Name:___________________________ SCT 204

End of Cycle Final Exam Review

Properties of Matter

Mass 1. What unit would you use to measure the mass of the following objects: milligrams (mg), grams (g) or kilograms (kg)? a. Your school bag full of books ___Kg_______ b. A skateboard____kg___________ c. A pencil __g_________ d. An Orange_________g________ e. A stamp________mg_________ Volume 2. What unit would you use to measure the volume of the following objects: litre (L), millilitres (mL), cubic centimeters (cm3), or cubic meters (m3). a. water in a swimming pool _____L______________ b. a box of facial tissues ___cm3______ c. a box of Smarties____cm3___________________ d. A can of juice______mL_______ e. a bus____________m3____________ 3. Determine the volume of the object in the graduated cylinders?

a. _____10.0 mL____ b.____4.0 mL____

4. What is the volume of the objects?

a.___1600 cm3__________ b. ________160 cm

3___

20 cm 2 cm

2 cm

4 cm 40 cm

20 cm

Density

5. Express the following information as a density:

a. An irregular object with a mass of 18 kg displaces 2.5 L of water. 18 kg or 7.2 kg/L 2.5 L

b. A 250 g piece of rock has a volume of 50 cm3. 250g or 5 g/cm

3

50 cm

3

6. Metal A has a mass of 600 g and displaces 100 cm3 of water while Metal B has the same mass and has a volume of 75 mL. Which metal has a higher density? Metal B because it has a higher mass to volume ratio. 7. What happens to the density of air in a balloon if the volume is increased while the mass remains constant? Since density is the ratio of mass to volume, it would decrease as the volume increases.

Particle Model 8. Identify the following states of matter

a._solid__ b.__liquid__ c.____gas___ 9. Describe what happens to particles a. when they are heated _________move away from each other_______________________________ b. when they are cooled _______move closer to each other_________________________________ Pure Substances and Mixtures 10. A pure substance contains only _______one____________ ____type_____________________ of ____________atom__________. Examples are salt, sugar, distilled water, diamond, and carbon dioxide. 11. A mixture contains at least 2 types of particles. There are 2 types of mixtures:_homogeneous____ mixtures (called solutions) and _heterogeneous____ mixture. Both have at least two types of particles. 12. Homogeneous mixtures have particles that are ___evenly ____ _distributed______________ or spread out evenly in the mixture so it appears when you look at it that there are only 1 types of particle but there are at least 2 types of particles there. Examples are ________salt water__, ____milk_________, ____Kool-aid______________ and ______air________. 13. Heterogeneous mixtures have particles that are not uniformly distributed so that when you see at least ___two_________ _type_______of _particle___________ either with your eyes or with the help of a microscope. Examples are __salt and sugar____, __oil and vinegar___ and ___starch and water__. 14. Solutions are ___homogeneous_________________ mixtures.

15. Complete the table by putting ONE check in the correct box for each substance.

Example Homogeneous Heterogeneous Pure Substance

Sugar X

Tap water X

Pond water X

Plant cells X

7-up X

Olympic medals X

Porphyritic rock x

Silver chain X

Corn syrup X

Milk X

Atomic Structure 16. Match the formula with the following molecular model given

gray = oxygen white = hydrogen black = carbon

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Water (H2O) Methane (CH4)

a._______ Oxygen (O2)____________ b.___ Water (H2O)_____________

c._ Carbon dioxide (CO2)_______ d._______ Methane (CH4)__________

Cells

17. Match the cell organelles on the left to their appropriate roles on the right

a. Cell membrane___4_______________ 1) Produce energy

b. Cytoplasm___2________________ 2) Holds organelles in place c. Nucleus_____7_______________ 3) Absorbs energy from the sun for photosynthesis d. Endoplasmic reticulum____8______ 4) Controls what comes in and goes out of the cell e. Vacuoles ________5___________ 5) Storage of nutrients and other substances f. Mitochondria____1____________ 6) Thick support for the cell g. Cell wall____6______________ 7) Directs cell’s activities h. Chloroplast_____3___________ 8) Cellular transport 18. Label the diagram of photosynthesis

Plate tectonics 19. Describe what type of tectonic activities would take place for each of the following types of plate movement:

20. For each of the movements described in question 19, state which cause earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and tsunamis. a) volcano b) volcano and mountains c) earthquakes and tsunamis Acids and Bases 21. Determine whete the substances are acid, base, or neutral, by putting ONE check in the appropriate box.

