A Biodiversity Assessment of Phnom Kulen National Park,

with Recommendations for Management.

August 2013 Benjamin Hayes, Alistair Mould, Eang Hourt Khou, Timo Hartmann, Kha

Hoa, Thomas Calame, Katherine Boughey & Tony Yon

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 ABBREVIATIONS 7 PART 1. Introduction 8 PART 2. Botany 10 PART 3. Fishes 25 PART 4. Amphibians and Reptiles 26 PART 5. Bats 32 PART 6. Mammals 39 PART 7. Conclusion 44 REFERENCES 53 APPENDICES 58 APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV

2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ISAC, ACCB and ADF in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment (MoE),

undertook the first formal biodiversity surveys of Phnom Kulen National Park. Field surveys of habitats, mammals, amphibians and reptiles were conducted mainly

between November 2012 and June 2013 with extensive herpetological work taking place between 2009 and 2012.

Survey teams concentrated on gathering direct evidence for the presence of species, using

camera-trapping, mist netting, harp traps, direct observation and captures. Sign surveys and interviews were also undertaken.

The objectives of the survey were to ascertain the biodiversity conservation priorities and

values within the park, identify threats, and produce recommendations for the mitigation of these threats.

Conservation zones were drawn up for the park to assist with future management plans. RESULTS

Habitats: A diverse and complex mosaic of habitats dominates the survey area. The majority of the

forest cover is made up of evergreen and semi evergreen forest, combined with small patches of deciduous dipterocarp forest.

Using the latest land satellite imagery and ground truthing the remaining forest cover was estimated to be approximately 25% of the whole park with the rest largely converted too agriculture land.

The total botanical record for PKNP as a result of participatory process with para-

taxonomists and field records accounted for 775 wild species (native and pioneer species), and 35 prateal species.

Fishes:

A short list of 14 species occurring at PKNP was published recently, based on records

obtained as a by-product of herpetological surveys.

Amphibians and Reptiles: Extensive recent fieldwork conducted by Timo Hartmann (Zoological Research Museum

Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Germany) and the ACCB confirmed a total of 84 species of amphibians and reptiles to occur at PKNP. During our survey 69 of those were confirmed again to occur at PKNP. In addition, the Burmese Python (Python bivittatus) was recorded for the first time within PKNP.

In total, seven species of those amphibians and reptiles species are at listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the most severely threatened species known to occur at PKNP being the Mekong snail-eating turtle (Malayemys subtrijuga), the Burmese Python (Python bivittatus) and the Elongated Tortoise (Indotestudo elongata).

3

Birds:

A total of 198 species of birds were documented from PKNP. No specific field surveys of

birds was conducted during this survey, though some records were added through other survey work such as camera trapping, spot lighting and diurnal observations. The majority of records were largely gathered from visiting ornithologists and historical records largely conducted by ACCB and SVC.

Mammals:

A total of 44 mammal species were identified by either direct observation, specimen(s) or

by camera trap picture. Twenty-four of these species were bats. Eight Key Species of international concern were confirmed for the national park, the most

significant of which are Pileated Gibbon, Indochinese Silver Langur, Bengal Slow Loris and Binturong.

Thirty-one caves were assessed during this survey for bat occupancy, diversity and threats.

Threats

Hunting, forest fragmentation, logging, expanding human populations and conversion of

forest to agriculture land are the main threats to most of the Key Species of large mammals, amphibians, reptiles and several of the Key Species of birds.

There is a lack of effective patrolling and enforcement undertaken by the park authorities, which is leading to increased encroachment, settlement, logging and hunting.

There is an overly complex management of PKNP’s resources with more than one authority in charge.

RECOMMENDATIONS Further surveys of all taxa are needed with particular emphasis on key species.

Surveys on the FA forest north west of the PKNP boundaries are needed and if feasible

and effective, management and protection of this forest could be incorporated into PKNP. Working with the local communities, introduce new agro-forest methods to create more

diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems. Increase the capacity and effectiveness of all parties involved with enforcement and

protection. Clear demarcation of the park boundaries is needed and any further encroachment halted. Certain areas need to be regenerated to increase habitat diversity and prevent further

forest fragmentation.

4

A tourism management plan should be conducted so that the park and local communities can benefit from the large number of visitors to Siem Reap province.

A full assessment on the watershed values of PKNP and its economic value to Siem Reap

Province should be conducted.

5

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to H.E. Chay Samith (General Director of the General Department for Administration of Nature Conservation and Protection (GDANCP), Ministry of Environment of the Royal Government of Cambodia), for kindly issuing the relevant permits. We thank Mr Khoeurn Sokunviseth (Deputy Director of the Department of National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary of GDANCP and Director of Protected Areas in Siem Reap Province, Ministry of Environment) and Mr Seng Rattanak (ACCB/MoE counterpart) for their generous support.

Funding for this survey was generously supported by the Rufford Small Grants, Thrigby Foundation and Bat Conservation International, without whose support these surveys would not have taken place.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our deepest thanks to Mr Seng Daravuth, Director of ISAC, Dr. J-B Chevance, Mr David Sandilands, Mr Stephane De Greef and Mr Pich Seu from the Archaeology and Development Foundation (ADF), for their logistical support, technical advice and collaborative support along with the Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA). Mr David Ware and Miss. Lara Rogers from the Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB) and Dr. Neil Furey (FFI), Mr Joe Waltson and Dr. Hugo Rainey (WCS), Mr Nick Butler (Indochina Exploration), Laura Murray, Lorna Somerville, Lukas Ackermann and Benny Kremer and Kristin Davies for their logistical assistance and technical support throughout the survey. A special thanks to Dr. Damien Evans (Director of Sydney University's Archaeology project at Angkor) for his technical assistance and advice regarding mapping and GIS of Phnom Kulen National Park. For information on bird species documented from the park and reviewing the species list we would like to thank Mr Howie Nielson, Dr. Rob Martin, Miss Sanh Sophoan and Mr Markus Handschuh.

Lastly, a heartfelt thank you to all the MoE national park rangers, APSARA rangers and local villagers that assisted with all elements of field work. Mr Hay Santa (MoE head ranger Pre ang Thom village), Mr Hab Cherng (MoE head ranger Kbal Spean), Mr Bo Ly (MoE ranger), Mr Blek Pum (MoE ranger), Mr Sorn Sopheap (MoE ranger), Mr Prin Hun (MoE ranger), Mr An Somnang (MoE ranger), Mr Chom KimLeang (Police officer), Mr Chorn Joy (APSARA police), Mr Hang Heap (APSARA ranger), Mr San Chunn (local villager), Mr Yerm Roum (Local villager), Mr Mon Ho (Local villager) and Mr Choum Chearn (Local villager).

6

Abbreviations ACCB Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity APSARA Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor ADF Archaeology and Development Foundation c. approximately CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species dbh diameter at breast height DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) DD Data Deficient DFW Department of Forestry and Wildlife (MAFF) FFI Fauna & Flora International GPS Global Positioning System GT Globally Threatened GT-CR Globally Threatened - Critically Endangered GT-EN Globally Threatened - Endangered GT-VU Globally Threatened - Vulnerable GNT Globally Near-threatened IRIC International Resource Information Centre ISAC Integrated Solutions Asia Cooperation IUCN World Conservation Union Lao PDR Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries masl metres above sea level MoE Ministry of Environment NP National Park NTFP Non-timber forest product PKNP Phnom Kulen National Park PFO Provincial Forestry Office (DAFF/MAFF) UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WPO Wildlife Protection Office, Department of Forestry and Wildlife ZFMK Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany

7

1. Introduction Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP) is a 37,373 ha protected area in North-western Cambodia, near to Siem Reap town and the famous temples of Angkor Wat (see Fig. 1). The national park was designated in 1993 by a Royal Degree of King Norodom Sihanouk. It is officially managed by the Ministry of Environment (MoE). However certain areas of archaeological value are managed by the APSARA authorities as well as there being several Community Protected Areas (CPA) managed at a commune level (see Fig. 2). In addition there is one private tourist concession operating with in the park. Fig. 1. Location of PKNP.

Phnom Kulen National park with an elevation of up to c.500 m is a unique predominantly sandstone geographical feature in the largely flat lowland landscape of northern Cambodia. The park is divided into two distinct plateaus and is the source of the Siem Reap River and a critical part of the upper water shed catchment for Siem Reap Province. The park lies approximately 50km north of Siem Reap town. Fig 2. PKNP boundaries and administration.

8

Phnom Kulen National Park is also Cambodia's most sacred mountain and of immense spiritual, cultural and historical value. It is believed to be the birthplace of the Angkorian Empire more than 1200 years ago. Over centuries the mountain has not only provided the water that keeps Siem Reap town fed throughout the dry season, but also the sandstone form which many of the great temples of Angkor were originally built. Prior to this study no thorough biodiversity surveys have been undertaken in PKNP. Some initial botanical studies were undertaken in 1970s (Legris and Blasco, 1971), (Boulbet, 1979). Though these also tended to also include the wider area of Siem Reap province. Another botanical study was undertaken in 2008 (Bonheur et al., 2008) for the establishment of a botanical garden within PKNP. Other specifically focused studies have been undertaken by the ACCB in cooperation with the ZFMK and have focused on amphibians and reptiles (Hartmann et al. 2009; 2010; 2012; 2013a; in prep.). Studies conducted by Phauk (2011) and Mould et al. (2013) focussed on the bats of PKNP. The overall aim of our survey was to identify the biodiversity values and threats for PKNP and assist with recommendations for future management plans. For this purpose, mammals, botany, amphibians and reptiles were chosen as the focal taxa.

9

2. Botany Introduction Historically botanical studies conducted in PKNP have been published in French, limiting the dissemination of this information. In addition, information regarding the botany of this park has not been updated for approximately 30 years. Some species previously listed may have gone extinct, whereas others have become rare and under threat as a result of over logging and continuous shifting/rotation agricultural practices by local residents. This baseline study is required to help identify and update the changes in forest cover/ structure, and current threats to habitats and biodiversity. Additionally, this study also looked at human pressure on natural ecosystems and the sources of these threats in order to provide some comment for better livelihood improvement in the implication of sustainable ecosystems and biodiversity management and conservation. PKNP is named after the evergreen lychee tree species (Litchi chinensis), which is known from this park. Floristic surveys within PKNP have been conducted by French and Cambodian researchers since before the Cambodian civil war (Legris and Blasco, 1971). Another study done by Boulbet in 1979 in the vicinity of PKNP provided more detailed accounts of the forest characteristic of this area. A recent botanical study has been conducted by Chinese botanists of the Chinese Academic of Science for the purpose of site identification for a Botanical Garden, and included a rapid vegetation and floristic assessment of the park. This was conducted in 2008 and 89 species in vernacular names were listed (Bonheur et al., 2008). Results The total botanical record of Phnom Kulen National Park as a result of participatory process with para-taxonomists and field records accounted for 775 wild species (native and pioneer species), and 35 Prateal species (see Appendix VI), belonging to the family Zingiberaceae (Domesticated ginger and believed to have magic property and/or bring luck to family) were recorded. 16 species with flowers and/or fruits were collected as herbarium specimens. A database with vernacular names, botanical names and families, their habits and studied areas was established to store this data. The recorded native plant species are categorized by their habits as follows.

- Bamboo : 8 species - Fern : 8 species - Fungi : 2 species - Hemi-epiphyte: 5 species - Herb : 111 species - Liana : 115 species - Palm : 4 species - Pandan : 1 species

- Parasite : 1 species - Epiphyte : 15 species - Shrub : 23 species - Sub-shrub : 2 species - Tree : 263 species - Treelet : 132 species - Vine : 85 species

Vegetation Types PKNP is composed of two main distinct vegetation types – evergreen forest and deciduous forest. Whereas riparian vegetation is variable dependence on main forest types, through which the streams are located. Secondary Growths were come across in many places throughout the park, except Kbal Spean and Phnom Horb. More detail of these vegetations are provided as follows:

10

Evergreen Forest: Evergreen Forest (EF) accounts for c.20% of the whole park (Bonheur et al., 2008), which forms the main forest type of the park. This forest type is characterized by the predominant of the evergreen plant species, which always remain green year round and thus no forest fire is affected. About 100 percent of the species composition, except few populations of few deciduous species - Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis (Lythraceae) and Bombax ceiba (Bombacaceae), Tetrameles nudiflora (Datiscaceae) which are present in this forest type, are evergreen. The canopy stands are variable from more than 10 meters to over 20 meters with sparsely emergent trees, vertically extending to about 40 meters, which make its canopy densely uneven throughout the study sites. The grown layers of the canopy trees usually extend from half of the trees to upper third. Girth sizes of the canopy trees are unequal, whereas rooting features are mainly club like, with few triangular blank buttresses of emergent trees, and star roots. Most of the trees have grey and smooth with fine crack bark, and the other few have different bark textures like smooth and glassy, rough and papery. Most of the species inhabiting this forest type are encountered at different study sites. Emergent and canopy tree species that are abundance throughout this forest type include Donchass (Gonocaryum lobbianum, Icacinaceae); species of Dipterocarpaceae - Yeang/Neang Daeng (Dipterocarpus costatus), Yeang/Chheuteal Toek Dipterocarpus alatus), Koki Thmor (Hopea ferrea), Chramass (Vatica odorata), Pa/Deum Pa (Vatica sp.), Phdeak (Anisoptera costata); Chha-oeng Kok (Nauclea sp., Rubiaceae); Sralao (Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis, Lythraceae); Phlong (Memecylon acuminatum, Melastomataceae); a number of species belonging to Meliaceae - Chham Chha (Sandoricum koetjape), Kandoeng Damrei and Bangkov Hopphlae (Aglaia cambodiana); Few species of Moraceae - Knoa/Knol Prey (Artocarpus rigidus); Chrey/Chrey Thom (Ficus rumphii) and Lvea (Ficus hispida); Few species of Myrtaceae – Pring Muoy Roy Sratoap (Syzygium polyanthum), Pring Kbalta (Syzygium grandis), Smach Doam (Syzygium zeylanicum) and Pring Thmor (Syzygium sp.); few species of Papilionoideae - Kranhuong (Dalbergia cochinchinensis), Snuol (Dalbergia negrescens) and Thnong (Pterocarpus indicus); few species of Caesalpinioideae – Kralanh (Dialium cochinchinensis), Kokoh (Sindora siamensis) and Beng (Afzelia xylocarpa); Sma Krabei (Knema globularia, Myristicaceae); some species of Sapindaceae – Kulen (Litchi chinensis), Semoan (Nephelium hypoleucum), and Pongro (Schleichera oleosa); few species of Ebenaceae - Trayoeng (Diospyros pilosanthera), Angkort Khmao (Diospyros bejaudi) and Chheu Phleung (Diospyros nitida); Popeal Khmer (Terminalia bialata, Combretaceae); Chambork (Irvingia malayana, Simaroubaceae), Doon Chaem/Bei Sanloek (Helicteres javanica, Sterculiaceae), and Pophlea (Microcos paniculata, Malvaceae “Tiliaceae”); Kraing Khoas/Khoas Hob Phlae (Lithocarpus elegans, Fagaceae); Chhke Sreng (Cananga latifolia, Annonaceae) Prous (Garcinia schefferi, Guttiferae “Clusiaceae”) and Roka (Bombax ceiba, Bombacaceae). It is notable that species of Mesua ferrea of Guttiferae (vernacular name: Bos Neak) is very common everywhere on the plateau of the Kulen National Park, but it was seen only few elsewhere in this park. In addition, Aquilaria sp. of the family Thymelaeaceae (vercular name: Khleay/Krassna) is present within the park but remain only few as a result of overharvest in the past. In less disturbed areas, understorey species consisting of treelets, shrubs and saplings of tall trees uniformly grow under the shade of the canopy. This understorey composition includes species of Euphorbiaceae – Angre Daek ( Dracaena cambodiana, Agavaceae), Phlov Neang (Cleistanthus tomentosus), Krachork Andeuk (Pantadenia adenanthera) and Slorng Thom (Antidesma); Smach Doam (Myrtaceae); Baek Phsaeng (Phaleria sp., Thymelaeaceae); few species of Moraceae – Lvea Dei (Ficus hirta), Snay/Snay Nheat (Streblus asper); some species of Myrsinaceae – Sakou Phnom (Ardisia smaragdina), Hlang (Ardisia crenata) and

11

Phnek Trei (Ardisia sp.); some species of Myrtaceae – Puoch Thom (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) and other species of Rhodomyrtus spp.; Rumduol (Melodorum fruiticosum, Annonaceae); two species of Ochnaceae – Angkie Chhmol (Gomphia serrata) and Angkeasel/Phlov Kangkaep (Ochna integerrima); Chonlosh/Don Kay (Lepisanthes rubiginosa). Lianas of variable sizes from less than 1 cm to over 5 cm diameters are present at every places of this forest type. Certain sites like Peung Tumpot hill peak, nearby areas of Kbal Spean and Anlong Thom Community Protected Area (CPA) are abundant with large lianas, climbing on main canopy trees and forming a dense crown on the top. Some common species inhabiting this forest types include Khanma/Khunmea/Doh Kramom (Ancistrocladus harmandii, Ancistrocladaceae); Kuy (Willughbeia edulis, Apocynaceae); some species of Caesalpinioideae - Khleng Poir (Bauhinia pulla), Voir Barei (Bauhinia sp.); Phdao Tunsaiy (Flagellaria indica, Flagellariaceae); Voir Khlot (Gnetum montanum, Gnetaceae), Voir Yeav (Strchnos axillaris); two speies of Mimosoideae - Voir Ampil (Albizia millettii), Voir Aem (Albizia myriophylla), Voir Preng (Derris, Papilionoideae), and some rattan species that are present in this forest type include Phdao Soeng (Calamus tetradactilus), Phdao Chhvaing (C. palustris), Phdao Dambang (C. rudentum) and Phdao Sno (Plectocomia pierrena). Climbing ferns were more frequent in areas that were more exposed to the sunlight. The ground flora is variable by sites and forest conditions. Generally, if the tree canopy is closed and sunlight could not penetrate to the ground, almost only seedlings and saplings are seen, whereas places like trail/road sides, areas with sparse canopy trees and/or small canopy gaps which allow sunlight to reach the ground, there was a greater diversity of herbaceous plants like Krakoa (Amomum ovoideum, Zingiberaceae), a commercially traded fruit species, were commonly seen. This species is widely distributed from a main road going up to Preah Angthom to Anglong Thom CPA. The other herbaceous plants including Romdeng Prey, Krakei, Kravanh (Alpinia galangal, Amomum krervanh, Cenolophon oxymitrum, Zingiberaceae), Trathok (Costus speciosus, Costaceae), sedges (Cyperus spp., Cyperaceae), wild banana (Musa sp.), Tball Dark (Peliosanthes teta, Liliaceae) and ground ferns are seen randomly within this gap-bearing forest type. Epiphytic orchids, Hoya spp., hemi-epiphyte and epiphytic ferns are present throughout this forest type. It is remarkable that a seasonal waterfall sites nearby Kroal Ko of Phnom Sruoch is abundant with epiphytic orchid diversity and Hoya species. 14 species of orchid and few species of Hoya spp. were recorded and photographed during this survey, some of which were known to the species level. These species seem to be not under the pressure of collection for sale as no commercial trade has been in place. It is interesting to note that the evergreen forest habitats of PKNP lack a number of species, which are usually present in such forest type. Certain key species that are usually found in many evergreen forest areas but not present in this park include walking stick palm (Areca triandra), and bamboo species. Only few populations of Bambusa sp. (Russey Sanh) were observed at Phnom Horb. Moreover, certain sites of the evergreen forest contain a special forest structure that could not be distinguished whether it is EF, Semi-evergreen forest SEF or Mixed Deciduous Forest (MDF). This forest type is usually short, has moderately open canopy with sparse trees, and species compositions consisting of few deciduous species of deciduous dipterocarp forest DDF and evergreen species of degraded EF. Such special habitat might be as a result of human intervention in the past or special micro environment, for example especially shallow soil. Many orchid species and other epiphytic plants were usually seen within this habitat. Semi-evergreen Forest:

12

Semi ever-green forest (SEF) applies to forest with trees bearing a proportional mixture of evergreen and deciduous tree species within the canopy, and more dominance of evergreen species for ground and understory flora composition, which prevent this forest type from wild fire. On the ground floor, there was a lack of short bamboo species (Vietnamosasa pusilla) and Imperata sp., but more abundance of shade-loving seedling species. PKNP does not demonstrate clear distinction of evergreen forest and semi-evergreen forest, and so this forest type is hard to visibly distinguish for outputs such as forestry cover maps. Small patches of SEF were observed at Tonsaiy Pha-eul area, northwestern foothill of Bort Kamphem, transactional area between EF and DDF at Kroal Ko of Phnom Sruoch hill, and northeastern portion of Kbal Spean. Some representative canopy tree species in this forest type are Chheuteal Toek (Dipterocarpus alatus, Dipterocarpaceae), Spong (Tetrameles nudiflora, Datiscaceae); Chambak (Irvingia malayana, Simaroubaceae); Sokram (Xylia xylocarpa, Mimosoideae); Kokoh (Sindora siamensis, Caesalpinioideae); Chrey (Ficus sp., Moraceae); Semoan (Nephelium hypoleucum, Sapindaceae); Sralao (Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis, Lythraceae); two species of Clusiaceae – Prous (Garcina ferrea) and Tromoung (Garcinia olivery); two species of Anacardiaceae – Pon (Spondias pinnata) and Svay Prey (Mangifera indica); few species of Ebenaceae – Angkot Khmao (Diospyros bejaudii) and Chheu Phleung (Diospyros nitida), and Phat Thba (Alstonia scholaris, Apocynaceae). Most of understorey and liana species are the same as ones in the evergreen forest. With long draught, there are sometimes fires on the ground but with little effect on species composition due to the fact there is not much biomass on the ground. Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest: Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest (DDF) occurs as a very small proportion within the park. According to the forest cover map of this park in 2002, Deciduous Forest formed only 0.88 percent of the park (329 ha), and most of this is DDF. During the survey, only two sites were visited – flat plain area of Tonsay Pha-eul, at the foot hill of Phnom Sruoch and Kroal Ko of Phnom Sruoch area. The key characteristic of this forest type is the dominance of five key dipterocarp species including Phchoek (Shorea obtusa), Raing Phnom/Raing Phchoek (S. siamemsis), Tbeng (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius), Khlong (D. tuberculatus) and Trach (D. intricatus) and other associated deciduous tree species that are not members of Diperocarpaceae. However the five species usually do not grow together because of surrounding environmental conditions, especially soil type and ground surface. These species regenerate by old stumps, roots and seeds. Some evergreen tree species like Chambork (Irvingia malayana, Simaroubaceae), Trayoeng (Diospyros pilosanthera, Ebenaceae) and Pring (Sizygium sp., Myrtaceae) could adapt well in this forest type. The ground flora is dominated by deciduous shrubs, climbers and herbaceous plants. Majority of both canopy trees and ground vegetation shed their leaves or die out (annuals) in the dry season, especially from early December onward, and gradually produce new leaves along with flowers and fruits from April after first dry season rain. Forest fires usually occur in this forest as a result of human intervention, for example intentional burning for agricultural and hunting or careless uses of fire while walking through this forest in the dry season. However, forest fires do not negatively affect species composition as all of them are prone to naturally occurring seasonal fires. The termite hills present in the DDF also form specialist habitats, which can be seen as green spots throughout the DDF in the dry season. Most of the DDF at Tonsay Pha-eul areas had been converted to permanent rain-fed rice fields, and the whole area will be converted to rice fields in the following years because of its better soil in terms of nutrients and depth. Whereas DDF at Kroal Ko has formed on the fringes where there is shallow poor quality sandy soil, and thus will not be subject to forest

