A+ bible

1. The only guide you need for A+ exam success . . .100% A comprehensive map to this fast-growing certification.Youre holding in your hands the most comprehensive and effective guide available for the CompTIA A+ exam.Ed Tetz, Glen Clarke, and Joseph Phillips, who have taught the A+ certification curriculum to hundreds of people, 100%C O M P R E H E N S I V E ONE HUNDRED PERCENT Tim Sosbe, Editorial Director, Certification Magazinedeliver incisive, comprehensive explanations of every A+ hardware and operating system topic, highlightingCovers the Core COMPREHENSIVEexam-critical concepts and offering hands-on tips that can help you in your real-world IT career. Throughout, they Hardware andAUTHORITATIVEOS Technology examsWHAT YOU NEEDprovide pre-tests, exam-style assessment questions, scenario exercises, and labseverything you need to masterONE HUNDRED PERCENTthe material and pass the exam.Get complete coverage of Hardware and Master the materialOS exam objectivesfor CompTIA exams Master hardware basics, from CPU chips, motherboards, and RAM 220-201 andto ports, cables,and printers 220-202 A+ A+ Get the scoop on installing and configuring drives, peripherals, andportable devicesTest your knowledge Discover all you need to know about hardware maintenance andwith assessmenttroubleshooting questions, scenarioHundreds of unique, Get up to speed on OS basics, from command prompt procedures to exam-like questions exercises, and labsmanaging files and directoriesgive you a random setof questions each timePractice on state- Find out how to install and configure you take the exam.Windows, device drivers, and applications of-the-art test- Get a handle on OS troubleshooting, frompreparation softwareAdeciphering error codes to running utilitiesA customizable format+ Delve into networking, from cards, cables, andenables you to definetopographies to configuring Internet access your own preferences forquestion presentation. About the Authors Test Prep Tools on CD-ROM:Ed Tetz, A+, MCSE, MCT, has written several guides to MCSE certification. He is an Hungry Minds test engineinstructor/IT Co-Coordinator at the Halifax, Nova Scotia branch of PBSC, an IBM powered by top-ratedsubsidiary that is one of Canadas premier computer training companies. Glen E. Clarke, Boson SoftwareA+, MCSE, MCSD, MCT, CIWCI, is a technical instructor at the Halifax, Nova Scotia branch of PBSC with over 4 years of certification teaching experience. Joseph Phillips, TETZ, CLARKE, & PHILLIPS Searchable e-version of A+, Network+, MCSE, MCT, CTT, has written several books on the MCSE certification the book path. He is an independent trainer and consultant based in Indianapolis, Indiana.CertificationSystem Requirements:PC running Windows 95 or later, Windows NT 4or later. See the About the CD Appendix for $59.99 USA $89.99 Canada 44.99 UK incl. VAT Reader Level: Beginning to Advanced Shelving Category: CertificationBible Boson Software-details and complete system requirements. powered test ISBN 0-7645-4810-7engine onHungry Mindswww.hungr yminds.com CD-ROM *85 5 -AHGIDj,!7IA7G4-feibaj!:p;p;T;T;tTest Engine powered by Ed Tetz, A+, MCSE, MCT Glen Clarke, A+, MCSE, MCSD, MCT, CIWCI Joseph Phillips, A+, Network+, MCSE, MCT, CTT

2. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AM Page i A+ Certification Bible 3. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AM Page ii 4. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AMPage iii A+ CertificationBible Ed Tetz, Glen E. Clarke, Joseph Phillips, Angshuman Chakraborti, Meeta Gupta, Mridula Parihar, Rashim Mogha Hungry Minds, Inc. Best-Selling Books Digital Downloads e-Books Answer Networks e-Newsletters Branded Web Sites e-LearningNew York, NY Indianapolis, IN Cleveland, OH 5. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage iv A+ Certification BiblePhilippines; by Contemporanea de Ediciones for Published byVenezuela; by Express Computer Distributors for the Hungry Minds, Inc.Caribbean and West Indies; by Micronesia Media 909 Third AvenueDistributor, Inc. for Micronesia; by Chips New York, NY 10022Computadoras S.A. de C.V. for Mexico; by Editorial www.hungryminds.com Norma de Panama S.A. for Panama; by American Bookshops for Finland. Copyright 2001 Hungry Minds, Inc. All rights reserved. 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NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS STATED HEREIN ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR WARRANTED TO PRODUCE ANY PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES. Trademarks: are trademarks or registered trademarks of Hungry Minds, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Hungry Minds, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. is a trademark of Hungry Minds, Inc. 6. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page v About the Authors Edward Tetz graduated from Saint Lawrence College in Cornwall, Ontario with a degree in Business Administration in 1990. He spent a short time in computer sales, which eventually led to a computer support position. He has spent the last eight years performing system and LAN support for small and large organizations. In 1994 he added training to his repertoire. He holds the following certifications: A+, Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT), Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), and Chauncey Groups Certified Technical Trainer (CTT). Over his years of work experience, he has supported Apple Macintosh, IBM OS/2, Linux, Novell NetWare, and all Microsoft operating systems from MS-DOS to Windows 2000. He is currently an Information Technology Coordinator and an Instructor for PBSC, a national training company in Canada. Most of the training that he delivers is Microsoft-certified, but he also delivers technical training outside of that product line. He welcomes comments from his readers and can be contacted at [email protected]. Glen E. Clarke is a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD), and Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT). Glen is also an A+ certified technician and holds Prosofts Certified Internet Webmaster- Certified Instructor certification (CIWCI). Glen currently works as a technical trainer for PBSC, one of Canadas largest technical training centers, where he delivers the A+ courses and Microsoft Certified Curriculum for the MCSE and MCSD programs. When hes not working, Glen loves to spend quality time with his wife, Tanya, and their two children, Sara and Brendon. He is an active member of the martial arts community, where he currently holds his first-degree black belt in Tae Kwon Do. You can contact Glen at [email protected]. Joseph Phillips is an MCSE, MCT, and CTT, as well as a CompTIA A+ and Network+ Certified Technician. Joseph has taught, consulted on, and written about computer technologies since 1993. When hes not working with computers, you can find Joseph on the golf course, behind a camera, or on the working end of a fly rod. Sometimes you can catch him at www.josephphillips.com. Angshuman Chakraborti is an MCSD and an MCSE. He is currently employed with NIIT Ltd. as a consultant. He has been with NIIT for the last 4 years. He spent the first two years training career students and professionals in technologies, including C, C++, Visual C++, Windows NT, TCP/IP, SQL, Sybase, HTML, JAVA, Visual Basic, and JavaScript. The second two years has been spent leading teams to create instructor-led training material for various clients. During this period, he has also worked as a subject matter expert in various technologies, including Linux, Mac OS, Cisco Networking (CCNA), Windows 2000, JavaScript, and DHTML, among others. His responsibilities also include training development executives, managing projects, and instructionally and technically reviewing training material. 7. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page vi Meeta Gupta is certified in C++, JAVA, JFC/Swing, Java Script, Visual Basic 5.06.0, VBA, HTML, DHTML, SQL, Sybase, MS Access, UML, Windows NT 4.0, Novell NetWare 4.x, UNIX SCO, and MAC OS 9. She is presently employed as a development executive with NIIT Ltd., with one year of experience in planning, organizing, writing, and maintaining technical documentation. Meeta also possesses 11 2 years of experience as a trainer at NIIT Ltd., where she was responsible for conducting inter- active training modules for varied audiences and maintaining hardware and software including LAN (Novell NetWare). Mridula Parihar is a Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD). She has worked with NIIT Ltd. for two years. In her first year, she worked as a technical instructor in the Career Education Group (CEG) division of NIIT Ltd. She has been working with the Knowledge Solutions Business (KSB) group for the last 12 months. Here, Mridula has had the opportunity to work on many technical projects. Her work involves design, development, testing, and implementation of instructor-led training courses. Also, she handles the additional responsibility of ensuring ISO compliance. Rashim Mogha is a Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD). She has worked for two years at NIIT Ltd. Her first year was spent in the Career Education Group (CEG), where she taught NIIT students, handled computer installation and maintenance, and managed resources. For the past year, she has been working in the Knowledge Solutions Business (KSB) division of NIIT. In the KSB division, Rashim has had the opportunity to work on varied technical assignments. Her work involves design, development, testing, and implementation of instructor-led training courses. Her primary responsibilities include training development executives, project management, instructional review, technical review, and ensuring ISO compliance. 8. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page vii Credits Acquisitions Editors Graphics and Production Specialists Nancy MaragioglioAmy Adrian Katie FeltmanLeAndra JohnsonHeather Pope Project EditorsKendra Span Amanda MunzBrian Torwelle Keith ClineJeremey UngerErin Zeltner Technical Editors Brian McCann Quality Control Technicians Trevor Kay Laura AlbertJohn Greenough Question WriterAndy Hollandbeck Joseph PhillipsDavid FaustSusan Moritz Copy Editors Luisa Perez Gabrielle ChosneyCarl Pierce Maryann SteinhartNancy Price Kyle LooperMarianne Santy Pat OBrienCharles Spencer James Russell Barry Childs-HeltonPermissions Editor Rebekah Mancilla Laura Moss Editorial Managers Media Development Specialist Ami Frank Sullivan Brock Bigard Kyle LooperMedia Development Coordinator Project Coordinators Marisa Pearman Regina Snyder Emily Wichlinski Proofreading and Indexing Joe Shines TECHBOOKS Production Services, Inc. 9. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage viii I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Sharon, and my children, Emily and Mackenzie. They have put up with a lot during the writing of this book, especially the loss of my time, which is now gone forever. Ed This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife, Tanya, who has shown amazing support throughout the long nights and early mornings of this book. If it were not for your love and understanding, I would not have had the inspiration to write. Glen This book is dedicated to my many friends: Mary Jane, Don, Mick, Linda Linda, Mark and Antonietta of Il Gargona, Kenny, Greg, Stacey, Mary, Nancy, Derek, Jason, Lila, and so many others. Thank you all for your friendship. Joe 10. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page ix Preface W elcome to the A+ Certification Bible. This book is intended to help people who are interested in pursuing their A+ Certification. It covers material that will be found on both of the required A+ Certification Exams (A+ Core Hardware Exam and A+ OS Technologies Exam). The layout of this book has been designed to make the material easy to digest and navigate. We hope that you enjoy your experience with this book. Once you have attained your A+ Certification, you may want to pursue another major industry certification, such as CompTIAs Network+, CompTIAs Server+, CompTIAs Linux+, Microsofts MCSE, Novells CNE, or Ciscos CCNA. Any of these certifications will make you more valuable to your current employer or future employers. Good luck on your path to certification. Who Should Read this Book? This book is designed as a study aid for people who plan to write their A+ certification exams from CompTIA. If you are interested in the A+ certification, this book is the only study guide that you will need. And because it provides more detailed information than is required for the exam, it can be used as a reference at a later date. What is CompTIA? CompTIA (Computer Technology Industry Association) is an association whose members come from all areas of the computing industry. It has corporate member- ships, which include more than 10,000 companies; the IT professionals in its mem- bership come from more than 50 countries. Its main goal is to act as a unifying force to create vendor neutral certifications. You can find more information about CompTIA at http://www.comptia.org. What is A+? From 1999 to 2000, CompTIA saw a 40 percent increase in the number of people taking the A+ certification exam. Over 116,000 people passed this certification in 2000, bringing the number of certified professionals to over 260,000. The A+ certification is clearly one of the fastest growing certifications in the industry. 11. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxA+ Certification Bible Structure of this Book This book is broken down into eight parts. Each part focuses on a different set of components from either the A+ Core Hardware exam or the A+ OS Technologies exam. The only exception to this rule is Part VII, which covers the networking components from both exams. Part I: A+ Core Hardware Exam Hardware Basics Part I covers the basics of all the hardware components that make up your computer. The first chapter provides an overview of some of the basic components that will then be examined in subsequent chapters. Components that will be examined include: CPUs, motherboards, RAM, CMOS, ports, cables, and printers. Part I con- cludes with a review of major system resources, such as IRQs, that are used by the major types of devices. Part II: A+ Core Hardware Exam Installing and Configuring Hardware Part II focuses on installation of various devices. It includes an examination of internal hard drives, modems, USB peripherals, FireWire, and components that are included in portable devices. Part III: A+ Core Hardware Exam Maintenance and Troubleshooting Part III provides information about maintaining computer devices, including preventive maintenance and safety procedures, how to handle and care for computer components, and maintenance specifically related to printers. Part III ends with a chapter that covers basic troubleshooting of each of the major components that make up your computer. Part IV: A+ Operating System (OS) Technologies Exam Operating System Basics Part IV introduces the different operating systems, providing a comparison of Windows 9x systems and Windows 2000, a description of different commands that can be used from command prompt, and a discussion of graphical operating systems that carry out major system functions. These system functions include rout- ing disk maintenance procedures. Part IV also discusses memory management and configuration for MS-DOS and Windows 9x. 12. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xi Prefacexi Part V: A+ Operating System (OS) Technologies Exam Installing and Configuring Operating Systems Part V of the book discusses how to get the OS going. It includes chapters on installing and upgrading Windows, how to control the boot process, and how to work with devices and applications. When working with applications, the differences between 16-bit, 32-bit and MS-DOS based applications are discussed. Part VI: A+ Operating System (OS) Technologies Exam Troubleshooting Operating Systems The focus of Part VI is how to troubleshoot problems from the OS perspective. This part examines different tools that can be used to troubleshoot aspects of your operating system and common problems that may arise in day-to-day use of the operating system. Since many computer problems arise from viruses, there is a section that deals with defining and dealing with viruses. Part VII: A+ Exams Networking Part VII deals with networking. An overview of underlying network hardware including cabling, network cards, and protocols is provided, as well as a discussion about networking from the OS level and Internet access methods. Appendixes This book has four appendixes. The appendixes include a description of what is found on the accompanying CD-ROM, an objective mapping table to let you know which chapters cover which exam objectives, a sample exam, and some exam- taking tips. Chapter Structure Each chapter in this book follows a common structure: Objectives: A bulleted list that states the specific exam objectives that will becovered in the chapter. Pre-Test: A short test that assesses your knowledge of the material in thechapter. The pre-test questions will help you identify areas to focus on. The body of the chapter follows the Pre-Test. Key Point Summary: A summary of the crucial facts in the chapter. 13. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AMPage xii xiiA+ Certification Bible Study Guide: The study guide in each chapter contains some or all of the following elements. Assessment Questions: Multiple-choice questions, similar to the ones you will see on the exam, that test your knowledge of material presented in the chapter. Scenarios: Exercises that require you to apply your critical thinking skills and understanding of the chapter material to solve a hypothetical problem. Labs: Hands-on or paper-based exercises that follow a step-by-step approach. Labs are designed to help you solidify the material that is in the chapter. Answers to Pre-Test questions, Assessment Questions, Scenarios, and Labs.Icons Used in this BookIn order to draw attention to content in the chapter, a number of icons are used.These icons and their uses include the following:CautionThis icon is used when there is something that is discussed or being done in a lab that could have serious consequences to you or your computer. Cross-This icon is used to reference information that is found elsewhere in the book. ReferenceExam Tip This icon is used to provide tips that may help you in the exam. It may also be used to stress points that are important to the exam.In the This icon is used to deliver material that discusses practices that are opposite toReal World those presented in the study material and the exam.ObjectiveThis icon denotes test objectives that are to be covered in a section. Tip This icon is used for tips or facts that are worth noting, but are not related specifically to the exam. 14. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xiii Prefacexiii Exam Components The A+ Certification exams can be scheduled at Vue or Prometric testing centers. For more information about scheduling your exam, check the Testing Locations page on CompTIAs Web site at http://www.comptia.org/certification/ test_locations.htm. Pricing As of January 1, 2001, the cost of taking the A+ exams is $82 US per exam for corporate members and $132 US per exam for non-members. Whats on the exam? The objectives for the A+ Core Hardware exam are found in Table 1, and the objectives for the A+ OS Technologies exam are found in Table 2. Table 1 A+ Core Hardware Exam (220-201)Domain% of Examination1.0 Installation, Configuration and Upgrading 30%2.0 Diagnosing and Troubleshooting30%3.0 Preventive Maintenance5%4.0 Motherboard/Processors/Memory 15%5.0 Printers10%6.0 Basic Networking10%Total100% 15. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xivxivA+ Certification BibleTable 2 A+ OS Technologies Exam (220-202)Domain% of Examination1.0 OS Fundamentals 30%2.0 Installation, Configuration and Upgrading 15%3.0 Diagnosing and Troubleshooting40%4.0 Networks15%Total100% Passing scores CompTIA uses a scale score to determine the total number of points that each question on the exam will be calculated out of. This scale score is between 100 and 900. In any case, the passing score (not a percentage due to the scale) is 683 or 76% for the A+ Core Hardware exam and 614 or 68% for the A+ OS Technologies exam. The scale score system allows the number of points assigned to questions to vary between each copy of the exam, which makes it harder for test candidates to com- pare scores across exams. The revised exams for A+ were released January 31, 2001. Each exam contains 70 questions, and you will have 90 minutes to complete each exam. In the third quar- ter of 2001, the exams are scheduled to become adaptive. Adaptive exams ask a minimal number of questions (usually about 15), and then will ask additional questions based on any incorrect answers. Appendix D provides additional information about the differences between standard and adaptive exams. 16. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xv Acknowledgments I would like to thank Hungry Minds, Inc., especially Nancy Maragioglio, the acquisitions editor who got me involved with this project. It has always been great to work with her. That feeling of thanks also goes out to Amanda Munz, the project editor with whom I worked very closely. Both Nancy and Amanda made this process fulfill- ing. Not least, I want to thank the technical editors, copy editors, and other staff at Hungry Minds who helped bring this book to print. Ed First, I would like to thank Ed Tetz for getting me involved in this project. I would also like to thank the staff at Hungry Minds, Inc., especially Nancy Maragioglio, Acquisitions Editor, and Amanda Munz, Project Editor. You all have made this experience one of the most enjoyable of my career. Glen Many thanks to Nancy Maragioglio for asking me to write this book and for her guidance and support. Thanks also to Amanda Munz for her incredible patience and leadership, and to Ed Tetz and Glen Clarke for their hard work and late nights invested in this book. Many thanks to the technical editors, copy editors, and countless other individuals whove made this book a success Joe 17. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AMPage xvi Contents at a Glance Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Part I: Hardware Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1: Basic Terms, Concepts, and Functions of System Modules . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 2: Popular CPU Chips and their Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 3: Motherboards: Components and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chapter 4: RAM Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Chapter 5: CMOS Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Chapter 6: Ports, Cables, and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Chapter 7: Printer Operations and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Chapter 8: System Resources Used By Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Part II: Installing and Configuring Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Chapter 9: Internal Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Chapter 10: Installing and Configuring Peripheral Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Chapter 11: Portable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Part III: Maintenance and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Chapter 12: Preventive Maintenance and Safety Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Chapter 13: Managing Replaceable Components . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 363 Chapter 14: Maintaining Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Chapter 15: Troubleshooting Procedures and Guidelines . .. . . . . . . . . . . 423 Part IV: Operating System Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Chapter 16: Operating System Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Chapter 17: Command Prompt Procedures . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Chapter 18: Major System Files and their Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Chapter 19: Managing Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Chapter 20: Managing Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Part V: Installing and Configuring Operating Systems . . . . . . . . 663 Chapter 21: Installing and Upgrading Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 Chapter 22: Boot Sequences and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Chapter 23: Loading and Configuring Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Chapter 24: Working with Applications . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 18. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AMPage xvii Part VI: Troubleshooting Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Chapter 25: Managing Error Codes and Startup Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Chapter 26: Managing Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Chapter 27: Using Windows-Based Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Part VII: Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Chapter 28: Basic Networking Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 Chapter 29: Understanding Networking at the Operating System Level . . . . . 965 Chapter 30: Configuring Internet Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015 Appendix A: Whats on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053 Appendix B: Objective Mapping Table .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 Appendix C: Sample Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 Appendix D: Exam-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107 Hungry Minds, Inc. End-User License Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141 CD-ROM Installation Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145 19. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/01 8:12 AM Page xviii 20. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xix Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Part I: Hardware Basics 1 Chapter 1: Basic Terms, Concepts, and Functions of System Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3System Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Processor/CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10LCD and Portable Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Boot Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Chapter 2: Popular CPU Chips and their Characteristics . . . . . . . . 21Processor Terminology .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Processor speed . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Data bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Address bus . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Registers . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Cache memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Math co-processor .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Chip types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Early Intel Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298088 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2980286 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 21. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xx xxA+ Certification Bible80386DX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3080386SX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3080486DX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3080486SX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Popular Intel Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32CPU voltage and transistor integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Pentium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Pentium Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Pentium II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38SIMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Celeron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Pentium III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Physical size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Non-Intel Chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41K6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41K6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41K6-III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Athlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Increasing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chapter 3: Motherboards: Components and Architecture . . . . . . . 51 Motherboard Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53SIMM/DIMM sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Cache memory . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Expansion slot . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Communication ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Parallel port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Keyboard/mouse connector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Power connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Video adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Hard disk controller . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Floppy disk controller . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64SCSI controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65BIOS chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Types Of Motherboards . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Full AT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Baby AT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69ATX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Bus Architectures . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72ISA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74MCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75EISA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 22. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxi Contents xxi VESA . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 PCMCIA . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 AGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Assessment Questions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Chapter 4: RAM Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Memory Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Types of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Read-only memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98EPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Random access memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Types of DRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Standard DRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Fast Page Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Extended Data Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Burst Extended Data Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Synchronous DRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104DRAM Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104SIMMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104DIMMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Parity versus non-parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Types of Cache Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107L1 cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108L2 cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Installation of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Parity/non-parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Installing memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Performance Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 23. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxiixxii A+ Certification Bible Chapter 5: CMOS Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Basic CMOS Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Hard disk drive type . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Floppy disk drive type . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Parallel ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Serial ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Date/time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Boot sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Plug-and-Play BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Advanced CMOS Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Globally Unique Identifier . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 BIOS date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Universal Serial Bus . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Built-in network adapter . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Virus protection . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 On board cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Reserve resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Upgrading the System BIOS . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Chapter 6: Ports, Cables, and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Common Computer Ports . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Serial versus parallel . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Universal Serial Bus . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 FireWire (IEEE-1394) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Cable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Twisted pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Thick coax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Thin coax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Cable Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Pin connections for external cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Pin connections for internal cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Connector Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 DB-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 DB-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 DB-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 24. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxiiiContentsxxiiiCentronics 36 and 50 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155RJ-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156RJ-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157British Naval Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158PS/2 or MINI-DIN 6 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Universal Serial Bus . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159IEEE-1394 (FireWire) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Adapters . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Chapter Pre-Test . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Assessment Questions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Chapter 7: Printer Operations and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Paper Feeder Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Continuous form feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Friction feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Types of Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Laser printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173The laser printing process . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Inkjet printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Dot-matrix printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Types of Printer Connections and Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Parallel cable connections . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Serial cable connections . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Network cable connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Universal Serial Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Infrared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Chapter 8: System Resources Used By Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Understanding System Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195I/O addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Interrupt request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Direct memory access . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Memory addresses . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Working with System Resources .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Viewing resources in use . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Changing system resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 25. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxiv xxivA+ Certification BibleAnswers to Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Chapter Pre-Test . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Assessment Questions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Scenario . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Part II Installing and Configuring Hardware227 Chapter 9: Internal Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Hard Drive Terminology . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Disk geometry . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Read/write process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Performance . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Master boot record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236IDE Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 IDE overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Installing IDE devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Small Computer System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 SCSI overview . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Installing SCSI devices . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Assessment Questions . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Answers to Chapter Questions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Chapter 10: Installing and Configuring Peripheral Devices . . . . . 263Monitor/Video Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Installing a video card . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Configuring the video card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Modem attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Installing a modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Configuring a modem . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Hard drives . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Configuring the hard drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 File systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Tape drives . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Removable media . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278USB Peripherals and Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279IEEE-1284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280FireWire (IEEE-1394) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 26. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxvContentsxxvPortables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Docking stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Keyboards . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Mouse . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Network Interface Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Assessment Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Answers to Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Scenarios . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Chapter 11: Portable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Portable Computer Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 297Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Handling batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Maximizing battery performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Changing batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300AC Adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 AC adapter problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 302 AC adapter troubleshooting and repair . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 302DC Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 303PC Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 303 Adding a PC card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Removing a PC Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Video Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 306 Video board features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Video memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Video board installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Processor Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 309 Processor board components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Power cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 310 Selecting a processor board for a portable system. . . . . . . . . . 310LCD Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 311 Connecting an LCD panel to a computer . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 312 Handling LCD panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 312Keyboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Maintaining keyboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 314 Handling keyboard problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314Hard Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Hard drive overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 315 Hard drive characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Hard drive performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Hard drive installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 318 27. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxvi xxviA+ Certification Bible Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Removing memory . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Upgrading memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Assessment Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Answers to Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Scenarios . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Part III: Maintenance and Troubleshooting 333 Chapter 12: Preventive Maintenance and Safety Procedures . . . . 335 Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Preventive Maintenance Tools . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Materials and equipment . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Software utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Preventive Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346High-voltage equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Disposal of Components . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351CRTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Toner kits/cartridges . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Answers to Chapter Questions . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Chapter 13: Managing Replaceable Components . . . . . . . . . . . 363 CPU/Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Checking CPU compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Upgrading the CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Managing memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Managing cache . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Power Supply Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Identifying a failing PSU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Choosing the right PSU . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Replacing a PSU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 28. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxviiContentsxxviiSystem Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Choosing the right system board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Upgrading the system board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Hard disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Floppy disk drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 CD-ROM drives . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Replacing Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Chapter 14: Maintaining Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Feed and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Friction feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Troubleshooting friction feeders . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Troubleshooting continuous form feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Troubleshooting paper output . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Software-based errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Hardware-based errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Paper Jams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Laser printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Inkjet printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Dot matrix printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Print Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Laser printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Inkjet printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410Dot matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 29. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxviiixxviii A+ Certification Bible Chapter 15: Troubleshooting Procedures and Guidelines . . . . . . 423 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425POST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425CMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Motherboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 429Processor/memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430Floppy drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Hard drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 435LBA, large mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 437Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 438Sound card/Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Monitor/Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 439Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 442Parallel ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 445Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446System covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 447Troubleshooting tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 447 Troubleshooting Procedures and Good Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Troubleshooting and problem isolation procedures . . . . . . . . . 450Determine whether it is a hardware or software problem . . . . . . 451Gather information from users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 452 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 454 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 459Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 461 Part IV: Operating System Basics463 Chapter 16: Operating System Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Major Operating System Functions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Managing hardware devices . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Benefiting from the user interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Understanding memory management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470Working with folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Checking the OS version . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Major Operating System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Getting into the architecture . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Paging your memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Contrasts Between Windows 9x and Windows 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Examining the architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Counting on the file systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 30. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxixContentsxxixImplementing security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Managing hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Which one is right for me? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Navigating Around Your Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494My Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Control Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Assessment Questions . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Chapter 17: Command Prompt Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Managing Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509mkdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513chdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514rmdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Deltree.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Copying and Moving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 516xcopy.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Move.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 517del . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Performing Diagnostics and Tuning Performance . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 517Defrag.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 517scandisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 518mem.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Working with the Rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 519attrib.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 519fdisk.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Format.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 520sys.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521mscdex.