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ACalltoMigrate
FromtheLandsoftheDisbelievers
TotheLandsoftheMuslims
By:ShaykhAbdalAzzbinSlihalJarb
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TableofContents
Introduction 5
DefiningtheTermDr 10
DefiningtheTermHijrah 14
TheRulingonHijrahfromDralIslmtoDralKufr 15
TheFour
Situations
of
the
Potential
Muh
jir,
and
Their
Relevant
Rulings
20
TheRealityofOpenlyPracticingOnesReligion 36
PrinciplesUponthePathofHijrah 41
Conclusion 51
Appendix1:TheMuslimsBornintheLandsoftheDisbelievers 53
Appendix2:HijrahTotheLandsofKufr 56
Appendix3: ToWhereShouldOneMakeHijrah? 57
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Introduction1
Verily,allpraiseisduetoAllh.WepraiseHim,weseekHisAssistance,andwe
seekHisforgiveness,andweseekHisGuidance,andweseekrefugewithAllh
fromtheevilsofoursouls,andfromthemistakesinouractions.Whomsoever
AllhGuides,heistrulyguided,andwhomsoeverAllhleadsastray,youwill
findnoguidingpartnerforhim.
AndItestifythatthereisnoneworthyofworshipbesidesAllh alone,withno
partnersandItestifythatMuhammadisHisservantandMessenger.MaybountifulpeaceandblessingsbeuponhimuntiltheDayofResurrection.
Asforwhatfollows:
Thebelievershavehadarecenttasteofthecallsofthedelinquentsinour
societiesthosewhoseektodeceivetheirreligionandUmmahfortheMuslims
togatherandlivewiththedisbelievers,andthatwemustfearforourselvesfrom
ourselvesnotfromtheWest,andnotfromthedisbelieving,apostate
governmentsandthatthereisnoproblemwhatsoeverforusinlivingwiththe
JewsandChristians,orwiththeregimesthatservethem,andthattheproblem
withtheWestandtheapostateregimesisinlivingwithus.
ThesedeceiversareconfusedbetweenthemercyandfreedomgivenbyIslmto
thePeopleoftheBookaverynarrow,specificfreedomversustakingthemas
allies,andbetweenthedelayingofimplementingtherulingsofapostasyupon
theapostatesduetothelackofabilitytodosoversuslovingtolivewiththem,
sincetheyhaveneverbeenexposedtothetruenatureofthisreligion.Theylack
deepfaithinthisbelief,andtheydonotrealizethenatureofthebattlebetween
usandtheenemiesofAllh,whoareofvariousbeliefs,someevenbeingfromthosewhoascribethemselvestoIslm.
ThesehirelingshaveconfusedtheMuslims,claimingthattheenmitybetween
theMuslimsandtheJews,Christians,andapostateregimesissimplyonebased
onmaterialandsocialissues,andthatitisuponustorespecttheirdistorted
1Translatorsnote:unlessotherwiseindicated,allfootnotesandcommentsarefromtheauthor,
andarefoundintheoriginalbook,exceptforthereferencingofversesandahdth,whichwere
alladdedbythetranslator.Anycommentsaddedbytranslatorwillbefollowedwitha(TN).
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religions,andtotoleratefreedomofthoughtfortheapostates,andthatbetween
usandthemarecommonpointsofagreement,andthatIslmfocusesonthese
commonpoints,andthatweshouldnotfocusonthepointsofdispute,andthattheMuslimsmuststandwiththeChristiansandapostatesagainstatheismand
oppression,sincetheyarePeopleoftheBook,andtheapostatesareoriginally
Muslim.Toproveallofthis,theywentanddugoutthetextsthatserveto
supporttheirposition,sayingthatAllhSaid:
{Butiftheyinclinetopeace,youalsoinclinetoit,andtrustinAllh.Verily,He
istheAllHearer,theAllKnower.}1
{Therefore,openlyproclaimthatwhichyouwerecommanded,andturnaway
fromthepolytheists.}2
{Today,thegoodfoodsandthefoodofthePeopleoftheBookarelawfulfor
you,andyourfoodislawfulforthem}3
Andtheyforgotor,causedthemselvestoforgetthatAllhtheExaltedhas
converselySaid:
{Andfightthemuntilthereisnomorefitnah.Butiftheycease,lettherebeno
transgressionexceptagainstthewrongdoers.}4
1alAnfl;61
2alHijr;94
3alMidah;5
4alBaqarah;193
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{Andkillthemwhereveryoufindthem,andexpelthemfromwheretheyhave
expelledyou}1
{Andfightthemuntilthereisnomorefitnah,andtheReligionwillallbefor
Allh.But,iftheycease,certainly,AllhisAllSeerofwhattheydo.}2
{So,whenyoumeetthedisbelievers(inbattle),smiteattheirnecksuntilyou
havekilledandwoundedmanyofthem.Then,bindabondfirmlyonthem(i.e.
takethemascaptives)}3
{OProphet!Strivehardagainstthedisbelieversandthehypocrites,andbe
severeagainstthem.AndtheirabodewillbeHell,andwhataterrible
destination.}4
{Oyouwhobelieve!Fightthoseofthedisbelieverswhoareclosetoyou,andlet
themfindharshnessinyou,andknowthatAllhiswiththerighteous.}5
andotherthanthisoftheversesandahdththatconfirmtheobligationof
opposingthesepeople,andfightingthemuntiltheyacceptIslm,andifoneis
unabletofightthem,theleastheshoulddoistoseparatehimselffromthemand
emigratefromtheirlandsthelandsofkufr.
1alBaqarah;191
2alAnfl;39
3Muhammad;4
4atTahrm;9
5atTawbah;123
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Verily,thesimplemindedoneisignorantandheedlessoftheserealities,suchas
thosewhosugarcoattheissuesoftheirreligioninourtimes,wheretheysaythat
weareabletoputourhandsinthehandsofthesepeople,standwiththemagainstatheismandmaterialism,anddescribeasallaspeopleofreligion,under
thesamesky,forgettingtheteachingsofourQurnandReligion,and
forgettingthelessonsofhistory.Thesearethesamepeoplewhoturnedthe
MushriknagainstthebelieversinMakkahandMadnah,andsincethesunofthis
Dawahhasriseninthatera,thisera,andeveryera,theyhavebeentheones
incitingtheCrusaderwarsagainsttheMuslimsinPalestine.Theyweretheones
whomadeourlandsopenfortheJewscooperatinginthiswithmaterialistic
disbelieversandtheyaretheoneswhoaredisplacingtheMuslimsinEthiopia,
Somalia,Algeria,Eritrea,Yugoslavia,China,Turkistan,India,Kashmir,the
Philippines,andineveryplace.Theyaretheoneswho,atthistime,havecome
downwiththeirfullmilitaryforceinChechnya,andtheyarenowconspiring
againsttheTalibanmovement,1andtheyhavenohelpersinthisotherthanthese
slaveregimes.Afterallofthis,wehavethosewhosaythatitispossibleforusto
livewiththemandaccepttheirdistortedreligions.
Thosewhomakethisclaim,theydonotreadtheQurn.Iftheyreadit,they
certainlydontunderstandit,andiftheyunderstandit,theycertainlymixed
someportionsofitupwithothers,becauseIslmisnotingrainedintheirdepths,
norintheiremotions.Forthem,itisnotabeliefbesideswhichAllhwillacceptnoother,norisitareligionthatmustovercomeallothers.
Thisbattlewiththedisbelieversisabattleofbeliefs.Itisnotabattlebroughton
byadisputeoversomesmallpieceofland,oralanguagedifference,ormilitary
buildups,oreconomics,ormoderntechnology,orculturalprogression,oranyof
theseotherbannersthatconstantlyriseandfall.Infact,itisnotevenduetotheir
enmitytowardsus!2Rather,itisabattlebasedonbeliefandreligion.Justasthey
fightusfromthisstandpoint,itisnotpossiblethatwecanevercometogether
withthem,solongasthereisheatinthesummer,theSunrisesoverland,and
animalsrunaroundinthewilderness.Rather,whatisobligatoryisthatwefight
themwithallthatwehavebeengivenofpower,andifweareunabletodothis,
wemustabandonthemandemigratefromtheirlands,andservetowakethe
1ThisbookwaswrittenpriortotheAmericaninvasionofAfghanistanthatresultedinthe
Talibantemporarilylosingauthoritythere.(TN)
2ShaykhMuhammadbinIbrhmlashShaykhwroteaconcisetreatiseexpoundinguponthe
reasonsforfightingandwagingJihdagainstthedisbelievers,titled:FightingThemBecauseof
TheirDisbelief,andthisisfoundinthe6thvolumeofhisRasil.
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Muslimsupfromtheirsleep.ThisisfromthemostcrucialofwhattheMuslim
candotoservehisreligion,andthesefewlinesarenothingbutanobjective
discussionofthisissue,andanattempttospreadawareness,ashijrahfromthelandsofkufrtothelandsofIslmisfromthefirststepsthatcanbetakenupon
thispaththepathofseparationbetweenthebelieversandthetyrantsofthe
Earth,thepathofcallingtoAllh,thepathoftheProphets,thetruthful,the
martyrs,andtherighteous,andwhatgreatcompanionsarethese!Itmightbe
thatthesefewlinesandthewordsthattheycontainwillserveasatorchtolight
thispathtochangingthegrimrealityinwhichwefindourselves,asweareina
situationthatnobodycanenvyusover.
Hijrahhastwopurposesbehindit:
a) Toescapefromfitnah,outoffearoftheevilofshirk,asthemoreoneisin
contactwithanenvironment,themorehebecomesdesensitizedtoit.In
fact,aMuslimmightevenadoptthetheoreticoutlookofthedisbelievers
(weaskAllhtoprotectusfromthisevil).
b) ToaidintheprocessoffightingagainsttheenemiesofAllh,bymoving
tojointheMuslims,aidingthem,workingtounitetheirranks,andbeing
freetocalltoandspreadtheReligion,whichAllhhascommandedusto
spreadtothepeople
Beforeclarifyingthisevenfurther,itisnecessarytofirstclarifywhatismeantby
thetermsDralHarbandDralIslm,aswellasthevarioustypesoflands.
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WhatisMeantBytheTermDr
Thistermhastwomeanings;onegeneral,theother,specific.
ThespecificdefinitioniswhattheFuqahdefinedasaplotoflandforwhich
therearebordersthatsurroundhomes,grazingareasforanimals,and
agriculture,nothavingaroof.So,itcontainsplantsforthesustenanceand
benefitofitsinhabitants,asisfoundinRaddalMihtral adDurralMukhtr.1
Thegeneraldefinitionofthetermdristhatitisaplacethatcombinesopen
spaceandbuildings.Thistermcanalsobeappliedtoanypieceofland.The
authorof
Mujam
alLughah
said:
A
drisaliving
space
that
combines
buildingswithwhatsurroundsthem,asAllhSaid:
{Theyenteredtheveryinnermostpartsofyourhomes(diyr),anditwasa
promisefulfilled.}2
{Didyou
not
see
those
who
went
forth
from
their
homes
(diy
rihim)}
3
So,fromhere,weareabletosaythatadrcouldbeacity,aregion,acountry,or
evenavillage.Whatisimportantisthatitcontainsagroupofpeoplewholivein
anypartofthisland,whoruleovereveryaspectofitsaffairs,whethertheyrule
bylawsthataredivine,ormanmade.Wecanalsosaythatadrisaregionof
land,containingsmallerpiecesoflandthatfallunderitsrule.
Inourcurrenttimes,andbasedonmoderncustom,wecansaythatadrisa
country,definedasacollectionofsmallerstates,withauthorityovercertain
piecesofland,withitsownbordersandplacesofresidence.So,therulerofthislandwhetherheisreferredtoasthekhalfah,amralmuminn,etc.isthehead
1ThisbookwaswrittenbyMuhammadAmnbinUmarbinAbdalAzzbinAhmadbinAbd
arRahmbinNajmadDn(died1252H),morecommonlyknownasIbnbidn,andthebookis
averyfamousmanualofHanaf FiqhmorecommonlyknownasHshiyatIbnbidn.(TN)
2alIsr;5
3alBaqarah;243
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authorityofthisland.Thisiswhatwasmeantbythetermdawlahwhenitwas
usedbytheFuqahwritingaboutIslmicpolitics,rulingsofleadership,etc.The
overallconclusionofthisisthatwecansaythatacountryisestablisheduponthreefoundations:theland,thecitizensofthatland,andforce(tokeepthose
citizensincheck).
Andacountryiscomposedofacollectionofsmallergovernmentsandstates,
suchthateachstateplaysitspartintheoverallfunctioningofthenation,with
eachstateworkingtogethertofulfillanoverallgoal,whichistolookafterthe
worldlyandreligiousinterestsoftheMuslims.
