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THE BEGINNING… Darwin and Evolution 1859: Origin of the Species Ideas of natural selection supported hereditary passage of desirable/undesirable traits.
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A BRIEF INTRODUCTION to
GENETICS
Honors GeneticsLemon Bay High SchoolMs. Susan Chabot
THE BEGINNING…• Domestication of plants
and animals inadvertently manipulated sexual reproduction.
• Preformation: Theory that a miniature human (homunculus) could be found inside the head of a sperm.
Paris, 1694
THE BEGINNING…Darwin and Evolution•1859: Origin of the Species•Ideas of natural selection supported hereditary passage of desirable/undesirable traits.
THE BEGINNING…• 1860’s: Gregor Mendel - an Austrian
monk grew peas in the monastery gardens.
• Noticed patterns among the generations of plants when they were cross-pollinated vs self-pollinated.
What We Know TodayEvery type of cell from every
kingdom contains DNA.
Sometimes the DNA is located in the NUCLEUS of the cell as in EUKARYOTES
Sometimes the DNA is NOT located in the NUCLEUS of the cell as in PROKARYOTES
Whether the organism is a EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE,
the DNA instructs the cell to make proteins.
The proteins are made into tissues , pigments, hormones, enzymes, and many other
components the cells need for survival.
Mitosis and HeLa
Visualizing Mitosis
Mistakes happenMutations
Cause mutations
Pesticides
Air pollution
Chemicals
Smoking
Radiation Sun
X-ray exposure
Fallout
Mutagens
•Recombinant DNA:
•Cutting the DNA from one organism and joining it with the DNA from another
•Human gene for insulin into bacteria: bacteria multiply and make insulin for diabetics
We Can Manipulate DNA
Insulin gene
Bacteria DNA
Dolly the sheep: insert the nucleus from the body cell of an adult sheep into the egg cell of another similar animal and allow to gestate.
CLONING:
Genetic Engineering
•Fertility:
• Inserting sperm nucleus into ovum to fertilize them for an infertile couple, then allow to gestate.
Genetic Engineering
Foods
•Insertion of pesticide genes into foods so that they will make proteins that will develop innate resistance to weeds and insects.
Genetic Engineering