13

clearance for farming purposes. Ecologically, it is a very good habitat for wildlife in the rainy season. The canopy trees are dominated by Shorea siamensis with sparse distribution of D. obtusifolius and other associated deciduous tree species, and could reach to average maximum height of 8-10m. The trees were usually around 10 m in height, or rarely up to 12-15 m high. The girth sizes of the canopy trees were not equal throughout the sites. The roots do not show any spectacular features like buttress, stilt root or star root. Most of the trees branched above half of their total lengths, while others branched from just above the ground to about half of the trees. The bark was usually thick and either longitudinally deep or shallow fissures, gray with black scars as a result of forest fires. The bark of certain species was slightly rough, and flaky, or smooth with small lenticels. Some particular treelets, especially small trees belonging to Rubiaceae like Randia tomentosa (Rubiaceae) have the characteristic hooks on branches and twigs. The stains of lichens are present on most of the trees’ trunks. The canopies are open in the dry season because of leafless crown cover, and thus almost 100 percent of sun light could access to the ground. DDFs of the two study sites show differences in terms of main indicative tree species compositions, for instances, S. obtusa is dominant at Tonsay Pha-eul area but absent at Kroal Ko, whereas S. siamensis is very dominant at Kroal Ko but hardly present at Tunsay Pha-eul. Other common canopy tree species that are present in the DDF are: Popel (Shorea roxburghiana, Dipterocarpaceae); two species of Dilleniaceae – Phlou Thom (Dillenia ovata), Lve/Muoy Roy Sratoap (Dillenia pentagyna); Roka (Bombax anceps, Bombacaceae); four species of Papilionoideae - Thnong (Pterocarpus macrocarpus), Snuol (Dalbergia nigrescens), Neang Nuon (Dalbergia oliveri) and Kranhuong (Dalbergia cochinchinensis); Leurng Reach/Reach Chhpoes (Cassia fistula, Caesalpinioideae); two species of Mimosoideae - Sokram (Xylia xilocarpa) and Thmea (Acacia intsia); two species of Anacardiaceae – Svay Prey (Mangifera indica) and Laing Chey Damrey (Buchanania glabra); three species of Combretaceae - Chhlik (Terminalia alata), Sramor (Terminalia chebula) and Preah Phnov (Terminalia triptera); Kandoal (Careya arborea, Lecythidaceae); two tree species of Rubiaceae – Khvav (Haldina cordifolia) and Khtom Kok (Mitragyna rotundifolia); two species of Ebenaceae – Trayoeng (Diospyros pilosanthera) and Romaing/Lmaing (Diospyros ehretioides,); Krapul Baiy (Litsea glutinosa, Lauraceae), Sdao (Azardirachta indica, Meliaceae) and Pongro (Scheichera oleosa, Sapindaceae). Few epiphytic fern like bird nest fern (Asplenium spp.), orchid and Hoya were seen on the tree trunk and canopy. DDF at Kroal Ko also present Srangaim (Tristaniopsis burmannica, Myrtaceae) and Srakum (Siphlae) (Adinandra integerrima, Theaceae). Some of common understorey species including treelets and shrubs were frequently seen and recorded during the field trip. These species include Kantuot Prey (Phyllanthus emblica); Dork Po (Markhamia stipulata, Bignoniaceae) , Tromoung Sek (Suregada multiflora); and Nho Prey (Morinda tomentosa, Rubiaceae); Krong/Krong Samoth (Aporosa octandra, Euphorbiaceae); Lngeang (Cratoxylum formosum, Guttiferae); two species of Malvaceae “Tiliaceae” - Preal (Colona auriculata) and Archsatt (Brownlowia emarginata); Poveak/Polveak (Strychnos nux-blanda, Loganiaceae); Angkea Sel (Ochna integerrima, Ochnaceae); Bakk Dang (Gardenia philastrei) and Angkrong (Zyzyphus cambodiana, Rhamnaceae). Many woody climbers being recorded are deciduous: Khlaeng Por (Bauhinia bracteata, Caesalpinioideae); some species of Apocynaceae - Choir Banh (Strophanthus caudatus), Kraloam Per (Aganosma marginata) and Voir Thnoeng (Aganonerion polymorphum); Voi Khsuos (Calycopteris floribunda, Combretaceae), Voir Aem (Albizia myriophylla,

14

Mimosoideae); Phdao Krek (Calamus viminalis, Palmae), Kdor Kamprok (Olax scandens, Olacaceae) and Voir Doh Kun (Tetracera loureiri, Dilleniaceae) and more than 10 species of Dioscorea spp. The ground flora compositions which are composed of herbaceous plants and subshrub mainly belong to Zingiberaceae, Costaceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae (Phoenix loureiri), Convulvolaceae, Araceae, Compositae, Cyperaceae and Dilleniaceae (Dillenia hookeri). At Kroal Ko area, two Drosera species – Drosera burmanii and D. indica grow together on poor sandy soil. Within DDF at Tonsay Pha-eul area, there are small patches of severely degraded semi-evergreen forest, which flora compositions are represented by a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees, a lack of grasses/thatches and short prich bamboo (Vietnamosasa pusilla, Poaceae/Graminae) on the ground. Beside deciduous species, few indicative evergreen species are Phlong (Memecylon laevigalum, Melastomataceae), Kralanh (Dialium cochinchinensis, Caesalpinioideae), Svay Prey (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae) and certain species of Myrtaceae. These small semi-evergreen patches generally do not suffer as a result of surrounding forest fires in the dry season, however, evergreen species along their boundaries might be somewhat affected by repeated annual forest fire and gradually replaced by deciduous species through their invasion into the burned areas. This may contribute to the shrinking effect of semi-evergreen/evergreen forests over years. This is how natural wild fires affect structure and ecosystems within forest biomes. At Kroal Ko area, there is a rapid transition between DDF and EF, and as a result forms a sharp boundary line of green and grey between these two biomes in the dry season. Riparian Vegetation:

15

Riparian Vegetation (RV) is sometimes called Gallery Forest by some ecologists, but the term is more accurately applied in arid zones, such as Africa, where there is a clear distinction of forest landscape and ecosystems located along streams/rivers and rear areas that can be savannas/grasslands or deserts with the ecotone of few metres. The RV plays a significant role in watershed protection, erosion protection of stream banks, maintenance of water quality and sustaining terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. Most of the species compositions along streams within PKNP are representative of EF. Some tree species being confined along the streams are Rumleang (Tristaniopsis merguensis, Myrtaceae); Tatrav Toek (Fagraea racemosa, Loganiaceae); Raing Toek (Barringtonia acutangula, Lecythidaceae); Tonlea (Crateva religiosa, Capparidaceae); Krabao Tonle/Phlae Thom (Hydnocarpus anthelminthica, Flacourtiaceae); two species of Guttiferae/Clusiaceae - Sandann (Garcinia cochinchinensis) and Pha-ong Toek (Calophyllum sp.); Pring Toek (Syzygium sp., Myrtaceae). The other two species namely Smach Doam (Syzygium zeylanicum, Myrtaceae) and Angre Daek (Dracaena cambodiana, Agavaceae) were also commonly seen close to the stream banks. Interestingly, just above the bank of the Kulen stream at Marakk Katt area, there is a small population of Sla Ta-oan species (Oncosperma tigillaria, Palmae “Arecaceae”), with populations also reported to be present at Kbal Spean, but the team could not reach these locations because of limited time. This species naturally inhabits coastal zones and nearby areas. Other shrubs and herb frequently grow at the stream bank and/or stream bedrock are Ron (Schumanniathus dichotomus, Marantaceae); Kum Phneang (Hymenocardia punctata, Euphorbiaceae); Chrey Sbaat (Ficus sp., Moraceae); Rey Toek (Homonoia riparia, Euphorbiaceae), short unknown shrub (Gardenia sp., Rubiaceae); Romcheck Phnom (Pandanus sp., Pandanaceae); Soam/Phdao Soam (Daemonorops jenkinsiana, Arecaceae/palmae). Herbaceous plants observed along stream were Kantraing Hae (Polygonum tomentosum, Polygonaceae), Kantraing/Trav Kit (Lasia spinosa, Araceae) and Trav Ket (Coloca sp.), and some sedges (Cyperus spp., Cyperaceae). Streams assessed within more open areas, showed increased populations of Phdao Tunsaiy (Flagellaria indica, Flagellariaceae). A stream running through DDF at Tonsay Pha-eul supports many evergreen tree species at certain section, and thus forms a green belt-shaped habitat in the dry season. A lot of populations of Russey Prey, thorny bamboos of Bambusa bambos, were distributed along the stream. The botanical survey along this stream was not done due to limited time, and the fact that this location has been severely degraded as a result of land conversion for farming. Secondary Growth and other Disturbed Area: Secondary growth, or also termed secondary forest, is basically referred to a succession stage of vegetation after natural forest was completely destroyed by cutting and burning for shifting/rotation farming. PKNP is perhaps one of the few remaining areas in Cambodia, where people are still practicing shifting cultivation/rotation farming (vernacularly called Chamka). The main reason for shifting/rotation farming practice is due to a number of issues. For example lack of agricultural tools; less labour intensive and gradual degradation of soil and/or weed competition over the following farming years. In the first year of cropping, some weed species, especially grasses grow in mixing with their rice, and their population starts to increase with subsequent years, which result in lower yield of rice and other annual crops. Eventually farmers decide to abandon their plot by leaving fallow for around five to ten years. In the first year of abandonment, pioneer species including light demanding/fast growing herbs, shrubs and trees occupy the area, and old stumps of certain tree species are coppiced. In the following years, herbaceous plants and some light demanded trees and shrubs gradually die off because of shade of canopy trees, and native species start to develop. If such fallowed farm area is not repeatedly converted to farmland, the forest will keep developing to its original stage. Many sites being visited by the team have been cleared in subsequent years, and thus different stages of SG from year one to over year ten were

16

encountered throughout the park. Some SGs, for instances Anlong Thom CPA and forest behind the primary school within Preah Ang Thom village, have been abandoned for over 30 years, allowing the incoming native tree species. Almost the entire Marakk Katt area, the northern side of the main road going up to Preah Ang Thom, down to Veal Batkamphem is a shifting cultivation area with small patches of degraded primary evergreen forest. Cashew trees and pineapple were observed within the secondary growth when left fallow. For the first and second year of abandoned farmland, some common plants being investigated include grasses belonging to Graminae “Poaceae” - Smao Troloung (Pennisetum polystachyon), Sbov (Imperata cylindrical, Graminae), Pennisetum polystachyon; species belong to Asteraceae “Compositae” - Tontrean Khaet (Chromolaena odorata), Phka Hoy (Crassocephalun crepidioides) and Ageratum comyzoides; Smao Traset (Cyperus spp.), Trasek (Peltophorum deshyrhachis, Caesalpinioideae). A number of pioneer tree species being recorded include Tompoung (Mallotus cochinchinensis, Euphorbiaceae), Tromoung Sek (Suregata multiflorum, Euphorbiaceae) and Lvea Dei (Ficus hirta, Moraceae). Some climber species beloing to Vitaceae like Tompeang Baiy Chou Prey (Ampelocissus martini) and Machou Sna (Cissus hastate); species of Menispermaceae like Voi Kamboa (Tinospora sinensis) and Preah Krong (Cissampelos pareira) and climbing fern (Lyodium paonicum) grows in association with grasses and tree. Certain tree species, especially Lagerstroemia spp. were seen coppicing after first year of follow period. Many seedling of native evergreen species were seen growing in undergrowth of grasses. Other plants being encountered at open areas of the evergreen forest but not shifting/rotation rice field were Puoch Thom (Rhodomyrts tomentosa, Melastomataceae), Kabass Prey/Pang (Mallotus paniculatus, Euphorbiaceae), Melastoma spp. (Melastomaceae), Bampong Kraloam (Nepenthes mirabilis, Nepenthaceae), Eriocaulon oryzetotorum (Eriocaulaceae), Burmannia coelestis (Burmanniaceae) and Xyris indica (Xyridaceae). This young SG is also sensitive to forest fire in the dry season because most of pioneer species are deciduous and therefore create a large volume of biomass in the dry season. There have been some changes of shifting/rotation farming practice in the last decade from planting annual and biennial crops (e.g.) rice, cassava, taro, corn, semame, papaya, pineapple and species of Solanaceae - capsicum and solanum, to the practice of intercropping using cashew nut trees, which does not allow them to regenerate the same plot after abandonment. This change may result in an increase in expansion of shifting cultivation into forest areas, resulting in the majority of the Kulen National Park being dominated by cashew plantation. Many small old plots of shifting cultivation land observed within areas surrounding Anlong Thom village and Marakk Katt were usually dominated by cashew tree plantations mixed with weeds like grasses and other pioneer plant species, which could be affected by forest fire in the dry season if enough care is not taken. Such area will be hard to be returned back to rice farming field due to insufficient soil nutrient. Discussion Landscape and Ecosystem Conservation Value: PKNP massif is a major relief attaining a maximum altitude of 498 meter a.s.l., and largely surrounded by the flat floodplain of the Tonle Sap Great Lake. The annual rainfall on the plateau is 2050 mm, and the annual average temperature is above 24 oC (Ashwell, 1993). The main forest type of the plateau is evergreen forest, with mosaics of outcrops, deciduous dipterocarp forest and wetland and riparian vegetation. The secondary growth/forest, a result of shifting cultivation, is mainly located within the evergreen forest, and this type of forest

17

will return to evergreen forest over a long fallow period. In combination with these natural factors, the national park serves as a refuge for all lower and higher plant species diversity, and support diverse fauna species. There are abundant epiphytes and lithophytes being dominated by a number of taxa composing of fungi, mosses, lichens, ferns, orchids, Begonia spp. and a number of climbing species. The majority of the species found throughout the forest structure, from ground floor to the canopy, is evergreen and thus provides a spectacular landscape. PKNP should be considered as high conservation value/importance on a national level based on these three aspects – critical ecological attributes, ecosystem services and social functions, some of which are highlighted as follows:

- PKNP contains 10 out of 40 Cambodian threatened plant species in the IUCN Red list, which represents 25 percent of the whole country (see Annex I). The Litchi chinensis observed inhabits only this area, based on which this mountain is named.

- The forest ecosystems of the PKNP, even though fragmented at certain sites, provides critical habitat for many flora and fauna, and could serve as a gene pool for biodiversity conservation.

- In terms of vegetation, PKNP is one of the few remaining evergreen forest areas of Cambodia and represents the evergreen forest in the northern region of the country. Some of flora composition in this area might be different from those in the west and central regions.

- In association with hydrology, this sandstone massif plays a vital role in water catchment value to supply both underground and surface freshwater to Siem Reap town. If forest ecosystems are well managed, it may reduce flash flood in the rainy season, minimize frequent flood and regulate underground water for temple safety and development within Siem Reap town. Another advantage of its value is the prevention of siltation, as a result of erosion, potentially producing large volumes of sediment in the Siem Reap River and Tonle Sap Lake.

- Economically the forest ecosystem of the PKNP provides exceptional value to local residents through ecotourism development and natural resource extraction for either subsistent uses or commercial trade, for instances medicinal and aromatic plants, wild fruits, resin and other NTFPs.

During the visit, a number of forest areas, citing Kbal Spean, Phnom Sruoch and Phnom Hop are still in good condition even though there have been some illegal timber extraction. The majority of sites visited have been degraded as a result of land clearance for agriculture and settlement; however they could be restored naturally or with human intervention as these sites are surrounded by natural forest. Species of conservation concern: In PKNP, like other forest areas, luxurious wood like rose wood, other legume species and certain species belonging to Dipterocarpaceae, and other valuable NTFP species like Aquilaria sp., are under pressure from illegal logging despite law enforcement efforts by National government officers. Ten out of the 32 timber species listed in the IUCN Red List are present within the park, and most of them are very rare because of illegal logging activities in past and recent years (See Appendix 1). In addition to these listed IUCN tree species, PKNP is also rich in many ornamental plants like orchids, Hoya and epiphytic fern, and few tree fern population (Cyathea sp.). Orchid and Hoya populations were seen in many places throughout the whole park, especially at Kroal Ko area. These species over all have not been collected for sale at present, besides a few

18

collections for ornamental plants by some households. Threats to Forest Ecosystems and Plant Species: Three major threats to forest ecosystems and biodiversity within PKNP were identified during the study: Shifting/rotation Farming System: This farming practice requires many plots of land for one household in order to rotate when the soil becomes degraded. According to a ranger and chief of commune council, each household is allowed to hold 5 plots and each plot cover an area of around 1.75 hectare so that they have enough farms to rotate. Therefore, on average each household holds 3.75 hectares. According to population statistic in 2013, Khnang Phnom commune which is located on the top of the Kulen plateau consists of 628 families. With the annual increases as a result of natural birth and migration of people from outside areas, the current population in this commune has increased to 827 families, resulting in a total shifting farmland area required for these families of approximately 7,236.25 hectares (nearly 25% of the whole park). This data does not include population figures and data for shifting cultivation area within Ta Han village, Khun Ream commune, Banteay Srey district. Shifting agriculture could be good for a large forest area with very low population density in remote areas where infrastructure and facilities are very hard to access. However, this practice cannot be applied in an area with limited resources and a fast growing of population. Shifting cultivation practices will lead to the depletion of native species, and introduction of pioneer/introduced species which may increase the risk of forest fires in the dry season. Potentially native species may not return if slash and burn practices are repeated at the same site over consecutive years. If the community living on the Kulen plateau continues such practices, the ecosystem as a whole within the park will continually remain in a fragile state, leading to rapid degradation of biodiversity. Additionally, the park is used by not only Khnang Phnom commune, but also by people from Khun Ream commune which is located in the southern foothills of the Park boundary. Moreover, the change from shifting agricultural practices to permanent cashew tree orchards has an even more significant impact on ecosystem stability as permanent cashew plots may affect future regeneration at these plots, and could disperse shifting agriculture practices further into intact forest areas. All stakeholders like rangers, local authority, NGOs and technical institution express grave concern about this issue. If population growth continues to increase, and the additional farming plots are not allowed to expand, communities will face extreme poverty in near future.

Selective logging: Many visited sites were logged in the past. Old stumps of certain species were encountered. Stumps of two Dipterocarp species frequently seen on top plateau are Yieng Daeng (Dipterocarpus costatus) and Koki Thmor (Hopea ferrea). At present, illegal logging continues to operate and was observed at certain studied sites, including Marakk Katt, Phnom Sruoch, Tonsaiy Pha-eul and Kroal Ko. Fresh stumps and logs of Sralao (Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis) and Roka (Bambax ceiba), both of which are not graded, were seen at the study sites in Phnom Sruoch, and wood planks were seen along the trail from Marak Katt village to Stung Kulen. Whereas at Kroal Ko, there is an ox cart road to transport timbers from PKNP to Kantuot commune. Phnom Sruoch area is a bit remote, rarely accessed by park rangers, and perhaps is the last site with some big trees remaining for being logged. Cutting non grade wood could also be a sign that there is no more commercial timber producing tree left or those left are still too young to be logged. A significant amount of evidence of rose wood collection at Kbal Spean was observed. Stumps and roots were also collected. Kbal Spean is one of the areas that is rich in Kranhoung (Dalbergia conchinchinensis), and another

19

site is at Popel village of Khang Phnom commune. Medicinal plant collection: Medicinal plant collection is perhaps one of the major threats, especially the area around Preah Ang Thom village. Few of many medicinal woody climbers including Kuy (Willughbeia edulis), Voir Antong, Voir Khlot (Gnetum leptostachyum), Krabei Troash (Fucus sp.) have been extensively collected in an unsustainable manner. A Liana spp. of more than 20 meter long is cut and only a few meters utilised. Many medicinal plant species that are regularly collected around this village are now scare, and some commercial herbalists buy raw materials from other place within the park, like Anlong Thom village. The Lychee fruits (Litchi chinenis) are usually collected by cutting big branches, which leave behind debris throughout the forest. It was reported that in recent years, many outsiders from other areas came to collect lychee fruits within the park, however this has not been effectively controlled. Options for Sustainable Livelihood Development and Ecosystem Management: On a basis of general observations and discussions with some key people during the botanical study, there are a number of livelihood approaches that could be introduced to the community living within the park, to complement the work of NGOs already targeting such approaches (e.g.) Archeology and Development Foundation (ADF). However, sufficient time would be needed in order for communities to adapt to these livelihood strategies. These livelihood strategies could be classified as groups as follows: Farming system approaches

- Agro-forestry system which is intercropping of annual, biennial and perennial crops and fruit trees is the most suitable for this area. Strategic cash crops, for instances beans, peanut, ginger, chili, pine apple, black pepper and a number of fruit trees like logan, lychee, rambutan, coconut trees, mangosteen, mango, cashew trees, etc. and timber species should be considered to plant together on the same piece of land. The study of soil and plants’ ecology and habitats is needed in order to understand their compatibility and dynamic growth. In order to carry it out effectively, a number of integrated approaches are needed. These approaches could be some or all of these - the identification of potential farmers to practice this model; development of trial farms for demonstration so that they could see and follow; organising events like training, coaching, workshop, exposure study tour to local, national and/or abroad to see this successful practice, and development of farming rule and regulation to be followed. This farming system could provide many crown layers to the soil, while producing a lot of different products successively the entire year.

- Terrace-farming technique could also be introduced as well so that people could cultivate rice permanently.

- Agro-ecology which is the integration of small lots of natural forest with farmland could also be one of other options in order for households to use forest products from these forest areas rather than from natural forest of the park, and this could reduce pressure on the natural ecosystems.

- Ornamental plants and vegetable cultivation: additionally, the PKNP could be a potential site for cultivation of ornamental plants especially sun flower family and vegetable such as tomatoes, potatoes, beans and brassica, which could be sold to Siem Reap town.

- Small scale irrigation system is needed as much as possible so that most of farmer could access to water supply for their farms. Such concept and intervention needs a lot of financial support and takes at least five years to see positive impact.

