A Case Study On Ferry Propulsion SystemsPresented to: Interferry 2016

September 9, 2016

Overview

• Project Experience• Approach• Propulsion Alternatives▫ Conventional Geared Diesel▫ Diesel-Electric with No Battery▫ Diesel-Electric with 13,400 kW-H Battery▫ Diesel-Electric with 26,800 kW-H Battery▫ Hydrogen Fuel Cell

• Conclusions

Project Experience

North American Ferry Clients• Washington State Ferries• Alaska Marine Highway System• British Columbia Ferries• Texas DOT• Louisiana DOT• NY City DOT• Owen Sound Transportation• The Steamship Authority• North Carolina DOT• Clipper Navigation• Skagit County• Whatcom County• Pierce County • Wahkiakum County

• King County• Cape May – Lewes Ferry• Madeline Island Ferry• Beaver Island Transportation • Waterborne Emergency Transit

Authority• Bridgeport & Port Jefferson

Steamboat Company• Golden Gate Ferry

Approach

M/V STEILACOOM II Route• Length Overall (216’): 65.8m

Length WL (198’): 60.4m • Beam (68’): 20.7m

Depth (16.5’): 5.03m• Design Draft (10’): 3.04m • Design Displacement: 1012 MT• Vehicles: 54• Passengers: 325• Crew: 5• Propulsors: 2 x CPP• Propulsion: 2x783 kW • Design Speed: 11.4 knots

Approach (cont.)

Operation Current Vessel

• Route Distance: 3.42 n.m.• Route Timing:▫ Departure 2 min.▫ Transit 16 min.▫ Approach 3 min.▫ At Terminal 9 min.

• 1st Departure 6:00 am• Shutdown 7:30 am• One-Way Trips/Day 26• Day per Year 350

Ship Synthesis Model

Inputs Building Blocks

• Physical Dimensions• Crew Number & Positions• Route Model• Areas & Volumes• Weight Parameters• Electrical Loads• Construction Cost Parameters• Operating Cost Parameters

• Holtrop and Mennen Regression Analysis to calculate propulsion needs

• Weight and Cost Parameters based on US Navy Ship Work Breakdown Structure

• Reference Data for hull forms and historic costs from EBDG archives

Ship Synthesis Model

ShipCalc Outputs

• Calculate Volumes & Deck Areas

• Calculate Weights• Calculate Displacement• Calculate Propulsion Reqt’s.• Size Engines• Calculate Electrical Reqt’s.• Size Gensets• Calculate Fuel• Adjust Fuel Capacity• Re-Calculate Volumes & Areas• Re-calculate Weights• Iterate as necessary

• Vessel Characteristics• Operating Costs• Capital Costs

Fuel Cell Fast Ferry

Particulars Rendering

• Length Overall (160’): 48.6m • Beam (52’): 15.8m

Depth (11.7’): 3.55m• Design Draft (8’): 2.44m • Design Displacement: 514 LT• Passengers & Crew: 149• Vehicle Capacity: 28 • Propulsors: 2 x 600 hp electric

motors driving FPP• LH2▫ Boiling Point: 20 K▫ Liquid Density: 71 g/L▫ Lwr Heating Value: 120.9 kJ/g

Conventional Geared Diesel

Basic Parameters Assumptions

• Lightship Weight: 748 MT• Full Load Displ: 1,003 MT• Fuel Capacity: 76,844 l• Gensets: 2 x 130 kW• Capital Cost: $11.14m• Annual costs:▫ Fuel: $552,388▫ Total Ops:$2,639,215

• 2% Reduction Gear Loss• Hotel Load 105 kVA• Fuel is No. 2 Diesel• Fuel Price: US$ 0.79 per liter

Diesel-Electric w/No Batteries

Basic Parameters Assumptions

• Lightship Weight: 757 MT• Full Load Displ: 1,023 MT• Fuel Capacity: 84,036 l• Gensets: 3 x 595 kW• Capital Cost: $12.58m• Annual costs:▫ Fuel: $605,273▫ Total Ops:$2,756,948

• 10% Electrical Conversion Loss

• Hotel Load 105 kVA• Fuel is No. 2 Diesel• Fuel Price: US$ 0.79 per liter

Diesel-Electric w/Small Batteries

Basic Parameters Assumptions

• Lightship Weight: 752 MT• Battery Weight: 14.3 MT• Full Load Displ: 1,012 MT• Fuel Capacity: 77,979 l• Gensets: 3 x 315 kW • Capital Cost: $13.28m• Annual costs:▫ Fuel: $573,275▫ Recharge: $24,535▫ Total Ops:$2,754,741

• Shore Power - $0.0768/kW-H• 200 Battery Units at 6.7 kW-H

per unit = 13,400 kW-H Total• Batteries are Lithium Ion at a

material cost of $1,000 per kW-H

• Minimum Allowable State of Charge = 20%

• 8,000 cycle life = 22.8 years

Diesel-Electric w/Large Batteries

Basic Parameters Assumptions

• Lightship Weight: 765 MT• Battery Weight: 28.6 MT• Full Load Displ: 1,023 MT• Fuel Capacity: 65,601 l• Gensets: 3 x 275 kW • Capital Cost: $15.12m• Annual costs:▫ Fuel: $472,569▫ Recharge: $54,269▫ Total Ops:$2,793,264

• Shore Power - $0.0768/kW-H• 400 Battery Units at 6.7 kW-H

per unit = 26,800 kW-H Total• Batteries are Lithium Ion at a

material cost of $1,000 per kW-H

• Minimum Allowable State of Charge = 20%

• 8,000 cycle life = 22.8 years

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Basic Parameters Assumptions

• Lightship Weight: 786 MT• Fuel Cell Weights: 37.9 MT• Full Load Displ: 974 MT• Fuel Capacity: 43,800 l• Fuel Cells: 11 x 120 kW • Capital Cost: $18.58m• Annual costs:▫ LH2: $1,475,986▫ Total Ops:$3,897,652

• Shore Power - $0.0768/kW-H• 10 Fuel Cells at 120 kW each

plus one standby• 10,000 hours life at full power

or approximately 6 years• LH2 delivered by tank truck in

lots of approximately 3,200 kg• Refueling every four days (fuel

tank sized to handle one truck)

Cost Comparison

$-

$500,000

$1,000,000

$1,500,000

$2,000,000

$2,500,000

$3,000,000

$3,500,000

$4,000,000

$4,500,000

$10.0 $11.0 $12.0 $13.0 $14.0 $15.0 $16.0 $17.0 $18.0 $19.0 $20.0

Ann

ual

Cos

t (U

SD)

Capital Cost (million USD)

Fuel

Total Operations

Summary• The propulsion system must be matched to the route for

optimal energy management• Costs for non-conventional components (batteries,

propulsion motors, fuel cells) are falling• Economic benefits of reduced emissions should be

incorporated into business case wherever possible

50 Car Diesel-Electric Ferry