International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 34 Number 2- April 2016

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 58

A Case Study on Fly Ash Based Geo-Polymer

Concrete

K. Sandeep Dutt 1, K. Vinay Kumar

1, I. Siva Kishore

2, Ch. Mallika Chowdary

2

1 Final year B.Tech Student, Department of Civil engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur.

Abstract: - Cement is the world's most adaptable,

strong and solid development material. By water,

cement is the most utilized material, which required

expansive amounts of Portland cement. Conventional

Portland cement generation is the second just to the

vehicles as the significant generator of carbon di

oxide, which dirtied the air. Notwithstanding that

huge sum vitality was likewise devoured for the bond

creation. Subsequently, it is unavoidable to locate an

option material to the current most costly, most asset

expending Portland cement. Geopolymer cement is a

creative development material which might be

delivered by the compound activity of inorganic

particles. Fly Ash, a by-result of coal got from the

warm power plant is bounty accessible around the

world. Fly ash is rich in silica and alumina

responded with soluble arrangement delivered

aluminosilicate gel that gone about as the coupling

material for the solid. It is a brilliant option

development material to the current plain bond

concrete. Geopolymer cement should be delivered

without utilizing any measure of conventional

Portland bond. This paper quickly surveys the

constituents of geopolymer solid, its quality and

potential applications.

Keywords: - Fly fiery, Alkali Activators, GPC,

Curing, strength.

1. INTRODUCTION

Utilization of cement and environmental impact

use of concrete as a noteworthy development material

is an overall marvel and the solid industry is the

biggest client of common assets on the planet (1).

This utilization of cement is driving the monstrous

worldwide creation of bond, assessed at more

Than 2.8 billion tons as per late industry information

(2). Connected with this is the inescapable carbon

dioxide outflows assessed tobe in charge of 5 to 7%

of the aggregate worldwide creation of carbon

dioxide (3). Critical increments in bond creation have

been watched and were foreseen to increment

because of the huge increment in foundation and

industrialization in India, China and South America.

MATERIALS USED

a) Fine aggregate:

Sand is a normally happening granular

material made out of finely isolated rock and mineral

particles. It is characterized by size, being better than

rock and coarser than residue. Sand can likewise

allude to a textural class of soil or soil sort; i.e. a dirt

containing more than 85% sand-sized particles. Set

up of sand we can likewise utilize base fiery remains

which can be a substitution of sand up to a level of

20% substitution of sand gives a decent compressive

quality.

b)Corse aggregate:-

Fundamentally course total assumes an

essential part in blend configuration of solid .Size of

the course total is 40mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm,

and 10mm. In this blend outline methods size

obviously total takes 20mm and 10mm. Coarse totals

utilized as a part of instance of bond cement can be

utilized as a part of instance of Geo-polymer concrete

(GPC) additionally where the coarse total ought to

adjust to IS-383-1970.

C) Alkaline activator:-

Basic initiation is a compound procedure in

which a fine aluminosilicate, for example, a fly

powder is blended with a soluble activator to deliver

a glue fit for setting and solidifying inside of a

sensibly brief timeframe . The utilization of this

activator is which ties the total. In this blend

configuration of Fly fiery debris based Geopolymer

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 34 Number 2- April 2016

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 59

Concrete, sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide

(Na2SiO3+NaOH) is utilized as alkaline activator.

2. GEOPOLYMER

Geopolymer is a term used to characterize a

classification of manufactured alumino-silicate

materials with potential use, basically as substitution

of standard Portland concrete in concrete, for cutting

edge hello tech composites, earthenware application

or as a type of cast stone. Geopolymer as a name was

initially connected to these materials by Joseph

Davidovits in the year 1970s, albeit comparable

materials have been created in the previous Soviet

Union since the year 1950s, yet was called soil

cements. This name however was utilized to portray

soils which are solidified with a little measure of

Portland concrete to improve its quality and

dependability.

3. GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

DEVELOPMENT

Geopolymer cement is concrete which does

not use any Portland bond in its generation. Maybe,

the fastener is delivered by the response of a basic

fluid with a source material that is rich in silica and

alumina. Geopolymers were produced as a

consequence of exploration into warmth safe

materials after a progression of disastrous flames.