20

NTFP Development and Domestication - Medicinal plants are extensively collected by people living on the Kulen plateau,

especially Preah Ang Thom villager, and population of certain medicinal woody climber and bark-producing tree species may be under threat because of unsustainable collection. So, designation of some forest for gene bank conservation should be considered in order for seed dispersal to surrounding areas.

- Solid resin has also been collected for sale in small scale by Popel villagers. The main solid resin producing species is Raing Phnom (Shorea siamensis), DDF inhabitant. Another evergreen species called Chor Chong tree (Shorea guiso) is a solid resin producing species of higher yield, but its population is very scare because of overharvest in the past. If these species are restored through agro forestry and/or forest enrichment planting, it will provide high commercial value to the community, especially forest reliance population.

- Meum Tham Chen (Chinese tuber - Smilax glabra) was seen growing in the Anlong Thom CPA in small population but there was no report of commercial trade of this species. This species produces medicinal rhizome and very popular among Chinese and Cambodian herbalists. A report in 2008 showed that Cambodia imported over 10 tonnes of semi-processed rhizome from Vietnam, and this raw material was reported to come from farms. So, domestication of this species through extensive research and on the ground experiments should be considered.

- Krakoa (Cinnamomum ovoideum), the perennial herbaceous plants belonging to Zingiberaceae family is very widespread and abundant across the Kulen plateau area. It is highly demanded by Chinese herbalists and for international export, in particular to Vietnam. Last year, the price of its fruits bought in fresh by local traders in Pursat was 2000-3000 riel per Kg, and sold in dry fruits to traders at a price of around 16,000 riel (USD 4) per Kg (on average 10kg of fresh fruits could produce 2.5 kg of dry fruits). However, there was no commercial trade of this fruit on the Kulen plateau because of lack of access to markets and information. It could be an opportunity to market this species next year or in near future.

- Wild honey collection was reported by people living at the foothill (Batkamphen area) of PKNP. This type of NTFP also provides fairly good seasonal income to community. In terms of forest type and climate, it would be very much suitable for beekeeping on the plateau area. So this livelihood option should be taken into consideration as well. It was noted that the evergreen forest areas were dominated by a variety of species producing flowers during different seasons of the year.

- Rattans are very common within the park, especially Plectocomia pierreana, and the other smaller population species like Calamus palustris, C. tetradactilus and Daemonorops jenkinsiana. Rattans provide good raw materials for handicraft making, but community living on the plateau area does not depend on it. With manual processing technique, it will not provide much income to the community, which may discourage them to rely on this occupation. To develop this enterprise, a machine-based production approach might be needed, especially for semi-processing stage.

- Wild fruits. The PKNP consists of plant diversity, some of which produce commercial edible wild fruits. With high market demand within Siem Reap's markets, many people from other areas come to this area for fruit collection, and often use unsustainable harvesting methods, branch cutting practice to collect fruits. This will not allow trees to produce flowers and fruits every year and even pile up debris in the forest which impact the growth of other species and may increase risks of forest fires. The domestication of this fruit tree species by the identification of trees with sweet fruits and preservation of mother trees for seed banks to germinate fruits with a higher market value. Horticultural and silvicultural techniques to improve the growth and keep the trees short in order for convenience in fruit collection are needed.

21

Conclusion It was observed that generally local communities mainly recognise only commonly used plant species like certain ornamental plants, medicinal plants, timbers and a number of other NTFPs, but there was a lack of knowledge for many species that are not commonly used, such as herbs, epiphytic plants, and some trees, climbers and shrubs. The vernacular names used by para-taxonomists were relatively consistent throughout the whole park from the plateau to foothills. Each para-taxonomist knows about 500 plant species. The majority of flora compositions inhabiting Evergreen Forest and Riparian Vegetation were not particularly variable throughout the park, even if certain species were observed to be confined to certain sites. Therefore, the sample site being selected for this floristic survey could well represent the whole park. More species will be discovered if more studies are conducted. Most of lower plants (mosses, fungi and ferns), herbs, climbers and treelets, and some trees and shrubs that are not known by local people were omitted from these records. If all species are aggregated, the flora of this park is expected to be potentially around 1300 to 1500 species. The DDF at Tonsay Pha-eul area, at the foot hill of Phnom Bosheak or in the west of Phnom Sruoch area perhaps hold remarkable diversity of deciduous and evergreen plant species, most of which were different from the DDF at Kroal Ko area. In addition, many threatened species which are listed in the IUCN Red List were encountered at this area. This area is currently facing land conversion to permanent paddy rice field which has resulted in a fragile ecosystem. Certain species might have been made extinct, and many more species will continue to be disappear when more rice fields are expanded in future. In terms of vegetation and floristic compositions, the forests of PKNP show some resemblance to the hill evergreen forests of the central Cardamom Mountains. This is based on the presence of a few key species like Oncosperma tigillaria, Amomum krervanh, Aquilaria sp., and Melaleuca leucadendron. It is likely that PKNP may have had connectivity with these areas in the past. Even though this entire area has suffered from shifting cultivation practices and extensive illegal logging in the past, a certain level of diversity is still present, seedlings and saplings of many key tree species were still observed at many sites during the survey. For more specialist species that require specific habitats and soil types there is a risk of extinction if more remote forest habitats, especially wetland areas, are target for shifting cultivation in the future. If conservation and protection of the park is enforced effectively and traditional farming systems are changed to more sustainable practices, there is still potential that most of the native species of PKNP can be maintained. Recommendations This report can only be considered as a rapid vegetation and floristic assessment since it involved local knowledge and limited site visits. Hence, further intensive and in-depth botanical studies should be carried out in both rainy and dry seasons to cover as diverse plant species as possible, and it should include particular taxon specialists inter alia: fungi, mosses (Bryophyte), fern, orchid, grasses, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae and Fabaceae, to see range of species distributions, their phonologies and their uses. A forest ecology study, ethno-botanical study and an assessment of potential non-timber forest products (NTFPs) should also be implemented to better understand forest dynamics.

22

Similarly a study of species dynamics within abandoned shifting agricultural plots and soil fertility, should be considered in order to assess their impacts on both soil quality and ecosystem functioning. PKNP is a green island surrounded by settlements and agricultural land, containing an area of high plant biodiversity and diverse ecosystems. Urgent measures should be taken to manage and protect this area in order to prevent further depletion of biodiversity and maintain its ecosystem functioning/services. This will have a significant effect for any strategic management plans designed to mitigate natural disasters (e.g.) flash floods, in Siem Reap town. Several simultaneous efforts like alternative livelihood development, ecosystem restoration, enforcement of existing forestry laws and further research should be carried out. Given that areas of DDF within PKNP make up a very small percentage of the whole area, and contain unique biodiversity efforts should be made to manage land conversion activities before these areas are completely depleted (e.g.) Tonsay Pha-eul. Hence, a certain size of this forest type should be designated as a "gene bank conservation zone", preventing people from encroaching into this area. Additionally this area could be established as a Community Protected Area (CPA) and engages those people in natural resource management.

23

3 Fishes Cambodia’s fish fauna is still only fragmentarily explored, recent and historic studies focussed mainly on the Mekong and Tonle Sap Lake and river system. For the PKNP only a short and very preliminary list of 12 recorded species exists so far (see Table 3.1), compiled as a by-product of herpetological studies conducted by Timo Hartmann (ZFMK) and the ACCB (Hartmann et al., 2013b). Table 2.1: Fish species known to occur within PKNP. Data obtained from Hartmann et al. (2013b). The current IUCN status is given in parenthesis (IUCN, 2013).

CYPRINIDAE BARBINAE Puntius aurotaeniatus (LC) Puntius rhombeus (LC) DANIONINAE Danio albolineatus (LC) RASPORINAE Raspora paviana (not assessed) COBITIDAE Acanthopsoides hapalias (LC) Lepidocephalichthys hasselti (LC) BALITORIDAE Nemacheilus pallidus (LC) CLARIIDAE Clarias aff. batrachus ‘Indochina’ (taxonomic status unclear) ZENARCHOPTERIDAE Dermogenys siamensis (LC) CHANNIDAE Channa gachua (LC) Channa striata (LC) OSPHRONEMIDAE Betta prima (LC) Trichopsis vittata (LC)

Compared to the immense species richness found in ichthyological surveys elsewhere in Indochina, the opportunistic and very short-termed approach by Hartmann et al. (2013b) does certainly not nearly determine the full diversity of the freshwater fishes of Phnom Kulen National Park, and an in-depth survey of the park’s ichthyofauna would certainly lead to the finding of numerous additional species. Many of the bigger species are heavily exposed to overexploitation for human consumption, of the species so far recorded at PKNP especially affecting the snakeheads (Channa spp.) and catfishes (Clarias aff. batrachus ‘Indochina’). Besides, the Croaking guaramy (Trichopsis vittata) is potentially threatened by collection for the local pet trade, in which this species can be encountered regularly.

24

4. Amphibians and Reptiles Introduction Amphibians are known to be ecological indicators. Due to their complex reproductive needs, their name giving feature of inhabiting water and land during different phases of their life cycle and their sensitive and permeable skin, amphibians tend to react quick and often severely to any changes in the environment. Reptiles as possessing a water-independent reproduction mode and a keratinised skin are in general not that sensitive to environmental changes. On the other hand the majority of reptile species is still alarmingly understudied and our general knowledge is often fragmentary at best. This might either be caused by their sometimes hidden and cryptic microhabitat use (e.g. small leaf-litter dwelling lizards; semi-fossorial scincids or snake) but is also caused by a generally lower number of individuals per species in comparison to amphibians (e.g. most of the snake species are only encountered in very lower numbers during surveys). But in general, the amphibians as well as the reptiles of tropical areas in Southeast Asia alike are massively threatened by habitat alteration (e.g. illegal logging, deforestation for agriculture) and overexploitation for human consumption (Hartmann et al., 2013c). In Cambodia, recent herpetological studies mainly focused on the Cardamom Mountains in the country’s southwest (e.g. Ohler et al. 2002; Stuart and Emmett, 2006; Grismer et al., 2008) and on the foothills of the southern Annamite Mountains reaching into Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri Provinces in Cambodia’s East (Stuart et al., 2006; Stuart et al., 2010). These herpetological studies revealed extraordinary species richness and even some locally endemic species of amphibians and reptiles alike. Taking the rapid pace and high rate of recent important herpetological discoveries in Cambodia into account, the general lack of knowledge regarding its herpetofauna is quite obvious. Background Amphibians and reptiles are the most well studied taxonomic group of the PKNP. Extensive herpetological work has been done recently by Timo Hartmann (ZFMK) and the ACCB with three in-depth surveys conducted in August-September 2008, May-July 2009 and May-June 2011. Their survey areas covering all of the remaining forested areas and suitable habitats of PKNP (Hartmann et al., in prep.). They documented a total of 84 species of amphibians and reptiles to occur at PKNP (see Table 4.1). Especially noteworthy are the records of Tropidophorus cocincinensis (Hartmann et al., 2009), Sphenomorphus lineopunctulatus (Hartmann et al., 2010), Leiolepis rubritaeniata (Hartmann et al., 2012), Kaloula mediolineata and Scincella rupicola (Hartmann et al., in prep.), since they represent the first records of these species for the whole of Cambodia. Known to be of special conservation importance are those six species of amphibians and reptiles that are at listed as threatened or near threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2013) (see Table 4.1). Recently, the ecology and zoogeographic relationships of the Phnom Kulen National Park’s snake community was studied in detail and revealed the snake community to be astonishingly diverse and rich (Hartmann et al., 2013a). In terms of species diversity and richness it was shown, that PKNP’s snake community can easily compete with those of other far more prominent Southeast Asian protected areas. Finally, two studies on the spatial ecology of Cyclemys oldhamii have been conducted recently within PKNP (Durkin et al., 2010; Kim,

25

2011) Survey Aim and Objectives The aim of our rapid survey period in December 2012 was to assess the conservation value of the occurring amphibian and reptile species at PKNP by: • Collecting additional species record of amphibians and reptiles within PKNP.

• Assessing ongoing threats for amphibian and reptile communities, and provide

recommendations for their conservation and further research. Methodology In December 2012, surveys were done during the day for diurnal species and suitable habitat exploration. Moveable stones, stumps and debris, soft stumps and dead barks were carefully examined. Night surveys generally took place between 6PM and 11PM for nocturnal/crepuscular species and resting diurnals with a 600 lumens flashlight. Each night survey itinerary was preceded by a reconnaissance during daylight with path opening (to avoid vibration and noise disturbance during night survey). Streams and rocky areas were favored while access routes were also surveyed. All species were photographed when possible. Results We supplement the total number of known amphibian and reptile species to 85, by presenting a first record of the Burmese Python (Python bivittatus) for PKNP. In addition, we confirmed the occurrence of 20 amphibian and 49 reptile species by giving additional records to those of Hartmann et al., (2013a; in prep.) (See Table 4.1). Table 4.1: Amphibian and reptile species known to occur within PKNP. Data obtained from Hartmann et al. (2013a; in prep.). The current IUCN status is given in round parenthesis. A decreasing population trend is marked by an upside-down arrow in square parenthesis.

AMPHIBIANS BUFONIDAE Duttaphrynus melanostictus (LC) * Ingerophrynus macrotis (LC) [↓] * RANIDAE Hylarana erythraea (LC) * Hylarana mortenseni (NT) [↓] * Hylarana lateralis (LC) DICROGLOSSIDAE Fejervarya limnocharis (LC) * Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (LC) * Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (LC) [↓] * Occidozyga lima (LC) * Occidozyga martensii (LC) * MICROHYLIDAE Calluella guttulata (LC) * Glyphoglossus molossus (NT) [↓] * Kalophrynus interlineatus (LC) * Kaloula mediolineata (NT) [↓] * Kaloula pulchra (LC) * Microhyla berdmorei (LC) Microhyla butleri (LC) *

26

Microhyla fissipes (LC) * Microhyla heymonsi (LC) * Microhyla pulchra (LC) * Micryletta inornata (LC) * RHACOPHORIDAE Polypedates megacephalus (LC) *

Chiromantis nongkhorensis (LC) [↓] * Chiromantis vittatus (LC) * Theloderma stellatum (NT) [↓] REPTILES GEOEMYDIDAE Cyclemys oldhamii (not assessed) * Malayemys subtrijuga (VU) * TESTUDINIDAE Indotestudo elongata (EN) * AGAMIDAE Calotes mystaceus (not assessed) * Calotes versicolor (not assessed) * Draco maculatus (LC) * Leiolepis rubritaeniata (not assessed) * Physignathus cocincinus (not assessed) LACERTIDAE Takydromus sexlineatus (LC) GEKKONIDAE Cyrtodactylus intermedius (not assessed) * Dixonius siamensis (not assessed) * Gehyra mutilata (not assessed) * Gekko gecko (not assessed) * Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) * Hemidactylus platyurus (not assessed) * Hemiphyllodactylus aff. yunnanensis (taxonomic status uncertain) SCINCIDAE Eutropis longicaudata (not assessed) * Eutropis macularia (not assessed) * Eutropis multifasciata (not assessed) * Lipinia vittigera (not assessed) * Lygosoma bowringii (not assessed) Lygosoma quadrupes (not assessed) Scincella rupicola (not assessed) * Sphenomorphus lineopunctulatus (not assessed) * Tropidophorus cocincinensis (not assessed) * VARANIDAE Varanus salvator (LC) * Varanus nebulosus (not assessed) * TYPHLOPIDAE Ramphotyphlops braminus (not assessed) XENOPELTIDAE Xenopeltis unicolor (LC) * PYTHONIDAE Python bivittatus (VU) [↓] ** Python reticulatus (not assessed) * PAREATIDAE Pareas carinatus (LC) [↓] * Pareas margaritophorus (LC) * VIPERIDAE Calloselasma rhodostoma (LC) * Trimeresurus macrops (LC) * COLUBRIDAE Ahaetulla prasina (LC) * Boiga cyanea (not assessed) * Boiga multomaculata (not assessed) * Boiga siamensis (not assessed) *

27

Chrysopelea ornata (not assessed) * Coelognathus radiatus (not assessed) * Dendrelaphis pictus (not assessed) * Dendrelaphis subocularis (LC) * Dryocalamus davisonii (LC) * Lycodon capucinus (LC) Lycodon cardamomensis (DD) * Lycodon subcinctus (LC) Oligodon fasciolatus (LC) * Oligodon taeniatus (LC) * Psammodynastes pulverulentus (not assessed) * Ptyas korros (not assessed) * NATRICIDAE Amphiesma stolatum (not assessed) Rhabdophis subminiatus (LC) * Xenochrophis flavipunctatus (LC) * HOMALOPSIDAE Enhydris (LC) * Enhydris plumbea (LC) * ELAPIDAE Bungarus candidus (LC) * Calliophis maculiceps (LC) Naja kaouthia (LC) [↓] *

* reconfirmed during our field work in Dec 2012 ** recorded only during our field work in Dec 2012 Key species accounts Amphibians Hylarana mortenseni (IUCN status: Near Threatened) Our records and those of Hartmann et al. (in prep.) present a significant northern range extension of this Near threatened ranid frog species. Previously only know from the Cardamom Mountains and adjacent Thailand, the stable and relatively big population at Kbal Spean is of a high conservation value. Glyphoglossus molossus (IUCN status: Near threatened) During the peak of the rainy season it is still relatively common in PKNP’s lowland areas. It is listed as Near threatened because its populations are in significant decline. Especially in Thailand it is over-harvested, for human consumption, making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable in 2004 (IUCN, 2013). Kaloula mediolineata (IUCN status: Near threatened) Besides records from Hartmann et al. (in prep.), this microhylid frog is previously known only from Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. Hence, the PKNP’s population is the sole known population within the whole of Cambodia so far. This species is in significant decline because it is being over-harvested for food throughout its range, is suffering from habitat loss and has comparable small area of occurrence, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (IUCN, 2013). Theloderma stellatum (IUCN status: Near threatened) Only two specimens found by Hartmann et al. (in prep.) were recorded within PKNP so far. With its relatively small distribution range, this tree dweller that breeds in water-filled tree holes, is highly vulnerable to deforestation and is close to qualifying to Vulnerable (IUCN, 2013) and massively threatened at PKNP. Reptiles

28

Malayemys subtrijuga (IUCN status: Vulnerable) A single specimen was found by Hartmann et al. (in prep.) at PKNP. Throughout its distribution range its populations suffer from extensive poaching for the turtle trade or local consumption. No concluding statement can be given on the population within PNKP due to insufficient data, but a declining population trend is very likely. Indotestudo elongata (IUCN status: Endangered) Its occurrence at PKNP is based on a single, partially consumed specimen found at a local residence by Hartmann et al. (in prep.). Although widely distributed this species suffers severely from overexploitation for local consumption and Chinese pharmacopeia throughout its range (IUCN, 2013; Hartmann et al., 2013c). Sphenomorphus lineopunctulatus (IUCN status: not assessed) Even though, no IUCN status has yet been assessed for this rare scincid species, it is of extraordinary high value for the PKNP. The individual-rich population inhabiting a sparsely overgrown rocky plain close to Preah Ang Thom village is the only place this species is known from in Cambodia, and one of three places in the whole world, from which this species has been reported yet. Python bivittatus (IUCN status: Vulnerable) We herein report this large snake species for the first time ever from the PKNP. Despite its wide distribution the Burmese Python is classified as Vulnerable, because it is suffering from being over-harvested for a whole variety of uses (e.g. consumption, leather, traditional medicine) (IUCN, 2013). Discussion and Recommendations Despite major parts of PKNP being severely altered and disturbed, a total of 85 species of amphibians and reptiles is documented so far. Besides this impressive richness, the PKNP harbors a unique composition of herpetological taxa within Cambodia including species formerly thought to be restricted to the Cardamom Mountains and/or hilly eastern Cambodia. Also on an international level the importance of PKNP’s herpetological community is quite obvious, as the PKNP regarding its species composition seems to be the southernmost escarpment of the Thai Khorat Plateau also harboring species only known to occur there and at a few adjacent areas worldwide (e.g. Sphenomorphus lineopunctulatus, Leiolepis rubritaeniata). Hartmann et al. (2013a) extrapolated the species richness of snake species so far recorded at PKNP to estimate the number of ‘unseen species’ and found that only a very small number of potentially occurring species was not yet found within the national park. Assuming this to be the case in the other herpetological groups as well, it is appropriate to say that no further inventory herpetological base line studies are needed within PKNP. Future herpetological studies should focus on conservational issues regarding the above-mentioned Key Species or focus on specific ecological questions regarding the mostly understudied species, like in the case of the spatial ecology studies conducted on Cyclemys oldhamii (Durkin et al., 2010; Kim, 2011). But most important, illegal logging and habitat alteration for agricultural use and the immense hunting pressure within PKNP has to be stopped immediately! Otherwise, the important and diverse herpetological community occurring at PKNP will vanish soon. Especially understudied tree dwelling species (e.g. Theloderma stellatum, Hemiphyllodactylus aff. yunnanensis, Lipinia vittigera) are threatened by ongoing

29

deforestation and their populations within PKNP are likely to vanish before even the most basic information was obtained by ecological field studies. Additionally, overexploitation for human consumption might be an equally harsh threat at PKNP, massively affecting nearly all anuran species during the rainy season and, because of the above-mentioned lower abundance in some reptile species, the impact of illegal hunting activities might be even more immense on reptiles. Illegally hunted species at PKNP are Leiolepis rubritaeniata, Malayemys subtrijuga, Indotestudo elongata, Varanus spp., Python spp. and nearly all amphibian species (T.Hartmann, pers. obs.). We highly recommend increasing the effective protection level at the national park to prevent further deforestation (selective logging as well as habitat alteration for agricultural use) and restrain the amount of hunting for human consumption to an absolute minimum by assertive patrolling. We recommend supplementing this by raising awareness and education on the importance and value of herpetological populations within PKNP. Hopefully, local communities and authorities will be able to recognise, esteem and protect the international value and distinctiveness of PKNP’s herpetological species community in near future.

