol viry fcrrow èarojetms, tmes cssi`djcni es òstjekijy wetmef tmi amrofojoneacj lrcìwork ol tmi Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea ( 44,888-35,188 acj DA [Dyrb cfb Ncrrcrb 4831, 1>2P). Ofi eftiristefn potiftecj ovirjcpes tmi seèjcr lriquifaeis ol dcakib cfb trufactib èarojetms ef Qtrctc E cfb EE. Ctor Qcniir, tmisi cri viry fcrrow ef webtm, tmus lettefn efto tmi fcrrow amcrcatir

ol cttifuctib aurvib djcbijits tmct mijp bilefi tmi Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea pireob.^mitmir or fot tmisi fcrrow dcakib cfb trufactib djcbijits efbeacti soì sortol trcfseteof ef èarojetm lor` lro` tmi Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea to tmi EfetecjIpepcjiojetmea es fot kfowf.

mi nioìtrea èarojetm ao`pofift es òst ivebift ef Qtrctu` E. Et aofsests`cefjy ol fcrrow trcpizis (f 0 38 ef Qtrctu` E), wmeam cri jekijy rijctib to tmi`cfulcaturi ol cttifuctib aurvib lor`s. mct es, tmi fcrrow trcpizis cri ofi pcrtol tmi vcrecdejety ef tmi spiatru` ol lor` ef cttifuctib aurvib djcbijits. Quamfcrrow trcpizis oltif cjso mcvi vesedji ri`fcft èaroduref sacrs of tmi trufactibifbs (sii Lenuri 1).

Lenuri 1. Tiprisiftctevi èarojetms lro` Ror Qcniir7 c) cifuctib aurvib djcbijit,d) Bulour djcbijit, a) Scjkmcf poeft, cfb b) trcpizi wetm èaroduref sacrs ct ifbs(brcwefns dy Drcbjiy @. Ivcfs).


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Ysi ol tmi earoduref tiamfequi to sinìft djcbijits to cfulcaturi earojetmsmcs c nrict cftequety ef tmi icstirf Jivcft (Dyrb cfb Ncrrcrb 4831, 1>2), bctefn ctjicst to tmi Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea. ^mif tmi ristreatib èaroduref efbix (E@DT)es acjaujctib lor icam ol tmi strctc ct or Qcniir, tmi risujts cri cs lojjows7 QtrctuÈ 0 41.9 of tmi KirckXjcticu, wmeam mcs Efetecj/Icrjy (Fidikecf/Scjkmcf3) oaaupcteofs (cj-Fcmcr itcj.4885), cfb or ct-criiq, wetm Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea (Fidikecf) cfb possedjycjso Scjkmcf Icrjy Ipepcjiojetmea (sii Lootfoti 3) (Ajcrk it cj. 35=>; Fiijiy it

cj. 355=; Ojsziwske it cj. 4831; Ojsziwske cfb cj-Fcmcr 4832). Qoì ol tmisisetis cjso aoftcef ietmir icrjeir Yppir Xcjiojetmea, @ebbji Ipepcjiojetmea, or JctiIpepcjiojetmea cssi`djcnis. Cjtmounm tmi fu`dir ol setis wetmef tmi Jcti Yppir

3 Ri jowir, èbbji, cfb uppir biposets ct KXQ->9 mcvi Scjkmcf poefts (4.2%, >.3% cfb 4.9%,rispiatevijy). Mowivir, tmiy cri cssoaectib wetm fcrrow èarojetm cssi`djcnis (pre`crejy cttifuctibaurvib, otmir aurvib, dcakib cfb trufactib, cfb poeftib djcbijits) tmct cri for`cjjy acjjib Fidikecf.Riri es c seèjcr setucteof ct or ct-criiq, wmiri tmi uppir oaaupcteof mcs 1.2% Scjkmcf poefts,wmeam cri cssoaectib wetm fcrrow fofnioìtreas. Rus, el tmi KXQ->9 oaaupcteofs cfb tmi uppiroaaupcteof cri or ct-criiq cri Scjkmcf Icrjy Ipepcjiojetmea, tmiy cri fot pcrteaujcrjy seèjcr totmosi bisaredib lor tmi Czrcq Dcsef, wmiri tmi èarojetmea ao`pofift es webir ef sezi (Dyrb cfb

Ncrrcrb 4831, 1=8). Res `cy riprisift efbustry vcrecdejety ietmir ti`porcjjy (c trcfseteof lro`Fidikecf to Scjkmcf) or nionrcpmeacjjy (sii Besausseof siateof dijow).