The exploration yielded non-combustible and non-

ignitable geo polymer saps and folios. The utilization

of fly ash remains has extra environment favourable

circumstances. The yearly creation of fly ash remains

in Australia in 2007 was around 14.5 million tons of

which just million tons were used in helpful courses;

essentially for the incomplete substitution of Portland

bond (8). Improvement of geopolymer innovation

and applications would see a further increment in the

helpful utilization of fly fiery debris, like what has

been seen in the most recent 14 years with the

utilization of fly fiery remains in concrete and other

building materials. It has been found that geopolymer

cement has great designing properties.

4. NECESSITY OF GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE

Development is one of the quickly

developing fields around the world. According to the

present world measurements, each year around

260,00,00,000 Tons of Cement is required. This

amount will be expanded by 25% inside a compass of

an additional 10 years. Since the Lime stone is the

fundamental source material for the common

Portland bond an intense lack of limestone may come

following 25 to 50 years. More over while delivering

one ton of bond, around one ton of carbon di oxide

will be transmitted to the climate, which is a real risk

for nature. Notwithstanding the above immense

amount of vitality is additionally required for the

creation of concrete. Henceforth it is most key to

locate an option fastener. The waste water from the

Chemical Industries is released into the ground which

pollutes ground water. By creating Geopolymer

Concrete all the aforementioned issues should be

unravelled by reworking them.

5. CONSTITUENTS OF GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE

The Following are the constituents of the

geopolymer concrete: - Source material and Alkali

liquid

a) Source material

These source materials could be regular

minerals, for example, kaolinite, dirts, and so forth.

By-items materials, for example, fly fiery remains,

silica smoke, slag, rice-husk fiery debris; red mud

thus on could likewise be utilized for the source

material relying upon its accessibility, expense, kind

of utilization and interest by the end client. As per

(Hardjito and Rangan 2005), any material that

contains for the most part silicon (Si) and aluminum

(Al) in nebulous structure is a conceivable source

material for the generation of geopolymer. Different

materials that can be utilized as source material

incorporate Metakaolinite or calcined kaolin

(Davidovits, 19999; Barbosa, et al., 2000; Teixeira-

Pinto, et al., 2002), low calcium fly fiery debris

(Palomo, et al., 1999a; Swanepoel and Strydom,

2002), regular Al-Si materials (Xu and Deventer,

2000) , a blend of calcined minerals and noncalcined

minerals (Xu and Deventer, 2002), a blend of fly

fiery debris and metakaolinite (Swanepoel and

Strydom, 2002; Jaarsveld, et al., 2002; Zuhua, et al.,

2009) furthermore a blend of granulated impact

heater slag and metakaolinite (Cheng and Chiu,

2003). Among these materials, metakaolinite is

favored by the geopolymer item engineers because of

its high disintegration rate, simplicity of control of

Si/Al proportion and its white shading (Gourley,

2003). Davidovits, (1999) calcined kaolinite dirt for

six hours at 750oC and termed it as KANDOXI

what's more, utilized it to make geopolymer. He

included that the molar proportion of Si-Al of the

material ought to be around 2.0. The high measure of

calcium in ASTM class C fly fiery debris meddles

with the polymerization process and modifies the

microstructure (Gourley, 2003). This make ASTM

Class F fly fiery debris which is otherwise called low

calcium fly fiery remains much ideal than the High

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 34 Number 2- April 2016

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 60

calcium (ASTM Class C) fly cinder. The significant

test is that the quantitative forecast of the suitability

of a particular mineral as a source is still yet to be

discovered in light of the perplexing way of the

response included (Xu and Deventer, 2000). Be that

as it may, normal Al-Si minerals have demonstrated

the possibilities to be the source materials for geo-

polymerization. Fly slag is considered to be more

worthwhile because of its high reactivity that comes

in appreciation of its better molecule size than slag.

As indicated by (Fernandes-Jimenez and Palomo,

2003) , low calcium fly fiery remains should have

LOI under 5%, Fe203 substance ought not surpass

10% and 80-90% of the particles ought to be littler

than 45micro meter to deliver ideal tying properties.

b) Alkali Activator Liquid:

Soluble Activator Liquid The geo-

polymerization is made conceivable by the utilization

of soluble fluids. Be that as it may, the most normally

utilized soluble fluids are either the mix of sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) or Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

and Sodium Silicate or potassium silicate

(Davidovits, 1999; (Palomo, et al., 1999b; Barbosa,

et al., 2000; Other specialists (Xu and Deventer,

2002) additionally affirmed that the expansion of

sodium silicate answer for the sodium hydroxide as

the antacid fluid improved the response between the

source material and the arrangement. Moreover, it

was seen after the investigation of geo-

polymerization of sixteen normal Al-Si minerals that

for the most part the sodium hydroxide created a

higher degree of disintegration of minerals than

potassium hydroxide.

6. PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE

Geopolymer are inorganic fasteners, which are

distinguished by the taking after fundamental

properties,

Compressive strength relies on upon curing time and

curing temperature. As the curing time and

temperature builds, the compressive quality

increments. Imperviousness to consumption, since no

limestone is utilized as a material, Geopolymer bond

has astounding properties inside both corrosive and

salt situations. It is particularly suitable for extreme

ecological conditions. Geopolymer examples are

having better sturdiness and warm steadiness

attributes. Geopolymer cement lessened CO2

discharges of geopolymer concretes make them a

decent distinct option for normal Portland bond. The

mechanical conduct of Geo-polymer concrete is

higher than ostensible solid blend. Toughness

property of Geo-polymer cement is higher than the

ostensible solid blend. Geo-polymer Concrete is Eco-

Friendly. Water retention property is lesser than the

ostensible cement. Sets at room temperature non-

lethal, drain free long working life before hardening

impermeable higher imperviousness to warmth and

oppose every inorganic dissolvable higher

compressive quality Compressive quality of

Geopolymer cement is high contrasted with the

standard Portland concrete. Geopolymer concrete

additionally indicated high early quality. The

compressive quality of Geopolymer cement is around

1.5 times more than that of the compressive quality

with the conventional Portland bond concrete, for the

same blend. Also the Geopolymer Concrete

demonstrated great workability as of the normal

Portland cement.

7. APPLICATIONS

In the short term, there is vast potential for

geopolymer solid applications for scaffolds, for

example, precast auxiliary components and decks and

also basic retrofits utilizing geopolymer-fiber

composites. Geopolymer innovation is most

progressive in precast applications because of the

relative simplicity in taking care of touchy materials

(e.g., high-soluble base initiating arrangements) and

the requirement for a controlled high-temperature

curing environment required for some current

geopolymer. Other potential nearterm applications

are precast pavers and pieces for clearing, blocks and

precast funnels.

8. LIMITATIONS

The followings are the restrictions

Bringing the base material fly fiery debris to the

required area. High cost for the soluble arrangement.

Safety danger connected with the high alkalinity of

the enacting arrangement. Practical challenges in

applying Steam curing/high temperature curing

procedure Impressive examination is continuous to

create geopolymer frameworks that address.

9. LITERATURES ON GEOPOLYMER

J.Liyana, A.M.Mustafa al bakri, H.Kamarudin,

C.M.Ruzaidi and A.R.Azura investigated about the

effect of ratio of fly ash to activator (1.0-3.0) and the

ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH (1.0-3.0) on geopolymer

coating strength. Both ratios plays a major role of

determining the Flexural strength of geopolymer

coating material. Geopolymer coating material was

prepared by mixing alkaline activator and fly ash

powder. The ratio of fly ash to activator were

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 34 Number 2- April 2016

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 61

synthesized by 4 different ratios are 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5

with the ratio of Na2SiO3/Noah which is 1.0, 1.5,

2.0, 2.5. Concentration of NaOH is kept constant at

10M. Sodium silicate was added to enhance the

process of geopolymerization which can be obtain by

the Geopolymer concrete paste. Resultant mixtures

are carried out by flexural strength test and were

placed at room temperature for 24H before sintering

in the furnace at 1200c for 3H with heating and

cooling rates at 5c to evaluate the thermal

properties.From the experimental investigations after

testing which results highest strength of Geopolymer

concrete is 42MPa is to be obtained when the ratios

of fly ash to activator at 2.0 & Na2SiO3/NaOH at

2.5. They finally concluded that those ratios of

alkaline activator/fly ash have a great influence on

the flexural strength of geopolymer coating material.

Wan Ibrahim, Mohd.Mustafa al bakri, Andrei

victor sandu, Kamarudin Husain, Gabreil sandu,

Khairul nizar ismail, Aeslina Abdul kadir, Mohd

Binhussain described briefly about Characterization

and processing of fly ash based geopolymer bricks.

Ratios of alkaline activator/fly ash and

Na2SiO3/Noah were kept at 2.0 and 2.5 from

previous studies. Resultant samples are carried out by

Compressive strength -for 1 ,3 , 7 ,28 , 60 days at 70c

for 24H, Water absorption test-for 1, 3 , 7 , 28 ,

60days at room temperature for 24H, Density test -

for 1 ,3 , 7 ,28, 60 days at oven curing for 24H.