30

5. Bats Introduction Bats (order Chiroptera) are among the most diverse and widespread group of mammals, and are distinguished by their capacity for true flight. More than 1,000 species are known, which are divided into two suborders, the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. Almost one third of the species feed on nectar or fruit, and these bats play a crucial role in plant pollination and seed dispersal. Bats are the main agents of pollination of certain economically and ecologically important plants (e.g. Cox et al., 1991) and, owing to the ability of many species to carry seeds over long distances, may make a significant contribution to the reforestation of cleared areas (Gorchov et al., 1993). Most of the remaining species are insectivorous and these are thought to be the primary consumers of nocturnal insects (Kunz and Pierson, 1994). At present there are 68 species of bats known from Cambodia (N.Furey, pers. comm.). However, there is a limited knowledge of the exact status and distribution of the great majority of species. Previous surveys have highlighted this lack of knowledge with species new to Cambodia and science having been recorded (Furey et al., 2012; Csorba, 2011; Ith et al., 2011). Prior to 2013, initial non-comprehensive baseline surveys of bats within PKNP indicated it to be one of the most diverse sites in Cambodia with 21 bat species recorded at that time (N. Furey, pers. comm.). This report provides results from additional bat species diversity surveys from November 2012 to April 2013, and summarises the results of all bat species diversity surveys conducted in PKNP from November 2009 to April 2013. Previous surveys include localized ad hoc surveys initiated by Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB) and Phauk (2011), a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for an MSc degree in Biodiversity Conservation at the Royal University Phnom Penh (RUPP), which used discriminate function analysis for 444 echolocation calls produced by 17 bat species in PKNP. And more recently Mould et al. (2013), an assessment of sandstone cave bat roosts in PKNP conducted by Bat Conservation International (BCI) in collaboration with Fauna and Flora International, Cambodia (FFI). Survey Aim and Objectives The primary aim of this survey was to assess the conservation value and increase understanding of bat communities within PKNP. • To conduct baseline species diversity surveys of the bat communities within PKNP.

• To collect and collate information on Key Species, summarising results from previous

surveys.

• To develop the capacity of MoE rangers in relevant field methodologies such as mist nets, harp traps, data recording (GPS and field data sheets) and species identification.

31

• To assess any major threats to bat communities and their habitats, particularly Key Species, and provide recommendations for their conservation and further research.

Fig. 5.1: Overview of bat species survey effort within PKNP. (Yellow: ACCB, 2010 and Phauk, 2011, Red: Mould et al., 2013, Blue: This study.)

Methodology Mist nets, hand nets and four-bank harp traps were used to capture bats. These were of variable lengths and set up across potential flight paths such as paths, streams and clearings. All bats captured were measured and identified in the field using Borissenko and Kruskop (2003) and Francis (2008) then recorded in field data sheets. Individuals that could not be accurately identified in the field were collected as voucher specimens. All specimens were tagged, collection code recorded and preserved in 70-80% alcohol. These were delivered to the Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (CBC), at the Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP), Cambodia to be examined and identified to species. Results Overall this is a combined survey effort within PKNP of 3231.5 net metre hours (nmh) and 51 harp trap nights. A complete list of sites surveyed and bat species recorded to date for PKNP is given in Appendix II, Tables 5.1.& 5.2 During a cave assessment survey conducted in 2013, 31 caves were assessed (see Fig 5.2) and prioritised in terms of conservation importance according to observed roosting cave bat occupancy levels and standardised criteria to describe cave complexity, and perceived level of threat A table summarising all cave assessments is given in Appendix II, table 5.3 and a table summarising key caves for conservation is given in Appendix II, Table 5.4. The highest level of occupancy was observed in cave 1, with c.400 bats with 10 species identified through two nights of survey. Of the 31 caves assessed, six caves (19.35%) revealed no current signs of roosting cave bat occupancy. At least some level of present/past antropogenic hunting pressure or disturbance for roosting cave bats was observed in 22 caves (70.97%) (Mould et al., 2013).

32

These surveys continue to provide both new national park records (Taphozous longimanus, Taphozous theobaldi and Rhinolophus luctus, and new country records (Coelops Frithii and Hypsugo affinis, (Mould et al., 2013), Miniopterus pusillus, Furey et al., 2012) for Cambodia. Though these species are currently only known from either this site alone (Coelops Frithii and Hypsugo affinis) or one other site in Cambodia (Miniopterus pusillus, Siema Protected Forest, Furey et al., 2012) none are thought to be of global conservation concern. Fig.5.2 Cave locations highlighting key caves for conservation, caves assessed with bats present and caves assessed with bats absent.

Key Species Accounts: Coelops frithii Though widespread in the region, C. frithii is rarely recorded due to difficulty in capturing the species. Two captures during the sandstone cave bat roost survey represent the first records for Cambodia (Chheang et al., in prep.), though the species has been found in all neighbouring countries (Bates et al., 2008). This species was recorded using harp traps at two separate caves in PKNP (Mould et al., 2013). Hypsugo affinis Several individuals of H. affinis were recorded during the sandstone cave bat survey (Mould et al., 2013). These represent the first records for Cambodia. Variously placed in Pipistrellus or Falsistrellus, ongoing studies suggest the taxon affinis is best placed in Hypsugo. True Falsistrellus are Australian bats, while Indo-Malayan ‘Falsistrellus’ are close to or conspecific with Hypsugo (N. Furey, pers. comm.). Miniopterus pusillus This widespread species is distributed from patchy records in South Asia, into much of mainland Southeast Asia, and part of Insular Southeast Asia (Bumrungsri et al., 2008). One individual was collected by (Phauk, 2011) in PKNP with two further individuals collected in Siema Protected forest (Furey et al., 2012). These individuals represent the first records for Cambodia. Only one other species of Miniopterus is currently known to occur in Cambodia: M. fuliginosus (formerly included in M. schreibersii) (Furey et al., 2012, Kingsada et al., 2011).

33

Discussion With 25 known bat species, PKNP contains nearly 40% of Cambodia’s known bat species (25 of 68 species). Few other sites in Cambodia are known to have a higher bat diversity. However this is also partially reflected in the high survey effort for the park. With further surveys it is likely that more species will be recorded for PKNP. Especially given that there are many more caves that were not surveyed during this work. Anthropogenic hunting pressure: Throughout this survey there were regular accounts of anthropogenic bat hunting from both local guides and Ministry of Environment rangers (B. Phum, P. Hun, A. Somnang, C. Kimleang, H. Heap, pers. comm.). Combined with evidence gained from Mould et al. 2013, this threat to local bat communities within PKNP was perceived to be the most immediate and significant. Evidence of anthropogenic bat hunting pressure was found in 71% of the caves assessed. The human population of PKNP was 3719 at the time of the last census in 2008, although this only included main villages which were recognised by the government (Wallace, 2012). There are approximately 20 villages within and around PKNP (Wallace, 2012; ICEM, 2003) and it is estimated that the population living within PKNP is much higher than the 2008 data, even though no official figures are available. Although PKNP is protected it has not escaped utilisation by locals for natural resource extraction (Smith, 2001). The use of Non Timber Forests Products (NTFPs) is a contributing factor adding to the pressures upon the protected areas within Cambodia (Wallace, 2012; Motzke, 2008). The harvesting of bats within PKNP as a food source is considered to be a luxury food item for personal/local consumption. A study by Wallace (2012) on 'Forest use, livelihoods and biodiversity' did not find evidence that bat meat was being traded to markets outside of PKNP for commercial gain. In order to better understand the socio-economic causes of the over utilisation of natural resources within the PKNP, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the current population’s livelihood strategies and forest resource use (Wallace, 2012). Additionally raising awareness and levels of understanding regarding bat ecology through local workshops targeting schools, local government and the wider public would be a crucial first step in addressing this threat. Seasonal Monitoring: Throughout the field survey period local guides and national park authority staff consistently commented on seasonal and annual changes in bat harvesting activity. They stated there was a significant increase in bat harvesting activity in 2009/2010 which has since decreased due to a drastic reduction in roosting numbers within commonly visited caves (Chunn, Roum, Somnang, Mon, Chearm, pers. comm.). For effective monitoring of bat communities it is necessary to run bat species surveys throughout both dry and wet seasons. Prior to 2013, only one cave in PKNP had been previously surveyed for roosting cave bat species (Phauk, 2011). On the 26th June 2010 Phauk identified six cave bat species during one night of netting effort. Though the survey was not assessing roosting cave bat populations, a brief diurnal assessment of roosting occupancy levels was made and estimated to be c. 250 bats. When this cave was re-surveyed as a result of this survey on 5th February 2013, one night of netting effort only identified one cave bat species with diurnal cave assessments observing a further three species and estimated roosting occupancy levels to be c. 5 individuals (Mould et al., 2013). Further monitoring of this roosting cave is necessary to determine if this significant difference in estimated roosting occupancy levels is a result of seasonal variation or a result of high anthropogenic hunting pressures.

34

Enforcement and protection: This survey assisted in creating new relationships between MoE national park rangers, APSARA rangers and the local community within PKNP. Collaboration between these two partners throughout the field survey period strengthened levels of trust and awareness regarding the impact of localised bat hunting of bat communities. Identifying hotspots for bat hunting activities and educating local communities regarding the ecological importance of bat ecology in PKNP is an essential first step in any strategic plan to provide protection.

Mould et al. (2013), draw attention to the potential impacts that religious and spiritual shrines may have on the protection of roosting cave bat colonies. Of the thirty-one caves assessed three had religious or spiritual shrines within or in close proximity to cave locations. Cave three located on Phnom Hop previously had cave bats roosting within the cave prior to monks occupying this location in mid-2011. The bats then exited the cave shortly after this event and have not returned since (Tony Yon, pers. comm.). In cave one, containing the largest occupancy levels of roosting cave bats observed in PKNP, there is a number of small accommodation huts and shrines within the interior of the cave and in close proximity to the main cave entrance. This cave, which is sign posted as "The Bat Cave" is also visited by a small number of tourists each month for its religious and biological significance. There are battery powered lights and incents sticks running within most of the largest cave chambers. This site was first occupied by the monks in 2004 (Pich Seu, pers. comm.), though it has been visited as a religious site for much longer than this. Though historical data for roosting cave bat numbers and diversity is not known for this site, current estimates of occupancy levels show that the effect of the monks activities within the cave do not appear to be significantly detrimental. This may be due to the more complex structure of this cave system, allowing roosting cave bat colonies a wide range of secluded roosting locations with sufficient escape routes. The presence of the monks at this location also adds an element of free protection for roosting cave bat colonies from bat hunting activities. The monks are present at the cave site 24 hours a day and forbid any bat hunting activities, which out of respect for the monks and the significance of this cave as a religious site is upheld (Hun and Tony Yon, pers. comm.). Given the high levels of anthropogenic hunting pressure documented throughout other cave locations within PKNP, it is reasonable to suggest that without this level of protection roosting cave bat occupancy would be negatively affected. This is also the case for Cave 27 where a 24 hour a day presence by residential monks has created a hunting free environment for roosting cave bats. However, additional environmentally and archeologically detrimental factors concerning residential religious shrines should also be considered and managed accordingly such as damage to archaeologically significant ruins/carvings, deforestation, and waste management.

Recommendations Protection and enforcement: Information generated by this survey should be disseminated to local authorities and organisations. Local authorities and NGOs could also be helped to develop proposals to improve protection levels at the national park and these could combined with ranger training including subjects such as patrolling techniques (MIST training, GIS training), field data recording and forestry law. Awareness raising and education: Education on the importance of cave bat populations is needed. This should be facilitated through workshops targeting local schools, local government and wider community. Local

35

communities and authorities need to understand the benefits of bats in insect control, pollination and seed dispersal. Further assessments: Due to time constraints, it was not possible to explore remoter areas that may support a greater variety of bat communities to those witnessed during the survey. Further species diversity surveys and assessments targeting locations such as the northern edge of the east and west plateaus are therefore recommended. Repeat surveys of known cave bat roosts during the wet season (June – November) would also provide important information on seasonal variations in occupancy. Additional interviews at villages inside and around the national park should also be undertaken to assess threats to bat communities from hunting and understand seasonality in harvesting patterns.

36

6. Mammals Introduction Survey Aim: • To assess the conservation value of the survey area for mammals. Survey Objectives: • To conduct baseline surveys of the mammal communities within PKNP. • To collect information on Key Species. • To develop the capacity of MoE rangers in relevant field methodologies such as camera-

trapping, data recording and species identification. • To assess any major threats to the mammal communities and their habitats, particularly

Key Species, and provide recommendations for their conservation and further research. Survey Effort: Prior to this survey, there has been little research undertaken on the mammal fauna of Phnom Kulen National Park. Some ad hoc localised camera trapping and general observations were initiated by ACCB from 2010 -2012. However these tended to concentrate on close proximity sites in the western plateau near to the ACCB compound. During this current survey a greater number of camera traps were utilised and over a wider area of the park. Camera trap locations were concentrated in the main two forest blocks in the eastern and western plateaus (see Map 6.1). Map 6.1.Camera trap localities.

Methodology Camera Trapping: Automatic Bushnell camera-traps were placed to maximize the probability of detection for small carnivores and other mammal species. Camera-traps were set at ‘optimal’ locations such as animal trails, water sources and at the bases of large fruiting trees. Special attention was paid to locations where mammal signs were detected. Traps were left in the forest for 1-3 weeks and set for operation day and night then rotated to other locations.

37

Night Spotting: Routes were walked in suitable areas such as paths, forest fringes and dry riverbeds at different times of the night. Species were found by looking for eye shine using red spectrum filtered head torches and a 2 million candlepower spotlight. Signs: Forest paths and streambeds were walked in the daytime in suitable habitats looking for opportunistic signs such as mammal tracks and droppings. Some early mornings were spent listening for vocalisations of gibbons. Interviews: Interviews with local villagers, MoE rangers and hunters were conducted to find out specific information about certain key species, wildlife trade and localities of caves and other geographical features. General interview data on mammals within the park were considered mostly unreliable and very much out of date. Results To date 24 species of mammal have been recorded through camera trapping, night spotting and diurnal observation work looking for signs/tracks. Eight of these are IUCN listed species of conservation concern, three are listed as species under CITES Appendix I and five are listed as species under CITES Appendix II. A full list of species recorded is given in, Appendix III. Key Species Accounts Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) IUCN: Near-threatened This species was frequently observed in the western plateau of the park. It is easily distinguished as the largest tree squirrel in the region and was regularly seen in the high canopy, though on one occasion it was seen in the rubbish bins on the Kbal Spean tourist trail and appeared not too concerned about the human presence. This species, although widespread throughout South-East Asia: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and Peninsular Malaysia, has declined considerably in many areas due to loss and fragmentation of tall forest, as well as hunting. (Francis, 2008). Human induced habitat degradation due to shifting agriculture practices, small-scale logging, clear-cutting, forest fires, expansion of human settlement, harvesting for local consumption have been observed to be major threats for this species in South Asia (Waltson et al., 2008). Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) This species was recorded on camera trap on numerous occasions though out the survey area. It is recognised as the most widespread and relatively common small cat in the region (Sunquist and Sunquist, 2002). Listed as CITES APPENDIX II largely due to its trade and use in traditional medicine, this species is stable in many areas and even thriving in some altered habitats including oil palm and sugar cane plantations (Sanderson et al., 2008). Bengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) IUCN: Vulnerable This species was observed on four occasions at four different localities during night spotting along forest trails and forest edges. During the course of the survey one recently abandoned hunter’s camp near Kbal Spean was identified to contain remnants of N. bengalensis in the camps fire place. In the past this species was commonly observed for sale at market stalls near to the waterfall and Pre Anh Thom village, on one occasion up to 10 live and more than 20 dead individuals were observed for sale (B.Hayes, pers. obs.). It occurs throughout South-

38

East Asia and also NE India, Bangladesh and South China. Populations are declining due to loss of forest habitat as well as hunting and trapping for the pet trade (Francis, 2008). This species is found in a large number of protected areas throughout its range, but at low densities (Streicher et al., 2008). Northern Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca leonina) IUCN: Vulnerable This species was commonly recorded from camera trap pictures throughout the survey area and was regularly seen. It is assumed to be restricted to small areas of forest with the lowest levels of human disturbance where it is known to forage predominantly on the ground but readily climbs trees to forage if disturbed. Within PKNP local villagers report this species as regularly raiding their crops and is considered the most common primate with in the park. In Cambodia the primary threat to this species is hunting for food and the wildlife trade (Boonratana, 2008). Its known range is through South-East Asia: Myanmar, Thailand (South to about 8oN), Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia (Francis, 2008). Pileated Gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) IUCN: Endangered A single male of this species was seen and photographed at Kbal Spean in 2008 (T.Hartmann, pers. obs.). During our survey it was only recorded by vocalisations. Arboreal, found typically in tall forest canopy, this species occurs in small family groups. Their distribution is restricted to South East Thailand, South West Laos and Cambodia West of the Mekong River (Francis, 2008). Populations in Cambodia are in severe decline due to habitat destruction through logging and agricultural intensification in remote areas. (Brockelman et al., 2008). Within PKNP it has only been heard from the western plateau near to the Kbal Spean Lingas. Indochinese Silver Langur (Trachypithecus germaini) IUCN: Endangered This species was recorded on four occasions during the current survey. One group of six individuals with a juvenile was seen in the eastern forest block of the park. An individual was also photographed, by automatic camera trap on the ground next to a small water pool, considerably further west of the first group seen. There were no confirmed records from the western plateau of the park, however individuals confiscated from the wildlife trade and held at ACCB are reportedly meant to have come from districts nearer to this forest block. This is mainly a lowland species, with a preference for evergreen and semi-evergreen, mixed deciduous, riverine and gallery forest (Nadler et al., 2008). Cambodia is considered the stronghold for this species (Moody et al., 2011), and previously PKNP was not known as a confirmed location for this species until a recent livelihoods study (Wallace, 2012). Binturong (Arctictis binturong) IUCN: Vulnerable One individual was observed in the daytime in the eastern forest block of PKNP. It was seen in semi evergreen forest and initially was not too concerned of the human presence. Historically, the binturong was often thought to be abundant within its distribution range, but is now uncommon or rare over much of the range (Widmann et al., 2008). In Cambodia it is seldom recorded. The Binturong ranges throughout S.E. Asia (Francis, 2008). Bear sp. (Helarctos sp. /Ursus sp.) IUCN: Vulnerable Fresh and old claw marks were observed on several trees in the eastern forest block. There was no other confirmation for bear with in the park. However the claw marks, which ascended more than five meters up the trees, were very much attributable to one of the two bear species known from Cambodia. Both the Asian Black Bear and Sun Bear are known from the northern plains, an area of similar habitat not far north of PKNP. The two major threats to both species are habitat loss and commercial hunting (Fredriksson et al. 2008). Gall bladders reportedly from bears, though more commonly faked, are openly seen for sale at the

39

market stalls in Pre Ang Thom Village. Both species of bear range throughout S.E.Asia (Francis, 2008). Hog-badger (Arctonyx collaris) IUCN Near-threatened This species was recorded only twice during the survey, on both occasions from camera trap images. The Hog-badger is known from forested areas as high as 3,500 m, and it feeds on “tubers, roots, earthworms, insects, and other small living creatures” (Lekagul and McNeely 1977) It is distributed throughout South-East Asia and also North East India, China and Sumatra (Francis, 2008). In Cambodia this species occurs in level lowlands, in mosaics of deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. In south-western and eastern Cambodia it is considered to be quite common (Timmins et.al, 2008). Discussion Twenty-four mammal species have been confirmed from the park. Eight of these are IUCN listed as species of conservation concern. The overall mammal diversity should be considered high for such a small protected area. However the over all individual mammal species densities is low when compared to other protected areas and similar habitats in Cambodia. This is most likely as a consequence of the high hunting and human activity in the park; as well as the over all size of the remaining intact forest cover and the relatively small size of the park. Recent estimates put the remaining forest cover at less than 25%. More intact mammal communities were recorded from the western plateau, though this is likely to be a a direct result of there being no villagers living on this plateau, when compared to the eastern plateau where there are now 10 villages with a population of more than 4000 people. While further survey work is required to assess the full significance of the area for mammals, the presence of certain regional endemic and near endemic species highlight that PKNP is an area of high conservation priority for mammal conservation in Cambodia. Of particular importance is the presence of at least two populations of Indochinese Silvered Langur. This has only been recorded from the eastern plateau forest block, however it is likely to also be present in the western plateau forest block which has a larger area of similar habitat and is bordered by further contiguous forest administered by the FA in the north-west of the park. Threats: Hunting, habitat fragmentation, clearing for agriculture, logging and lack of enforcement are the main threats to the mammal communities in PKNP. The overall hunting of mammal species in the park was generally considered not to be as high when compared to other protected areas in Cambodia. A low level of snaring / trapping was witnessed and according to local rangers the main target species were Porcupine. In the eastern plateau snares specifically targeting wild pig and muntjac, were more commonly observed. Gunshots were seldom heard during the survey and from camera trap pictures only one local hunter was recorded carrying a gun. According to a recent study the most common hunting methods were by sling shot and crossbow, with squirrels, rodents and mouse deer being the most common species hunted (Wallace, 2012). Most hunting by local villagers tended to concentrate with in close proximity to their agriculture land. In the past Pre Ang Thom Village was commonly known as a wildlife market place with many live and dead species openly for sale, which also dealt with species from other areas of Cambodia. This is now less common, though there is still an open market dealing in trophies and many fakes. On the access road leading to this village the pelt and tails of several squirrel species are openly seen for sale. The largest threat comes from forest loss and fragmentation caused by local agriculture practices and an ever increasing population within and around the park with there now only being two sizeable areas of forest left. These trends of increased forest loss and hunting are very much worsening from the lack of enforcement by the MoE rangers and park authorities.

40

Survey Recommendations:

• More knowledge on the status and distribution of primates with in the park is needed, especially with regards to Indochinese Silvered Langur, Bengal Slow Loris and Pileated Gibbon.

• Surveys on the small mammal communities are needed with emphasis on rodents. • Specific surveys concentrating on any of the key species. • Further camera trapping and general mammal surveys are needed in the FA forest

outside the park boundaries.

41

7. Conclusion To date surveys have confirmed a total of 28 IUCN listed species of global international concern. This includes a total of 44 mammals, 12 fishes, 25 amphibians, 60 reptiles, 198 birds (see Appendix IV) and 775 plant species. The surveys have also confirmed three new country records (Handschuh et al., in prep.; Chheang et al., in prep.). When compared to other protected areas in Cambodia, PKNP is not so diverse in terms of overall biodiversity. However this is partially due to the lack of surveys conducted in PKNP and the small size of the park. Historically PKNP has been of the radar for conservation attention with the majority of research in Cambodia concentrating on larger landscape protected areas such as the northern and eastern plains plus the Cardamom Mountains. Regardless Phnom Kulen National Park should be considered of high conservation significance both locally and regionally. This not only takes into consideration the biodiversity value but the watershed catchment value of the park and the huge economic value that this has for not only Siem Reap province but Cambodia as a whole. However the alarming rate of deforestation poses the greatest threat to PKNP, with less than 25% of original forest cover left (see map 7.1 and photo sequence 1-4). Unless urgent action is taken to mitigate this then the future values of the park are very much at risk. . Photo 1- Phnom Hop 1960s

Photo 2- Phnom Hop 2001

42

Photo 3- Phnom Hop 2007

Photo 4 – Phnom Hop 2011

Due to the lack of any formal management plan for PKNP and the complexity of administration within the park, this survey has drawn up a conservation zoning plan for the park so as to assist with future management plans and provide recommendations for mitigating threats. See map 7.1 Map 7.1: PKNP Zoning

NB: Forest cover derived from Landsat imagery February 2013, with all forest types combined

43

Zone 1 Conservation Significance: This is the largest area of contiguous forest habitat within the park and as yet has not suffered from fragmentation. It borders on to FA forest in the north-west. No communities reside within this area. Based on results of the survey this area tended to have the highest diversity for most taxa. It is the only area where gibbons were seen and recorded and is likely to also have the presence of Indochinese Silvered Langurs. Threats: There is hunting taking place throughout this zone. However far more pressing concern is the logging being undertaken. Logging camps of various sizes, both old and new, were documented all over this area. At present the logging is considered to be quite selective with certain key timber species being targeted. More than four well used access trails where the timber was transported off the plateau were observed and on most visits chainsaws from different locations were heard. At several logging camps drying racks for bushmeat were seen and it is likely that persons involved in the logging operations partake in snaring and other forms of hunting. All the lower slopes of this area of forest have been largely degraded due to slash and burn agriculture practices or conversion to rice paddies. Recommendations:

• Further surveys are needed to determine the status and distribution of all key species. • Biodiversity surveys and mapping of forest cover should be conducted in the FA

forest north west of the park boundaries. • Effective patrolling and enforcement needs to be put in place. • All encroachment and agriculture practices should be halted. • Clear demarcation of the park boundaries are needed. • Regeneration on lower slopes should be encouraged.