TheTypesofDiyr
DralIslm,andthisisdefinedaseverypieceoflandinwhichthe
rulingsofIslmareinauthority.ashShfi said:Itiseverylandinwhich
therulingsofIslmareapparent.
Othershavesaid:Theremustnotbeasingleaspectoftherulingsofkufr
presentinit,suchasdenialofaProphet,anybookfromtheBooksof
Allh,mockeryofanyaspectoftheReligion,oratheism.
Othershavesaid:AnylandinwhichthecallofIslmisapparentfromits
people,withoutanyimpediment,andinwhichtheruleoftheMuslimsis
implementeduponthedhimms(iftheyhappentolivethere),andthe
peopleofinnovationdonothavesuperiorityoverthepeopleofthe
Sunnah.
Othershavesaid:AnylandinwhichtheMuslimslive,evenifothers
residetheiralongwiththem,oranylandinwhichtheruleoftheMuslims
isuppermost.
So,theIslmiclandsarealltheregionsthatareundertheruleofthe
Muslims,withtheinhabitantsofthoselandsbeingthosewholivewithin
theirbordersofMuslims,aswellasdhimmswiththeleadership
applyingtheIslmiclaws.
DralKufr,andthisisanylandinwhichthelawsofthedisbelieversis
uppermost,andwithwhichthereisnowarwiththeMuslims,andits
rulingisthesameasthatofaDralHarbthathasatreatywiththe
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Muslims.So,everyDralHarbisclassifiedasDralKufr,butnotvice
versa.
DrMurakkabah(mixed),andthisisalandwhichcontainsboth
elements:itisnotalandofIslm,inwhichthelawsofIslmareapplied,
butitisalsonotaDralHarb,withitsinhabitantsbeingdisbelievers.
Rather,itisathirdcategory,inwhichtheMuslimistreatedashedeserves
tobetreated,andtheonewhorebelsagainsttheSharahofIslmisfought
ashedeservestobefought,asIbnTaymiyyahmentionedinalFatw al
Kubr(4/331)andMajmalFatw(28/142).
DralHarb,anditisanylandinwhichthereisastateofwarbetween
thebelieversandthedisbelievers.So,DralHarbistheDralKufrthatis
atwarwiththeMuslims.
DralAhd(covenant),anditiseverylandthathasmadepeacewiththe
Muslimsbynotfightingthem.
DralBagh (rebellion),anditisdefinedasthepartofDralIslmfrom
whichagroupoftheMuslimshavebrokenaway,outofadesiretorebel
againsttheMuslimrulerofthatland.
Andthereferencepointsforknowingthedetailsofthesedefineddiyrarethe
booksofFiqh,wherethesedefinitionsarewidespread.Itshouldbenotedthat
someoftheschoolsofFiqh(madhhib)considerthatthereareonlythreetypesof
diyr,somesayfour,andsoon.Therefore,whoeverdesiresfurtherdetailin
regardstothissubject,heshouldrefertoagroupofthewellknownbooksof
Fiqh,withoutlimitinghimselftojustoneofthem,duetotheexpansivenessofthe
topic.
So,whatismeantbyDralIslmisanylandinwhichtheruleoftheMuslimsis
beingimplemented,orisinhabitedbytheMuslims,eveniftheyshareitwith
others,orinwhichthelawsofIslmareuppermost,oralltheregionsthatare
undertheruleoftheMuslims,withtheinhabitantsofthoselandsbeingthose
wholivewithintheirbordersofMuslims,aswellasdhimmswiththe
leadershipapplyingtheIslmiclaws.
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Conversely,DralKufristhatlandinwhichtheruleofthedisbelieversis
uppermost,1anditsrulingisthesameasthatofaDralHarbthathasatreaty
withtheMuslims,aseveryDralHarbisDralKufr,butnotviceversa.
1ShaykhAbdalAzzcommented:Andfromthatwhichshouldbeknownisthatthereare
issuesthatconstitutekufrthatarenotknownexcepttothescholarsandstudentsofknowledge,
duetotheirbeingverypreciseandhidden.Therefore,suchissuesarenotconsideredtobethe
opendisbelief(kufrbawh)thatisunderstoodbythemajorityoftheMuslims.Forexample,ruling
byotherthanwhatAllahrevealedinsomeissues,withtheagreementthatitiskufraccordingto
thecategorizationofShaykhMuhammadbinIbrhm,thereistoomuchconfusionregardingthis
onthepartofthegeneralpopulationofMuslimstoobligateHijrahuponthemfromsuchaland,
andtodeclarethemsinnersfornotmigrating.ThisiswhyIslmcameandrestrictedsucha
situationtothatkufrforwhichthereisaprooffromAllh,suchthattheaverageMuslimwill
understanditbeforethescholars.Thisservesasaprotectionfortheonerebellingagainstthe
rulerfromhavingtoenterintoconflictwiththegeneralpopulation,inwhichtheywouldfighthimwhileheistheoneuponthetruth!However,thelackofopenkufrbeingcommittedhasled
toconfusiononthepartofthepeople.So,thisrebellionagainsttherulerandremovalofhim or
Hijrahinthecaseofthosewhocannotrebelagainsthim isnecessitatedinthecaseofthisopenly
committed,clearcutkufr.Andthepurposebehindthisconditioninthehadthisnottoprotectthe
apostateruler.Rather,itistoprotectthebelieverwhoseekstorebelagainsthim,seekingtheFace
ofAllh,andwhosereasonsforrebellingarevalid,andwhohasseenthatwhichisnodoubtkufr,
butisnotopen,clearcutkufr(bawh).Additionally,itistoprotecttherulerwhohasmadeafalse
interpretation(tawl)intheSharortheArabiclanguage.Likewise,itistopreventtheshedding
ofthebloodoftheMuslims.
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Hijrah:LinguisticandIslmicDefinitions
Asforitslinguisticmeaning,itiswritteninLisnalArab,ofIbnMandhr,aswellasTjalArs,ofazZubayd,thattherootwordhajaraistheoppositeof
connection,anditmeanstoseveretieswithsomething,andthewordhijrahis
inthehadth:Abandonment(hijrah)ofsomeonebeyondthreedaysisnot
allowed.1
AsforitsmeaningintheSharah,then,inshort:itistoleaveDralHarbforDr
alIslm,asIbnalArab (mayAllhhaveMercyuponhim)saidinAhkmal
Qurn.
InalMughn,IbnQudmahalMaqdis said:ItistoleaveDralKufrforDral
Islm.
SadbinAtq(mayAllhhaveMercyuponhim)said,inadDurarasSaniyyah:
Itistorelocateoneselffromtheplacesofpolytheismanddisobediencetothe
placesofIslmandobedience.
1Ahmad(8960)andMuslim(2562)
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TheRulingonHijrahfromDralKufrtoDralIslm
ThepeopleofknowledgemayAllhhaveMercyuponallofthem havedifferedoverthebasicrulingofHijrahisitongoing?Hasitbeenabrogated?
Therearetwoopinionsonthis,withnothird,andthisdifferenceofopinionis
theresultofthevariationsamongstthescholarsinunderstandingtheproofsand
theirmeanings.
Thefirstopinionisthatithasbeenabrogated,andthattheoriginalrulingofthe
obligationofHijrahhasbeencutoff.Mostofthosewhoholdthisviewareofthe
Hanafs.alJasssconfirmedthisinhisbookAhkmalQurn,wherehesaid,
regardingtheSayingofAllh:
{Sodonottakeawliyfromthem,tilltheymigrateintheWayofAllh}1
ThismeansandAllhKnowsbestuntiltheyacceptIslmandmigrate,since
HijrahoccursafteroneacceptsIslm,andiftheyacceptIslm,thereisnoalliance
betweenusandthem,exceptaftertheymakeHijrah,andthisislikeHisSaying:
{youowenodutyofprotectiontothemuntiltheymigrate}2
andthiswaswhenHijrahwasanobligation,andtheProphet(peacebeupon
him)said:IamfreeofeveryMuslimwhosettlesamongstthepolytheists,and
IamfreeofeveryMuslimwholiveswithapolytheist.Itwasaskedofhim:
Why,OMessengerofAllh?Hereplied:Noneofthemshouldseeanylight
comingfrom(thehouseof)theother.3So,HijrahwasobligatoryuntilMakkah
wasconquered,afterwhichtheobligationofHijrahwasabrogated.Ithasbeen
narrated,ontheauthorityofIbnAbbs,thattheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)said,onthedayoftheconqueringofMakkah:Thereisnomore
Hijrah.Rather,thereisJihdandtheintentionforit.So,ifyouarecalledforth,
1anNis;89
2alAnfl;72
3Ab Dwd(2645),andalAlbn declareditsahh
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goforth.1Also,Ab SadalKhudr narratedthatamanaskedtheMessenger
ofAllh(peacebeuponhim)regardingHijrah,towhichtheProphetsaid:Woe
toyou!Verily,theaffairofHijrahisverydifficult.Doyouownanycamels?Themansaid:Yes.TheProphetasked:Doyoupaythecharitythatisdueon
theirbehalf?Themanreplied:Yes.TheProphetthensaid:Goondoing
gooddeedsfromacrosstheseas,forsurely,Allhwillnotleaveanyofyour
deedsunrewarded.2So,theProphet(peacebeuponhim)allowedthismanto
abandonmakingHijrah.Also,itwasnarratedthatamancametoAbdullhbin
Amrbinals,saying:Narratetomesomethingthatyouheardfromthe
MessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim),towhichAbdullhbinAmrsaid:I
heardtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)say:TheMuslimistheone
whoprotectstheMuslimsfromhistongueandhand,andthemuhjiristhe
onewhoabandonsthatwhichAllhhasforbidden.3(endofalJassass
words)
Likewise,Ibnbidn(theauthorofRaddalMihtral adDurralMukhtr)said:
AsforthesayingthattheonewhoacceptsIslmwithoutmakingHijrahtous
cannotinheritfromtheMuslimthatlivesinourland(DralIslm),andthatthe
MuslimwholivesinDralIslmcannotinheritfromtheonewhohasaccepted
IslmwithoutmakingHijrahtouswhetherornotheissecureinDralHarb
thisisrefutedbywhatsomeofourscholarshavesaid,thatthisappearstohavebeenintheearlydaysofIslm,backwhenHijrahwasanobligation.Doyounot
seethatAllhtheExaltedhasremovedanysortofprotectionbetweentheone
whomigratesandtheonewhodoesnotmigrate,whereHeSaid:
{Asforthosewhobelieved,butdidnotemigrate,youowenodutyofprotection
tothem,untiltheymigrate}4
so,whenanyprotectionwasnullifiedbetweenthem,sowasanyinheritance,astherulingofinheritanceistiedtothatofprotection.Asfortoday,theyshould
1alBukhr (3077)andMuslim(1864)
2alBukhr (1452)andMuslim(1865)
3alBukhr (10)
4alAnfl;72
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inheritfromeachother,astherulingofHijrahhasbeenabrogated,duetothe
sayingoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim):ThereisnoHijrahafterthe
conquering(ofMakkah).1
(endofIbnbidnswords)
Andmanysimilarstatementsweremadebesidesthoseofthesetwoscholars,
thatHijrahhasceased,sincetheProphet(peacebeuponhim)said:Thereisno
Hijrahaftertheconquering(ofMakkah),andhesaid:Hijrahhasbeencut
off.ThereisonlyJihd,andtheintentionforit.Ithasalsobeennarratedthat
SafwnbinUmayyah,whenheacceptedIslm,itwassaidtohim:Thereisno
religionfortheonewhodoesnotemigrate.So,hecametoMadnah,andthe
Prophet(peacebeuponhim)said:Whathasbroughtyouhere,AbWahb?
Hereplied:Itwassaidtomethatthereisnoreligionfortheonewhodoesnot
migrate.So,theProphetsaidtohim:Return,OAbWahb,tothedepthsof
Makkah,andstaywhereyoureside,asHijrahhasbeencutoff.Thereisonly
Jihdandtheintentionforit.2
Thesecondopinion,whichistheopinionofthemajority aswellassomeofthe
Hanafswhocontradictedtheopinionoftheirownmadhhab suchasalHasan,
whosawthattherulingoftheverseappliestoeveryonewhosettlesinDral
Harb,andsawthatHijrahtoDralIslmisforeverobligatory,andthisopinionof
hiswasreportedbyalJasss,whodifferedwithhimoverthis.