J.Temuujin, A.Minjigmaa, U.Bayarzul,

Ts.Zolzaya,B.Davaabal, J.Amgalan discussed

about the fundamentals of geopolymer chemistry and

differences from conventional alkali activated

materials chemistry. For every one tonne of cement

emits 0.8-1 tonnes of co2 into the atmosphere

globally. Alternatively fly ash is used to form

geopolymer paste. Resultant samples were carried out

by compressive strength test. He finally concluded

that pond ash increases its strength by 7times for 7

days reaching higher strength. M.Talha Junaid,

Obada Kayali, Amar Khennane, Jarvis

Blackinvestigated on low calcium alkali activated fly

ash.The authors presented that proposed mix design

is developed for low calcium class-f fly ash is

activated using sodium silicates and sodium

hydroxide solutions M.A.Bhosle, N.N.Shinde carried

out studies on Geopolymer concrete by using fly ash

in construction. They described about the alkali

activation of waste materials and the chemical

process that allows the use of transforming the glassy

structures into cementious materials. The

Development of low calcium fly ash based

geopolymer concrete have been presented by Kolli

ramujee, potharaju, IACSIT (6)

.They discussed

about the developing the mix design for medium

grade and comparison has been done for both heat

curing and ambient curing temperatures.

S.Jayadeep, B.J.Chakravarathy (7)

presented a

detailed explanation on study on Fly ash based

Geopolymer concrete using admixtures. The authors

explains about the combination of NaOH and

Na2SiO3 together to form a gel that binds the

aggregate .The resultant gel is mixed with fly ash to

form a geopolymer concrete.D.V.Reddy, M.ASCE,

Edouard, Khaled Sobhan, Ph.d.AMSCE investigated on Durability of fly ash based

geopolymer structural concrete in Marine

environment. Concentration of NaOH is kept at 8M,

14M were centrally reinforced with 13mm bars were

tested with artificial sea water and induced current.

S.Zullu, D.Allopi(9)

documented on Influence of high

content fly ash on concrete durability. For preparing

Geopolymer concrete the common solution alkaline

activator is used which binds the aggregate resultant

samples were tested for Compressive strength test,

water absorption test, chloride conductivity test.

Alkali activated fly ash based geopolymer

concretehas been invested by A.Motorwala, Vineet

shah,

K.Ravishankara,N.Praveena,Prof.D.B.Raijiwala They involves the structural behaviour of GPC and

mix proportions of GPC. Alkaline liquid (sodium

hydroxide and sodium silicate) is used.

D.B.Raijiwala, H.S.Patil presented on Geopolymer

concrete: A concrete of next decade. They explained

about the geopolymer concrete using fly ash by

replacing cement. Alkaline solution is used to bind

the aggregate and added to fly ash to form the GPC.

Andi Arham Adam, Horianto(investigated the

effect of temperature and duration of curing on the

strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete in

2014. They mainly discussed about the mix design

for every mix design of GPC there is an effect of

temperature and duration of curing which results the

higher strength. Lohani T.K, S.Jena,

K.P.Dash, M.Padhy(investigated an experimental

approach on geopolymeric recycled concrete using

partial replacement of industrial by product. They

described about the GPC and advance technology by

replacement of cement which can reduce the

greenhouse gases alternatively fly ash is used.

10. CONCLUSION

From the above literature review the workability and

compressive quality of low calcium fly cinder

geopolymer cement is a component of the extent and

the properties of the constituent materials. It was too

watched that the curing state of a low calcium fly

powder geopolymer concrete additionally impacts the

compressive quality. Be that as it may, research

ought to be done with a specific end goal to

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 34 Number 2- April 2016

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 62

institutionalize these blend configuration to give

satisfactory blend plan strategy to every material to

decide the trademark quality of every blend extent. In

spite of the fact that a few scientists suggested

distinctive curing temperature, this was because of

the differing blend extent utilized by these scientists.

At long last, research ought to additionally be done

on to affirm the auxiliary sufficiency’s of the

trademark quality

Utilizing auxiliary individuals, for example, shafts,

pieces and section. Fly fiery remains based

geopolymer is superior to anything ordinary concrete

in numerous angles, for example, compressive

strength, exposure to forceful environment, and

workability and presentation to high temperature.

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