A Brief History of Russia Kievan Rus to Mode

8/3/2019 A Brief History of Russia Kievan Rus to Mode

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A Brief History of Russia,Kievan Rus' to Modern Day


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What do you think of when you think about Russianhistory?


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Kievan Rus' ()9th century to 13th century A.D.

Kievan Rus' is the modern-era namethat refers to the former collection ofRus states at the beginning of the 9thcentury-founded in Novgorod in 862 A.D.

Brutally destroyed by the Mongols in1240, after being invaded in 1237.

These Mongols, known as t

he Tatars,annihilated Kievan Rus' and formed the

Golden Horde, which ravaged the various principalities foryears after, until the rise of Moscow in the 14th century


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Christianity in Kievan Rus'

Vladimir the Great (958-1015) brought Christianity(Russian Orthodoxy) to the land in 988

A.D.

Christianity was forced on the Slavs by Vladimir (later Vladimirthe Saint), afterhaving rejected both Islam and Judaism


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Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia

Ivan IV (1530-1584) was the first Tsar (RussianforCaesar, or ruler) of Moscow

Creates the first true Russian state, crushingthe powers of both the Boyars (landowners)and rival princes of the Khanates, Siberia,and Astrakhan

Extremely intelligent, but would often fallvictim to his own mental illness

His strict peasant laws would eventually lead

to hundreds of years of serfdom in Russia


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Ivan the Terrible?

He had eight wives, including his firstwife, Anastasia Romanova, whom hebelieved murdered by Boyars

His son and heir apparent, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, grew upjust as cruel and devoted as his father

Ivan the Terrible hits his son's pregnant wife, causing her to

miscarry. A fight ensues between fat

her and son, and Ivan

hitshis beloved son in the head withhis scepter.

Ivan Ivanovich would later die from his wounds, leaving hisyounger, weaker brother behind to be Tsar


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Peter the Great: Changing Russia

Peter the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov,1672-1725)

Westernized Russian education andgovernment, expanded empire

Forced the statesmen and militaryto cut their beards (a sign of status)and adopt modern clothing

Desposed of many plots that would seehim dead, including his own sister(whom he had sent to a convent) andhis son Alexei, whom he tortured until

he died


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Peter the Great causes a stir

Ended arranged marriages, called them barbaric

Forced the government officials and courtiers to shave theirprized beards, those who would not were forced to pay a BeardTax of one hundred rubles

In 1699, he changed the day of the New Year from September1st to January 1st, and noted theyear would now be counted from the birth

ofCh

rist

Created a Table of Ranks, where boyarswere ordered based on their merit andloyalty, instead of their birth


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Serfdom, Peasantry, and Revolution

Serfdom, as a practice, was abolished in 1861 by Alexander II

These great reforms spurred industrialization in Russia, but didnot end the political unrest of the peasants or the landowners

While serfs were free, they had so much debt still owed, theycould not purchase their own land


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Russian Revolution of 1905

Came from unrest: worker strikes, mutinies, and massivepeasant upheaval

Outcome: constitutional monarchy, the Duma, the multi-partysystem and the Russian Constitution of 1906

Tsar Nicholas II promises new liberties and reforms, yet the

Duma government continues to fail


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World War I and the Abdication ofNicholas II

The hardships and losses from Nicholas II's involvement inWorldWar I causes mass riots and in-country rebellions

As of 1917, Russia was on the verge of collapse, andNicholas II abdicates on March 15, 1917

Nicholas II and his family are killed by therevolutionaries on July 16, 1918


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October Revolution

A new, temporary government AlexanderKerensky, lost ground to the radical, orBolshevik, wing of the Socialist DemocraticLaborParty.

On Nov. 7, 1917, the Bolshevik revolution, engineered byN. Lenin (Lenin was the pseudonym taken byVladimir IlichUlyanov) and Leon Trotsky, overthrew the Kerenskygovernment and authority was vested in a Council ofPeople'sCommissars, with Lenin as premier


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From Russian Civil War to the U.S.S.R.

1922: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is establishedunder Lenin

1924: Lenin dies, fueling competition in the party between JosefStalin, the General Secretary and Leon Trotsky, who wasdismissed, banished, and eventually murdered. All of this, plusmassive purges in the 1930s, was orchestrated by Stalin, whotook overPremiership of the Soviet Union in 1941


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Josef Stalin: A Legacy of Horror

Born in Georgia as IosebBesarionis dze Jughashvili in1878. He took the name "Stalin",which meant "Man of Steel"

-Purges-Murders/Deaths: historians cannot decideon the vast number, between 4 and 20 million-Secret Pact with Hitler prior to World War II

in 1939, called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact-Cult ofPersonality-Anti-Semetic terrorism, including the"Doctor's Plot"-Removal of Religious influence

-Strict Ideological Control


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Cold War to Collapse

Stalin dies in 1953 under mysterious circumstances

Series of successors, hostility between U.S. and the SovietUnion led to the Cold War, a war fought with threats and fear,nuclear weapons and psychological warfare

Soviet Union officially collapses on December 25, 1991

Documents

A Brief History of Russia Kievan Rus to Mode