Otherswhocarriedthesameopinionandthisisbynomeansanexhaustivelist
includealKhattb,atTayyib,anNawaw,alHfidhIbnHajaralAsqaln,
IbnQudmahalMaqdis,IbnalArab,IbnTaymiyyah,aswellashisstudent,
IbnalQayyim,ashShawkn,andthosewhocameafterthem.Alsonarrating
thisopinion,andconsideringittobethestrongest,havebeentheleadersofthe
Salaf Dawah,startingwiththereviverMuhammadbinAbdalWahhb,allthe
wayuptoMuhammadbinIbrhm.3
Regardingthis,IbnArab said,inAhkmalQurn:
1alBukhr (6/3)andMuslim(3/1487)
2ReportedintheSunanofSadbinMansr
3RefertothechapteronJihdinthesecondprintingofadDurarasSaniyyah.Thiswasalsothe
opinionoftheShaykh,theAllmahIbnBz,aswellasShaykhAbdarRazzqAff (mayAllh
haveMercyuponthemall).
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HijrahistoleaveDralHarbforDralIslm,anditwasobligatoryinthetimeof
theMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim),andthisrulingcontinued
afterwardsfortheonewhofearsforhimself.WhathasbeencutoffistheoriginalgoalofspecificallymigratingtotheProphet(peacebeuponhim),whichiswhy
hesaid:thereisonlyJihdandtheintentionforit.
atTayyib andotherssaid:Themeaningisthattherequirementofevery
individualoftheHijrahthatconsistedofleavingoneshomelandtoMadnahhas
ceased,butthattherulingofleavingoneshomelandforJihdremains,justasit
remainsforanyotherrighteousintention,suchastoescapefromDralKufr,to
gooutinpursuitofknowledge,ortoescapefromfitan.
anNawaw said:Whatismeantisthattheattainablegoodthatwascutoffwith
thecuttingoffoftheHijrahcouldalsobeattainedbyJihd,aswellasarighteous
intention.
IbnQudmahsaid,inalMughn,respondingtothosewhoviewtherulingas
abrogated:
WehavewhathasbeennarratedbyMuwiyah,thathesaid:Iheardthe
MessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)say:Hijrahwillnotbecutoffuntil
repentanceiscutoff,andrepentancewillneverbecutoffuntiltheSunrisesfromtheWest.1ItwasalsonarratedthattheProphet(peacebeuponhim)said:
HijrahwillnotbecutoffaslongasthereisJihd.2Withthis,aswellasallof
therelevantversesandvariousnarrationsthatlendprooftothis,onecanseethat
theimplicationsofthisrulingspanalltimes.
Asfortheahadththattheybringasproof:
WhattheProphetmeantbyThereisnoHijrahaftertheconqueringisthat
thereisnoHijrahfromalandthathasbeenconqueredbytheMuslims.Asforhis
statementtoSafwn:Hijrahhasbeencutoff,thisisinreferencetoMakkah,
asHijrahistoleavethelandsofthedisbelievers.So,ifthislandisconquered,itis
nolongerconsideredtobealandofthedisbelievers,andHijrahisnolonger
obligatoryfromthatland.Likewise,anylandthathasbeenconqueredbyIslm
1alAlbn declareditsahhinSahhSunanAb Dwd(2166)
2alAlbn declareditsahhinSahhalJmi(1991)andasSilsilahasSahhah(1674)
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isnolongeralandfromwhichHijrahistobemade.Rather,Hijrahistobemade
toit.(endofIbnQudmahswords)
Thisisaverysummarizedanalysisoftheissue,andtheintelligentandinsightful
observerwillfindthattheopinionofthemajoritythattherulingisnot
abrogated,andthattherulingstillstands,isthestrongeropinion,asitismore
incumbentuponustoactaccordingtobothsetsofproofs,asopposedtosimply
oneofthem.Onecannotbeconvincedoftheopinionoftherulingbeing
abrogatedunlessheavoidsreconcilingbetweenthetextualproofs,and
reconciliationbetweentheproofsisverypossible thankstoAllhasthe
majorityofthescholarshaverespondedtothoseholdingtheopposingopinionof
abrogation.
WhatremainsforusistorealizethatthosewhoopinedthattherulingonHijrah
stillstands,andthatitremains,havedifferedastowhetheritisobligatory
(wjib),preferred(mustahabb),orencouraged(mandb),andifIhadwantedto
presentthestatementsofthepeopleofknowledgeinthisregard,thelengthof
thisresearchwouldbebeyondwhatisappropriate,andthereaderwould
becomelost.However,withalittleeffort,Iwillsummarizetheissuebysaying
that,inregardstotheissueofHijrah,wecannotruleittobeunrestrictedlywjib,
justaswecannotruleittobeunrestrictedlymandborpermissible(mubh).
Rather,onelooksatthedetailedconditionsandcircumstancesoftheMuhjir,theconditionsandcircumstancesofthelandfromwhichheismigrating,aswellas
thoseofthelandtowhichheismigrating.Inanycase,assumingthatheis
migratingfromalandofkufrtoalandofIslm,oralandofsintoalandofpiety,
thisresidentofDralKufrseekingtomigratetoDralIslmwillfindhimselfin
oneoffoursituations,whichIwilldescribeinthenextsection.
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TheFourPossibleSituationsoftheMuhjir,andTheirRelevant
Rulings
TheMuhjirwillfindthathefallsunderoneofthefollowingfourcategories:
HeisunabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDralKufr,andhehasthe
abilitytomakeHijrah
HeisunabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDralKufr,andheisunable
tomakeHijrah
Heisable
to
openly
practice
his
religion
in
DralKufr,
and
he
isunable
to
makeHijrah,ifheweretowishtodoso
HeisabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDralKufr,andhehasthe
abilitytomakeHijrah,ifheweretowishtodoso
AsforthefirstsituationthatheisunabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDr
alKufr,andheisabletomigratefromtherethescholarsareunanimously
agreedthatHijrahinthissituationisobligatory(wjib),1andwhoeverdoesnot
migrateisunderthethreatofpunishment,andhebecomesonewhomthe
MessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)categoricallydisassociatedhimselffrom.Infact,ifsuchapersonhappenedtobeawomanwhocouldnotfinda
mahram,andshefeltthatshecouldsafelymakeherwayoutofDralKufr,or
thatthedangerofremaininginDralKufroutweighedthedangerofher
travelingonherown,Hijrahbecomesobligatoryuponher,2duetoAllhs
Saying:
1ThiswillbeclarifiedlateroninthewordsofashShawkn.AndinalJmialMuhadhab,he
said:AsfortheobligationofHijrahfromDralKufr,thescholarsdifferedovertheobligation
andlackofobligationofdoingso.AsfortheobligationofHijrahfromDralHarb,theyare
unanimouslyagreedonthis.
2Thisisoneofthesituationsinwhichthescholarshaveallowedawomantotravelwithouta
mahram,providedthewayissafe.ThisisduetotheimportanceofHijrah,anditsstatusasthe
criterionbetweenthosewhohavetruefaithandthosewhodonot.
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{Verily,asforthosewhomtheAngelstakewhiletheyarewrongingthemselves,
they(Angels)willsay: Inwhatconditionwereyou? Theywillreply:Wewere
weakandoppressedonEarth. Theywillsay:WasnottheEarthofAllh
spaciousenoughforyoutoemigratetherein? Suchmenwillfindtheirabodein
Hell whatanevildestination!}1
Andthisversecontainsaseverethreatwhichcouldneverbemadeexceptinthe
caseofonewhoperformssomethingforbidden,orabandonsanobligation.Itis
alsoobligatoryduetothehadthofJarrbinAbdillh:IamfreeofeveryMuslimwhosettlesamongstthepolytheists,2aswellas:Hijrahwillneverbe
cutoff,solongastheenemyisfought.3Asforthehadth:ThereisnoHijrah
aftertheconquering,thismeansthatthereisnoHijrahfromMakkahafterits
conquering,duetoitsstatusasaDralIslmuntiltheDayofResurrection,and
thisistheopinionofthemajorityofthepeopleofknowledgeinregardstothe
meaningofthishadth,exceptforafewamongstthem.
InSubulasSalm,asSann said:
Thishadth4isaproofoftheobligationofHijrahfromthelandsofthe
polytheists,besidesMakkah,andthisistheopinionofthemajority,duetothe
hadthofJarr,andduetowhatwasreportedinmarfform:Allhdoesnot
acceptfromapolytheistanyactionafterhisenteringintoIslm,untilhe
separateshimselffromthepolytheiststobewiththeMuslims,5andduetothe
generalimplicationsofAllhsSaying:
1anNis;97
2atTirmidh (4/155),andalAlbn declareditsahh
3Ahmad(1/192),andalHaytham saidthatitsmenaretrustworthy
4Heisreferringtothehadth:IamfreeofeveryMuslimwhosettlesamongstthepolytheists,
andIbnHajarsaid,inBulghalMarm:ItwasnarratedbyAb Dwd,atTirmidh,andan
Nas,anditschainissahh.
5IbnMjah(2536)andatTirmidh (4/155),andalAlbn declaredithasaninasSilsilahas
Sahhah(369)andIrwalGhall(5/32)
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{Verily,asforthosewhomtheAngelstakewhiletheyarewrongingthemselves,
they(Angels)willsay: Inwhatconditionwereyou? Theywillreply:Wewere
weakandoppressedonEarth. Theywillsay:WasnottheEarthofAllh
spaciousenoughforyoutoemigratetherein? Suchmenwillfindtheirabodein
Hell whatanevildestination!}1
AndtheminorityofscholarsareoftheopinionthatHijrahisnotmandatory,and
thattheahdthregardingthisareallabrogatedbythefollowinghadthofIbn
Abbs(mayAllhbePleasedwithhim):ThereisnoHijrahaftertheconquering(ofMakkah).Rather,thereisJihdandtheintentionforit.They
saidthatthisnarrationisgeneral,anditabrogatestheHijrahpreviously
mentioned,andthattheProphetdidnotorderthoseoftheArabswhohad
enteredintoIslmtomigratetohim,andhedidnotreprimandthemfor
remainingintheirlands,andbecausetheMessengerofAllh(peacebeupon
him),whenhesentoutaninvadingarmy,wouldsaytotheirleader:Whenyou
meetyourenemiesfromtheMushrikn,invitethemtothreecoursesofaction.
Iftheyrespondtoanyoneofthese,youalsoacceptit,andwithholdyourself
fromdoingthemanyharm.InvitethemtoIslm.Iftheyrespondtoyou,accept
itfromthemanddesistfromfightingagainstthem.Then,invitethemto
migratefromtheirlandstothelandoftheMuhjirn,andinformthemthatif
theydoso,theyshallhavealltheprivilegesandobligationsoftheMuhjirn.
Iftheyrefusetomigrate,tellthemthattheywillhavethestatusofthe
Bedouins(alArb),andwillbesubjectedtotheCommandsofAllh,likethe
believers2So,here,hedidnotobligatethemtoperformHijrah,andtheother
ahdtharetobeinterpretedtobeinregardstotheonewhodoesnotfeelsecure
inpracticinghisreligion,andtheysaidthatthisishowwereconcilebetweenthe
narrations.
ThosewhosawtheobligationofHijrahrepliedtothisbysayingthatthehadth
thatsaysthatthereisnoHijrahisreferringspecificallytoMakkah,asisproven
bytheProphetssaying:aftertheconqueringasHijrahwasobligatory
fromMakkahbeforeitwasconquered.