Zone 2 Conservation Significance: This area has largely been converted to agriculture land and holds very little remaining intact forest. The only significant area of forest remaining is on Phnom Hop though this is largely degraded. However there are several caves on Phnom Hop, which are of importance to the bat communities of the park. Within the park boundaries this zone is the largest area of lowland plains environment and historically would have been the main area of deciduous ditrocarp forest. Threats: The main threats to this area are the migration of new people and farmers, expansion of large scale farms, brick factories, charcoal kilns and general infrastructure associated with these developments. This is leading to increased encroachment of bordering forested habitats and ease of access for logging and hunting. Recommendations:

• Effective patrolling and enforcement needs to be put in place. • Implement regeneration of forest cover of this whole zone and especially a linking

corridor between Phnom Hop and zone four. • All encroachment and agriculture practices should be halted.

44

• Clear demarcation of park boundaries needed. • Resettlement and relocation of businesses and people should be considered for the

whole zone. • Relocation/closing of all the damaging infrastructures such as brick factories, charcoal

kilns. Zone 3 Conservation Significance: This area has largely been cleared of any natural forest cover due to infrastructure development and clearance for agriculture. At present this zone holds little significance in terms of important habitats or diversity. However it is the key corridor area for linking the two main plateaus which contain the largest remaining forest blocks in zones one and four. Threats: The main threats to this area are the increased infrastructure developments such as roads and buildings and continued degradation of any remaining natural habitats from agriculture practices. Recommendations:

• Prevent any further damaging infrastructure expansion and development. • Encourage and assist with natural regeneration of the forest to create a linking

corridor for wildlife between zones one and four. Zone 4 Conservation Significance: This is the second largest area of contiguous forest in the park and overall the largest area of forest. It has the most diverse habitats with a mosaic of deciduous ditrocarp forest, semi evergreen and evergreen forest. Of the highest significance is the presence of at least two groups of Indochinese Silvered langurs. Other globally threatened species such as Bear, Bengal Slow Loris and Binturong were only recorded from this zone, though they are likely to be in critically low densities. Additionally, within this area one out of the world-wide three known populations of Sphenomorphus lineopunctulatus is situated. Ungulate densities were found to be significantly lower compared to the forest block of Zone 1. There are several villages in this zone with a total of nearly 1000 people. Threats: There is hunting taking place throughout this zone. However of more pressing concern is the logging being undertaken. Chain saws were heard on nearly all visits and fresh piles of sawn planks were regularly seen. On one occasion 10 fully laden ox carts with recently sawn timber were seen waiting collection near to the Kbal Spean access road (N. Butler, pers. comm.). The logging and harvesting of timber is generally being organised by outside business people employing teams of loggers. Logging access routes and paths appeared to be well known by MoE rangers, however little is done to prevent these activities. Due to the expanding conversion of forest for agriculture practices (cashew plantations in particular), uncontrolled development of villages especially Preah Ang Thom plus the logging activities, the remaining forest is increasingly being fragmented and isolated. Recommendations:

• Introduce new agro-forest methods to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.

45

• Create further alternative livelihoods that are more sustainable. • Improve education on natural resource use and the environment. • Prevent further forest fragmentation and create forest corridors linking existing forest

habitats. • Further surveys on the status and distribution of key species, especially the

Indochinese Silvered Langurs. • More effective patrolling and enforcement should be put in place. • Clear demarcation of the park boundaries is needed.

Zone 5 Conservation Significance: This is the most heavily degraded area of the park and is also the most densely populated. There are approximately 3000 people living in this zone, a large percentage of whom are small scale farmers involved in slash and burn shifting agriculture and cashew nut plantations. However there are several CPAs and recently initiated buffer zones around sites of archaeological importance both of which have small areas of forest remaining. Though these tend to be very fragmented they still support small populations of several globally threatened species. In addition the majority of the caves documented during this survey tended to be from this zonal area and these are of high conservation importance for protecting PKNP’s bat communities and other associated cave fauna. Threats: The main threats to this area are the ever increasing population and the pressure this places on the natural resources of the park. This is predominately through the expansion of slash and burn agriculture land use as well as the conversion of plots to permanent cashew plantations. There is also small scale logging and systematic hunting. Recommendations:

• Introduce new agro-forest methods to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.

• Create further alternative livelihoods that are more sustainable. • Improve education on natural resource use and the environment. • Prevent further forest fragmentation and create forest corridors linking existing forest

habitats. • Carry out further cave surveys and protection of these sites. • Provide more effective patrolling and enforcement. • Ensure clear demarcation of park boundaries. • Slow down the settlement of populations on the plateau. • Reinforce MoE and APSARA resources plus better coordination with local

authorities.

All Zones Water catchment: A survey of the Stung Siem Reap Watershed was conducted in 2004 by the MRC-GTZ Watershed Management Project (WSMP), and updated later (Schindele, 2008), to inform the Cambodian National Working Group on Watershed Management and local authorities including the Siem Reap Watershed Committee. The Stung Siem Reap Watershed, was considered one of four top priority watersheds in the country under the MRC-GTZ Watershed Management Project, and extensive baseline surveys were carried out. Clear links were made

46

to upstream destruction and downstream impacts. A later watershed study undertaken by Kirch (2010) found the Stung Siem Reap Watershed is suffering from diminishing quality and quantity of water resources due to sand excavations from river banks and forest depletion. The majority of this current forest depletion is taking place in the upper watershed area which is predominately composed of PKNP (see map 7.2) Map 7.2: Overview of Stung Siem Reap Watershed

Map produced by ded for MRC-GTZ Watershed Management project, reproduced from Kirsch (2010). PKNP is still the largest forested area within Siem Reap province and critical for providing year round water through above ground rivers and streams as well as the underground water table. However as of late the park and the surrounding environs has seen a drastic reduction in its forest cover and in addition there has been a huge increase in water resource from the underground water table. This increase in water use has largely come from the massive upsurge in tourism. Already the consequences of this are being felt with regular water shortages in the dry season. Economically for Siem Reap province and Cambodia the protection of PKNP’s forest cover should be considered of the utmost importance. Further work is urgently needed to fully understand the economic watershed catchment value of the park as well as the consequences of failing to protect this vital resource. Enforcement and protection: At present employed within PKNP for enforcement and protection there are MoE rangers, APSARA guards, Heritage police and Military Police. However the protection of the park’s resources is very inadequate with illegal activities such as logging, hunting and encroachment happening largely unhindered. MoE rangers state they are under resourced to deal with these problems. The ineffectiveness in the current levels of protection and enforcement is likely to be caused by low capacity and lack of training, corruption and inadequate salaries. To assist with the protection of the Park, the following recommendations are suggested.

• Proper training of rangers should be conducted in all aspects of enforcement and protection as well as appropriately equipping them for working in the forest.

• More rangers are needed and a certain percentage of these should come from local communities.

• Effective and regularly patrolled trails should be made throughout the park.

47

• Mobile patrol groups spending considerable time remotely in the forest should be set up and monitored, especially in Zones 1 and 4.

• Placement of GSM enabled or wireless back up model Camera Traps to monitor logging access routes.

• Higher levels of salaries are needed for rangers both to combat corruption and assist with motivation plus the possible use of financial incentives/ rewards or bonuses for arrests, confiscation of illegal activities.

• Sufficient support from the relevant authorities for punishment of parties involved in illegal activities within PKNP.

• Clear demarcation of the park’s boundaries is needed. • Improve education on natural resource use and the environment plus convey the laws

of the Park to the communities within and around PKNP.

Tourism: Phnom Kulen National Park has very good potential for tourism development with many natural attractions and sites of archaeological interest. It is easily accessible from Siem Reap town and the Angkor temples, which attract more than two million visitors annually. However, to date the park has not taken advantage of this potential market nor benefited much from the few international visitors that do visit. At present the majority of revenue derived from tourism goes to the APSARA authorities who control access to the Kbal Spean Lingas (Zone 1) and an individually owned company that has a private tourism concession which controls and charges a $20 access fee for foreign tourists to enter the park in Zone 4. Consequentially the MoE and PKNP profit very little from this. A tourism management plan should be drawn up so that PKNP and the historical communities living within the park’s boundaries can benefit more from the potential tourism market as well as simplifying the complexity of the management of the park’s resources. However this should avoid the pitfalls of mass tourism and over development. There are many good examples in other areas of S.E.Asia that are promoting conservation tourism that provide a sustainable income for effective protected area management and create local jobs. Even though PKNP might not be considered a reliable nor high priority area for wildlife viewing when compared to other protected areas it certainly has many unique attributes that are found nowhere else in the world and its potential is very much underutilised.

48

References: Ashwell, D. (1993). Zoning and Environmental Management Plan for Angkor. 21p. UNESCO-Cambodia. Bates, P., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Csorba, G. & Molur, S. (2008) Coelops frithii. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T. & Traeholt, C. 2008. Hylobates pileatus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

Boonratana, R., Das, J., Yongcheng, L., Htun, S. & Timmins, R.J 2008. Macaca leonina. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Borissenko A.V. & Kruskop S.V., (2003). Bats of Vietnam and Adjacent Territories: An Indentification Manual. Hanoi and Moscow: Joint Russian Vietnamese Science and Technological Tropical Centre, Hanoi and the Zoological Museum of Moscow M. V. Lomonosov State University.

Bumrungsri, S., Bates, P., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. 2008. Miniopterus pusillus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

Bonheur N., Eang Hourt K. and Phy T. (2008). Preliminary Study of Kulen National Park for Development of Botanical Garden. 32p. The Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Boulbet J (1979). Le Phnom Kulen et sa région. (Collection de Textes et Documents sur l'Indochine, Vol. XII.) [iv], 136 pp., 32 plates, 24 figures, 2 maps [in end-pocket]. Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Boyce P., Khou Eang Hourt et al. (2002) Higher Plants. Social and Ecological Survey of Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. 11-21. Fauna and Flora International, Cambodia programme Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Campbell O. Webb (2004) Vegetation Mapping in Phnom Samkos and Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuaries, Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. 23p. Fauna and Flora International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Cox, P.A., T. Elmqvist, E.D. Pierson & W.E. Rainey (1991). Flying foxes as strong interactors in South Pacific island ecosystems: a conservation hypothesis. Conservation Biology, 5: 448-54.

Csorba, G. (2011) A new species of Glischropus from the Indochinese Subregion (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Zootaxa, 2925, 41–48. Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionary of Plants Used in Cambodia. Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh. Durkin, L., Handschuh, M., Sovannak, K., Ward, L., Hulse, N. & Mould, A. (2010) Discovery of a hithero unknown breeding population of the Asian leaf turtle Cyclemys aff. atripons in Phnom Kulen National Park, northwestern Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010: 15-17.

49

Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) 2008. Helarctos malayanus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Francis C. M., (2008). A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia. New HollandPublishers (UK) Ltd. ISBN 978 1 84537 735 9.

Furey, N., Phauk, S., Phen, S., Chheang, S., Ith, S., Bates, P., and Csorba, G. (2012) New country records for five bat species (Chiroptera) from Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2012 (2) 141-149.

Gagnepain F. (1913-1920). Flore Générale de l’Indochine. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

Gorchov, D.L., F. Cornejo, C. Ascorro & M. Jaramillo (1993). The role of seed dispersal in the natural regeneration of rain forest after strip-cutting in the Peruvian Amazon, pp. 339-49. In T.H. Fleming & A. Estrada (eds) Frugivory and Seed Dispersal: Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht.

Grismer, L.L., Chav, T., Neang, T., Wood, P.L. Jr., Grismer, J.L., Youmans, T.M., Ponce, A., Daltry, J.C. & Kaiser, H. (2007) The herpetofauna of the Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and checklist of the herpetofauna of the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. Hamadryad 31: 216-241.

Hartmann, T., Hun, C., Handschuh, M., Nguyen, Q.T. & Böhme, W. (2009) First record of Tropidophorus cocincinensis Duméril & Biborn, 1839 from Cambodia. Herpetology Notes 2: 87-89.

Hartmann, T., Nguyen, Q.T., Ohler, A., Hun, C., Handschuh, M. & Böhme, W. (2010) Rediscovery of the rare Thai scincid lizard Sphenomorphus lineopunctulatus Taylor, 1962: New country records from Cambodia and Laos and a re-description. Russian Journal of Herpetelogy 17: 105-109.

Hartmann, T., Sovath, S., Handschuh, M. & Böhme, W. (2012) The taxonomic status of the Red-banded Butterfly Lizard Leiolepis rubritaeniata Mertens, 1961: with comments on its distribution (including a new country record for Cambodia), ecology and colour morphology. Russian Journal of Herpetology 19(2): 108-114.

Hartmann, T., Handschuh, M., Geissler, P., Ihlow, F., Seng, R., Rödder, D. & Böhme, W. (2013a) Species richness and diversity, functional analysis and biogeographical comparison of the snake community inhabiting Phnom Kulen National Park, northern Cambodia. Salamandra. Submitted.

Hartmann, T., Hüllen, S., Geissler, P., Handschuh, M., Seng, R., Miesen, F.W. & Herder, F. (2013b) Records of freshwater fish species from Phnom Kulen National Park, northwestern Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2013 (2). Accepted.

Hartmann, T., Ihlow, F., Edwards, S., Sovath, S., Handschuh, M. & Böhme, W. (2013c) A preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary in northern Cambodia. Asian Herpetological Research 4(1): 36-55.

50

International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM) (2003). Cambodia National Report on Protected Areas and Development. ICEM: Queensland, Australia.

Ith S., Csorba, G., Bates, P.J.J. & Furey, N.M. (2011) Confirmation of seven bat species for Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2011, 93–103. IUCN- International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2005) Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org IUCN (2013) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org Kim, C. (2011) Population estimation and habitat selection of Oldham’s leaf turtle Cyclemys oldhamii at the Kbal Spean River, Phnom Kulen National Park. Unpublished MSc thesis. Royal University of Phnom Penh. Kirch, H; 2010; Watershed Inventory in Siem Reap, Cambodia: A combination of Social and Natural Science Methods; Pacific News #34, July/Aug

Kingsada, P., Douangboubpha, B., Ith S., Furey, N., Soisook, P., Bumrungsri, S., Satasook, C., Vu D.T., Csorba, G., Harrison, D., Pearch, M., Bates, P. & Thomas, N. (2011) A checklist of bats from Cambodia, including the first record of the intermediate horseshoe bat Rhinolophus affi nis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae), with additional information from Thailand and Vietnam. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2011, 49–59.

Kunz, T.H., & E.D. Pierson (1994). Bats of the world: an introduction, pp. 1-46. In R. M. Nowak Walker’s Bats of the World, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Larsen K., Larsen, S.S., & Vidal, J.E. (1980). Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae. In: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam, Vol 18, 1-227. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Lavit Kham (2004). Medicinal Plants of Cambodia. 630p. Bendigo Scientific Press,

Australia. Mabberley D. J. (2008): The Plant – Book. 1021p. Cambridge University Press, England. Max van Balgooy, Jeannette Ridder-Numan, Colin E. Ridsdale [NHN Leiden]; Damien Hicks, Don Kirkup, Rogier de Kok [R.B.G. Kew]. (2004). An Introductive Key to Malesian Seed Plants. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland -Universiteit Leiden branch, Leiden.

Motzke, I. (2008) Natural resource use and anthropogenic threats to biodiversity at the Phnom Kulen National Park, Cambodia. Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the BSc in Biology, Tubingen.

Mould, A., Furey, N., Hayes, B. and Boughey, K. (2013) Cave bat surveys at Phnom Kulen National Park. Bat Conservation International report, May 2013. (Unpublished) Moody.J, An Dara, Camille N Z Coudrat, Tom Evans, Tom Gray, Matt Maltby, Men Soriyun, Nut Meng Hor, Hannah O Kelly, Pech Bunnat, Phan Channa, Edward Pollard, Hugo J Rainey, Benjamin M Rawson, Rours Vann, Song Chansocheat, Tan Setha, Thong Sokha.

51

(2011). A summary of the conservation status, taxonomic assignment and distribution of the Indochinese Silvered Langur Trachypithecus germaini (sensu lato) in Cambodia. Asian Primate Journal 12/2012; 2(1):21-28. Nadler, T., Timmins, R.J. & Richardson, M. 2008. Trachypithecus germaini. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Niyomdham C., Pham H. H., Dy Phon, P. & Vidal, J.E. (1997). Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Dalbergieae. In: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam 29, 1-67. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Ohler, A., Swan, S.R. & Daltry, J. (2002) A recent survey of the amphibian fauna of the Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia with descriptions of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 50:465-481. Phauk, S. (2011) The Utility of Bat (Ultrasound) Detector in Indentifying Bat Species: A Case study at Phnom Kulen National Park, Cambodia. Royal University of Phnom Penh, A thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for an MSc degree in Biodiversity Conservation. (Unpublished) Schindele, W., H Kaylan, S. Ken, U. Luyna, M. Socheat; 2008; Management of Pilot Watershed Areas in Cambodia; Baseline Survey; Working Paper 12a; MRC-GTZ Cooperation Programme Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme Smith, J. (2001) Biodiversity, the life of Cambodia: Cambodia’s biodiversity status report – 2001. Phnom Penh: Cambodia. Sanderson, J., Sunarto, S., Wilting, A., Driscoll, C., Lorica, R., Ross, J., Hearn, A., Mujkherjee, S., Khan, J.A., Habib, B. & Grassman, L. 2008. Prionailurus bengalensis. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

Streicher, U., Singh, M., Timmins, R.J. & Brockelman, W. 2008. Nycticebus bengalensis. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Stuart, B.L & Emmett, D.A. (2006) A collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Cardamom Mountains, southwestern Cambodia. Fieldiana (Zoology) 109: 1-27. Stuart, B.L., Rowley, J.L., Neang, T., David, A.E. & Som, S. (2010) Significant new records of amphibians and reptiles from Virachey National Park, northeastern Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(1): 38-47 Stuart, B.L., Sok, K. & Neang, T. (2006) A collection of amphibians and reptiles from hilly eastern Cambodia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54: 129-155. Timmins, R.J., Long, B., Duckworth, J.W., Wang Ying-Xiang & Than Zaw 2008. Arctonyx collaris. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Wallace, P. (2012) Forest use, livelihoods and biodiversity: A case study from Phnom Kulen National Park, Cambodia, University of Oxford Brookes, A thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for an MSc degree in Primate Conservation 2011-2012. (Unpublished)

52

Walston, J., Duckworth, J.W. & Molur, S. 2008. Ratufa bicolor. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

Widmann, P., De Leon, J. & Duckworth, J.W. 2008. Arctictis binturong. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

53

Appendices:

Appendix I

IUCN listed plants of PKNP.

Botanical name

Vernacular name

Critically Endangered

Endangered Vulnerable Absent Very rare Rare Moderate

Afzelia xylocarpa Beng EN 1

This species is occasionally seen at Preah Vihear temple and in many places across the country.

Aglaia pleuropteris n/a CR 1

Anisoptera costata Phdeak ED 1

This species is sparsely distributed in many lowland evergreen forests.

Aquilaria crassna Chankrassna CR 1

Aquilaria sp. in Phnom Kulen could not A. crassna. More taxonomic study is needed

Cycas siamensis Prang VU 1

This species is still common in other places but not seen in KNP. However, it could be under pressure if lowland DDF is converted to agriculture.

Dalbergia bariensis Neang Nuon EN 1

This species is very rare across the country

Dalbergia cambodiana n/a EN 1

Dalbergia cochinchinsis Kranhuong VU 1

Most of them are seedlings; found at Kbal Spean and Popel village.

Dipterocarpus alatus

Chheuteal Toek / Yieng EN 1

It grows in a wide range of lowland EF, SEF and riparian habitat across the country

Dipterocarpus baudii n/a CR 1

Dipterocarpus costatus Yieng Daeng EN 1

Seedlings are occasionally seen on top plateau of KNP.

Dipterocarpus dyeri

Chheuteal Chngor EN 1

Dipterocarpus turbinatus

Chheuteal Dang/Chheuteal Ko

CR 1

Occsionally seen in the western part like Bokor and Kirirom NP. Its local name is Chheuteal Ko.

Hopea ferrea Koki Thmor EN 1 Seedlings are occasionally seen on top plateau of KNP.

Hopea helferi Koki Daek CR 1 Hopea n/a CR 1

54

latifolia

Hopea odorata Koki Msao VU 1 Hopea pedicellata n/a EN 1

Hopea pierrei Koki Khsach EN 1 It is common at Bokor NP.

Hopea recopei

Chramass Trang/Popel EN 1

Hopea siamensis n/a CR 1

Intsia bijuga Kokoh Prek VU 1 Common in places at coastal zone.

Mangifera flava n/a VU 1

Pinus merkusii Sral Sloek Pee VU 1

It is very common in Kirirom NP and other sites in the west in some in central Cambodia.

Pterocarpus indicus Thnong VU 1

This species has a wide range of the habitat. Its populations in other areas are still common.

Shorea henryana n/a EN 1 Shorea hypochra

Koki Phnang / Kamnhan CR 1

Shorea roxburghii Popel EN 1

It is still common in KNP. It distributes not only in DDF but also SEF.

Shorea thorelii

Khchov / Phchoek Odorm

CR 1

It is reported to be present in Bokor NP, but very rare due to overexploited of timber in the past.

