A backgrounder for the seminar onEnergy, Transport, Urban Development and Key Infrastructural Investments

Dr P.V.Unnikrishnan

A Real Maze

% Share of Central Sector Investment in Kerala

Source: Public Enterprises Survey 2013-14

State 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pop-11

MAHARAHASHTRA 16.92 18.10 17.19 9.28

ANDHRA PRADESH 7.26 7.33 7.00 7.05

TAMILNADU 6.84 7.15 7.26 5.96

UTTAR PRADESH 6.25 6.40 6.45 16.49

ORISSA 5.82 5.14 4.84 3.47

WEST BENGAL 4.88 5.14 5.23 7.55

GUJARAT 4.35 4.50 4.52 5.00

KERALA 1.93 2.02 2.06 2.76

Central Sector Investment models-TransportProject Centre State Others Remarks

Vizhinjam International Deep water Multipurpose sea port

817.8 Cr(VGF) 817.20 Cr (VGF)1463.00 Cr (Funded works)

Private vendor 4089 Cr

No participation of Indian Navy and Coast Guard

Kochi Metro Rail Limited

1049.83 1856.64 AFD 2272.21

Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited

1345.60 1345.60 JAICA4026.80

Light Metros in Kozhikode and

Thiruvanthapuram

Asymmetry in the Indian Federal System

Level of Government Revenues (%) Expenditures (%)

Union Government 66.19 47.70

State Government 31.31 45.19

Local Government 2.5 7.11Total public R&E 100 100A unique feature of India’s fiscal decentralisation is the high level of asymmetry of the relative shares of expenditure and revenue assignments between the federal, provincial and local governments.

Source: Chakraborty, Pinaki, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy

Unique Kerala ModelsCochin International Airport Limited (CIAL)

• Greenfield airport built on a Public-Private partnership for the first time in India

• Unique rehabilitation package with 800 out of 822 families having livelihood opportunities

• Excellent public participation and sustainable business model

Consumer oriented Vertical Integrated utility (KSEB) 2001-

2011• Kerala State Electricity Regulatory

Commission effective regulator (best award in 2013)

• Highest accumulated profit without subsidy 2008-2011

• State load despatch centre mordernisation under APDRP/RAPDRP and innovative DSM

• 100% metering, 97% collection efficiency , anti theft management, improved customer service.

Role of Local Government in Transport Sector

Source: Kerala State Planning Board, 2014

Challenges to Infrastructure development in the State

• Resource Crunch•High density of

population•Undulating

topography• Scarcity of land• Tedious co-

ordination across multiple agencies

•High expectations on infrastructure

standards•High demands for

quality of service• Lack of appreciation of

scale of financing requirements

How to finance?

What is possible?

What do the users want?

Innovative Solutions suited to our Socio-political context required!

•A Comprehensive integrated spatial planning framework•Innovative participative solutions•Realistic and sustainable state of the art solutions

Hence!

Comprehensive Integrated Spatial Planning framework

Multitier Planning Methodology

• Centre, State, Local Governments to be involved• DPC’s, ULBs where supposed

to build bottom up District plans which were to be consolidated by DPCs and SPB

Dire Concerns

• River basin plans, • programmes for rejuvenating

backwater systems,• drainage plans,

• water front development, • developing inland water

ways, • multi modal traffic

development• High levels of urbanisation

Participative Methodology

• Even in the context of very high urbanisation rates (47.72%) • ribbon mode of urban

development• Extensive corridors

through out Kerala• open spaces exist even

in urban core areas which could be used for land pooling and systems of transferrable development rights.

• Nano models like Talipparamba Janakeeya Vikasana Samithi, Janavedi Transport Corporation, Meenvallom Small Hydro Development Project show tremendous creativity• Trichur Municipality

electricity and water supply models are limping for want of professional expertise• New models of public-

private-people partnership should emerge.

Promote Electric Traction in big way

Technology Carbon dioxide gpkm/passenger

Motorcycle 2 Stroke 19.5-39

Motor cycle 4 stroke 79.5 -159

Diesel bus 25- 75

Diesel MRT 18-71

Taxi cab 44.9-224.5

Petrol car 45 -133

Gas car 27.90-69.73

Electric car/ cable car 0

Comparison of transit technology options- actual cost per passenger mile

Technology Capital Cost (30 yr)

Operating cost

Bus-Diesel 0.14 0.78Trolley bus-Electric Traction 0.48 1.13

Light Rail 1.46 0.57Heavy Rail 0.24 0.38Sub urban Rail/commuter 0.26 0.39

Demand response 0.25 3.09National Transit Database -2007

Realistic State of the Art Sustainable SMART humane

Solutions• Cheemeni super thermal coal based triple E

project• Promote decentralised solar in customer

premiss with local government participation• Recreate water front through an intense

participative programme for SWM, Sewerage, sullage and storm water management• Promote LNG for industrial thermal use• Access for all and barrier free access for

disabled/aged

Experiences to learn from• Bogoto model • Curitiba, Brazil

• Car Free Sunday• Vehicle traffic reduced to

40% during peak time• Transmilenio traffic service

14% CDM reduced per person• Road related fatalities

reduced by 94%

• Integrated Master Plan prepared by a young architect who later got elected as Mayor 3 times• Meet the interest of the poorest,

people’s interest over corporates• Existing buses re-designed, tubular

platforms to address delays

What participatory planning could achieve

• 2010 sustainable city award• Creativity can substitute financial resources• Livelihood for poorest part of the urban

development program.• In 1970 Curtiba’s per capita income was less

than Brazil’s average, today it is 66% more•Garbage ie not Garbage and Keep it clean

campaign, Has highest recycling rate in the world. 70% • Largest downtown pedestrianized shopping

area in the world.• From 0.5 sqm/person to 50/sqm per person

green, avoided floods fully when population tripled in 20 years• 75% commuters take bus.25% lower fuel

consumption. The residents pay 10% on traffic• 99% of Curtiba’s residents wants to live there

70% of Sao Paulo’s residents wants to live in Curtiba.

Thank you