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Xcjiojetmea cfb Efetecj/Icrjy Ipepcjiojetmea es fot jcrni, tmi lcat tmct sivircj oltmi` mcvi oaaupcteofs spcffefn òri tmcf ofi pireob spicks to tmi jofn-tir`pirsestifai ef tmes rineof ol tmi witjcfbs cfb tmier risourais.

mi ^cbe cj-Mcsc rineof setis tifb to di s`cjj ef ovircjj sezi, rcfnefn lro`48`4 ct or Qcniir to 449`4 ct or ct-criiq, wetm Cyf cj-Dumcyrc jekijy c

det jcrnir (iroseof mcs riòvib ct jicst soì ol tmi Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea criccroufb tmi lossej sprefn tmiri). misi beìfseofs, mowivir, cri ìcsurefn totcjseti sezi rctmir tmcf tmi catucj sezi ol cfy nevif oaaupcteof wmeam ef òst acsiswcs jekijy to mcvi diif aoftcefib wetmef c s`cjjir cric ol tmi ovircjj seti. Efpriveous sittjiìft òbijjefn, Ojsziwske cfb Aoef`cf (355=) mypotmisezibtmct tmi witjcfbs risourais ef tmi Mcsc woujb mcvi `cbi c jonesteacj systi` oldcsiac`ps cfb tcskac`ps possedji cs muftir-nctmirir-lorcnirs woujb mcvi diiftitmirib jofn-tir` to tmi risourais ol tmi cric. Bctc caquerib sefai tmif, mowivir(efajubefn Lcufcj Cssi`djcni siateof cdovi), efbeacti tmct tmi Mcsc rineof JctiYppir Xcjiojetmea, Efetecj, cfb Icrjy Ipepcjiojetmea setis òri jekijy riprisift

risebiftecj òviìft ef tmi jcfbsacpi. Cs joacjis tmct wiri ripictibjy rivesetib,tmiy wiri pirsestift pjcais dut fot fiaisscrejy jofn-tir` dcsiac`ps ixpiatib efjonesteacj sittjiìft systi`s.

Et es to di ixpiatib tmct vcrecdejety wejj ixest wmif oaaupcteofs lro` belliriftsetis cri ao`pcrib to ofi cfotmir, ivif wetmef c rineof suam cs tmi Mcsc.Xrisu`cdjy suam vcrecteof es jefkib ct jicst ef pcrt to bellirefn i`pmcsis ofcateveteis cfb/or to tmi lcufc ixpjoetib (@ufroit cj.ef priss). mi cttreduteof oltmi Fidikecf Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea to tmi oaaupcteofs ct sivircj ol tmi Mcsc rineofsetis es rijctevijy strcenmtlorwcrb. miri cri, mowivir, eftrenuefn licturis ol soìol tmi otmir cssi`djcnis. Ofi es tmct tmi ao`poseteof ol tmi jetmeas lro` tmi Jcti

Yppir Xcjiojetmea oaaupcteof ct or Qcniir es fot Jcti Cm`crecf cs loufb ct Cyfcj-Dumcyrc cfb Crics C/D ct Uutej cj-Mcsc ef tmi Mcsc. Efsticb, tmi or Qcniir`ctirecjs òri ajosijy risi`dji tmi Jcti Yppir Xcjiojetmea lro` ^cbe @cbc`cnmef tmi Xitrc rineof to tmi soutm (Dyrb 4832; Ojsziwske cfb cj-Fcmcr 4833d; Qamyjicfb Yirp`cff 35==). miri cjso es c sunnisteof ol c seèjcr Bulour, efvirsi,cfb Ouamtctc oaaupcteof ef tmi jowir biposets ef Cric A ct Uutej cj-Mcsc (tmi f,mowivir, es too s`cjj to di bilefetevi).

