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A Brief Introduction to NeuroanatomyPart One: The Major CordSpine and Spinal Cord AnatomyLucas Brammar
A Brief Introduction to NeuroanatomySeries One: Getting to GripsThe Major CordDevelopment of the Spine and Spinal CordThe vertebral column Spinal CordThe MeningesUnlocking the Cranial VaultBones and joints of the skullReturn of the meninges Gross structure of the brain and the skull vaultsGross structure of the brain stemVasculatureMajor arterial supply to the brain and brain stemVenous drainage of the brain sinuses Nerve SpottingIntroduction to the Cranial Nerves Introduction to Cranial Nerve ExaminationsBrachial plexus to be covered in musculoskeletal tutorials
A Brief Introduction to NeuroanatomyMotor OnMotor regions of the brainThe Basal Ganglia (nuclei)Cerebellum
Somatosensory SystemsSensory regions of the brainSensory pathwaysThe great pain problemReflexesMajor spinal cord reflexesUpper and Lower Motor Neurone defecitsMotor PathwaysMotor neuronesCorticospinal Tract Brain stem motor tracts
Special SensesVision and the visual cortexVestibulocochlear systems Audition and Olfaction and the olfactory cortexSeries TWO: PATHS TO SUCCESS
Part One: The Major CordBrief introduction to the development of the spine and spinal cord
Vertebrae and the vertebral column
Spinal cord and meninges Outline
Development of the Spinal CordThree key embryonic layers:Ectoderm (neural tissue and skin)Mesoderm (connective tissues)Endoderm (most viscera)
Images: wikimedia commons
The SpineSpine is constructed of vertebrae
AnteriorPosteriorVertebral bodyTransverse processSpinous process
PedicleSpinal canal
Image: http://www.theluklinskispineclinic.com
The Spine7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 fused Sacral (sacrum)
Coccyx
Image: wikimedia commons
Cervical Vertebrae Transverse foraminaeBifid spinous processes*Small vertebral body
Image: wikimedia commons
Atlas and AxisC1 = Atlas C2 = Axis
The atlas holds up theWorldNo vertebral bodyOdontoid pegThe atlanto-axial joint
The C-Spine
Image: Jeremy Jones, radiopaedia.org
Thoracic Vertebrae Sloping spinous processFacets on transverse processesheart shaped vertebral foramen
Image: spineuniverse.com
Lumbar Vertebrae Very large vertebral bodySmall transverse and spinous process kidney-shaped vertebral foramen
Image: spineuniverse.com
Sacrum and Coccyx
Image: tutorvista.com
Fitting it togetherIntervertebral discs (secondary cartilagenous)
Images: active motion physiotherapy, Basic science of disc degeneration (Adams M)
Intervertebral disc prolapse
Image: Dr Muhammad Essam, radiopaedia.org
Fitting it togetherApophyseal joints (gliding synovial joints)
Inferior articularprocessSuperior articular processImage: http://www.theluklinskispineclinic.com
Conditions affecting the spineSponylosis Spinal stenosisSponylolisthesisDisc diseaseBack painOsteoperosisTraumatic injuryMany more
The Spinal CordCauda EquinaHead Foramen magnumL1 / L2 (^ T12 in children)
Image: wikimedia commons
Spinal Cord: SummaryBegins at foramen magnum, terminates between L1-L2 (as high as T12 in children)
Terminates as the conus medullaris tapering to the thin filum terminale.
Fans out into peripheral nerves the cauda equina
Image: wikimedia commons
Spinal Cord in Cross Section
Image: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/spinalcord5.gifSpinal nerve
Spinal Nerves31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical12 thoracic5 Lumbar 5 Sacral1 coccyggeal
Image: wikimedia commons
MeningesThe meninges are tissue coverings surrounding the spinal cord and the brain
Epidural spaceDura mater (hard mother) = fibrous tissueArachnoid mater = fine tissue layerPia mater = vascular, adherent to tissueImage: wikimedia commons
Epidural
Injection of Local anaesthetic into epidural space
Dangerous: dont hit the subarachnoid space!Image: wikimedia commons