1anNis;97
2Muslim(1731)
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ashShfi said,inAhkmalQurn:
AndtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)obligatedtheonewhoisable
toperformHijrahtoleaveifhewasfromthosewhowasputtotrialinregardsto
theirreligion,andwasnotpreventedfromleaving.So,itwassaid,inregardstoa
manwhohaddied,andsatbehindratherthanmigrate:
{Verily,asforthosewhomtheAngelstakewhiletheyarewrongingthemselves,they(Angels)willsay: Inwhatconditionwereyou? Theywillreply:Wewere
weakandoppressedonEarth. Theywillsay:WasnottheEarthofAllh
spaciousenoughforyoutoemigratetherein? Suchmenwillfindtheirabodein
Hell whatanevildestination!}1
AndAllhtheMightyandMajesticclarifiedtheexcuseoftheweak:
{Excepttheweakonesfromthemen,women,andchildrenwhocannotdevisea
plan,noraretheyabletodirecttheirway.Forthese,itmightbethatAllhwill
forgivethem,andAllhisEverPardoning,Forgiving.}2
Anditissaidthatthephraseitmightbe,whenitcomesfromAllh,impliesan
obligationHehasplaceduponHimself.AndtheSunnahoftheMessengerof
Allh(peacebeuponhim)hasproventhatHijrahisobligatoryfortheable
bodiedonewhofearsbeingputtotrialbecauseofhisreligion,tothelandin
whichhewillfeelsafe,astheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)allowed
somepeopletoremaininMakkahaftertheirenteringIslmincludingal
AbbsbinAbdalMuttalib,andothersiftheydidnotfearfitnahfor
themselves.Andheusedtocommandhisarmiestosaytothose(enemies)who
hadacceptedIslm:Ifyoumigrate,youwillhavewhatisfortheMuhjirn,and
1anNis;97
2anNis;9899
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ifyouremain,thenyouareliketheBedouins,andhewouldgivethemno
choicebesidesthese.(endofashShfiswords)
AndtheauthorofNaylalAwtrashShawkn said,underthetopicLiving
AmongsttheDisbelievers:
AndIbnalArab said:HijrahistoleaveDralHarbforDralIslm,anditwas
obligatoryduringthetimeoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim),andthis
obligationcontinuedafterhistimefortheonewhofearsforhimself.Andithas
beensaidinalBahr1thatthereisconsensusthatHijrahisobligatoryfromDral
Kufr,tothepointthattheonewhoabandonsdoingthishascommittedanactof
disobedience.AndJafarbinMubashirandsomeoftheHdawiyyah2saidthat
Hijrahisobligatoryfromthelandsofdisobedienceandsin,andtheyderivedthis
rulingbywayofqiys3withtherulingregardingDralKufr,anditisaqiys
betweentwodifferentissues.Thetruthisthatitisnotobligatorytomigratefrom
alandofsin,asitisstillconsideredtobeDralIslm,andtocompareDral
IslmtoDralKufrsimplybecauseofthepresenceofopendisobedienceinitis
notappropriatewhenitcomestoexplainingthisissue.Andinregardstothe
typesofdiyr,andthelegitimateexcusesfornotmigratingfromthem,the
Fuqahhaveconductedmanydetailedresearcheswhicharenotappropriateto
gointohere.(endofashShawknswords)
FromthesestatementsthataresupportedwithproofsfromtheSharah,it
becomescleartousthatHijrahinthisfirstsituationisanindividualobligation,
andthereisnottheleastbitofdoubtinthis.
Asforthesecondsituationthatheisunabletoopenlypracticehisreligionin
DralKufr,andheisunabletomakeHijrahthescholarshaveagreedinthis
situationthatHijrahisnotanobligation,andthereisnoknowndifferenceof
opinionregardingthispoint.AndthisisduetoHisSaying:
1HeisreferringtothebookalBahrazZikhralJmiliMadhhibUlamalAmsr,anditisa
bookofZaydFiqhbyAhmadalMurtad,anditisin6volumes.
2ThisisasectoftheShahthatascribesitselftoMuhammadbinalHd,anditwaswidespread
inYemenduringthetimeofasSann.HewouldutilizemanyoftheirFiqhopinionsduetotheir
beingsowidespread.
3 Qiys:analogicalreasoning(TN)
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{Excepttheweakonesfromthemen,women,andchildrenwhocannotdevisea
plan,noraretheyabletodirecttheirway.Forthese,itmightbethatAllhwill
forgivethem,andAllhisEverPardoning,Forgiving.}1
Andthelackofabilityherecanbeduetosickness,coerciontoremaininDral
Kufr,orweaknesssuchasthatofwomen,theelderly,etc.oranyothertypeof
inabilitythatremovestheobligationofHijrahfromone.
IbnQudmahsaid,inalMughn:
Thesecondsituationisinregardstotheonewhoisnotobligedtomigrate,and
thisistheonewhohastheinabilitytodoso,whetherthisisduetosickness,
coercion,weaknessofwomenandtheelderly,andthatwhichissimilar.So,such
peoplearenotobligedtomigrate,duetotheSayingofAllh:
{Excepttheweakonesfromthemen,women,andchildrenwhocannotdevisea
plan,noraretheyabletodirecttheirway.Forthese,itmightbethatAllhwill
forgivethem,andAllhisEverPardoning,Forgiving.}2
Becauseofthis,ashShfi said,inalUmmandAhkmalQurn:So,Allh
theMightyandMajestichasexcusedthosewhohavebeenputtotrialwhoare
unabletoperformHijrah,andSaid:
{WhoeverdisbelievedinAllhafterhisbelief excepthewhoisforcedtodoso,
1anNis;98
2anNis;98
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andhisheartisatrestwithfaith butthosewhoopentheircheststodisbelief,
uponthemisWrathfromAllh,andagreattormentwillbetheirs.}1
AndhesenttothemtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)totellthem
thatAllhtheMightyandMajestichadmadeawayoutforthem,andAllh
theMightyandMajestichadclarifiedtheexcuseoftheoppressed,whereHe
Said:
{Excepttheweakonesfromthemen,women,andchildrenwhocannotdevisea
plan,noraretheyabletodirecttheirway.Forthese,itmightbethatAllhwillforgivethem,andAllhisEverPardoning,Forgiving.}2
Anditissaidthatthephraseitmightbe,whenitcomesfromAllh,impliesan
obligationHehasplaceduponHimself.AndtheSunnahoftheMessengerof
Allh(peacebeuponhim)hasproventhatHijrahisobligatoryfortheable
bodiedonewhofearsbeingputtotrialbecauseofhisreligion,tothelandin
whichhewillfeelsafe,astheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)allowed
somepeopletoremaininMakkahaftertheirenteringIslmincludingal
AbbsbinAbdalMuttalib,andothersiftheydidnotfearfitnahfor
themselves.Andheusedtocommandhisarmiestosaytothose(enemies)who
hadacceptedIslm:Ifyoumigrate,youwillhavewhatisfortheMuhjirn,and
ifyouremain,thenyouareliketheBedouins,andhewouldgivethemno
choicebesidesthese.(endofIbnQudmahswords)
AndIbnTaymiyyahsaid,inalFatw(volume18):
So,thisHijrahwaslegislatedwhenMakkahandotherthanitwereconsidered
tobeDralKufrandDralHarb,andfaithwasinMadnah.So,HijrahfromDr
alKufrtoDralIslmwasobligatoryfortheonewhowasabletoperformit.
AsforthethirdsituationthatheisabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDr
alKufr,andisunabletoperformHijrahifheweretowishtodosothisdoesnot
differfromthesecondsituationexceptintheaspectofopenlypracticingthe
Religion.Here,hecanpracticehisreligion,andintheprevioussituation,he
1anNahl;106
2anNis;98
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cannot.So,ifwesaidinthesecondsituationthatHijrahisnotobligatoryupon
him,andthatitispermissibleforhimtoremainuntilAllhtheExalted
makesawayoutforhim,itismoreincumbentthatwemakethesamerulingforthissituation.However,itisnecessaryinbothcasesthatonetakeswhatever
opportunityhecan,andexertsallpossibleeffortsinescapingandmigrating
fromtheselands.
AsforthefourthsituationthatheisabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDr
alKufr,andheisabletoperformHijrahifheweretowishtodosothisiswhere
onetieshishorse,sotospeak,asthescholarshavedifferedoverthis.So,someof
themdidnotseethatHijrahhadtobeperformed.Infact,aswewilllater
mention,someoftheShfisevenconsidereditforbiddenifheisableto
worshipAllhandcallpeopletoIslm!Ontheotherhand,thereareofthe
scholarsthosewhostillconsideredHijrahobligatoryinthiscase,andsaw
whoeverdidntperformitasasinner.
Andbeforedelvingintotheevidencesofthetwogroupsandclarifyingthe
strongestopinion,itisnecessarytoknowthatHijrahcantakeplaceinanumber
ofdifferentforms:fromDralKufrtoDralIslm,fromalandofinnovationtoa
landoftheSunnah,fromalandofsintoalandofrighteousness, andfromaland
mostlyruledbyIslmtoalandthatiscompletelyruledbyIslm,andtheruling
onHijrahdiffersinaccordancewiththedifferentformsofitmentionedabove.
AndthesituationthatIwishtospeakaboutincludingthedifferencesof
opinion,evidences,andstrongestopinionisnottheHijrahthatissimply
encouraged(mustahabb),thattakesplacefromalandofinnovationtoalandfree
ofinnovation,oralandofsinanddisobediencetoalandthatisfreeofthese
things.Rather,IwishtospeakabouttheHijrahfromDralKufrtoDralIslm.
Or,tobemoreprecise,fromalandwhoseinhabitantsaremostlyMuslims,and
whoserulerisanapostate,andallowmetosay:itsinhabitantsareMuslims,and
mostofthelawsthatareimplementedinitarethoseofIslm,andtheopen,clear
cutdisbelief(kufrbawh)isevidenttothestudentsofknowledge,butisunknown
tothepeopleduetothedeceptionofthescholarsandothers,aswellasgeneral
ignoranceofthereligionofAllh.
Forexample,considerthesituationofoneoftheArablandswhosepopulations
areallMusliminfact,themosquesareeverywhere,theyprayincongregation,
andthesoundoftheAdhnfillsonesearsatalltimesofthedayyet,therulers
ruletheirsubjectswithmanmadelawswhicharefalselyreferredtoasIslmic
laws orderivedfromIslmiclaws,astheyclaim andthecourtsystemsare
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alsobasedonmanmadelaws,andtheeducationalsystemissecularized,andthe
opencalltohatingthedisbelieversanddisassociatingfromthemandtheirways
isacrimethattheregimeprevents,andJihdisputoff,andwhoeverissuspectedofhavingeverengagedinJihdispunished,andthedisbelieversarealliedwith
againsttheMuslims.Andfromwhatthetonguecannotdescribe,andwhichonly
makethesituationbleaker,isthatasmallviscousgroupofthegovernment
scholarsregurgitatenightandday,saying:Theseareourlegitimaterulersto
whomobedienceandfollowingismandatory,andwhoeverdoesnotdosowill
dieadeathofjhiliyyah!Here,thebigquestioncomes:whatistherulingon
landsthatareasdescribedabove?AndwhatistherulingonHijrahfromthese
landsifthesituationisasdescribed,andiftheMuslimisunabletoopenly
practicehisreligioninthem?
ThereisnodoubtthattherulingontheselandsisthattheyarenotMuslim
lands.Rather,theyarelandsofkufr.TheycanalsobeconsideredDrMurakkabah
(alandwhoseconditionismixed),asIbnTaymiyyahdescribedthelandsof
Mrdn.IleantowardstheopinionofIbnTaymiyyah,sincetheemergenceof
suchlandsoccurredinhistime,andwereconsideredtobenewsituations
(nawzil)forwhichhemadeijtihdtobringaboutthecategorizationofsuch
lands.Inanycase,thedisputeislinguistic,asifwelookedtotherulingofHijrah
fromsuchlands,theoneswhoclassifythemasDrKufrandDrMurakkabah
bothagreethatHijrahfromsuchlandsisobligatoryfortheonewhocannotopenlypracticehisreligion,andnobodydifferedfromthisrulingexceptasmall
groupoftheHanafs,aswillbecomeevidentnow.
TheFirstOpinionRegardingtheFourthSituation:thosewhoruledthatHijrah
isnotobligatoryinsuchasituation,asAllhtheExaltedhasexcusedusfrom
this,anditismerelypreferred(mustahabb).Thisisthecommonopinionofthe
Hanafs.
Thefirstproofpresentedforthisposition:theHanafssaidthatHijrahfromDral
Harbisnotanobligation,duetothehadth:ThereisnoHijrahafterthe
conquering.Rather,thereisJihdandtheintentionforit.Andinanother
narration,itissaid:Hijrahhasbeencutoff.ThereisonlyJihdandthe
intentionforit.Asforthehadth:Then,invitethemtomigratefromtheir
landstothelandoftheMuhjirn,theysaythishasbeenabrogatedby:
ThereisnoHijrahaftertheconquering.Rather,thereisJihdandthe
intentionforit.So,theysaythatthisconstitutesageneralabrogationofthe
obligationofHijrah,astheProphet(peacebeuponhim)didnotorderthose
ArabswhohadacceptedIslmtomigratetohim,andhedidnotreprimand
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themforremainingintheirlands,andbecausehe(peacebeuponhim),whenhe
wouldsendoutaninvadingarmy,wouldsaytoitsleader:Whenyoumeet
yourenemiesfromtheMushrikn,invitethemtothreecoursesofaction.Iftheyrespondtoanyoneofthese,youalsoacceptit,andwithholdyourself
fromdoingthemanyharm.InvitethemtoIslm.Iftheyrespondtoyou,accept
itfromthemanddesistfromfightingagainstthem.Then,invitethemto
migratefromtheirlandstothelandoftheMuhjirn,andinformthemthatif
theydoso,theyshallhavealltheprivilegesandobligationsoftheMuhjirn.