Cfotmir eftiristefn licturi es ofi tmct cppicrs to di ct obbs wetm aurriftbilefeteofs rijctib to tmi prisifai ol Scjkmcf poefts. mes èarojetm typi lenurisòst proèfiftjy ef tmi tmrii sits ol oaaupcteofs ct KXQ->9 cfb ef tmi uppir

oaaupcteof ct or ct-criiq (sii Lootfoti 3). Scjkmcf poefts, mowivir, cjso criloufb ef òst cssi`djcnis ol tmi Efetecj Ipepcjiojetmea ct tmi Mcsc setis, cjdietef s`cjj fu`dirs. Scjkmcf poefts wiri crnuib ijsiwmiri (@cmir cfb Teamtir4833; Ojsziwske 488,>88 acj DA.


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mes bilefeteof, mowivir, bois fot sii` to let tmi Mcsc rineof setucteof. mejiet es trui tmct tmi ùjtepji oaaupcteofs ct soì setis suam cs or ct-criiq 4ènmtmcvi ixpireifaib post-biposeteofcj tcpmofoèa proaissis risujtefn ef bowfwcrbòviìft ol Scjkmcf poefts lro` cf uppir biposet wetm c Scjkmcf oaaupcteof,cfb tmus soì èxefn ef tmi Fidikecf tmiri, tmes bois fot sii` to di tmi acsi ct

sivircj otmir setis. Lor efstcfai, ct or Qcniir, vertucjjy cjj èarojetms cri fcrrowlor`s; tmi scì es trui lor Uutej cj-Mcsc Crics A, I, cfb L. Ivif el tcpmofoèaèxefn oaaurrib, tmi cssi`djcnis bo fot aoftcef tmi webir lor`s tmct smoujb mcvidiif cssoaectib wetm c Scjkmcf pireob oaaupcteof. Ct KXQ->9, ofi woujb mcvito crnui tmct tmi ifteri seti es èxib so tmct Scjkmcf poefts lro` tmi èbbjioaaupcteof mcvi ifbib up ef tmi jowir cfb uppir biposets, ivif tmounm ficrjy cjjotmir èarojetm typis cri fcrrow lor`s ef tmi jowir èbbji, cfb uppir biposets(cj-Fcmcr cfb Ojsziwske ef priss).

Et es fot ajicr wmct tmes pcttirfefn ef tmi Mcsc ènmt ìcf. Ofi ixpjcfcteofènmt di tmct tmiri es aofsebircdji rineofcj vcrecdejety ditwiif wmct amcrcatirezis

Scjkmcf oaaupcteofs ef tmi Czrcq Dcsef ao`pcrib to rineofs lurtmir to tmi soutmsuam cs tmi Mcsc or tmct tmiri cri ti`porcj ao`pofifts prisift ef tmi Mcsc tmctwiri fot prisift còfn tmi setis stubeib ef tmi Czrcq. Cfotmir ènmt di tmctixtriìjy dreil vesets dy piopji usefn Scjkmcf poefts risujtib ef tmi biposeteof oltmosi lor`s dut jettji ijsi cs tmier vesets to soì ol tmi Mcsc setis wiri ipmiìrcjef iviry sifsi ol tmi worb. Quam c saifcreo es fot e`possedji, cs siif lro` cfixc`pji lro` tmi Jcti Ipepcjiojetmea Icrjy Fctulecf pireob. mi uppir biposetsct or ct-criiq mcvi tmrii Mijwcf jufctis (c tooj typi amcrcatirestea ol tmi IcrjyFctulecf) cfb ct KXQ->9 tmiri cri fefi Mijwcf jufctis. Cs tmi rcw `ctirecj usibct Fctulecf oaaupcteofs ef tmi Mcsc rineof es rijctevijy bestefatevi, el tmiri mcb

diif Icrjy Fctulecf oaaupcteofs ct tmisi setis, tmi `ctirecjs woujb mcvi diif icsyto riaonfezi. mus, et woujb sii` tmct Icrjy Fctulecf nroups pceb ixtriìjy smortvesets to tmisi two setis, jicvefn dimefb ofjy Mijwcf jufctis.

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9789088903489 - Lillios & Chazan (Eds) 2015 - Fresh Fields and Pastures New - eBook