Substance pH Value Acid Base Neutral

Glass Cleaner 10.9 X

Bottle Water 7.0 X

Antacid 8.2 X

Orange Juice 2.0 X

Spaghetti Sauce 6.6 X

a. Divergent Plate Movement Plates move away from each other resulting in a volcano - These eruptions are less violent since there is no resistance. b. Convergent Plate Movement Plates move towards each other: Volcanoes can form when an oceanic plate sinks under a continental plate. Sometimes, the two colliding plates are too thick for one to sink underneath the other. When this happens, mountain ranges are formed c. Transform Plate Movement Plates slide past each other. Friction between two tectonic plates produces shock waves. These shock waves, called seismic waves, can damage structures. When earthquakes occur at the boundaries of oceanic plates, a tsunami can occur

Physical and Chemical Change 22. From the statement below, circle the ones which ARE signs of chemical change: a. A gas is formed b. A precipitate is formed c. The substance melts d. The object breaks e. Light is emitted f. A substance dissloves into another g. Heat is emitted h. The color changes i. The substance evaporates 23. Fill in the blanks by writing “Physical Change” OR “Chemical Change” in the space provided. a. A ________physical change___________ is a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties. b. A _chemical change________________ is irreversible c. Sublimination is an example of a ____physical change_______________________. d. A _chemical change_____________ is a change that occurs when a substance changes composition by forming one or more new substances. e. A _chemical change______________________ is reversible. 24. Changes in state are ___physical___________________________ changes. In physical changes, the particles of the substance remain the ___same_____________________. 25. In physical changes, the only thing that changes is the ___appearance________ of the substance, The substance retains its __chemical___________________ properties. 26. A substance that undergoes a physical change can return it its __original state____________. 27. Changes in state are physical changes. Substances can undergo: a. Melting: solid state to ____liquid_______________state. Temperature of transition is called the ___melting__________________ point. b. Boiling and Evaporation: liquid state to the gaseous state. Temperature of tansition is called the _____boilin_______ _______point______________. Examples are boiling water and an example of evaporation is clothes drying in the sun. c. Sublimation: solid state to the ____gaseous______________ state. Example – ice cubes gradually disappearing in the freezer. d. Condensation: _gaseous__________________ state to liquid state – Temperature of trnsition is called the condensation point. (It happens at the same temperature as the boiling point). Example – water vapour forms clouds. e. Solidification: _liquid_____________ state to ______solid__________ state.

Temperature of transition is called the freezing point. Example – liquid water freezing into ice.

f. sublimation (or deposition): gaseous state to solid state. Example – water vapour freezing to form frost.

28. Unlike physical changes, chemical changes result in new ___substances_______ that have their own properties. Chemical changes can be recogniced by the following signs:

a. ____Gas formed_____________________________________________________ b.____Light and heat emitted____________________________________________ c.____Precipitate formed_______________________________________________ d.____Colour change___________________________________________________ 29. Determine whether the following are physical (P) or chemical (C) changes. a. Adding chlorine to water in a pool. ____P______ b. Humidity in the air from a shower transformed into droplets on the mirror ____P______ c. Moulding a figure out of plasticine. ____P______ d. Preparing hot chocolate using a concentrated syrup and water (or milk) ____P______ e. Melting ice that has built up under skis ____P______ f. Clothes drying in the sun ____P_______ g. Making frozen treats with fruit juice ____P______ h. Snoow crystals froming from water vapour in the air ____P______ i. Using dry ice to make smoke during a concert ____P______ Phase Changes 30. Identify the process in the following diagram:

a.___ sublimation or deposition__________________________________________ b.___ sublimation__________________________________________ c.___ condensation__________________________________________ d.___ evaporation__________________________________________ e.___ liquefaction or melting__________________________________________ f.___ solidification or freezing__________________________________________

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

Phase Changes

31. Label the following diagram with the appropriate: state of matter for A, C, and E; phase change for changes B and D (Ignore F)