Iftheyrefusetomigrate,tellthemthattheywillhavethestatusoftheBedouin
Muslims(alArb),andwillbesubjectedtotheCommandsofAllh,likethe
believersSo,here,hedidnotobligateHijrahuponthem.
Thesecondproof:whathasbeenrelatedtousbySadbinMansr,inhisSunan
andtheoriginalstoryisinthetwoSahhsthatSafwnbinUmayyah,whenhe
acceptedIslm,itwassaidtohim:Thereisnoreligionfortheonewhodoesnot
emigrate.So,hecametoMadnah,andtheProphet(peacebeuponhim)said:
Whathasbroughtyouhere,AbWahb?Hereplied:Itwassaidtomethat
thereisnoreligionfortheonewhodoesnotmigrate.So,theProphetsaidto
him:Return,OAbWahb,tothedepthsofMakkah,andstaywhereyou
reside,asHijrahhasbeencutoff.ThereisonlyJihdandtheintentionforit.
Thethirdproof:thehadthofAb SadalKhudr,thatamanaskedtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)regardingHijrah,towhichtheProphetsaid:Woe
toyou!Verily,theaffairofHijrahisverydifficult.Doyouownanycamels?
Themansaid:Yes.TheProphetasked:Doyoupaythecharitythatisdueon
theirbehalf?Themanreplied:Yes.TheProphetthensaid:Goondoing
gooddeedsfromacrosstheseas,forsurely,Allhwillnotleaveanyofyour
deedsunrewarded.ThepointhereisthattheMessenger(peacebeuponhim)
permittedtheabandonmentofHijrah.
Thefourthproof:thatAbdullhbinAmrsaid:IheardtheMessengerofAllh
(peacebeuponhim)say:TheMuslimistheonewhoprotectstheMuslims
fromhistongueandhand,andthemuhjiristheonewhoabandonsthat
whichAllhhasforbidden.So,here,theProphet(peacebeuponhim)defined
Hijrahastheabandonmentofdisobedienceandsins.
Thefifthproof:theysaythateveryhadthbesidesthehadthofIbnAbbs(There
isnoHijrahaftertheconquering),thatcarrythecommandforHijrah,istobe
interpretedtobeinregardstotheonewhoisnotsecureinpracticinghisreligion,
andthisishowtheyreconcilebetweenthetexts.
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AndsomeoftheShfissawthatfortheonewhocanpracticehisreligioninDr
alHarb,secludehimselfinaprivatelocation,andavoidthedisbelievers,Hijrahisforbidden,becausetheareainwhichhehassecludedhimselfhasnowbecome
DralIslmduetohisavoidanceofthedisbelievers.So,byleavingthislocation,
hereturnsittotheauthorityofthedisbelievers,andthisissomethingthatisnot
allowed,aseveryareawhoseinhabitantsareabletoavoidthedisbelievers
becomesDralIslm.1
Andfromwhatmightsupportthisviewiswhathasbeenreportedinthefatw
ofShihbadDnarRaml ashShfi,2wherehewasaskedabouttheMuslims
whowerelivinginanareaofAndalusiacalledArghn,undertheauthorityofa
Christianrulerwhowouldtakefromtheircropsonlywhattheywouldgivehim,
wouldnotoppressivelytakemorethanthis,andwouldnottransgressagainst
theirwealthorlives.Also,theyhadmosquestoprayin,couldfastinRamadn,
paycharity,freetheirprisonersthathadfallenintothehandsoftheChristians,
openlyestablishthelawsofIslm,asmandated,andopenlyapplythe
fundamentalsoftheSharah,asnecessaryandnoChristianwouldopposethem
forasinglereligiousactoftheirs.Likewise,theywouldsupplicateintheir
sermonsfortheleadersoftheMuslimswithoutmentioningspecificnames
andwouldaskAllhtogivethemvictory,andtodestroytheirdisbelieving
enemies.Withallofthis,theywereinfearthattheyweresinningbyremaininginthelandsofthedisbelievers.So,theywereinquiringastowhetherornot
Hijrahwasobligatoryuponthemwhiletheyareabletoopenlypracticetheir
religion,withtheassumptionthattherewerenoguaranteesthattheywouldnot
eventuallybeforcedtoleaveIslm,andthatthelawsofthelandwouldnotbe
forceduponthem.Also,amanfromtheaforementionedlandhadtraveledto
1ShaykhAb BasratTarts said:Suchareas,justastheyexistintheArablands,alsoexistin
theEuropeanandWesternlands,whereyouwouldfindneighborhoodsthatarecompletely
barrenoftheremembranceofAllhtheExaltedorofthepresenceofanyMuslims,letalone
anymosquesinwhichcongregationalprayersaremade.Atthesametime,youwouldfindotherneighborhoods,themajorityofwhoseinhabitantsareMuslims,andyouwouldnotfindasingle
nonMuslimthere.Youwouldfindmosques,Islmicschools,etc.,tothepointthatyouwould
thinkyouwereinalandofIslm,orthatyouwerenotinEurope.So,insuchacase,thereisno
doubtthatitispreferredfortheMuslimsresidingintheWesttoremainintheseneighborhoods
thatcontainmostlyMuslims,andwhichcontainmosquesforFridayandcongregationalprayers,
asthisispurerforthem.AndAllhKnowsbest.(TN)
2HeisMuhammadbinAhmadbinHamzaharRaml ashShfi.Hewasbornin919A.D.,and
hewasfromthemajorFuqahoftheShfis.HebecamethetopShfi scholarinEgypt,and
fromhismostfamousworksareNihyatalMukhtaril SharhalMinhj.(TN)
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fulfilltheobligationofHajjwithoutthepermissionofhisparents,outoffearthat
theywouldpreventhimfromgoing,anditwasaskedwhetherornothisHajj
wasvalid,inlightofthefactthatitwasdonewithoutthepermissionofhisparents,aswellaswhetherornotitwaspermissibleforhimtoreturntohis
parentswhowerelivinginthisland.
So,heanswered:
HijrahisnotobligatoryfortheseMuslimsfromtheirlands,andthisisdueto
theirabilitytoopenlypracticetheirreligion,andbecausetheMessengerofAllh
(peacebeuponhim)sentUthmntoMakkahonthedayofalHudaybiyahdue
tohisabilitytoopenlypracticehisreligioninit.Infact,itisnotallowedforthem
tomigratefromthisland,becauseitishopedthatotherswillacceptIslm
becauseoftheirpresencethere,andbecausethispieceoflandisnowconsidered
DralIslm.So,iftheymigratefromit,itwillreverttobeingDralHarb.And
fromwhatwasmentionedinthequestionofopenlypracticingthepureSharah,
andthelackofoppositionfromthedisbelieverstothembecauseofthisforallof
theselongyears,itcanbesafelybeassumedthattheyaresecurefrombeing
forcedtoleaveIslm,orhavingthelawsofdisbeliefforceduponthem,and
AllhKnowstheonewhomakesmischieffromtheonewhomakespeace.
AsforthemanwhowentoutfortheobligationofHajjwithoutthepermissionofhisparents,thereisnoprobleminthis,ashisparentsdonothavetherightto
preventhimfromtheobligatoryHajj,justasinthecaseofprayerandfasting.
Anditisallowedforhimtoreturntohisparentsintheaforementionedland
aftercompletinghisHajjrituals,andhisHajjisvalid,andhisobligationis
fulfilled.(endofarRamlswords)
AndthisopinionisalsosupportedbywhatisstatedinIbnQudmahsal
Mughn:
Andthethirdcaseinwhichitismustahabbnotobligatoryiswhenoneisable
tomigrate,whileheisalsoabletopracticehisreligioninDralKufr.So,itis
preferredforhimtomigrateinordertobeabletocarryoutJihdagainstthem,
increasethenumbersoftheMuslims,aidthem,andridhimselfofbeingonewho
increasesthenumbersofthedisbelievers,mixeswiththem,andwitnessestheir
evil.However,aswasstated,itisnotobligatoryuponhimtomigrate,duetohis
abilitytofulfilltheobligatoryaspectsofhisreligionwithoutmigrating.Andal
Abbs,theuncleoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim)wasresidinginMakkahas
aMuslim.Andwehavenarrated,asisinalIsbahf TamyzasSahbah:Nam
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anNahhm,whenhedesiredtomigrate,wasapproachedbyhistribeofBan
Udayy.So,theysaidtohim:Staywithus,andremainuponyourreligion.We
willprotectyoufromanywhowishtohurtyou.Andhewouldlivewiththeorphansandwidows,notperformingHijrahforsometime.Afterwards,he
migrated,andtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)saidtohim:Your
peoplewerebettertoyouthanmypeopleweretome.Mypeopleexpelledme,
andwishedtokillme,whileyourpeopleprotectedyouandrepelledanyharm
fromyou.So,hesaid:OMessengerofAllh!Rather,yourpeopleexpelledyou
totheobedienceofAllh,andJihdagainstHisenemies,whilemypeoplekept
mebackfromHijrahandtheobedienceofAllh.
Andthereisanunderlyingreasonthatsupportsthisopinion,anditiswhatIbn
alArabwroteinAhkmalQurn:
AndIhadsaidtoourshaykh,theasceticImmAb BakralFahr:Leavethe
landofEgypttoyourland.So,hewouldreply:Idonotwishtoenteraland
thathasbeenoverwhelmedwithignoranceandlackoflogic.So,Iwouldsayto
him:Then,gotoMakkah,andresideinthecompanyofAllhandHis
Messenger(peacebeuponhim),asyouknowthattoleavetheselandsis
obligatory,duetowhattheycontainofinnovationandsin.Hereplied:Andin
it,manyhavebeenguidedtoTawhdbymyhands,andIamabletoturnpeople
awayfromevilbeliefs,andIamabletocalluponAllhtheMightyandMajestic
AndalMawrd said:Ifheisabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninthelandsof
thedisbelievers,thislandhasbecomeDralIslmforhim.So,remaininginitis
betterthanleavingit,duetothehopethatotherswillenterintoIslmasaresult
ofthis.1
Andthesearethemostwellknownandclearestofsuchproofs.
TheSecondOpinionRegardingtheFourthSituation:thosewhoruledthat
Hijrahisobligatory,andthattheonewhofailstodosoisinastateofsin,since
Allhdidnotexcusehim.Thisistheopinionofthemajority,includingthe
Mliks,Shfis,andHambals.
1ashShawkn said,inNaylalAwtr:Andtheconflictthatthisbringsaboutwiththeahdth
thatforbidresidenceinDralKufrisnothidden.
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Andtheproofsforthispositionareessentiallyalloftheproofsthatwere
mentionedforthefirstconditionofthepotentialMuhjir,andthesedonotneed
toberepeatedhere.Rather,wewilljustmentionthemostimportantpoints,bywayofreminder.
ThefirstproofisHisSaying:
{Verily,asforthosewhomtheAngelstakewhiletheyarewrongingthemselves,
they(Angels)willsay: Inwhatconditionwereyou? Theywillreply:WewereweakandoppressedonEarth. Theywillsay:WasnottheEarthofAllh
spaciousenoughforyoutoemigratetherein? Suchmenwillfindtheirabodein
Hell whatanevildestination!}1
Also,thereisthesayingoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim):Iamfreeofevery
Muslimwhosettlesamongstthepolytheists,andIamfreeofeveryMuslim
wholiveswithapolytheist.Itwasaskedofhim:Why,OMessengerof
Allh?Hereplied:Noneofthemshouldseeanylightcomingfrom(the
houseof)theother.2
Also,thereisthehadth:Hijrahwillneverbecutoff,solongastheenemyis
fought.3
AndtheyrepliedtotheahdththatseeminglyabrogatetheHijrah,suchas:
ThereisnoHijrahaftertheconquering,andHijrahhasbeencutoff,and
similarnarrationsthathavebeenpreviouslymentioned,sayingthatthemeaning
ofthemisthatthereisnomigrationfromMakkahafteritwasconquered,dueto
itsbecomingDralIslmtotheDayofJudgement,andhis(peacebeuponhim)
sayingtoSafwn:Verily,HijrahhasbeencutoffisinregardstotheHijrahfromMakkah,becauseHijrahistoleavetheDralKufr.So,ifsuchalandwereto
beconquered,itwouldnolongerbeconsideredDralKufr,andtherewouldno
1anNis;97
2Ab Dawd(2645),andalAlbn declareditsahh
3Ahmad(1/192),andalHaytham saidthatitsmenaretrustworthy
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longerbeaneedtomigratefromit.Likewise,anylandthatisconqueredisno
longeralandfromwhichHijrahismade.Rather,Hijrahismadetoit.