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 521ver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522setver.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 522scanreg.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Working with the Edit Command . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 524Opening files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524Saving files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 525Searching and replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526Closing the editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Batch File Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 528Starting your file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 528Getting your directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Working with parameters or starting arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Making decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 530Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Locating commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 31. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxxxxxA+ Certification Bible Assessment Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Answers to Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537Lab Exercises . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Chapter 18: Major System Files and their Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . 541 Examining Basic System and User Interface Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543io.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543msdos.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 544config.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544autoexec.bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545boot.ini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545win.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 545Command prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Utilizing Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546Conventional memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 547Expanded memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 547Extended memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 548High memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 548Upper memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548Virtual memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548himem.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 550emm386.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Touring Windows 9x System Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552io.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552command.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 552system.ini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552win.ini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 554regedit.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 555system.dat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556user.dat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556sysedit.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 556setver.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556smartdrv.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557msconfig.exe for Windows 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 560dosstart.bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561DriveSpace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562RUN command.com and the command-line prompt. . . . . . . . . . 566 Touring Windows 2000-Specific Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Computer Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 567NTLDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 572boot.ini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572ntdetect.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572ntbootdd.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573regedt32.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573regedit.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 574Run cmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 575 32. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AMPage xxxiContentsxxxiAssessment Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580Answers to Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Chapter 19: Managing Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Filenaming Conventions . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Long file names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591File associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Changing attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606The basic attributes . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610Windows 2000 attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Assessment Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Answers to Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Chapter Pre-Test . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Assessment Questions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 Chapter 20: Managing Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623Understanding File Systems . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625The FAT file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625The FAT32 file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627NTFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628NTFS 5.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628HPFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Installing a Hard Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Basic safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629IDE versus SCSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630Internal versus external . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630Managing Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631Creating partitions with Windows FDISK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633Windows NTs Disk Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636Disk Management in Windows 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640Formatting the partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644Understanding Management Tools . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645Backup and restore . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646Defragmentation utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649ScanDisk Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660Assessment questions . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 33. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxxii xxxii A+ Certification Bible Part V: Installing and Configuring Operating Systems663 Chapter 21: Installing and Upgrading Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 Preparing for Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Windows 95/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Windows NT/2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 Booting for Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671Windows 95/98 startup disk . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672Windows NT/2000 setup disk . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Understanding Partition Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Windows 95/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Windows NT/2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Understanding Formatting Issues . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674Windows 95/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Windows NT/2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Running the Setup Program . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Windows 95/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676Windows NT/2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 Upgrading Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698Windows 95 to Windows 98 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698Windows NT to Windows 2000 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Dual Booting Windows Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Chapter 22: Boot Sequences and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Standard Boot Process for Windows 95/98 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713POST process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713io.