Vatica cinerea n/a EN 1

55

Appendix II Table 5.1: Bat survey locations

Site No. Habitat Nmh/ Harp trap nights UTM (48 P)

1 Semi- evergreen 18 403564-1499663 2 Riparian 18 393528-1513270 3 Semi- evergreen 18 390617-1514690 4 Semi- evergreen 18 389869, 1515886 5 Semi- evergreen 24 390619-1514665 6 Semi- evergreen 21 390546-1514520 7 Semi- evergreen 21 390568-1514315 8 Semi- evergreen 42 390606-1514265 9 Semi- evergreen 21 390757-1513774 10 Semi- evergreen 21 390762-1513667 11 Dry dipterocarp 21 397378-1508157 12 Dry dipterocarp 21 397297-1508052 13 Dry dipterocarp 18 397328-1508059 14 Rocky/boulder scrub 1 night 395837-1505184 15 Semi- evergreen 1 night 397381-1504708 16 Semi- evergreen 1 night 405688-1498568 17 Riparian 12 393607-1513174 18 Riparian 12 393597-1513163 19 Riparian 1 night 393556-1513240 20 Riparian 24 401846-1506317 21 Riparian 1 night 401823-1506318 22 Dry dipterocarp 99 403910-1505976 23 Lowland Deciduous 108 0395045-1511772 24 Riparian 195 0393635-1513141 25 Semi-evergreen 105 0399348-1501982 26 Riparian 64 0394775-1512129 27 Riparian 88 0394069-1512835 28 Riparian 36 0393635-1513141 29 Lowland deciduous 30 0394523-1512331 30 Lowland Deciduous 30 0394786-1511991 31 Riparian 36 0394325-1512495 32 Lowland Deciduous 30 0394832-1512587 33 Riparian 36 0394348-1512657 34 Lowland Deciduous 30 0394333-1512503 35 Agricultural plantation 30 0394860-1510982 36 Agricultural plantation 30 0394739-1512296 37 Riparian 36 0393489-1513228 38 Semi-evergreen 36 0393616-1513145 39 Semi-evergreen 36 0393448-1512950 40 Semi-evergreen 36 0393448-1513273 41 Semi-evergreen 36 0395166-1512322

42 Lowland disturbed forest 30 0394994-1511885

56

43 Lowland disturbed forest 30 0394466-1512424

44 Lowland disturbed forest 30 0395562-1512550

45 Lowland disturbed forest 30 0395151-1512219

46 Semi-evergreen 36 0393514-1513312 47 Semi-evergreen 36 0393452-1513514 48 Riparian 36 0393607-1513356 49 Cave 36 0394144-1512782 50 Lowland Deciduous 30 0394684-1511901 51 Agricultural plantation 30 0394944-1511629 52 Lowland scrub 30 0395429-1512312 53 Semi-evergreen 36 0394033-1513224 54 Semi-evergreen 36 0393428-1513661 55 Semi-evergreen 36 0393257-1513899 56 Semi-evergreen 36 0394092-1511662 57 Agricultural plantation 30 0394998-1511308 58 Agricultural plantation 30 0394797-1510922 59 Agricultural plantation 30 0394860-1510982 60 Semi-evergreen 189 393792-1513412 61 Semi-evergreen 360 392685-1513904 62 Riparian 288 0390628-1514696 63 Semi-evergreen 144 0391170-1513393 64 Riparian 105 0393635-1513141

57

Table 5.2: Bat species recorded in Phnom Kulen National Park

S=Specimen, O= Observation/Vocalisation

Species Common Name IUCN Evidence Taphozous longimanus Long winged tomb bat LC S Taphozous theobaldi Theobald's tomb bat LC S Cynopterus brachyotis Sunda Short-nosed fruit Bat LC S Cynopterus Sphinx Greater short-nosed fruit Bat LC S Eonycteris spelaea Cave Nectar bat LC S Megaderma spasma Lesser false vampire LC S Megaderma Lyra Greater false vampire LC S Rhinolophus luctus Greater woolly horseshoe bat LC O Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate horseshoe bat LC S Rhinolophus malayanus Malayan horseshoe bat LC S Rhinolophus shameli Shamel’s horseshoe bat LC S Rhinolophus microglobosus - LC S Rhinolophus pusillus Least horseshoe bat LC S Rhinolophus stheno Lesser Brown horseshoe bat LC S Hipposideros armiger Great roundleaf bat LC S Hipposideros larvatus Intermediate roundleaf bat LC S Hipposideros galeritus Cantor’s roundleaf bat LC S Hipposideros Pomona Large-eared roundleaf bat LC S Hipposideros cineraceus Ashy roundleaf bat LC S Coelops frithii East-Asian tailless leaf-nosed

bat LC S

Myotis cf. annectans Hairy-faced myotis LC S Tylonycteris cf. pachypus Lesser bamboo bat LC S Hesperoptenus cf. blanfordi Least false-serotine LC S Hypsugo cf. cadornae Cadorna’s pipistrelle LC S Hypsugo affinis - - S Kerivoula hardwickii Hardwicke’s woolly bat LC S Miniopterus pusillus Small bent-winged bat LC S

58

Table 5.3: Summary of results from cave bat roost assessment

59

Table 5.4: Summary of results from cave bat roost assessment

60

Appendix III Mammal species recorded in Phnom Kulen National Park. V-vocalisation/call, CT- Camera Trap, O- observation, S- sign, P-photograph, T-trophy

Family/Species Common Name IUCN CITES Evidence Hylobates pileatus Pileated gibbon EN Appendix I V Macaca leonine Pig-tailed Macaque VU Appendix II CT, O Trachypithecus germaini Indochinese Silvered Langur EN Appendix II O, CT Macaca Fascicularis Long tailed Macaque Appendix II O,CT Nycticebus bengalensis Bengal slow Loris VU Appendix I O Helarctos sp./ Ursus sp. Sun/ Asiatic Bear VU Appendix I S Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat Appendix II CT Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm Civet CT Arctictis binturong Binturong VU O, P Arctonyx collaris Hog-badger NT CT Melogale sp. Ferret Badger sp CT Herpestes javanicus Small Asian Mongoose CT,O Herpestes urva Crab Eating Mongoose CT Tupaia belangeri Northern Treeshrew CT Hystrix brachyura Malayan Porcupine CT, Sus scrofa Eurasian Wild pig CT Muntiacus muntjak Red Muntjak CT, T Tragulus kanchil Lesser Oriental Chevrotain CT Ratufa bicolour Black Giant Squirrel NT Appendix II O Petaurista philippensis Indian Giant Flying Squirrel O Hylopetes sp. Flying squirrel sp O, P Callosciurus finlaysonii Variable Squirrel O Menetes berdmorei Indochinese Ground Squirrel CT,O Lepus peguensis Burmese hare CT,O

2

Appendix IV. Birds of PKNP:

English name Scientific name IUCN 1 2 3 4 5 Francolins, Partridges and Pheasants

Phasianidae

Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanus LC x x x Red Junglefowl Gallus LC x x Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi LC x Scaly-breasted Partridge Arborophila chloropus LC x x x Whistling-ducks, Ducks and Pygmy-geese

Dendrocygnidae,Anatidae

Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator LC x x Rail and Crakes Rallidae Red-legged Crake Rallina fasciata LC x White breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus LC x Piculets and Woodpeckers Picidae Common Flameback Dinopium javanense LC x x x x Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus LC x x x x Black-and-buff Woodpecker Meiglyptes jugularis LC x x Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus LC x Streak-breasted or Laced Woodpecker

Picus vittatus LC x

Heart-spotted Woodpecker Hemicircus canente LC x x x Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata LC x x x x Green-eared Barbet Megalaima faiostricta LC x x x x Blue-eared Barbet Megalaima australis LC x x x x Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala LC x x x Hornbills Bucerotidae Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis NT x Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris LC x x x x Hoopoes and Trogons Upupidae and Trogonidae Common Hoopoe Upupa epops LC x x Orange-breasted Trogon Harpactes oreskios LC x x x x Rollers Coraciidae Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis LC x x Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis x x Kingfishers Alcedinidae & Halcyonidae Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis LC x Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting LC x Banded Kingfisher Lacedo pulchella LC x White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis LC x x x Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis LC x Black-backed Kingfisher Ceyx erithacus NA x Bee-eaters Meropidae Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni LC x x Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis LC x x Blue-throated Bee-eater Merops viridis LC x Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus LC x x Cuckoos Cuculidae Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii LC x x Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus LC x Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus LC x x Violet Cuckoo Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus LC x x Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris LC x x Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea LC x x x Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carpococcyx renauldi LC

3

Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis LC x x x x Coucals Centropodidae Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis LC x x x x Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis LC x x Parrots and Parakeets Psittacidae Vernal Hanging Parrot Loriculus vernalis LC x x x x Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseata LC x x Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri LC x x x Swifts & Treeswifts Apodidae and Hemiprocnidae Silver-backed Needletail Hirundapus cochinchinensis LC x Brown-backed Needletail Hirundapus giganteus LC x x Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis LC x x x x Swiftlet species Aerodramus sp. x Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus LC x House Swift Apus affinis LC x x German's Swiftlet Aerodramus germani NA x Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne coronata LC x Owls Tytonidae & Strigidae Barn Owl Tyto alba LC x Oriental Bay Owl Phodilus badius LC x Collared Scops Owl Otus lettia LC x x x Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica LC x x Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei LC x x Asian Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides LC x x x x Brown Hawk Owl Ninox scutulata LC x x x X Frogmouths and Nightjars Batrachostomidae,Eurostopodidae,

Caprimulgidae

Blyth's Frogmouth Batrachostomus affinis LC x Great Eared Nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis LC x x Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus LC x Pigeons and Doves Columbidae Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis LC x x x x Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica LC x x Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica LC x x Thick-billed Green Pigeon Treron curvirostra LC x x x Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera NA x x Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea LC x x Rock Dove Columba livia LC x Zebra Dove Geopelia striata LC x x Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus LC x x Hawks, Eagles and Vultures Accipitridae Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes LC x Jerdon's Baza aviceda jerdoni LC x x Oriental Honey-buzzard Pernis ptilorhyncus LC x x Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus LC x Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela LC x x x Mountain Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus nipalensis LC x Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos LC x Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus LC x x Shikra Accipiter badius LC x x x x Besra Accipiter virgatus x Rufous-bellied Eagle Lophotriorchis kienerii x Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer LC x x x x Changeable Hawk Eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus LC x x Falcons Falconidae Collared Falconet Microhierax caerulescens LC x x White-rumped Pygmy-Falcon Polihierax insignis LC x Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC x Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus LC x

4

Oriental Hobby Falco severus LC x Darters and Cormorants Anhingidae and

Phalacrocoracidae

Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster LC x Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger LC x Herons, Egrets and Bitterns Ardeidae Little Egret Egretta garzetta LC x x Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC x x Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC x Great Egret Casmerodius albus LC x Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia LC x x Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus LC x x Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC x x Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus LC x x x Javan Pond Heron Ardeola speciosa LC x x Little Heron Butorides striatus LC x x Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax LC x Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius melanolophus LC x Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis LC x Storks Ciconiidae Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus VU x Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus LC x Pittas Pittidae Blue Pitta Pitta cyanea LC x Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida LC x Bar-bellied Pitta Hydrornis elliotii LC x Blue-winged Pitta Pitta moluccensis LC x x Broadbills Eurylamidae Banded Broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus LC x x x Silver-breasted Broadbill Serilophus lunatus LC x Fairy Bluebirds and Leafbirds

Irenidae

Asian Fairy Bluebird Irena puella LC x x x Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinensis LC x x x Golden-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons LC x x x Shrikes Laniidae Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus LC x x Burmese Shrike Lanius collurioides LC x White-bellied Erpornis Erpornis zantholeuca LC x x Jays, Magpies and Crows Corvidae: Corvinae: Corvini Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda LC x x Red-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha LC x Indochinese Green Magpie Cissa hypoleuca LC x Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina temia LC x x Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos LC x x Orioles, Cuckooshrikes, Minivets

Corvidae: Corvinae: Oriolini

Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis LC x x x x Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus LC x Slender-billed Oriole Oriolus tenuirostris LC x Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei LC x Indochinese Cuckooshrike Coracina polioptera LC x Black-winged Cuckooshrike Coracina melaschistos LC x Ashy Minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus LC x Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus LC x Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike Hemipus picatus LC x Drongos Corvidae: Dicrurinae: Dicrurini Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus LC x x x Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus LC x x x x Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus aeneus LC x x x

5

Spangled Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus LC x Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus LC x x x x Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus LC x x x Monarchs Corvidae: Dicrurinae: Monarchini Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea LC x x x x Asian Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi LC x x x Ioras Corvidae: Aegithininae Common Iora Aegithina tiphia LC x x Great Iora Aegithina lafresnayei LC x x Thrushes and Shortwings Muscicapidae: Turdinae White-throated Rock Thrush Monticola gularis LC x x x x Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius LC x x x Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus LC x x x Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma LC x Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina NA x x Flycatchers Muscicapidae: Muscicapinae:

Muscicapini

Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica LC x x x x Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina LC x x Hainan Blue Flycatcher Cyornis hainanus LC x x x Blue-and-white Flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana LC x Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula mugimaki LC x Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae LC x Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher

Culicicapa ceylonensis LC x x x x

Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla LC x x Robins, Chats Muscicapidae: Muscicapinae:

Saxicolini

Siberian Rubythroat Luscinia calliope LC Siberian Blue Robin Luscinia cyane LC x x x x Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis LC x x White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus LC x x x x Eastern Stonechat Saxicola maurus NA ? x Grey Bushchat Saxicola ferreus LC x Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata LC x x Starlings and Mynas Sturnidae Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis LC x x x x Vinous-breasted Starling Sturnus burmannicus LC x x Common Myna Acridotheres tristis LC x x x White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis LC x Hill Myna Gracula religiosa LC x x x Swallows and Martins Hirundinidae Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica LC x x x x Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica LC x x x x Striated Swallow Hirundo striolata NA x x Bulbuls Pycnonotidae Black-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus atriceps LC x x x Black-crested Bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus LC x x x x Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster LC x x Stripe-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus finlaysoni LC x x x x Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier LC x x x Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi LC x x x x Puff-throated Bulbul Alophoixus pallidus LC x x x x [Ochraceous Bulbul] Alophoixus ochraceus LC x Grey-eyed Bulbul Iole propinqua LC x x x x Warblers and Tailorbirds Sylviidae: Acrocephalinae Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata LC x Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides LC x Sulphur-breasted Warbler Phylloscopus ricketti LC x x Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius LC x x

6

Source: 1: Kai, 2: Markus Handschuh, 3: Rob Martin, 4: Sophoan (SVC), 5: Present surveys.

Dark-necked Tailorbird Orthotomus atrogularis LC x x x x Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus LC x x Radde's Warbler Phylloscopus schwarzi LC x x x Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus LC x x x x Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis LC x Two-barred Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus LC x x Pale-legged Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus tenellipes LC x x x Plain-tailed Warbler Seicercus soror LC x x Laughingthrushes Sylviidae: Garrulacinae White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus LC x x x x Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush

Garrulax monileger LC x

Babblers Sylviidae: Sylviinae: Timaliini Abbott's Babbler Malacocincla abbotti LC x x Puff-throated Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps LC x x x x Scaly-crowned Babbler Malacopteron cinereum LC x x Striped Tit Babbler Macronous gularis LC x x x x Chestnut-capped Babbler Timalia pileata LC x x x White-bellied Yuhina Erpornis zantholeuca LC x White-browed Scimitar Babbler

Pomatorhinus schisticeps LC x

Buff-breasted Babbler Pellorneum tickelli NA x White-browed Shrike Babbler Pteruthius flaviscapis LC x Flowerpeckers Nectariniidae: Nectariniinae:

Dicaeini

Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile LC x Yellow-vented Flowerpecker Dicaeum chrysorrheum LC x x Crimson breasted Flowerpecker

Prionochilus percussus LC x

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum LC x x x Sunbirds Nectariniidae: Nectariniinae:

Nectariniini

Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Anthreptes singalensis LC x x x Purple-throated Sunbird Nectarinia sperata LC x Olive-backed Sunbird Nectarinia jugularis LC x x x x Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja LC x x x Copper-throated Sunbird Leptocoma calcostetha L

Van Hasselt's Sunbird Leptocoma brasiliana NA ? x Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra LC x x Sparrows Passeridae: Passerinae Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus LC x x x Wagtails and Pipits Passeridae: Motacillinae Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea LC x x Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus LC x Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni LC x Munias Passeridae: Estrildinae White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata LC x Indochinese Bushlark Mirafra erythrocephala LC x

7

Appendix VI: Species list of flora of Phnom Kulen National Park

No Khmer

name Family Genus Species Author Habit Locati

on within PKNP PATH

ALTH

MRK

KBSP

K_TSPh

PS&BK

1 Pteridaceae Pteris heteromorpha Fern 0 1 0 0 0 0

2 Araceae Epipremnum giganteum Hemi-epiphyte

0 0 0 1 0 0

3 Begoniaceae Begonia Herb 1 0 1 1 0 0

4 Liliaceae Dianella endifolia Herb 0 1 0 0 0 0

5 Oleaceae Myxopyrum smilacifolium Liana 0 0 0 1 0 0

6 Urticaceae Poikilospermum suaveclens Liana 1 0 1 0 0 0

7 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma mantana Treelet 0 0 0 0 0 1

8 Rubiaceae Lasianthus hirsutus Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

9 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum garrettianum Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

10 Rubiaceae Geophila repens Vine 1 0 0 0 0 0

11 Ach Chrouk

Malvaceae Hibiscus Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

12 Ach Daek Ebenaceae Diospyros crumenata Thwaites Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

13 Ach Sat Tiliaceae Tree 0 0 0 1 1 0

14 Aloak Rubiaceae Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

15 Ampeldey Phkaleung

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

16 Ampoh Liana 0 0 0 1 0 0

17 Ampok Phleung

Rubiaceae Dioecrescis erythroclada (Kurz) Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 0

18 Ampok Sor Rubiaceae Tamilnadia uliginosa (Tetz.) Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

19 Ampros Treelet 0 1 0 0 0 0

20 Andat Ko Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Herb 1 0 0 1 0 1

21 Andat Trakuot

Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

22 Andeng Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 0

23 Angkanh Caesalpinioideae Cassia bicapsularis L Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

24 Angkat Khmao

Ebenaceae Diospyros bejaudii Lecomte Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

25 Angkea Bath

Ochnaceae Gomphia serrata Treelet 1 1 0 1 0 0

8

26 Angkea Sel Ochnaceae Ochna integerrima (Lour.)

Merr. Treelet 1 1 1 1 1 1

27 Angkoal Clusiaceae Garcinia lanessani Pierre Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

28 Angkot Apocynaceae Liana 0 0 1 1 0 0

29 Angkrong Rhamnaceae Zizyphus cambodiana Pierre Liana 1 1 1 1 1 1

30 Angkunh Papilionoideae Entada pursaetha subsp. Pursaetha

Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

31 Angkunh Sva

Mimosoideae Archidendron quocense Liana 1 0 1 1 0 0

32 Angrae Daek

Agavaceae Dracaena cambodiana Treelet 1 0 1 1 0 1

33 Anol (Voir) Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

34 Antong Sor-Krahorm

Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack Treelet 1 0 1 1 1 1

35 Artet Lauraceae Dehaasia cuneata L Tree 1 1 0 0 0 1

36 Baek Phsaeng

Thymelaeaceae Phaleria Treelet 1 1 1 0 0 0

37 Bakk Amraek

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

38 Bakk Dorng

Rubiaceae Gardenia philastrei Pierre Tree 0 0 1 1 1 1

39 Bampong Kraloam

Nepenthaceae Nepenthes mirabilis Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

40 Bandol Pech

Menispermaceae Tinospora crispa Vine 1 1 1 1 0 1

41 Bang Korng

Rubiaceae Treelet 1 0 1 1 0 1

42 Bangki Papilionoideae Desmonium renifolium Treelet 0 0 1 1 0 0

43 Bangkuv (Hobphlae)

Meliaceae Aglaia cambodiana Pierre Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

44 Bangkuv Sva

Meliaceae Aglaia tetrapetala Pierre Tree 0 1 0 1 0 1

45 Banla Dai Sa-et

Mimosoideae Liana 1 1 1 1 1 1

46 Banla Nhiet

Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

47 Bantoit Bosh

Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

48 Barei Papilionoideae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

49 Bat Dai Neangseda

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

50 Bat Phtel Annonaceae Treelet 0 1 0 0 0 1

51 Bay Baek Melastomataceae Melastoma Shrub 1 1 1 0 0 0

52 Bay Damneub

Mimosoideae Acacia concinna Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

53 Bay Kdaing

Leeaceae Leea indica Merr. Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 1

9

54 Bay Nhenh Melastomataceae Melastoma saigonense Shrub 1 1 1 1 0 0

55 Bay Romeas

Rubiaceae Gardenia cambodiana Pit. Tree 0 1 0 1 0 0

56 Bay Ton Papilionoideae Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

57 Beng Caesalpinioideae Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

58 Bor Boss Poaceae Saccharum Herb 1 1 1 1 1 1

59 Bosneak Clethraceae Mesua ferrea L. Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

60 Bot Trou Shrub 1 0 0 0 0 0

61 Chahuoy Zingiberaceae Curcuma Herb 0 0 0 1 1 1

62 Chambork Simaroubaceae Irvingia malayana Oliv. Ex Benn.

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

63 Chamlork Tonsay

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

64 Champous Tea

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

65 Chang Eng Sek

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

66 Chang Kung Hing

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

67 Chang Nang

Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

68 Chang Uo-Thmat

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

69 Changka Trorng

Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

70 Changkesh Angrang

Araceae Pothos Hemi-epiphyte

1 1 0 0 0 1

71 Changkong Krut

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

72 Changkong Romeang

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

73 Changkong Thlaen

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

74 Chann Krahorm

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

75 Chann Krassna

Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria crassna Tree 0 0 0 0 0 1

76 Chann Sor (dem)

Meliaceae Dysoxylum loureiroi Pierre Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

77 Chann Tesh

Tree 1 0 1 1 0 1

78 Chann Tumpaing Thom

Sterculiaceae Sterculia alata Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

79 Chann Tumpeang

Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Var. javanicum

(R.Br.) Kosterm.