32. Name the three methods of asexual reproduction in plants: stems, leaves, and roots 33. Name the three methods of sexual reproduction in plants: flowers, cones, and spores 34. Define the following: a. Asexual reproduction: Method of reproduction that does not require male and female parts. The offspring is identical to parent. b. Sexual reproduction: Requires male and female parts. The offspring is similar to parents but unique. c. Cotyledon: Food reserves in a seed d. Embryo: A small immature plant. e. Seed: Contains everything needed to produce a new plant f. Seed coat: Protective covering surrounding the seed g. Fertilization: Combination of the male and female gametes (sex cells) h. Pollination: The process in which the pollen grains land on the stigma of the pistil in order to fertilize the flower i. Self-pollination: Transfer of pollen grains to the pistil of the same flower j. Cross-pollination: Transfer of pollen grains to the pistil of a different flower

k. Angiosperms: Flower bearing plants l. Gymnosperms: Cone bearing plants m. Spermatozoon: The male gamete (sex cell) n. Spores: Cells that contain complete genetic material and can therefore transform in a young plant without fertilization. o. Ova: The female gamete (sex cell), also known as the eggs. 35. How are seeds dispersed in nature? _wind, water, animals, plants themselves, human activities 36. Which part of the flower becomes the fruit that we eat? ___ovary___________________________

37. How do flowers attract insects? __smell of nectar and the brightness of the petals_____

38. Label the following diagram of the flower: See next diagram for answers

Anther Filament Ovary

Pistil Stamen Stigma

Style

39. Describe, in steps, the reproductive process of a plant: 1) The anther produces pollen grains which are dispersed. 2) They land on the stigma (which is sticky). This is called pollination. 3) Pollen grains then travel down the style to the ovary where they 4) fertilize the ova to produce seeds. The seeds contain the embryo and nutrients. 5) Once the flower falls to the ground, the seed becomes planted and 6) grows into a new plant. 40. Describe, in steps, the reproductive process of human: 1) The egg, which is released by the follicle in the ovary is picked up by the ends of the fallopian tube and it travels through the fallopian tube. 2) Sperm is released in the vagina and they swim past the cervix, through the uterus and up the

fallopian tube. 3) In the fallopian tube, the sperm encounter the egg and one eventually penetrates

the egg (fertilization). 4) After fertilization the zygote moves from the fallopian tube to the uterus.

As it travels there, the zygote undergoes cell divisions- by the time it reaches the uterus it is a group of

about 16 cells. The inner most cells will form the embryo, and the outer cells the placenta 5) Around

the 14th day of development the embryo which now has travelled to the uterus, implants itself in the

lining of the uterus. Amniotic fluid that protects it and the placenta has formed and the embryo

continues to undergo cell division. 6) At about 8 weeks the embryo becomes a fetus and continues to

develop until birth.

41. What are the stages of Human Development starting at fertilization with the zygote?

◦ Zygote (fertilization – 2 weeks)

◦ Embryo (2 weeks – 8 weeks)

◦ Fetus (8 weeks – Birth)

42. Label the following diagram of the human reproductive systems

A. Female system

. Follicle (F) Cervix (E) A._____Ovary________________________ B _____Fallopian Tube___________

C.____Uterus_________________________ D._______Vagina_______________

E. Label the cervix F. Add follicles to the diagram and label them

B. Male system

Scrotum (10) Cowper’s gland (9)

1.____bladder___________________________ 2._____urtethra________________

3._____seminal vesicles__________________ 4.______penis____________________

5.______prostate______________________ 6._____epididymis________________

7._____vas defrens________________________ 8.___testicles____________________

9. Label the cowper’s gland 10. Label the scrotum

43. Where in the human body is the pituitary gland located? ___Brain________________________

Rocks and Minerals

44. Complete the table below on rocks

Type of Rock How it is formed

Igneous

Through the cooling and solidification of magma

Sedimentary

Through the erosion and transportation of fragments that are subsequently deposited, compacted and cemented

Metamorphic

From already-formed rocks that change under the action of pressure and heat

Technology 45. For each of the following indicate the effort force, fulcrum, and load, and state the class of lever the

object represents.

a. Class:______3rd__________

Fulcrum

Effort Force

Load

b. Class:__________1st_______________

c. Class:_____2nd___________________

Energy Transformations

46. Fill in the blanks

a.

_____chemical______________ ___mechanical_________________

Fulcrum

Fulcrum

Effort Force

Effort Force

Load

Load

b.