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714msdos.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714config.sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717command.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718autoexec.bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718win.com and vmm32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719Loading the shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 Standard Boot Process for Windows NT/2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721ntldr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722boot.ini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722ARC pathnames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 34. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxxiii Contentsxxxiiintoskrnl.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725The device load process . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726The service load process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727Booting into Safe Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727Entering MS-DOS Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728Other F8 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729Startup Disks for Windows 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731Startup Disks for Windows 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734Setup Disks for Windows NT/2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Emergency Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736Emergency repair disk . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736Emergency Repair Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737Recovery Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Chapter 23: Loading and Configuring Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . 749Loading Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Windows 9x . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Windows 2000 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755Working with Plug-and-Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Configuring Windows Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Installing a printer . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Adjusting your spooler settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 The default printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 Network printing . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Assessment Questions . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Chapter 24: Working with Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791Installing and Removing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Getting the Most Out of Multitasking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Cooperative . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Preemptive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796Running 32-Bit Windows Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796Benefits of 32-bit applications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797Windows 9x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797Windows 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Running 16-Bit Windows Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800Windows 9x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801Windows 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802Incompatibilities . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 35. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxxivxxxivA+ Certification Bible Running MS-DOS-Based Applications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805PIF settings . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807Incompatibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824Assessment Questions . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 Part VI: Troubleshooting Operating Systems 827 Chapter 25: Managing Error Codes and Startup Messages . . . . . 829 Windows 9x Boot Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 831Error in CONFIG.SYS line XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831HIMEM.SYS not loaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 832Missing or corrupt HIMEM.SYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 832Bad or missing COMMAND.COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 833No operating system found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Windows 2000 Boot Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 834Windows NT and Windows 2000 boot issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834SCSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 834No operating system found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834Missing boot files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 835 Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 837Safe Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837A device referenced in SYSTEM.INI, WIN.INI, Registry is not found . 838 Other Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838Swap file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838Dr. Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 839Failure to start GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 840Windows Protection Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 841Event Viewer Event log is full . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 841 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 846Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 846 Chapter 26: Managing Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Solving Common Problems . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Eliciting information . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Reproducing the error . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Identifying any changes . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 Solving Windows-Specific Printing Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Stalled print spool . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Incorrect/incompatible driver . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Incorrect parameter . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 36. 4810-7 FM.F 6/7/018:12 AM Page xxxv Preface xxxv Solving Other Problems . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 General protection faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Illegal operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Invalid working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 System lock up . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 Optional device will not function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Application will not start . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 Network logon problems . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 TSR programs and viruses . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Application will not install . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Lab Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Answers to Chapter Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Chapter Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Assessment Questions . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Chapter 27: Using Windows-Based Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Operating System Utilities for Disk Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877Drive converter FAT16 to FAT32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877fdisk.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880defrag.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883ScanDisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Configuration Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890System Configuration Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890regedit.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892regedt32.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898The System Configuration Editor . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899The Registry Checker . . . . . . . . . . . .

Documents

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