TheStrongestOpinion:
Verily,theonewhoreflectsoverthetwoopinionswillseethatthesecond
opinionisthecorrectandclearestofthetwo,anddoesnotrequireanytypeof
explanationtosupportit.Duetothis,Isaythatthestrongestopinionisthe
secondone,sincethestrongestproofthattheopposingopinionhasisthesaying
theMessenger(peacebeuponhim):ThereisnoHijrahaftertheconquering,
andthatthishadthabrogatestheobligationofHijrah,aswellashissayingto
Safwn:Verily,Hijrahhasbeencutoff1Andthisdoesnotmeanthatthe
rulingofHijrahhasbeenabrogated,asitmeans,asIbnalArab said:Itmeans
thatthereisnoHijrahfromMakkahafteritsconquering,duetoMakkahhaving
becomeDralIslmtotheDayofResurrection.2So,he(peacebeuponhim)
intendedthatthereisnoHijrahaftertheconqueringofalandbytheMuslims.
Andhis(peacebeuponhim)sayingtoSafwn:Verily,Hijrahhasbeencutoff
isinregardstotheHijrahfromMakkah,becauseHijrahistoleavetheDralKufr.
So,ifsuchalandweretobeconquered,itwouldnolongerbeconsideredDral
Kufr,andtherewouldnolongerbeaneedtomigratefromit.Likewise,anyland
thatisconqueredisnolongeralandfromwhichHijrahismade.Rather,Hijrahis
madetoit.
AsforthesayingoftheMessenger(peacebeuponhim):TheMuslimistheone
whoprotectstheMuslimsfromhistongueandhand,andthemuhjiristhe
onewhoabandonsthatwhichAllhhasforbidden,3wesaythathijrahisto
abandonsinsanddisobedience,astheyhavesaid.However,thisdoesnotmean
thatthereisnophysicalhijrah,asthereisnocontradictionbetweenthetwo.In
fact,fromtheresultsofphysicalhijrahisthatoneabandonssinsand
disobedience,andfromtheresultsofabandoningphysicalhijrahisthatone
remainsinthelandsofdisbelief,stayinginanenvironmentofsinand
disobedience,sidebysidewiththem,evenifhedoesnotperformsuchsins
himself.So,whatshouldbesaidisthattherearetwotypesofhijrah:spiritual
1Aspreviouslymentioned,thehadthofSafwnisfoundintheSunanofSadbinMansr.
2ThequestionofMakkahbeingDralIslmuntiltheDayofRessurectionisaddressedlaterin
thebook.(TN)
3alBukhr (10)
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hijrahandphysicalhijrah,witheachtypebeingarequirement.Thesecondtype
encompassesthefirsttype,andthereisnodoubtinthis.Thereisaprinciplethat
saysWeactaccordingtobothindications,ratherthanignoreoneofthem,andthisway,therecanneverbeabrogationbetweenthetwo,exceptifthereisa
proofthatwouldpreventusfromreconcilingbetweenthetwoproofs,as
abrogationisessentiallythecompletereversalofaruling,regardlessofthe
proofsforthatruling.Thisiswheretheproblemiswiththisreasoninginlooking
atthehadth,asaSharrulingisbeingdeniedwithoutanyproof.
ThisopinionthatIhaveleanedtowardsisthechosenopinionofalltheleadersof
theSalaf Dawah,andtheonewholooksthroughadDurarasSaniyyah,the
recordedstatementsofthescholarsofNajd,aswellasthewritingsofShaykh
MuhammadbinAbdalWahhb,willknowthiswithcertainty,tothepointthat
ShaykhAbdarRahmnbinHasansaid:IbnHajarmentionedthat,justasHijrah
isobligatoryfromthelandsofdisbelief,itisalsoobligatoryfromthelandsof
IslminwhichaMuslimisunabletoopenlyfulfillanobligation.
ShaykhAbdarRahmnbinHasanadded:Likewise,itisobligatoryupon
everyoneinalandofsininwhichhecannotworktochangethesesinstomake
HijrahtowherehecancomfortablyworshipAllh,duetotheSayingofAllh:
{So,donotremainafterthereminderwiththewrongdoingpeople}12
Andwiththis,strengthisgiventothesecondopinion.Allthatisleftisforthe
Muslimtoknowexactlywhatismeantbyopenlypracticinghisreligion.So,I
havewrittenaconciseindividualchapteronthis.
1alAnm;68
2adDurarasSaniyyah(8/291)
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TheRealityofPracticingOnesReligion
Manypeoplebelievethatwhatismeantbyopenlypracticingonesreligionissimplythatoneprays,fasts,andreadstheQurninDralKufrandDralHarb,
withnobodyopposingyouorharmingyou.So,ifyoudothis,youhavefullyand
openlypracticedyourreligionamongstthem.Thisisamistakenunderstanding,
andaprofoundmiscalculationthatmustbeclearedup,sinceAllhMajesticis
HisremembranceSaid:
{Indeed,therehasbeenanexcellentexampleforyouinIbrhmandthosewith
him,whentheysaidtotheirpeople:Verily,wearefreefromyouandwhatever
youworshipbesidesAllh,wehaverejectedyou,andtherehasemergedbetween
usandyouhostilityandhatredforever,untilyoubelieveinAllh,Alone,
exceptthesayingofIbrhmtohisfather:Verily,Iwillaskforforgiveness
(fromAllh)foryou,butIhavenopowertodoanythingforyoubeforeAllh.OurLord!InYouweputourtrust,andtoYouweturninrepentance,andtoYou
isourfinalreturn.}1
Therefore,theopenpracticeofonesreligionisfulfilledbyannouncingones
disbeliefintheseorganizations,andclarifyingthishostilitytothem,andto
informthesedisbelieversandapostatesthatwehavedisbelievedinthem,and
thatourenmityisforthem,andthatifweweretogaintheupperhand,we
wouldnotleavethemonthefaceoftheEarth,asUmarsaid,whenhewasasked
bytheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim):Whatdoyouthink,OIbnal
Khattb(regardingtheprisonersofBadr)?So,hereplied:Isaid:ByAllh,IdonotagreewithAb Bakr.Rather,Ithinkthatyoushouldgivemearelativeof
mine,sothatImaystrikehisneck,andgiveAqltoAl,sothathemaystrike
hisneck,andgiveHamzahhisbrother,sothathemaystrikehisneck sothat
Allhwouldknowthatthereisnospaceinanydepthofourheartsforthe
disbelievers.Thosearetheirnoblesandleadersandcommanders.So,the
MessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)inclinedtowardswhatAb Bakrhad
1alMumtahinah;4
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said,butnottowardswhatIhadsaid.So,he(peacebeuponhim)tookthe
ransomfromthem.Thenextday,IwenttotheProphet(peacebeuponhim)and
Ab Bakr,andfoundthembothcrying,soIsaid:OMessengerofAllh,tellme,whathasmadeyouandyourcompanionweep?Ifthereisareasontoweep,I
willweepwithyou,andifthereisnoreason,Iwillpretendtoweepalongwith
you,becauseyouareweeping.So,theProphet(peacebeuponhim)said:Iam
weepingbecauseofwhatyourcompanionsarebeingputthroughduetotheir
takingtheransom.Iwasshownthepunishmenttowhichtheyweresubjected.
Itwasbroughtasclosetomeasthistree.Then,Allhrevealed:{Itisnotfora
Prophetthatheshouldhaveprisonersofwar(andfreethemwithransom)until
hehadmadeagreatslaughter(amonghisenemies)inthelanduntiltheverse
soeatofthepermissibleandgoodthingsthatyouhaveobtainedaswar
booty}1So,hemadethewarbootypermissibleforthem.So,whenitwasthe
dayoftheBattleofUhudthefollowingyear,theywerepunishedbecauseofthe
ransomthattheyhadacceptedonthedayofBadr.So,seventyofthemwere
killed,andtheCompanionsoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim)fledfromhim,
andhistoothwasbroken,andbloodsmearedhisface,andAllhrevealed:
{Whatisthematterwithyou?Whenasingledisastersmitesyou,althoughyou
smote(yourenemies)withonetwiceasgreat,yousay: Fromwheredoesthis
cometous? Say: Itisfromyourselves(becauseofyourevildeeds).AndAllh
haspoweroverallthings.}2
becauseoftheirtakingoftheransom.3
Andfromthemostbeautifulexplanationofthemeaningmentionedbeforeis
whatatTabar haswritteninhisTafsr,wherehesaid:Inthisverse:
1alAnfl;6769
2lImrn;165
3Muslim(1763)andAb Dwd(2690)
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{Indeed,therehasbeenanexcellentexampleforyouinIbrhmandthosewith
him,whentheysaidtotheirpeople: Verily,wearefreefromyouandwhatever
youworshipbesidesAllh,wehaverejectedyou,andtherehasemergedbetween
usandyou,hostilityandhatredforever,untilyoubelieveinAllhAlone,
exceptthesayingofIbrhmtohisfather: Verily,Iwillaskforforgiveness
(fromAllh)foryou,butIhavenopowertodoanythingforyoubeforeAllh.OurLord!InYouweputourtrust,andtoYouweturninrepentance,andtoYou
isourfinalReturn.}1
theExaltedsaystothebelieversinHim,fromtheCompanionsofthe
MessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim),thattherewasforyouObelieversa
greatexample,agreatmodel,inIbrhmtheKhall(intimatefriend)oftheMost
Merciful,foryoutofollowandimitate,aswellasthosewhoarewithhimfrom
theProphetsofAllh.
IbnZaydsaid,regardingthesayingofAllhMightyandMajestic{Indeed,
therehasbeenanexcellentexampleforyouinIbrahmandthosewithhim...}
thatthosewhowerewithhimaretheProphets,andHissaying{whenthey
saidtotheirpeople:Verily,wearefreefromyouandwhateveryouworship
besidesAllh...}isregardingwhentheysaidtotheirpeoplewhohad
disbelievedinAllh,andworshippedthetght:Opeople!Wearefreefromyou
andfromthosewhomyouworshipbesidesAllhofdeitiesandgods!And
regardingHissaying{wehaverejectedyou,andtherehasemergedbetween
usandyou,hostilityandhatredforever,untilyoubelieveinAllhAlone},
HeMajesticisHeSays,informingofthesayingofHisProphetstotheirdisbelievingpeoplesthatWehavedisbelievedinyou,andwerejectwhatyou
areuponofdisbeliefinAllhandwehaverejectedyourworshipandwhatyou
worshipbesidesAllh,andtherehasemergedbetweenusandyouenmityand
hatredforeverbecauseofyourdisbeliefinAllhandyourworshipofothers
besidesHim,andtherewillbenopeaceorkindnessbetweenusuntilyoubelieve
inAllhAlone,anduntilyouacceptAllh,alone,andsingleHimoutfor
1alMumtahinah;4
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worship.AndHissaying:{exceptthesayingofIbrhmtohisfather:Verily,
Iwillaskforforgiveness(fromAllh)foryou,butIhavenopowertodo
anythingforyoubeforeAllh}meansthattherewasagreatexampleforyouinIbrhmandthosewhoarewithhimintheseaffairsthatWehavementioned
ofdisplayingtothedisbelieverstheirhostilitytowardsthem,andforsakingany
alliancewiththemexceptinthecaseofthesayingofIbrhmtohisfatherthat
Iwillseekforgivenessforyou,forthereisnoexampleforyouinthis.
AndIbnKathr(mayAllhhaveMercyuponhim)said:AllhsaystoHis
believingslaveswhomHehasorderedtobeharshagainstthedisbelieversand
tohaveenmitytowardsthem,andtoavoidthem,andtodisassociatethemselves
fromthemthattherewasagreatexampleforyouinIbrhmandthosewith
himhisfollowerswhobelievedwithhimwhentheysaidtotheirpeople:
{Wearefreefromyou}meaning:wehavedisassociatedourselvesfrom
youandwhatyouworshipbesidesAllh;{andwehavedisbelievedin
you}meaning:inyourreligionandyourways;{andtherehasemerged
betweenusandyouenmityandhatredforever}meaning:enmityandhatred
hasbeenlegislatedfromnowbetweenus,andaslongasyouremainuponyour
disbelief,thenwewilldisassociateourselvesfromyouandhateyouuntilyou
believeinAllh,alonesingleHimouttoworshipHim,withoutanypartners,
andtoabandonwhatyouworshipalongwithHimofidolsandgods.
AndinadDurarasSaniyyah,thetwosonsofShaykhMuhammadbinAbdal
Wahhbsaid:andopenlypracticingonesreligionistodeclarethem(the
disbelievers)tobedisbelievers,andtopointoutthefaultsoftheirreligion,andto
criticizethem,andtodisassociatefromthem,andtoprotectoneselffrom
becomingclosetothemandleaningtowardsthem,andtoavoidthem.Simply
performingtheprayersisnotconsideredpracticingofonesreligion,andthe
sayingofonethatWeavoidthemwhenweareinprayer,andwedonoteat
theirslaughteredmeatsisgood,but,itisnotenoughonitsowntofulfillthe
openpracticeofthereligion.Rather,whathasbeenmentionedaboveisamust.