_____solar_________________ _______chemical_____________

c.

_____chemical_________________ _mechanical___________________

d.

__electrical_____________ ___heat_______________

Scientific Reasoning

47. Tommy wishes to conduct an experiment. He records the mass of a piece of paper. The mass is

4.4g. He then sets the piece of paper on fire and collects the resulting ashes. He records the mass of

the ashes and notices that it is 3.2 g. Explain what has happened in this experiment.

Since mass cannot be created nor destroyed, Tommy can conclude that part of the mass was lost to

the environment in the form of gas or perhaps smoke.

Solar System

48. Explain how day and night, and the seasons of the year are related to the Earth’s rotation,

revolution, and tilt.

As the Earth rotates on its access we experience day and night, depending upon which side is facing

the sun. This is considered to be one day. The Earth also revolves around the sun and one revolution

is the equivalent of 1 year. Since the Earth is tilted on its axis, as it revolves around the sun we

experience different seasons.

Forces and Motion

49. All motion is a combination of 4 simple types. Name them and give an example of each one.

a. Rectilinear Motion one direction

b. Alternating Motion both directions

c. Circular motion curve

d. Oscillatory Motion back and forth swinging

50. What type of force causes a bar to bend or break when something heavy is hung from it?

_____________________Flexion_______________________________________________

51. Pulling on an object might cause it to stretch or break. What type of force is described here? Name

the force and provide an example. Tension – ex tug-a-war rope

52. What force is the opposite of tension? Name the force and provide an example. Compression – ex.

leg of a chair or pillars of a bridge

53. What force creates a twisting motion? ? Name the force and provide an example. Torsion – ex.

twisting a cap on a jar or wringing a wet towel

54. What force will tear a piece of paper in half? Name the force and provide an example. Shearing –

ex . cutting paper with scissors

55. Describe the characteristics of the link produced in each of the following cases:

a. an ice cream container and its lid__direct and removable_____________________________ b. a photo stuck to a bulletin board with a thumbtack_indirect and removable___________ c. a sticker pasted in an album____________indirect and nonremovable________________________ 56. Name 2 technical objects whose function is to guide a part___paper towel roll and tracts on a

window sill.

57. What is the difference between guiding rotation and guiding translation? A guiding rotation allows

for circular movement and guiding translation allows for linear movement along one plane.

Living Things

58. Observe the following photo of a cat and kittens. All of the cats belong to Felix catus species.

What are the 4 criteria that help to determine whether two animals belong to the same species?

In order for two organisms to be classified as the same species 1) they must share similar

characteristics 2) the opposite sexes can mate to reproduce in their natural habitat 3) the female

gives birth to one or more offspring that survive and 4) upon reaching maturity, the offspring can

reproduce successfully

59. Each animal has specific physical adaptations that allow it to survive in its natural habitat. The

following is a photograph of a hummingbird in its natural habitat:

Name and explain two physical adaptations that this hummingbird has that allows it to survive and find food in its natural habitat.

It has a long, thin beak which allows it to sip the nectar deep from within the flowers (food for survival). Their wings beat extremely fast allowing them to hover while feeding as opposed to other birds who must land or perch in order to feed.

Water Cycle/Erosion

60. The Sahel is a region in Africa that is located to the south of the Sahara desert. Many Africans who

live in this region depend on herding animals that graze on the grasses that grow there. When the roots

of these grasses get eaten, there is nothing holding down the soil. This means that when the desert

winds blow from the north, all the fertile soil is blown away. Given that this is the situation in the Sahel,

provide a detailed explanation of what should be done to deal with the issue of wind erosion in this

regions.

Scattered woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) potentially reduces wind erosion in the Sahel. Scattered vegetation reduces sediment transport in three ways: 1) it shelters the soil from the erosive force of the wind by covering a proportion of the surface; 2) it reduces the wind velocity by extracting

momentum from the flow; 3) it traps sediment particle. (J. K. Leenders, 2006)

61. List the methods used to obtain potable water from water that is contaminated.

Sedimentation and Decantation – allowing particles to settle at the bottom before pouring off top

layer

Filtration – passing liquid through a filter paper which allows the filtrate to pass through leaving the

residue in the paper

Distillation – using the boiling point of water to collect the water vapor then cooling it to water

droplets