Tree 0 1 1 1 0 1

10

80 Chass Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

81 Chek Prey Musaceae Musa paradisiaca Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

82 Chek Tom (dem)

Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Blume Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

83 Chenh Chien (grass)

Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

84 Cheung Chab Chhmol

Annonaceae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

85 Cheung Chab Me/Nhi

Annonaceae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

86 Cheung Ka-aeb

Araceae Hemi-epiphyte

0 0 1 1 0 1

87 Cheung Krass (grass)

Poaceae Eleusine indica Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

88 Chhal Moan

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

89 Chham Chha

Meliaceae Toona surenii (Blume) Moore

Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

90 Chha-oeng Chhke

Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

91 Chha-oeng Kuk

Rubiaceae Nauclea Tree 1 0 1 0 0 1

92 Chheu Aem

Mimosoideae Albizia myriophylla Benth Tree 0 1 0 1 0 0

93 Chheu Keo Rutaceae Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 0

94 Chheu Phleung

Ebenaceae Diospyros nitida Merr. Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

95 Chheu Sa-oy

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

96 Chheu Soak

Euphorbiaceae Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

97 Chheu Sor Magnoliaceae Kmeria duperreana Tree 0 0 0 0 0 1

98 Chheu Teal Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costatus Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

99 Chhkae Sreng

Annonaceae Cananga latifolia Hook.f.&Thomosn

Tree 0 0 0 1 1 1

100 Chhlik Combretaceae Terminalia alata F.Heyne ex Roth

Tree 1 0 1 1 1 1

101 Chhnot (Voir)

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

102 Chhnot Tro Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

103 Choir Banh Apocynaceae Strophanthus caudatus (Burm.f) Liana 0 0 0 0 1 0

104 Chompou Myrtaceae Eugenia Tree 0 0 0 0 0 1

105 Chompou Toek

Myrtaceae Eugenia Tree 0 1 1 1 0 0

106 Chompous sek

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

11

107 Chondeu

Sva Mimosoideae Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

108 Chongkong Romaing

Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

109 Chonlosh Sapindaceae Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh

Treelet 0 1 1 1 1 1

110 Chontul Pongmoan

Rubiaceae Gardenia obtusifoloia Roxb. Ex Kurz.

Tree 0 0 0 0 1 0

111 Chor Chong

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea vulgaris Pierre Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

112 Chra Henh Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

113 Chrach Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

114 Chramass Dipterocarpaceae Vatica odorata (Griff.) Symington

Tree 0 1 0 1 0 1

115 Chraneng Chranang

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

116 Chrey Moraceae Ficus rumphii Blume Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

117 Chrey Khlok

Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

118 Chrey Krem

Moraceae Ficus benjamina Tree 1 1 0 1 0 1

119 Chrey Toek Moraceae Ficus Shrub 0 0 0 1 0 0

120 Chruoy Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

121 Chundeu Sva

Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia bracteata (Bebth.) Baker

Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

122 Chundeu Sva Toch

Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia curtisii Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

123 Chunleas Dai

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

124 Dai Khla Rubiaceae Gardenia angkorensis Pit. Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

125 Dak Po Moraceae Ficus Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

126 Damlong Chrang

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 0 1 0 0 0

127 Damlong Chrouk

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea oryzetorum Vine 0 0 1 1 1 1

128 Damlong Chrov

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 1 0 0 0 1

129 Damlong Reus

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 1 0 0 0 1 1

130 Damlong Romeat

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 0 1 1 0 1

131 Damlong Russey

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

132 Damlong Seda

Vine 0 0 0 0 0 1

133 Damlong Sna

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

134 Damlong Tien

Dioscoreaceae Disocorea brevipetiolata Vine 1 0 1 1 1 1

135 Damlong Tien Sna

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

12

136 Damlong

Toek Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea pentaphylla Vine 0 0 1 0 1 1

137 Damrei Pramdork

Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

138 Dang Dav Bignoniaceae Tree 1 1 0 0 0 1

139 Dang Het Caesalpinioideae Cassia alata Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

140 Dang Keab Kdam

Euphorbiaceae Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

141 Dang Koa Ebenaceae Diospyros malabarica (Desv.) Kostel.

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

142 Doh Krabei Annonaceae Artabotrys Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

143 Doh Kun Dilleniaceae Tetracera loureiri (Fin. & Gagnep.) Craib

Liana 1 1 1 0 1 1

144 Don Chaem

Sterculiaceae Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm.

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

145 Don Chass Icacinaceae Gonocaryum lobianum Tree 1 1 0 1 1 1

146 Don Kay Sapindaceae Lepisanthes Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

147 Dong Preah Thom

Arecaceae Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

148 Dong Preah Toch

Arecaceae Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

149 Dork Po Bignoniaceae Markhamia stipulacea (Wall.) Seem. Ex K. Schum. Var. pierrei (Dop) Santisuk

Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 0

150 Dork Tok Olacaceae Olax scandens Shrub 0 0 0 1 1 1

151 Eisey Phsam Saich

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus amarus Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

152 Eisey Phsam Sraich

Lauraceae Cinnamomum Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

153 Eisey Phsam Srech

Asteraceae Emilia Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

154 El Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

155 El Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

156 H'lang Myrsinaceae Ardisia crenata Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

157 Ka Eiso (Voir)

Vine 1 0 0 0 0 0

158 Kabas Prey Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 1

159 Kaim Phlat Rubiaceae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

160 Kaim Runteah

Rubiaceae Ixora Shrub 0 0 0 0 1 1

161 Kam Eiso Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

162 Kamchatt Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

13

163 Kamles Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

164 Kampaet Lauraceae Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

165 Kampes Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

166 Kamphlos (Voir)

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

167 Kamping Puoy

Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

168 Kamping Puoy

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

169 Kamping Puoy Phnom

Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

170 Kamping Puoy Toek

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

171 Kamping Reach

Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.)Merr.

Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

172 Kampoa Menispermaceae Tinospora sinensis Tree 1 1 0 0 0 1

173 Kamprom Prae Kroay

Papilionoideae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

174 Kamreuk Athreat

Melastomataceae Melastoma Treelet 1 0 0 1 0 1

175 Kamreuk Kum (Voir)

Papilionoideae Clitoria hanceana Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

176 Kamtech Al

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

177 Kandabb Chang-E

Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

178 Kandoal Lecythidaceae Careya arborea Roxb. Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

179 Kandoeng Damrei

Meliaceae Aglaia Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

180 Kang Ha Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

181 Kang Hall Tree 0 0 0 1 1 0

182 Kang Out Thmat

Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

183 Kang Rei Meliaceae Tree 0 1 0 0 0 0

184 Kanhcheu Baydach

Capparaceae Capparis micracantha Treelet 1 1 0 0 1 1

185 Kanlang Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

186 Kansaeng Xanthophyllaceae Xanthophyllum glaucum Tree 1 0 1 0 0 1

187 Kantoab Yeak

Polypodiaceae Platycerium wallichii Fern 0 0 1 1 1 1

188 Kantonteak Araceae Aglaonema simplex (Bl.) Bl. Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

189 Kantraing Deisor Chhmol

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

190 Kantraing Hae

Polygonaceae Polygonum barbatum Herb 0 0 0 0 0 1

14

191 Kantreuy Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

192 Kantrok Kmoach

Rutaceae Clausena excavata var. villosa

Shrub 0 0 0 0 1 1

193 Kantrung Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 0

194 Kantrung Daes

Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

195 Kantrung Deisor Me/Nhi

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

196 Kantun Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

197 Kantuot Prey

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus emplica Tree 1 0 0 0 1 1

198 Kantuot Prong

Burseraceae Garuga pinnata Roxb Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

199 Kantuot Torng

Tree 0 1 1 1 0 0

200 Kantuy Chor Chork

Papilionoideae Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 1

201 Kantuy Chuon

Tree 0 0 0 1 1 1

202 Kantuy Pongroul

Papilionoideae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

203 Kantuy Prous

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

204 Kaon ( Voir)

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 1

205 Kapaet Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

206 Kaphlou Piperaceae Piper Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

207 Kay Ouk Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

208 Kbal Roy Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

209 Kbat Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

210 Kbo Herb 0 0 1 1 0 1

211 Kdor Chhlous

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

212 Kdor Kamprok Thom

Shrub 1 0 0 0 0 0

213 Kdor Kamprok Toch

Annonaceae Goniothalamus marcanii Shrub 1 0 0 1 1 0

214 Kduoch Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Vine 0 0 0 0 1 1

215 Kev Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

216 Khaek ( Voir )

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

217 Khal Koak Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

218 Khann Beat Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

219 Khann Ma Ancistrocladaceae

Ancistrocladus harmandii Liana 1 1 1 1 1 0

220 Khann Slakk

Tree 0 0 1 1 0 1

15

221 Khaohs

Bay Kriem Fagaceae Castanopsis pierrei Hance Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

222 Khcheay Zingiberaceae Herb 0 1 0 1 1 1

223 Khlaeng Kong

Apocynaceae Holarrhena antidysenterica

Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 0

224 Khlaeng Por

Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia pulla Liana 1 1 1 1 1 1

225 Khlaet Liana 1 0 1 0 0 0

226 Khleay Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria Tree 1 1 1 0 0 1

227 Khlen Tea Simaroubaceae Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr

Liana 0 0 0 1 1 1

228 Khlong Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tuberculatus var. grandifolius

Treelet 0 0 1 1 0 1

229 Khlot Gnetaceae Gnetum montanum Markgr (G. Scandens Roxb)

Liana 1 0 1 1 0 1

230 Khmeas Shrub 0 1 0 0 0 1

231 Khna Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

232 Khnanh Fern 0 0 1 0 0 0

233 Khnet Eisei Rubiaceae Treelet 1 1 0 0 0 0

234 Khnhae (Voir)

Papilionoideae Mucuna pruriens Liana 0 0 1 0 1 1

235 Khnhae Deum

Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

236 Khnhei Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

237 Khnoa Prey Moraceae Artocarpus rigidus Blume Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

238 Khnot Tro Tree 0 1 0 1 0 1

239 Khoas/Khoas Hob Phlae

Fagaceae Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hattus. Ex Soepadmo

Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

240 Khsak Vine 0 0 1 0 0 0

241 Khsuosh (voer)

Verbenaceae Congea tomentosa Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

242 Khteah Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

243 Khtet Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

244 Khteu Zingiberaceae Zingiber zerumbet Herb 0 0 0 1 1 1

16

245 Khtom

Thom Rubiaceae Cephalanthus angustifolius Tree 1 0 1 1 0 0

246 Khtorl Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

247 Khtum Kok Rubiaceae Mitragyna rotundifolia Tree 0 0 0 0 1 0

248 Khvav Rubiaceae Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale

Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

249 Ko Muoy Treelet 0 0 0 0 0 0

250 Ko Pee Treelet 0 0 0 0 0 0

251 Koki Dok Por

Tree 0 1 0 0 0 1

252 KoKi Thmor

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea ferrea Pierre Tree 0 1 1 0 0 1

253 Koki Toek Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

254 Kokoh Caesalpinioideae Sindora siamens var. siamensis

Teysm. Ex Miq. Var. siamensis

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

255 Koma Pech Menispermaceae Stephania rotunda Vine 1 0 1 1 0 1

256 Kon Khmom

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

257 Kra Bao (Phlae Thom)

Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus anthelminthica

Pierre Tree 0 1 1 1 0 1

258 Kra Kei Zingiberaceae Alpinia oxymitrum Herb 1 0 0 1 0 0

259 Krabao Phnom

Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus ilicifolia Tree 0 1 1 1 1 1

260 Krabei Choldei (Voir)

Menispermaceae Stephania Liana 1 0 1 0 0 1

261 Krabei Leung Kor

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

262 Krabei Troas

Moraceae Ficus Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

263 Krabei Trosh (Voir)

Moraceae Ficus Liana 1 0 1 0 0 0

264 Krabei Trosh Sbat (Voir)

Moraceae Ficus Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

265 Krachak Andeuk

Euphorbiaceae Antidesma Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

266 Krachak Andeuk (deum)

Sapindaceae Lepisanthes tetraphylla Treelet 1 1 0 1 0 0

267 Krachak Andeuk Toch

Euphorbiaceae Pantadenia adenanthera Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 0

268 Krahoem Annonaceae Liana 1 0 0 1 0 0

17

269 Krakhob

Prey Flacourtiaceae Scolopia spinosa Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 1

270 Krakoa Zingiberaceae Amomum ovoideum Herb 1 1 1 1 1 1

271 krakoa Chbouch

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

272 Krakoa Damrei

Zingiberaceae Amomum elephantorum Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

273 Krakoa Thom

Zingiberaceae Alpinia galanga Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

274 Krala Bous Tree 0 0 1 1 0 1

275 Kralanh Caesalpinioideae Dialium cochinchinensis

Pierre Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

276 Kralanh Chor

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

277 Kraleng Vek

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

278 Kraloam Pe Apocynaceae Aganosma marginata Liana 1 1 1 1 1 1

279 Kram Krea (Voir )

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

280 Kramoul Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata Tree 0 0 1 0 1 0

281 Kramuon Tree 1 1 0 1 0 0

282 Kranhep Myrtaceae Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

283 Kranhoung Papilionoideae Dalbergia cochinchinensis

Pierre Tree 0 0 0 1 1 0

284 Kranhoung Sva

Papilionoideae Dalbergia cultrata Tree 1 0 1 0 0 0

285 Krapoat Chrouk (Prey)

Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

286 Krapol Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

287 Krapol Bay Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. Rob.

Tree 0 0 1 1 1 0

288 Krasaing Tieb

Piperaceae Peperomia pellucida Tree 1 1 1 1 0 0

289 Kravanh Zingiberaceae Amomum krervanh Herb 1 0 0 1 0 0

290 Kravann (Voir)

Annonaceae Liana 1 0 1 1 1 1

291 Kray Annonaceae Polyalthia cerasoides Tree 1 1 1 1 1 0

292 Kray Ngung

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

293 Kreal Annonaceae Liana 1 0 0 1 0 0

294 Kreal Thom

Annonaceae Rauwenhoffia siamensis Liana 0 0 0 0 1 1

295 Krem Kram

Mimosoideae Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

296 Kresh Clusiaceae Garcinia Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

297 Kroch Khmoach

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

298 Kroch Prey Rutaceae Atalantia citroides Pterre ex Guillaumin

Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0

18

299 Krung

Momis Euphorbiaceae Aporusa filicfolia Baill Treelet 1 0 0 1 0 0

300 Krung Samot

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa octandra B.-H. ex D. Don) Vick. var. yunnanensis

Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 0

301 Kulen Sapindaceae Litchi chinensis Sonn. Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

302 Kum Phneang

Phyllanthaceae Hymenocardia wallichii Tul Shrub 1 1 1 1 0 0

303 Kuy Apocynaceae Willughbeia edulis Roxb Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

304 Kvak Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

305 Lae Lor Fern 0 1 0 1 0 1

306 Laing Papilionoideae Dalbergia Treelet 0 0 1 1 0 0

307 Leach Phtos (Meum)

Euphorbiaceae Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

308 Leaph Moraceae Ficus Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

309 Len Damrei

Apocynaceae Dischidia acuminata Herb 0 0 0 0 1 0

310 Leung Reach

Caesalpinioideae Cassia fistula Tree 0 0 0 1 1 0

311 Leurng Reach

Caesalpinioideae Cassia fistula L. Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0

312 Lev Av Euphorbiaceae Glochidion rubrum Tree 1 1 0 0 0 0

313 Lmeat Kraham (Voi)

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

314 Lmeat Sor (Voir)

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

315 Lngeang Sbat

Clusiaceae Cratoxylum cochinchinense

(Lour.) Blume

Shrub 1 1 1 1 1 0

316 Lngeang Thom

Clusiaceae Cratoxylum formosum Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

317 Loeng Eiso Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

318 Loeng Eiso (Voir)

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

319 Lomaing Ebenaceae Diospyros ehretioides Wall.ex G. Don

Tree 0 0 0 0 1 0

320 Lumpeng Preahream

Orchidaceae Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

321 Lumpoat Chrouk

Treelet 1 0 0 1 0 1

19

322 Lve Dilleniaceae Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Tree 0 0 1 1 1 1

323 Lvea Moraceae Ficus Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

324 Lvea Dei Moraceae Ficus hirta Treelet 1 1 1 1 1 1

325 Lvea Prey Moraceae Ficus hispida Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

326 Lvieng Rubiaceae Catunaregam tomentosa (Blume ex DC.) Tirveng.

Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

327 Mak Khleur

Ebenaceae Diospyros mollis Griff Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

328 Mak Prang Anacardiaceae Bouea oppositifolia Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

329 Malou Chrung

Piperaceae Vine 0 0 1 0 0 0

330 Malou Prey Piperaceae Vine 0 0 1 1 0 1

331 Mchak ( Voir)

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

332 Mchou Sna Vitaceae Cissus hastata Vine 0 1 0 1 1 1

333 Mchou Tayu

Tree 0 1 0 0 0 1

334 Mchou Thmor

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

335 Mdenh Meas

Rubiaceae Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K-Schum

Treelet 0 1 1 1 1 1

336 Me Ambao Treelet 0 1 0 0 0 0

337 Me Mao Treelet 0 1 0 0 0 0

338 Mean Prey Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan Lour. Tree 1 0 0 1 1 1

339 Meum Thnaimchen

Smilacaceae Smilax glabra Vine 1 1 1 1 0 0

340 Mkakk Prey

Meliaceae Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

341 Mok Chhneang

Urticaceae Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.

Herb 1 0 0 1 0 1

342 Momenh Kmoach

Capparidaceae Cleoma viscosa Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

343 Mon Prey Euphorbiaceae Treelet 0 1 1 1 0 1

344 Moream Dai Praim

Araliaceae Schefflera Liana 0 0 0 1 0 0

345 Mreak Apocynaceae Tree 0 0 1 1 0 1

346 Mrech Deum

Rubiaceae Ixora Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

347 Mrech Prey Rubiaceae Ixora Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 0

348 Mrech Sva Piperaceae Vine 1 0 0 0 0 0

349 Mrech Tunsaiy

Piperaceae Piper sp Hemi-epiphyte

0 0 1 1 0 1

350 Mrom Prey Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

20

351 Mtesh Prey Apocynaceae Tabernaemonta

na bovina Shrub 0 0 0 1 0 1

352 Nat Romeas

Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

353 Neang Nuon

Papilionoideae Dalbergia oliveri Gamble&Benth

Tree 0 0 1 1 1 1

354 Ngob Prey Euphorbiaceae Sauropus sp Shrub 1 0 0 0 1 1

355 Ngob Prey Euphorbiaceae Phaleria Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

356 Ngob Ros (Voir)

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

357 Nho Prey Rubiaceae Morinda tomentosa B. Heyne Treelet 0 0 0 1 1 1

358 Noom Damrei/Tracheak Krass

Apocynaceae Hoya kerrii Herb 0 0 0 0 0 1

359 Orchi13 Orchidaceae Pholidota imbricata Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

360 Orchid1 Orchidaceae Dendrobium leonis Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

361 Orchid10 Orchidaceae Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

362 Orchid11 Orchidaceae Eria lasiopetala Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

363 Orchid12 Orchidaceae Dendrobium Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

364 Orchid14 Orchidaceae Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

365 Orchid2 Orchidaceae Eria lasiopetala Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

366 Orchid3 Orchidaceae Trichotosia Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

367 Orchid4 Orchidaceae Erythrorchis altissima Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

368 Orchid5 Orchidaceae Thrixspermum Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

369 Orchid6 Orchidaceae Acampe ochracea Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

370 Orchid7 Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

371 Orchid8 Orchidaceae Dendrobium Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

372 Orchid9 Orchidaceae Trichoglottis Epiphyte

0 0 0 0 0 1

373 Pa Dipterocarpaceae Vatica Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

374 Pang Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Treelet 0 1 1 0 0 1

375 Panheu Ka-aek

Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Parasite 0 0 0 0 1 1

376 Pha-arv Palmae Licuala spinosa Wurmb Palm 1 1 1 1 0 1

377 Pha-arv Angkuy

Palm 0 0 0 1 0 0

378 Pha-ong Clusiaceae Calophyllum saigonense Pierre Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 1

21

379 Pha-ong

Kok Clusiaceae Calophyllum Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

380 Pha-ong Toek

Clusiaceae Calophyllum Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 0

381 Phchoek Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. Ex Blume

Tree 1 0 1 1 1 1

382 Phdao Dambang

Arecaceae Calamus rudentum Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

383 Phdao Kraek

Arecaceae Calamus viminalis Wild. Liana 0 1 1 1 1 1

384 Phdao Sno Arecaceae Plectocomia pierreana Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

385 Phdao Soam

Arecaceae Daemonorops jenkisiana Liana 1 0 1 0 0 1

386 Phdao Soeng

Arecaceae tetradactilus palustris Griff. Var. cochinchinensis

Becc. Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

387 Phdao Tonsay

Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica Liana 0 1 1 1 0 1

388 Phdiek Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera costata Korth Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

389 Phka Hoy Asteraceae Crassocephalum

crepidioides Herb 0 0 1 0 1 1

390 Phka Thmor

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia delphinoides Herb 0 0 0 0 1 1

391 Phling Phlaing

Rutaceae Glycosmis pentaphylla Treelet 0 1 1 0 1 0

392 Phlong Melastomataceae Memecylon laevigalum Blume Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

393 Phlong Sor Melastomataceae Memecylon Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

394 Phlou Bat Dilleniaceae Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Mart

Sub shrub

1 0 1 1 1 1

395 Phlou Thom

Dilleniaceae Dillenia ovata Wall. Ex Hook.f.&Thomson

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

396 Phlov Kngoak

Shrub 0 0 0 1 0 0

397 Phlov Neang

Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus tomentosus Hance Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 1

398 Phlov Sampoch

Papilionoideae Tree 0 0 1 1 0 1

399 Phnek Kang Keb

Rubiaceae Ixora Treelet 0 1 0 1 0 1

400 Phnek Trei Myrsinaceae Ardisia Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 1

22

401 Phngeas Melastomataceae Memecylon acuminatum Tree 0 0 1 1 0 1

402 Phnheav Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

403 Phnheav Toek

Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

404 Phnom Phneng

Euphorbiaceae Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

405 Phnom Trasol

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

406 Phset Raing/Phchoek

Fungi 0 0 0 0 1 1

407 Phset Sokram

Fungi 0 0 0 0 0 1

408 Pich Chiva Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 0

409 Pich Koma Menispermaceae Stephania venosa Spreng Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

410 Pika Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum Kurz Tree 1 0 0 1 0 1

411 Po Moraceae Ficus religiosa Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

412 Poh Vean Moan

Convolvulaceae Vine 1 0 1 0 0 1

413 Pok Poaceae Bamboo 1 0 0 0 0 1

414 Pol-aek Cucurbitaceae Vine 1 0 0 1 0 0

415 Pon Lei Zingiberaceae Zingiber purpureum Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

416 Pong Kdor Chhlous

Olacaceae Olax scandens Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

417 Pong Kdor Kamprok

Annonaceae Liana 0 0 0 0 0 1

418 Pong Ro Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

419 Ponross Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

420 Popeal Khae

Combretaceae Terminalia bialata Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

421 Popeay ( Voir)

Vine 1 0 0 0 0 1

422 Popeay Sbaek (Voir)

Vine 1 0 0 0 0 0

423 Popel Dipterocarpaceae Shorea roxburghiana G. Don Tree 1 0 0 0 1 1

424 Pophlea Tiliaceae Microcos paniculata L Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

425 Pophlea Archsatt

Tiliaceae Tree 0 0 0 0 1 0

426 Pophlea Preush

Sterculiaceae Pterospermum grewiifolium Pierre Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

427 Popoul Verbenaceae Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

428 Popoul Baiy

Verbenaceae Vitex Tree 0 0 0 0 1 0

23

429 Popoul

Dokpor Verbenaceae Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

430 Popoul Thmor

Verbenaceae Tree 0 1 0 1 0 0

431 Porprork ( smao)

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

432 Poveak Loganiaceae Strychnos nux-blanda Tree 0 0 0 1 1 0

433 Praim Damloeng

Combretaceae Terminalia corticosa Pierre ex&Gagnep.