AndShaykhHamadbinAtq(mayAllhhaveMercyonhim)said:Andwhatis
intended(byopenpracticeofonesreligion)isthecleardemonstrationof
continuoushostilityandhatredtowardstheonewhodoesnotsingleoutHis
Lordforworship.So,whoeverfulfillsthiswithknowledgeandaction,and
clearlydemonstratesthisuntilthepeopleofhislandareawareofthisfromhim,
thenHijrahisnotanobligationuponhimfromwhateverlandheisin.Asforthe
onewhoisnotlikethis rather,heassumesthatifheislefttoprayandfastand
performpilgrimage,heisnolongerobligatedtomigratethisisignoranceofthe
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religion,andheedlessnessoftheessenceofthemessageoftheMessengers.For
lands,iftheruleinthemisforthepeopleoffalsehood,theworshippersof
graves,theconsumersofalcohol,andthegamblers,suchpopulationsarenotsatisfiedexceptwiththeritualsofshirkandthejudgmentofthetawght,andfor
everyplacewherethisisthecase,thereisnodoubtfortheonewhohasthe
slightestfamiliarityoftheBookandSunnahthatitspeopleareuponotherthan
whattheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)wasupon.1
Andthereremainsanissuethathasnotbeenclarifiedtomeupuntilnow,andit
is:isitenoughintheissueofdisplayingenmityforthedisbelieverforhimto
simplyknowthisfromyou,becauseofthesayingofAllhtheExalted:
{TheysaidWeheardayoungmantalkingagainstthem,(heisone)whois
calledIbrhm.}2
evenifyoudonotspeakintheirpresence,orthepresenceofthosewhowill
relaythemessagetothem?Or,isitamusttoannouncethisinaloudvoicethatis
heardeverywhere,sincetheonewhoreflectsuponthetextsoftheSunnahwill
findboth?But,thereisagreementthatfortheonewhosedisassociationfromthe
disbelieversor
apostates
and
their
religion
isnot
known
by
his
enemies,
nor
by
thebelievers,thatitbecomesabsolutelyobligatoryuponhimtoopenlydisplay
thisinanywaythatwouldgetthemessageacross,intheclearestandmostwell
understoodmanner;otherwise,Hijrahbecomesobligatoryuponhimin
accordancewithhiscapability,andhesinsbynotdoingso.
1adDurarasSaniyyah(5/413418)
2alAmbiy;60
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PrinciplesUponthePathofHijrah
First:itisupontheMuhjirtoawaithisrewardfromAllh,andtomakehisintentionpurelytoseekAllhsPleasure,andthathemigratestogivevictoryto
hisreligion,aswellastoescapefromfitnah.Hemustnotmigratebecausehe
expectstofindprovisionandcomfortinagivenland,asthepurposeofHijrahis
notseekingprovision.IbnKathrmentioned,inhisexplanationoftheSayingof
Allh:
{HewhomigratesinthePathofAllhwillfindonEarthmanydwellingplaces,
andplentytoliveby.}1
thatQatdahsaid:Meaning,hegoesfrommisguidancetoguidance,andfrom
povertytowealth.Therefore,theverseservestoalleviatethevariousexpected
fearsoftheonemigratingwhileitturnstowardsthepotentialdangersofHijrah,
sothathewouldnotbefooledintothinkingthathewillfulfillhissweethopes
withoutfirstexperiencingsomehardshipsinthepathoftheDawah.Duetothis,
theversewascappedwith:
{andwhosoeverleaveshishomeasamigranttoAllhandHisMessenger,
anddeathovertakeshim,hisrewardisthensurelyincumbentuponAllh,and
AllhisOftForgiving,MostMerciful.}2
Therefore,deathisalsoexpected.ShaykhAbdarRahmnbinHasansaid,inad
DurarasSaniyyah:eventhoughitisthecasethatmostofthosewhoembark
onHijrahendupinapositionofsafety,honor,establishment,andvictory,justashappenedwiththeMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)andhisfollowers
pastandpresent.Andwithit,Jihdisnodoubtestablished,andtheWordof
Allhisraiseduppermost,andobediencetoAllhisfacilitatedupontheEarth.
1anNis;100
2anNis;100
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AndthebenefitsofHijrahinthisworldaremorethancanbecounted,asAllh
theExaltedSaid:
{AndforthosewhomigratedfortheSakeofAllhaftersufferingoppression,
Wewillcertainlygivethemgoodresidenceinthisworld.But,indeedthereward
oftheHereafterwillbegreater,iftheyonlyknew!}1
Therefore,itisamusttopointthisoutsothatthereisnotarepeatofwhat
happenedwithmanyoftheMuslimsinAlgeriaandMorocco,whentheywerecalledtomakeHijrahbytheirbrothersmakingJihd,andtheywerepromised
provisionandcomfortableliving.Whentheydidnotfindanyofwhattheywere
promisedrather,theyfoundthemselvesinworseconditionsthatthosethey
hadmigratedfromtheirtonguesspokewordsthatonefearsforthemover;
wordsthatgaveyouafeelingoftheirbadassumptionsaboutAllhExaltedis
Allh,highabovedeficienciesandbadassumptions.
Second:onemustbeabsolutelysureabouttheconditionofalandbeingDral
KufrorDralHarb.Here,wecannotobligateHijrahupontheMuslimsfroma
landwhichisconsideredtobeDrMurakkabah,2exceptifheisunabletoopenly
practicehisreligioninit,asIbnTaymiyyahwasaskedthefollowingquestions
aboutthelandofMrdn3:
a)IsitDralHarb,oralandofpeace?b)IsitobligatoryupontheMuslimwho
livesinittomigratetothelandsofIslm,ornot?c)Ifitisobligatoryuponhimto
migrate,andhedoesnotdoso,andadditionallyaidstheenemiesoftheMuslims
withhisselfandwealthisheasinnerinthis?d)Arethosewhoaccusehimof
nifqandinsulthimsinners,ornot?
IbnTaymiyyahanswered:
1anNahl;41
2DrMurakkabah:alandwhoseconditionismixed.Refertotheearlierchapteronthevarious
typesofdiyr.(TN)
3AcitylocatedintheSoutheastAnatolianregionofmoderndayTurkey(TN)
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PraisebetoAllh,thebloodandwealthoftheMuslimsissacredwhereverthey
are,whetherthatisinMrdn,orotherwise.Assistingthosewhohaverebelled
againsttheSharahofIslmisforbidden,whetherthatisinMrdn,orotherwise.Theonewholivesthere,ifheisunabletoopenlypracticehisreligion,
Hijrahisobligatoryuponhim.Otherwise(ifheisabletoopenlypracticehis
religion),itissimplymustahabb,anditisnotobligatoryuponhim.Assistingthe
enemiesoftheMuslimswithoneswealthorselfisforbiddenforthem,anditis
obligatoryuponthemtorefrainfromdoingso,byanymeansnecessary.Ifthey
areunabletodothisexceptbywayofHijrah,itbecomesobligatoryuponeachof
them.Itisnotallowedtoinsultthemasagroupandaccusethemofnifq,asthe
insultingandaccusingofnifqarereservedforthespecificpeopledescribedin
theQurnandSunnah,andthiscanincludesomeofthepeopleofMrdn,as
wellasotherthanthepeopleofMrdn.
AsforitsstatusaseitherDralHarboralandofpeace:itisDrMurakkabah,asit
containselementsofboth.Itisnotalandthathassubmitted,suchthatthelaws
ofIslmareimplementeduponit.Likewise,itisnotDralHarb,whose
inhabitantsaredisbelievers.Rather,itisathirdcategory,inwhichtheMuslimis
treatedashedeservestobetreated,andtheonewhorebelsagainsttheSharah
ofIslmisfoughtandtreatedashedeservestobetreated.
Inlightofthisaforementionedsituation,onecanconcludethatitismustahabbnotobligatorytomakeHijrahfromagivenplaceifonecanopenlypracticehis
religioninthatplace,sothatwedonotgoandaccuseothersofsinwithoutclear,
authenticproof.Ifheisunabletopracticehisreligion,Hijrahisanobligation
uponhim,withoutadoubt.
Third:whatisobligatoryforthescholarmightnotbeobligatoryforthelayman,
andwhatisobligatoryfortheoneuponwhoseshoulderstheinterestsofthe
Dawahrestmightnotbeobligatoryforotherthanhim,andwhatisnecessaryfor
anobligationtobefulfilledisitselfanobligation.Therefore,theobligationof
Hijrahupongroups(jamt)isnotlikeitsobligationuponindividuals,andits
obligationuponthoseindividualswhoseHijrahwillleadtoabenefitforIslmis
notlikeitsobligationuponthoseindividualswhoseHijrahwillsimplyleadto
tirednessandexhaustion,aswellastheburdeningofotherswiththem.One
shouldrefertotheSharproofs,notfaithinspiredemotions,astheissueisoneof
DnandShar.
Fourth:oneshouldnotignorethecategorizationthatwasmentionedbyIbn
QudmahinalMughn,wherehesaid:
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TheoneforwhomHijrahismustahabbnotobligatoryisonewhoisableto
makeHijrah,yet,heisabletoopenlypracticehisreligioninDralKufr.So,itispreferredforhimtomakeHijrah,duetowhatthatwouldentailofhisbeingable
towageJihdagainstthem,swellandassisttheMuslimpopulations,andreduce
thepopulationsofthedisbelievers,refrainfrommixingwiththem,and
observingtheirevilwhilebeingamongstthem.However,itwouldstillnotbe
obligatoryforhim,andthisisduetohisabilitytofulfilltheobligationsofhis
religionwithoutneedingtomakeHijrah,asalAbbstheuncleoftheProphet
(peacebeuponhim)waslivinginMakkah,eventhoughhewasaMuslim!
(endofIbnQudmahswords)
So,oneshouldkeepthisinmindinordertonotbeharshagainstthosewhodo
notseeHijrahasbeingobligatoryinsuchacase,andseeitasbeingsimply
mustahabb.
Fifth:thebelievingMuhjirshouldmovefromwhereheistothatwhichisbetter
thanwhereheis.Heshouldgotoaplacethatisfreefromthesinsthatplagued
theareathatheismigratingfrom.Otherwise,ifhecannotfindsuchaplace,heis
notobligedtomakeHijrah.So,heshouldmigratefromDralKufrtoDral
Islm,orfromalandofoppressionandsintoalandofjusticeandgoodness.As
forthemigrationfromoneeviltoanother,orfromalandofsintoalandofequalsin,thiscontainsnothingbutexhaustionfortheself,lackofbenefit,andawaste
ofmoney.Ifheisunabletofindalandthatispure,andfindsthatsinis
widespreadinalllands,1hemustmigratefromtheplaceinwhichsinsare
practicedopenlytoalandthatislighterinsinthanhisown,orfromalandin
whichthereiseviltoalandinwhichtheobligatoryactsareabandoned.For
example,ifheisinalandinwhichfornicationandadulteryarewidespread,in
additiontotherebeinginjusticeandoppression,andanotherlandcontainsthe
oppressionwithoutthefornication,hemustmovetothisland,asitcontainsonly
oneofthetwoevils,asopposedtobothofthem.
AndIask:isitcorrectforustonowobligateHijrahuponthebelieverfromaland
which althoughitsconditionisunclear theshirkinitismorehiddenthanitis
inthelandtowhichhedesirestomigrate?Andtheconditionofthislandto
1Thisisthecasetoday,andbringsustoanimportantpoint:thelackofaviableDralIslmtoday
doesnotmeanthattheobligationofHijrahisputoff.Rather,astheShaykhexplained,oneis
obligedtomigrateuptheladder,sotospeak.Thatis,oneshouldalwayslooktoliveinaplacein
whichhispracticeofIslmwillbebetterthanitisinhiscurrentlocation,evenifhisfinal
destinationisnotideal(i.e.,DralIslm).(TN)
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whichhedesirestomigrateisnotasclearasitshouldbe,exceptthatyoumight
seeandhearthesincerityofitsleadersinimplementingIslm,withthetrue
visionofIslmnothavingyetbecomeevident,especiallyinregardstotheissueoftheshirkofgraves,whichweareconstantlyinastateofanxietyover.Andmy
referencetotheshirkofgravesisnottobetakenasdisregardfortheshirkof
legislationwithAllhtheExaltedortheshirkoftheexaltationandworshipof
thedisbelievingnations,ortheshirkofputtingoffJihdinresponsetothedesires
ofthemightydisbelievingnationsallofwhicharemanifestinmanyofthe
nationsthatclaimIslm.AndIhopethatthisreferencetotheshirkofgravesis
nottakenasajabatthosewhoaretruthfulinimplementingandactingbythe
SharahofAllh.Rather,thiswasmerelytopointoutthepicturethatmustbe
clearinthemindoftheMuhjirbeforehisHijrah,sothathewouldnotendup
beinghinderedandturnedbackbyanypotentialconfusion.
