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Slides from a talk given at the systems lunch at Princeton University in Dec 2008. The talk attempted to summarized five years (2003-2008) of research in sensor networks.
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ABriefHistoryofSensorNetworks
MuneebAli
PrincetonUniversity
Introduction: 2003
Image:MITTechReview
Introduction: 2005
47 43 50 70 226 447 946
1960
3400
4400
0 500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Image:KoenLangendoen
Introduction: 2008
CensorNetworks:ACriOqueof“SensorNetworks”fromaSystemsPerspecOveB.Raman,K.Chebrolu(IITBombay)
Introduction
Thistalk:
‐ Abriefhistoryofthelast5yearsofresearch(2003‐2008)
‐ Importantproblems,soluOons,andlessons
‐ FuturedirecOons
A Brief History
GordonMooreIntelCo‐Founder
IamsmilingbecauseIwas
right!
A Brief History
Image:Culler:2004
log(peo
plepe
rcompu
ter)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
Network Stack
PhysicalLayer
LinkLayer
NetworkLayer
ApplicaOonLayer
L1
L2
L3
L4
L1: Physical
‐ Memory:10KB‐ Radio:CC2420(250Kbps)‐Processor:MSP430(16‐bit)
EmbeddedProcessor
Transceiver
Memory
SensorsBa^ery
L1: Physical
IntelImote2 SunSpot
Imagecourtesy
●32bitARM7core‐256KRAM‐2MFlash
●[802.15.4]Radio(ChipConCC2420)
Imagecourtesy
●320/416/520MHzPXA271XScaleProcessor
‐32MBSDRAMon‐board‐32MBFlashon‐board
●[802.15.4]Radio(ChipConCC2420)
L1: Physical
Reference:JanBeutel,MetricsforSensorNetworkPlaforms,ACMRealWSNJune2006
(MHz)
(kB)
(kB)
(mm2)
(kB)
L1: Physical
Network Stack
PhysicalLayer
LinkLayer
NetworkLayer
ApplicaOonLayer
L1
L2
L3
L4
Great Duck Island
[Berkeley, 2002]
L4: Applications
Sniper detection
[Vanderbilt, 2003]
L4: Applications
[Princeton, 2004]
L4: Applications
[Del7,2006]
L4: Applications
[Harvard,2007]
L4: Applications
Network Stack: Challenges
PhysicalLayer
LinkLayer
NetworkLayer
ApplicaOonLayer
L1
L2
L3
L4
Challenges: Energy
~2kcal(perba^ery)
<<<
~280kcal
(QuarterPounder)
Image:KoenLangendoen
Withoutcheese!!!
Challenges: Wireless
distance
sender
transmission
detecOon
interferencedistance
sender
transmission
detecOon
interference
SignalpropagaOonranges
Image:KoenLangendoen
Challenges: Wireless
ReflecOons/Shadowing
Challenges: Wireless
[G. Janssen, ET4358]
Challenges: Wireless
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 R
SS
I Distance (metre)
RSSI = 1/distα
GreyAreaEffect
Challenges: Wireless
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 50 100
% good
x (lambda)
y (lambda)
CC2420 @ 2.4 GHz, power = -1dBm, 2am
[Robert Poor, Ember corp.]
Linklayer&mulOpathfading
Challenges: RAM
‐Scalability‐LimitedRAMisfundamental‐Effectspower‐O(N)stateinfeasible
Challenges: Applications
TheInternetvs.Sensor‐Nets
Challenges: Summary
●Independenthosts●Endtoendflows●Infrastructure●Wired(generally)●Latency,throughput●BandwidthisrelaOvelycheap
●CollaboraOveuse●Collect,disseminate,...●Ad‐hoc●Wireless●Energy●Bandwidthisexpensive
Reference:PhilipLewis,ICSITalk,May2004
TheInternetvs.Sensor‐Nets
Research Problems
‐ MediumAccessControl‐ RouOng‐ LocalizaOon‐ OperaOngSystems‐ Security‐ ProgrammingAbstracOons‐ QueryProcessing
Network Stack
PhysicalLayer
LinkLayer
NetworkLayer
ApplicaOonLayer
L1
L2
L3
L4
L2: MAC
Contactperson:KoenLangendoen
L2: MAC
ClassicPaper:S‐MAC(UCLA)
L2: MAC
Read:MACSurveybyKoenLangendoen
Network Stack
PhysicalLayer
LinkLayer
NetworkLayer
ApplicaOonLayer
L1
L2
L3
L4
L2/L3: Naming and Addressing
605231109921
605|109|
A|4|
605|231| 605|605|
A|9| A|2|
A^ributeBasedName|Next‐HopLocallyUnique|DATA
NetworkAddressDesOnaOon|Next‐HopMACAddress|DATA
64bit|64or16bit|
Read:‘Low‐levelNaming’paper(UCLA)
Network Stack
PhysicalLayer
LinkLayer
NetworkLayer
ApplicaOonLayer
L1
L2
L3
L4
L3: Traditional View
Sink
SensornetNodes
L3: Traditional View
Internet
Proxy/Sink Sensornets
L3: New View
Internet
PersonalAreaNetworks
Ad‐HocNetworks
L3: Routing
Clustering
LEACHEnergy*Delay
MulE‐hop
Directed‐Diffusion
Geographic
GPSRBVR
SensornetRouOngProtocols
L3: Routing - LEACH
ImagecourtesyofWendiHeinzelman
L3: Routing - LEACH
L3: Routing - VRR
NodeIDsareIntegers(locaOonindependent)
L3: Routing - VRR
Operating Systems
ConOkiMANTISSOS
Read:TinyOSbookchapterbyPhilLevis
Research Problems
‐ MediumAccessControl‐ RouOng‐ LocalizaOon‐ OperaOngSystems‐ Security‐ ProgrammingAbstracOons‐ QueryProcessing
SeePhil’scourseatStanfordandMa^’scourseatHarvard
What We Have Learned
Where Do We Go From Here
‐ RFIDsensors(Moore’sLaw)
‐ InternetciOzens(1stclass)
‐ UrbanSensing
‐ EnergyManagement(Ember)
‐ PhysicalSensing(Industry,Home)
‐ Startups
Further Information
Muneeb Ali http://muneeb.org
Thank You !