Tree 1 0 1 1 1 1

434 Prakk Kakk Apocynaceae Dischidia minor Herb 0 0 0 0 0 0

435 Pramat Monos

Simaroubaceae Brucea javanica Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

436 Preah Aki Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 0

437 Preah Bamgkoib (Voir)

Vine 0 0 1 0 1 1

438 Preah Kamchatt

Treelet 0 0 1 1 0 0

439 Preah Kamchay

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

440 Preah Khlok

Tree 1 0 1 1 0 1

441 Preah Khlorb

Mimosoideae Mimosa pudica Herb 1 0 0 1 0 1

442 Preah Krung

Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira Tree 0 1 1 1 0 1

443 Preah Phnov

Combretaceae Terminalia triptera Stapf Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

444 Preah Ream

Fern 1 0 0 0 0 1

445 Preah Sdaich

Fern 1 1 1 0 0 1

446 Preah Tahoeng

Rosaceae Prunus arborea Tree 1 1 0 0 0 1

447 Preah Tahoeng Thom

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

448 Preah Tahoeng Toch

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

449 Preal Malvaceae Croton Shrub 0 0 0 0 1 0

450 Prich Opiliaceae Melientha suavis Treelet 0 0 0 0 1 1

451 Pring Bay Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini Tree 0 1 1 1 1 1

452 Pring Chanloh

Myrtaceae Syzygium cinerum Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

453 Pring Kbalta

Myrtaceae Syzygium grandis Tree 0 1 1 1 0 1

454 Pring Kraham

Myrtaceae Syzygium Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

455 Pring Muoyroysratab

Myrtaceae Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

456 Pring Sor Myrtaceae Syzygium Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

24

457 Pring

Thmor Myrtaceae Syzygium tinctorium Merr.&L

.M. Perry Tree 0 1 1 1 0 1

458 Pring Toek Myrtaceae Syzygium Treelet 0 1 1 1 0 1

459 Pring Uol Myrtaceae Syzygium bracteolatum (Wight) Masam

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

460 Pro Ngeul Tree 0 1 0 0 0 1

461 Proas Kra-Ob

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

462 Proh Sva Zingiberaceae Kaempferia harmandiana Herb 1 0 0 1 1 0

463 Prohout Clusiaceae Garcia Tree 0 1 1 1 0 1

464 Prous Clusiaceae Garcinia schefferi Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

465 Pruoch Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

466 Pruot Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

467 Puoch Bay Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

468 Puoch Phnom

Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

469 Puoch Thom

Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.

Treelet 0 1 0 0 0 1

470 Puoch Uol Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus dumetorum (Poir) Merr.&L.M. Perry

Treelet 0 1 0 1 0 1

471 Reak Shrub 1 1 0 1 0 0

472 Reang Phnom

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq Tree 0 0 1 1 1 1

473 Reang Sab Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

474 Reang Toek

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

475 Rei Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

476 Ret Chhmol

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

477 Ret Me Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

478 Rinh Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

479 Roka Bombacaceae Bombax anceps Pierre Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

480 Roleay Thom

Rubiaceae Lasianthus Herb 1 0 0 1 0 1

481 Roleay Toch

Rubiaceae Lasianthus kamputensis Wight & Arn.

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

482 Romchek Phnom

Pandanaceae Herb 0 0 1 0 0 1

483 Romdeng Zingiberaceae Alpinia galanga Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

484 Romeat Tree 1 1 1 1 0 0

485 Romeat Kraham

Liana 0 0 0 0 0 1

25

486 Romeat

Kraham (Voir)

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

487 Romeat Sar (voir)

Combretaceae Combretum latifolium Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

488 Romleay Chheam

Liana 1 1 0 0 0 1

489 Romleay Smorng

Simaroubaceae Treelet 1 0 1 1 0 1

490 Romung (Voir)

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

491 Rovieng Rubiaceae Randia tomentosa Wight & Arn.

Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 1

492 Rum Puah Connaraceae Connarus semidecandrus

Jack Liana 0 0 1 0 1 1

493 Rumchek Pandanaceae Pandan 1 1 1 1 0 1

494 Rumchul Phnom

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

495 Rumdenh Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

496 Rumdenh Kok

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

497 Rumdenh Meas

Rubiaceae Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) Schum.

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

498 Rumduol Annonaceae Melodorum fruticosum Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

499 Rumlieng Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis merguensis (Griff.) Wilson & Waterh.

Tree 1 0 0 1 0 1

500 Rumlout Phleung

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

501 Run Marantaceae Schumanniathus dichotomus Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

502 Run Sbat Marantaceae Calathea wiotii Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

503 Russey Alei

Poaceae Bamboo 0 0 0 1 0 1

504 Russey Khsach

Poaceae Bamboo 1 1 0 1 0 0

505 Russey Prey

Poaceae Bambusa bambos (L.) Bamboo 0 0 0 1 1 1

506 Russey Prich

Poaceae Vietnamosasa pusilla Bamboo 0 0 0 1 1 1

507 Russey Roliek

Poaceae Bambusa blumeana Schult.&Schult.f.

Bamboo 1 1 0 1 0 0

508 Russey Sanh

Poaceae Bambusa Bamboo 0 0 0 1 0 0

509 Russey Tronung Moan

Poaceae Bamboo 0 0 0 1 0 1

510 Sa Mou Tree 0 1 0 0 0 1

511 Sakom Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

26

512 Sakou

Phnom Myrsinaceae Ardisia smaragdina Pit Treelet 1 1 0 1 0 1

513 Sambok Cheas

Tiliaceae Helicteres Shrub 1 1 1 1 1 1

514 Sambok Satt

Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus Herb 1 1 1 1 1 1

515 Sambok Sramoach

Vine 1 0 1 1 0 0

516 Sambol Lveng

Lauraceae Cinnamomum cassia (Nees) Nees&Eberh

Tree 1 0 0 1 0 1

517 Sambuo Tree 1 0 1 0 0 1

518 Sambuo Meas

Mimosoideae Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

519 Sampaet Lauraceae Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

520 Samrang Venh Khsae

Sterculiaceae Sterculia Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

521 Samroang Sterculiaceae Sterculia parviflora Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

522 Samrork Tiliaceae Grewia urenaefolia (Pierre) Gagnep.

Tree 1 1 0 1 0 0

523 Sandaek Angre

Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

524 Sandaek Khmoach

Caesalpinioideae Cassia occidentalis Shrub 0 0 0 0 1 1

525 Sandaek Tevda

Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

526 Sandann Clusiaceae Garcinia cochinchinensis

(Lour.) Choisy

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

527 Sang Khuoch

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 0

528 Sang Kre Melastomataceae Treelet 0 1 0 0 0 0

529 Sangkae Combretaceae Combretum quadrangulare

Kurz. Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

530 Sangkae Phleung

Combretaceae Combretum Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

531 Sangkhor Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Treelet 1 1 1 1 1 1

532 Sanseum Duoch Chenchien

Droseraceae Drosera burmanii Herb 0 0 0 0 0 1

533 Sanseum Duoch Deum

Droseraceae Drosera indica Herb 0 0 0 0 0 1

534 Saomao Prey

Vine 0 0 1 1 0 1

535 Sarikakaev Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

536 Saton Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

537 Sbort Apocynaceae Tree 0 0 0 1 1 1

538 Sbov Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

27

Phlaing

539 Sdao Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Tree 0 0 1 0 1 1

540 Sdei Toek Tree 0 1 0 1 0 1

541 Sdok Sdol Meliaceae Walsura villosa Wall. Ex Hiern

Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

542 Se Sach Euphorbiaceae Glochidion Treelet 0 1 1 0 0 1

543 Semoan Sapindaceae Nephelium hypoleucum Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

544 Skea Poaceae Herb 0 0 0 0 1 1

545 Skuoy Poaceae Coix lacryma jobi Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

546 Skush Apocynaceae Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

547 Sla Chhmol Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

548 Sla Khchei Myristicaceae Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

549 Sla Ta Oan Arecaceae Palm 0 0 1 1 0 0

550 Slab Tie Commelinaceae Cyanotis cristata Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

551 Slang Myrsinaceae Ardisia sanguinolenta Treelet 1 1 0 0 0 0

552 Slang Danrei

Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 1

553 Slang Thom

Euphorbiaceae Antidesma Treelet 0 1 0 1 0 0

554 Slang Toch Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

555 Sleng Loganiaceae Strychnos nux-vomica Tree 1 1 1 1 0 0

556 Sleng Dangdoeng

Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba Herb 0 0 0 0 1 0

557 Sleng Kong Apocynaceae Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

558 Sloek Pha-aem

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

559 Sma Krabei Myristicaceae Knema globularia Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

560 Smach Doam

Myrtaceae Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

561 Smao Baek Kbal

Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber Herb 0 1 0 0 0 1

562 Smao Boboss

Poaceae Herb 0 1 0 0 0 1

563 Smao Chen Chean

Poaceae Herb 1 0 0 1 0 1

564 Smao Cheung Kras

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

565 Smao Mea Russey

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

566 Smao Pang Krabei

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

567 Smao Rondas

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

568 Smao Skus Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

569 Smao Smoang

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

28

570 Smao

Smok Chab Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

571 Smao Teav Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Vine 0 0 0 0 1 0

572 Smao Tok-kae

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

573 Smao Trasiek

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

574 Smao Trordet

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 1

575 Smok Smoach

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

576 Snaeng Ko Rubiaceae Oxyceros horruda Liana 1 1 0 1 0 1

577 Snaeng Krabei

Papilionoideae Desmodium heterocarpon Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 0

578 Snay Del Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

579 Snay Nheat Moraceae Streblus asper Lour. Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 1

580 Sneng Krabei

Rubiaceae Oxyceros horridus Lour. Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

581 Snoa Papilionoideae Sesbania Treelet 1 1 1 1 0 0

582 Snuol Papilionoideae Dalbergia nigrescens Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

583 Sokram Mimosoideae Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

584 Song Khong

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

585 Song Sang Fern 0 1 0 0 0 1

586 Sophi Clusiaceae Ochrocarpus siamensis T. Anderson

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

587 Spong Datiscaceae Tetrameles nudiflora Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

588 Sra Ngam Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis burmannica Wilson & Waterh.

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

589 Sraka Pongroul

Apocynaceae Dischidia major Herb 0 0 0 0 0 1

590 Srakum (Siphlae)

Sapotaceae Madhuca cochinchinensis

(Pierre ex Dubard) H.J.

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

591 Sralao Lythraceae Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis

Pierre Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

592 Sralat Tree 0 0 1 1 0 0

593 Sralev Lythraceae Lagerstroemia Tree 1 0 1 1 1 1

594 Sramor Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Retz Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

595 Sramor Chet

Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

596 Sraton Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0

597 Steav Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Treelet 0 1 1 1 0 1

598 Suos Liana 1 1 1 1 0 0

599 Suot Damrei

Rubiaceae Hydnophytum formicarum Jack Epiphyte

1 0 0 1 0 1

29

600 Svay Kokit Anacardiaceae Semocarpus cochinchinens

is Tree 0 0 0 1 1 1

601 Svay Prey Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

602 Ta Oan Palmae Pinanga cochinchinensis

Blume Tree 0 0 1 1 0 0

603 Taheung Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 1

604 Talab Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

605 Talanh Lauraceae Treelet 1 0 0 0 0 0

606 Talatt Burseraceae Canarium album (Lour) Rausch.

Tree 0 0 1 0 1 0

607 Talen Pen Liana 0 0 1 1 0 1

608 Taling Krahom (Voir)

Liana 1 1 1 1 1 1

609 Taling Sor Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

610 Tatheang Treelet 0 0 1 0 0 0

611 Tathok Costaceae Costus speciosus Herb 1 1 1 1 1 1

612 Tatrao Loganiaceae Fagaceae fragrans Roxb. Tree 1 0 1 1 0 1

613 Tatrav Toek

Loganiaceae Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall

Tree 1 0 0 0 0 1

614 Tball Dek Liliaceae Peliosanthes teta Herb 1 0 1 0 1 1

615 Tbeng Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. Ex Miq. Var subnudus Ryan & Kerr

Tree 1 0 1 1 0 1

616 Teb Krou Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

617 Tepirou Lauraceae Cinnamomum cambodianum Lecomte Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0

618 Thbal Ken Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

619 Thkov Rubiaceae Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. Ex Walp.

Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

620 Thlanh Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

621 Thleum Andeuk

Tree 1 0 0 1 0 1

622 Thlok Rosaceae Parinari Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

623 Thmea Mimosoideae Acacia intsia Eilld. Tree 1 0 1 1 1 0

30

624 Thmenh

Trei Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus oxypetalus Treelet 1 1 0 1 0 0

625 Thmong Kanhchos

Herb 0 0 1 1 0 1

626 Thmor Rob Liana 0 0 1 1 0 1

627 Thngeanh (Voir)

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

628 Thnork Toek (grass)

Xyridaceae Xyris indica Herb 0 0 0 0 0 0

629 Thnung Chheam Mon

Papilionoideae Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Tree 1 1 1 1 1 0

630 Thpoal Kranh

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

631 Thpoal Trei Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

632 Toek Doh Khla Toch

Apocynaceae Holarrhena Shrub 1 1 1 1 0 1

633 Toek Doh Thom

Apocynaceae Holarrhena Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

634 Toekdoh Khla

Euphorbiaceae Herb 1 0 0 0 0 1

635 Toil Araceae Amorphophallus harmandii Herb 0 0 0 0 1 1

636 Tompeang Bay Chou Prey

Vitaceae Ampelocissus martinii Liana 1 0 0 0 1 1

637 Tompoung Phleung

Euphorbiaceae Shrub 0 0 0 1 0 1

638 Tompoung Sek

Euphorbiaceae Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1

639 Tompoung Thom

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus cochinchinensis

Lour. Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

640 Tonlea Capparidaceae Crateva religiosa G. Forste Tree 1 1 0 1 0 1

641 Tonsae Arecaceae Palm 1 1 1 1 0 1

642 Tonsaeng Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

643 Tontrean Khet

Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

644 Tontreat Khet Chhmol

Asteraceae Spilanthes paniculata Herb 1 0 0 0 0 0

645 Tontren Khet Thom

Asteraceae Herb 0 0 1 0 0 0

646 Torb Khchoang

Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

647 Trab Sor Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

648 Trab Sva Solanaceae Sub shrub

0 0 0 1 0 0

649 Trabaek Prey

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia floribunda Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

31

650 Trach Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer Tree 1 0 1 1 1 0

651 Tracheak Damrei

Apocynaceae Hoya Hemi-epiphyte

0 0 0 0 1 1

652 Traeng Poaceae Herb 0 0 0 1 0 0

653 Traing Moraceae Ficus Tree 1 0 0 1 1 0

654 Tralanh Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

655 Tramal Euphorbiaceae Tree 0 0 0 1 0 0

656 Tranom A-Uot

Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

657 Tranom Bangkuoy

Papilionoideae Treelet 0 0 0 1 0 0

658 Trasek Caesalpinioideae Peltophorum desyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz var. dasyrhachis

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

659 Traset Cyperaceae Cyperus Herb 1 1 1 1 1 1

660 Trav Ket Araceae Homalomena oculta Herb 1 1 1 1 0 1

661 Treal Kdorsva

Annonaceae Liana 1 0 0 0 0 0

662 Treal Sva (vol)

Annonaceae Uvaria rufa Blume Liana 0 0 0 0 1 1

663 Trieh Caesalpinioideae Erythrophleum succirubrum Tree 0 0 0 0 1 0

664 Troh Combretaceae Combretum trifoliatum Vent Liana 0 0 0 1 0 0

665 Troling Krahorm

Annonaceae Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

666 Trolong (Smao)

Poaceae Herb 0 0 1 0 0 1

667 Tromeng Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr

Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

668 Tromoung Clusiaceae Treelet 1 1 0 0 0 1

669 Tromoung Sek

Euphorbiaceae Suregada multiflorum (A.L>Juss.) Baill

Tree 1 1 1 1 0 0

670 Tromuoch Euphorbiaceae Antidesma Treelet 0 0 1 1 0 0

671 Tronom Bangkuoy

Papilionoideae Treelet 0 0 0 0 1 0

672 Tronom Preah Ream

Fern 1 0 0 0 0 1

673 Tronum Kamphem

Papilionoideae Dendrolobium lanceolatum Shrub 0 0 0 0 1 0

674 Trorb Sor Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0

675 Troyoeng Ebenaceae Diospyros helferi C.B.Clarke

Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1

32

676 Troyork Tree 0 1 0 1 0 0

677 Tundai Papilionoideae Droogmansia godefroyana (Kuntze) Schindl.

Shrub 1 0 0 0 0 0

678 Tunloap Prey

Ebenaceae Diospyros hasseltii Tree 1 1 1 1 0 1

679 Veay Salicaceae Salacca Liana 0 0 0 0 0 1

680 Voinr Chuch

Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

681 Voir Aem Mimosoideae Acacia megaladena Desv Liana 1 1 1 1 1 0

682 Voir Aeng Liana 0 0 1 1 0 0

683 Voir Akoan Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

684 Voir Alor Vine 1 1 1 1 0 1

685 Voir Ampil Mimosoideae Albizia millettii Benth Liana 1 0 1 1 1 1

686 Voir Ampous

Liana 1 1 0 1 0 1

687 Voir Angkat Kraham

Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

688 Voir Angkat Sor

Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

689 Voir Anlok Yuon

Liana 0 1 0 0 0 0

690 Voir Antaik Tunsaiy

Liana 0 0 0 0 1 0

691 Voir Antong

Papilionoideae Derris elliptica (Sweet) Benth

Liana 1 1 0 1 0 1

692 Voir Baek Phsaeng

Papilionoideae Desmodium obcordtum (Miq.) Kurz.

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

693 Voir Bas Cucurbitaceae Vine 1 0 0 1 0 0

694 Voir Borvenh

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

695 Voir Cha Papilionoideae Butea superba Liana 0 0 0 1 1 1

696 Voir Chak Seng

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

697 Voir Cheung Kraeng

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

698 Voir Cheung Thlen

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 0

699 Voir Chha-oeng Posh

Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

700 Voir Chheam

Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

701 Voir Chhnok Trou

Vine 0 1 0 0 1 1

702 Voir Chhnout

Oleaceae Jasminum funale Decne. Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

703 Voir Chhveng

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

704 Voir Chor Banh

Apocynaceae Beaumontia murtonii Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

33

705 Voir Chrei

Krem Moraceae Ficus Liana 0 0 1 0 0 1

706 Voir Chrei Lhong

Moraceae Ficus Liana 0 0 1 0 0 1

707 Voir Chuch Apocynaceae Parameria laevigata Vine 1 1 0 0 0 1

708 Voir Daiy Khmoach

Vine 1 0 0 1 0 1

709 Voir Dek Santalaceae Dendrotrophe luxifolia (Blume) Miq

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

710 Voir Deush Smilacaceae Vine 1 0 1 0 0 1

711 Voir Doh Krabei

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

712 Voir Ka-aeb

Araceae Vine 1 0 1 0 0 0

713 Voir Kamboa

Vitaceae Cissus modeccoides Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

714 Voir Kantuy Chrouk

Vine 0 1 0 0 0 0

715 Voir Khlen Kambot

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

716 Voir Khlot Gnetaceae Gnetum leptostachyum

Liana 0 1 0 1 0 1

717 Voir Khna Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

718 Voir Khnay Moan

Vine 0 1 1 0 0 1

719 Voir Khsaet

Liana 1 0 1 0 0 1

720 Voir Khsuos

Combretaceae Combretum latifolium Bl. Liana 0 0 1 1 1 1

721 Voir Kor Trakuot

Liana 0 1 0 0 0 1

722 Voir Kram Krea

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

723 Voir Lmeat Vine 0 1 0 0 0 1

724 Voir Maksei

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

725 Voir Mchou Chrung

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 1

726 Voir Mchou Kandoal

Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

727 Voir Mchou Prey

Vine 0 0 1 1 0 1

728 Voir Mchou Sna

Vitaceae Cissus hastata Vine 0 1 0 0 0 1

729 Voir Meas Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L.f. Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

730 Voir Meh Apocynaceae Vine 0 0 0 0 1 0

731 Voir Mon Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

732 Voir Neangchum Thom

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

733 Voir Neangchum Toch

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

734 Voir Nisei Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

34

735 Voir Ov

Chom Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

736 Voir Phoam

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

737 Voir Pong Nok

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

738 Voir Ponroas

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

739 Voir Porpreh

Vine 1 0 0 0 0 1

740 Voir Preng Kraham

Papilionoideae Derris Liana 1 0 1 1 0 1

741 Voir Preng Sar

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 1

742 Voir Ronout Chapei

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

743 Voir Russey

Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

744 Voir Sakun Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

745 Voir Slabros

Liana 1 0 0 0 0 1

746 Voir Sleng Loganiaceae Strychnos Liana 0 0 0 1 1 1

747 Voir Sleng Banla

Loganiaceae Strychnos Liana 0 0 0 1 0 1

748 Voir Sloek Chok

Papilionoideae Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

749 Voir Sloek Tracheak Tunsay

Vitaceae Vine 0 0 1 0 0 1

750 Voir Sork Neang

Vine 0 1 0 0 0 0

751 Voir Sraka Neak

Vine 0 1 1 0 0 1

752 Voir Ta Prom

Liana 0 0 1 0 0 0

753 Voir Ta-an Annonaceae Liana 1 1 1 1 1 1

754 Voir Tean Apocynaceae Hoya parasitica Herb 0 0 0 0 0 1

755 Voir Thet Rubiaceae Vine 0 1 0 0 0 1

756 Voir Thlan Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

757 Voir Thlok Apocynaceae Vine 1 1 1 1 0 1

758 Voir Thnoeng

Apocynaceae Aganonerion polymorphum Liana 0 0 0 1 1 1

759 Voir Toekdoh

Liana 1 1 1 1 0 1

760 Voir Tomleay Rot

Annonaceae Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

761 Voir Tompich

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

762 Voir Tracheak Tonsay

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 1

763 Voir Trang Liana 0 1 0 0 0 1

764 Voir Trasorng Kranh

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

765 Voir Trei (vol)-fish

Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus frutescens Liana 0 0 1 1 0 1

766 Voir Tunloab

Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

35

767 Voir Veay

Momis Liana 1 1 0 1 0 0

768 Voir Veuk Vine 0 0 0 1 0 0

769 Voir Yeav Loganiaceae Strychnos axillaris Liana 1 0 0 1 0 1

770 Voir Yeav Damrei

Liana 0 1 0 0 0 1

771 Voir Yeurt Convolvulaceae Vine 0 0 1 0 0 0

772 Yeang Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1 773 Yeang

Boang Lauraceae Tree 0 0 1 0 0 1

774 Yinh Seng Prey

Herb 0 0 0 0 1 1

775 Yothka Rubiaceae Tree 0 0 0 1 0 1

Legend:

- PATH: Preah Ang Thom - ALTH: Anlong Thom - MRK: Marakk Katt - KBSP: Kbal Spean - TSPh: Tonsaiy Pha-eul - PS&BK: Phnom Sruoch and Batkamphem - 1 = present - 0 = absent or not recorded

36