Sixth:itisnotpermissiblefortheonewhohasmigratedtoturnbackfromhis
HijrahwithoutalegitimateSharexcuse.Otherwise,hehascommittedoneofthe
majorsins.AndShaykhAbdillhbinAbdalLatfsaid,inhisadvicetothe
peopleofalArtwiyyah:AndtheMessenger(peacebeuponhim)was
informedofamanwhohadmigrated,thenreturnedfromhisHijrahtolivewith
theBedouins.So,hesaidtohim:Thisisminorapostasy.Whoeverdoesthisis
cursed,andtheonewhostayswiththeBedouinsandperfectshisIslmis
betterthantheonewhomigrated,thenturnedbackfromhisHijrah.1AndithasreachedmethatfromthepeopleofalArtwiyyaharethosewhomigrated
andestablishedthemselves,andnowdesiretoturnbackfromtheirHijrah,
movingwiththeBedouins.Andthisisagreatdisaster,andtheonewhodoesso
isnotsafefromfallingintoapostasy,2andfrombeingofthosewhoturnedback
ontheirheelsaftertheguidancewasmadecleartothem.So,bewarnedofthis,
1Iwasunabletocomeacrossthehadthwiththiswording,anditdoesnotexist.Itmightbethat
theShaykhwasnarratingthegeneralmeaningofthehadththatwasreportedbyatTabarn,by
wayofJbirbinSamurah:AllhhasCursedtheonewholiveswiththeBedouinsafterhis
Hijrah.AllhhasCursedtheonewholiveswiththeBedouinsafterhisHijrah,exceptintimes
offitnah,aslivingwiththeBedouinsisbetterthanremainingamongstfitnah.alHaytham
said,inMajmaazZawid:ItwasreportedbyatTabarn,anditschaincontainsanarratorthat
Idonotknowanythingof.However,themeaningissupportedbythehadthreportedbyan
Nas,whichwillbeprovidedshortlywiththewordsofIbnHajar.
2WhatismeanthereisnotthatgoingbackononesHijrahconstitutesriddah,inandofitself.
Rather,heissayingthatbymovingbackwiththeBedouins,whoweredescribedbyAllhas
beingthemostextremeinkufrandnifq,oneisexposinghimselftothepossibilityoffollowing
theirways.(TN)
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andbepatient.Endure,bewatchful,andremainfirmupontheCommandof
yourLord,anddonotbeofthosewhohaveexchangedtheblessingofAllhfor
disbelief.AndIaskAllhtoguidemeandyou1
Andduetothis,IbnHajaralAsqaln said:
His(alBukhrs)titlingofthechapter:MovingWiththeBedouinsinTimesof
FitnahisinregardstotheMuhjirwhohasmovedfromthelandthathehas
migratedfromtolivewiththeBedouins,therebyreturningtobecominga
BedouinafterhisHijrah,andthiswasforbidden,exceptwithanexcusefromthe
Legislator.Andhe(alBukhr)specifiedthetimeoffitnah,indicatingthatthisis
oneofthesituationsthatconstituteanexcuseindoingso.Ithasalsobeensaid
thatinTimesofFitnahisinreferencetothefactthatthis(movinginwiththe
Bedouins)constitutesabetrayalofthepeopleoftruth.However,theSalaf
differedintheirunderstandingofthisconcept,assomeofthemprotectedand
secludedthemselvesfromanyfitnahsuchasSad,MuhammadbinMaslamah,
andIbnUmarandsomeofthemengagedinfighting,andtheywerethe
majority...(untilIbnHajarsaid)andanNas reportedthatIbnMasdsaid:
Theonewhoconsumesrib,theonewhopaysrib,theonewhoknowingly
writesdownthetransactionandtheonewhoturnsbackasaBedouinafterhis
HijrahallarecursedfromthetongueofMuhammad(peacebeuponhim),until
theDayofResurrection.23(endofIbnHajarswords)
InasSunanalKubr,alBayhaq reportedthesamenarrationofIbnMasd.
However,hethentitledachapter:WhatHasBeenNarratedRegardingthe
AllowanceofDoingSo(LivingWithBedouinsAfterHijrah)DuringTimesofFitnah,
andbroughtthefollowingnarrationunderit:YazdbinAb Ubaydreported
thatSalamahbinalAkwaentereduponalHajjjbinYsuf.So,alHajjjsaidto
him:OIbnalAkwa!HaveyoureturnedtobeingaBedouin?Salamahreplied:
No.Rather,theMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)allowedmetoremain
withtheBedouins(intimesoffitnah).4
1adDurarasSaniyyah(1/81)
2anNas (5102),andalAlbn declareditsahhinatTalqarRaghb(3/49)
3FathalBr(13/4445)
4alBukhr (7087)
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So,thedifferenceofopinionlefttoaddressisinregardstothepermissibilityof
theMuhjirnremainingformorethanthreedaysinMakkahaftercompleting
theirHajjrituals.ThisisinregardstotheMuhjirwholeftforMadnah,andmigratedtoitinordertogivevictorytothereligionofAllh,aswasreported
thatalAlbinalHadram heardtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)
say:TheMuhjirhasthreedaystoremainafterfinishinginMakkah,1and
itsasifhewasinstructingtonotstaybeyondthis.
So,itwasnotpermissibleforonetoreturntohishomeland(Makkah),andthis
wasinregardstothetimebeforehislandwasconquered.However,after
MakkahwasconqueredandbecameDralIslm,someofthescholarssawthat
thisrulinghadchanged,andwhoeverwishestoreadintothisissue,lethim
reviewitinthebookofTheVirtuesoftheAnsr,inthechapterTheMuhjirs
RemaininginMakkahAfterCompletingHisRituals,inIbnHajarsexplanationof
SahhalBukhr.2
Regardingthis,IbnHazmalsosaid:
Mlik,ashShfi,andtheirfollowers,alluseasprooftheauthenticnarration
fromtheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim),bywayofalAlbinal
Hadram:TheMuhjircanremainforthreedaysaftercompletinghisrituals.
TheysaidthattheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)hatedfortheMuhjirntoremaininMakkahwhichwastheirhomelandthattheywere
expelledfromfortheSakeofAllhuntiltheymeettheirLordwhiletheyare
strangersfromtheirownhomelands,allfortheFaceofAllhtheMightyand
Majestic.Afterthis,heallowedthemtoremaininitforthreedaysafter
completingtheirrituals.
Afterthis,itbecomescleartousthedangerofthedesirethatcanafflicttheone
whomakesHijrahfromDralKufrorDralHarb,andfollowsthatbyreturning
therewithoutanySharexcuse,whileitisuponwhatitisuponofkufr.
1alBukhr (3933)andMuslim(1352)
2InFathalBr(7/267),IbnHajarsaid:WhatthishadthreferstoisthatstayinginMakkahwas
forbiddentoonewhohadmigratedfromitbeforeitsconquest.But,itwaspermittedtothose
whowentthereforHajjorUmrahtostayaftercompletingtheritualsforthreedays,andno
more.(TN)
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Seventh:fromthegeneraloutcomesofnotmakingHijrahisthatoneisforcedto
witnessvariousevils,aswellascompromisewiththosewhofacilitatethe
practiceofthesesinsandevils,gainingnearnesstothem,andopeningoneshearttothem.Thisisbecauseevilcallsouttoothers,andvariousevilsdrag
themselvestocollectandbeclosetoeachother.So,fortheonewhoislivingin
theirmidst,theyarenotpleasedexceptwithsuchapersonindulginginsuch
affairs.Anditisinevitablethatonewilltrytopleasethem,compromisewith
theirdesires,etc.asmentionedbytheAllmahAbdarRahmnbinHasan.1
Eighth:justbecausealandisoneofkufr,oroneofmn,oroneofsin,this
doesntmeanthatthisisthepermanentstatusofsuchaland.Rather,itisa
descriptionthatisgiventoitbasedonthestateofitsinhabitants,aswellasthe
lawsthatgovernit.So,everylandthatisinhabitedbythepiousbelievers,andis
ruledbytheSharahofAllh,isalandoftheawliyofAllhatthatgivenpoint
intime.Likewise,everylandthatisinhabitedbythedisbelievers,orisruledby
otherthanIslm,itisDralKufratthatgivenpointintime.Likewise,everyland
thatisinhabitedbyanoverwhelmingmajorityoffsiqn,itisalandofsinatthat
givenpointintime.However,ifitbecomesinhabitedbythosedifferentthan
whathasbeenmentioned,itbecomesalandcharacterizedbywhoeverhas
replacedthem.Thisisjustlikeinthecaseofamosque:ifitbecomesabar,a
1AndwhatlendscredencetothisiswhatwasstatedbyShaykhAbdullhAzzm,when
addressingtheissueofMuslimsstudyingintheWest:Becauseofthis,theWesternlife,living
betweenthedisbelievers,isavery,very,verydifficultlife.Oneoftheyouth ofcourse,the
storiesaremany,andIamunabletotellthemallhere cametomeataconference andhewas
oneofmystudentsinJordan andsaidtome:Thatsit.IfIdonotgetmarried,Iwillcommit
fornication.Iamunabletosurvive, andherepeateditagain: Iamunabletosurvive.Iambeing
seriouswithyou,andwhoeversaysotherthanthis,thenheisaliar. TellmebyAllah an
unmarriedyouthintheextremeheat,andatthecollege,agirlissittingrightnexttohim,with
herskirttencentimetersaboveherknees!AndourLordSaid,aboutProphetYsuf:{ Andindeed
shediddesirehimandhewouldhaveinclinedtoherdesire,hadhenotseentheevidenceofhis
Lord.}[Ysuf;24]WereitnotforhimseeingasignfromhisLord,hewouldhaveinclinedtoher
Ysuf,thepure,purifying,noblesonofthenoblesonofthenoblesonofthenoble.So,howcanthisbe?IdeclareitforbiddenfortheyouthtostudyintheWest,exceptiftheyaremarried.
Hearitfromme:itisforbiddenforayouthtostudyintheWest,unlessheismarried.Relayon
mybehalf,evenifitisonefatw:itisnotallowed,notallowed,notallowed.Howcanoneprotect
himself?Itisimpossibletoprotectoneself,exceptthroughmarriage.Itisimpossible,impossible,
impossible,fortheunmarriedpersontolivethere,unlessheisabnormal.Ifheisabnormal,then
hemightbeabletolivethere.Asforthenormalhumanbeing,thenhow,mybrother?Sexis
availablelikewater,anditisallowed,accordingtothelaw,inthestreet,everywhere!Thestories
aremany,andthosewhocametousfromItalyandSwedenknowverywellthedisasterslurking
intheWesternsocieties.[F DhillSratatTawbah;p.12](TN)
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gatheringplaceofsin,achurchinwhichotherthanAllhisworshipped,etc.,it
ischaracterizedbywhatthosewhoareinitaredoing.Likewise,abar,gathering
placeofsin,etc.ifitismadeintoamosqueinwhichonlyAllhisworshipped,itischaracterizedaccordingtowhatithasbecome.Thesameisinthecaseofa
righteousmanwhobecomesasinner,adisbelieverwhobecomesabeliever,ora
believerwhobecomesadisbeliever,etc.everyoneischaracterizedaccordingto
thechangethathehasmade,asAllhSaid:
{Allhhasputforthaparable:atownshipthatwassafeandsecure}1
ThisversewasrevealedinMakkahwhenitwasconsideredDralKufr,allthewhilebeingthebestofthelandsofAllh,andthemostbelovedoflandstoAllh.
However,Hewasreferringtoitsinhabitants,aswellasthelawsthatwere
governingit,asitwasnarratedthattheMessengerofAllhsaid,ashewas
standingandlookingatit:ByAllh,youarethebestofAllhslands,andthe
mostbelovedofAllhslandstoAllh.Andwereitnotforthefactthatmy
peoplehadexpelledmefromyou,Iwouldnothaveleft.2
Therefore,theMuslimMuhjirshouldnotaskhowitisthatheistomakeHijrah
fromaland
of
virtue
to
aland
that
isless
in
virtue.
The
deciding
factor
isnot
the
inherentvirtueofaland,astheMessengerofAllh(peacebeuponhim)