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A Cataloguer’s Journey on the Road to FRBR*
May 19, 2009
Thomas BrenndorferGuelph Public Library
* FRBR = Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Guelph Public Library
The blind men and the FRBR elephant
OPACs – 1984
AuthorTitleSubject
The cataloguer’s opportunity:The use of technology in the organization
of bibliographic information
The cataloguer’s dilemma:New kinds of bibliographic resources in the
age of technology
AACR2 Cataloguing Basics
AACR2 Part I – Description – “item in hand”
AACR2 Part II – Access – “finding and gathering”
Introduction to AACR2 Part II“The rules in Part II apply to works and not to physical manifestations of those works, though the characteristics of an individual item are taken into account in some instances.”
“Enter the work by one personal author under the heading for that person.”
AACR2 General Introduction
“In Part II the rules are based on the proposition that one main entry is made for each item described, and that this is supplemented by added entries.”
The main entry – record for an item:Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941.
Mrs. Dalloway / Virginia Woolf.San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, [1985], c1925.296 p. ; 19 cm.
Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941. Mrs. DallowayThe main entry – citation for a work:
Identifying the work
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973.
The annotated Hobbit / J.R.R. Tolkien.
The uniform title
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973.[Hobbit]
The annotated Hobbit / J.R.R. Tolkien.
The SEE reference
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Annotated Hobbit
See
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Hobbit
LC Control Number: n 79102640HEADING: Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Hobbit000 00727cz a2200181n 450001 3290766005 20050924071350.0008 790910n| acannaabn |a aaa010 __ |a n 79102640 |z n 87841451035 __ |a (OCoLC)oca00334715040 __ |a DLC |b eng |c DLC |d DLC |d InU |d WaU
100 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973. |t Hobbit400 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973. |t Annotated Hobbit400 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973. |t Hobbit, or, There
and back again670 __ |a Buchholz, S. The Middle-earth quiz book, 1979 (subj.)670 __ |a The hobbit, or, There and back again, 1984.670 __ |a The hobbit, or, There and back again, c1997.
The authority record
100 1_ |a Mast, Edward.245 10 |a J.R.R. Tolkien’s The hobbit : |b an adventure
play / |c adapted by Edward Mast.246 30 |a Hobbit260 __ |a Woodstock, Ill. : |b Dramatic Pub., |c c1996.300 __ |a 53 p. ; |c 19 cm.500 __ |a "Based upon the work, The hobbit, by J.R.R.
Tolkien."--P. 2.700 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d
1892-1973. |t Hobbit.
The related work added entry
100 1_ |a Arthur, Sarah.245 10 |a Walking with Bilbo : |b a devotional
adventure through the Hobbit / |c Sarah Arthur.260 __ |a Wheaton, Ill. : |b Tyndale House Publishers, |
c 2005.300 __ |a xxii, 194 p. ; |c 21 cm.504 __ |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [192]-
194).600 10 |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d
1892-1973. |t Hobbit.
The subject added entry
Hyperlink to authority-controlled heading for a work
Book on CD version of The Hobbit(No link to 100 + 245 combination in an OPAC)
100 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973.
245 14 |a The hobbit |h [sound recording] / |c J.R.R. Tolkien.
260__ |a St. Paul, Minn. : |b HighBridge, |c p2001.
300__ |a 4 sound discs (4 hr., 30 min.) : |b digital ; |c 4 3/4 in.
Maxwell’s Guide to Authority Work“The title proper (combined with the author’s name, if any) in fact is the uniform title of the work...”
100 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973.245 14 |a The hobbit
Implication:The bibliographic record can function as the authority record for the work.
Maxwell, Robert L. Maxwell’s Guide to Authority Work. ALA, 2002
OPACs – 1994
1. General Keyword2. Author Browse3. Author Keyword4. Title Browse5. Title Keyword6. Subject Browse7. Subject Keyword
8. Series Browse9. Series Keyword10. ISBN/ISSN11. LCCN12. Barcode13. Dewey Number14. System Number
Problem: Different Authorities forDifferent Indexes
• “Virginia Woolf” is in the author index
• “Virginia Woolf” is in the subject index
Multiple Use Authorities in Horizon
1. Main or added entry
2. Subject
3. Series
Use codes:
1997 International Conference on the Principles
and Future of AACR2,Toronto
The introduction of FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and a spotlight on bibliographic relationships.
“Bibliographic Relationships”Paper presented by Sherry L. Vellucci at the 1997 Toronto Conference.http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/300/jsc_aacr/bib_rel/r-bibrel.pdf
“Bibliographic relationships exist when bibliographic entities— i.e., any instances of recorded knowledge— are associated with each other in some way.”
Vellucci’s Bibliographic Relationships, continued ...
“...it is important to understand the types of relationships that exist in the bibliographic universe as they have been identified to date, and the means currently used for identifying and linking bibliographic records for related bibliographic entities.
It is also crucial to have a contextual understanding of this topic as it relates to the functions of the catalog; the functions of the bibliographic record; the concept of the work; the concepts of main entry, added entries, and references; bibliographic and authority record structure; and catalog design.”
Barbara Tillett’s Taxonomy of Relationships (1987)
• Equivalence Relationships• Derivative Relationships• Descriptive Relationships• Whole-Part Relationships• Accompanying Relationships• Sequential Relationships• Shared Characteristic Relationships
The 1990 Stockholm Seminar on Cataloging was held because of ...
• the mounting costs of cataloguing and the concomitant desire for cataloguing simplification;
• the proliferation of electronic, multimedia, and computer related materials and the challenges these pose for both description and access;
• the increasing drive to economize in cataloguing by reducing duplicate efforts, nationally and internationally, and the associated need to define a core level standard to support the cooperative use of records;
• the exploding bibliographic universe and the continual need to effect better universal bibliographic control;
• the continuing pressures to adapt cataloguing practices and codes to the machine environment.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla60/60-tilb.htm
Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Its mission was to develop a framework that identifies and clearly defines:the entities of interest to users of bibliographic
recordsthe attributes of each entitythe types of relationships that operate between
each entity
FRBR – starting points• FRBR uses the entity-relationship model to
analyze the bibliographic record
• FRBR assigns values on bibliographic data in terms of user needs (based on traditional user tasks – find, identify, select, obtain)
• FRBR defines three entity groups (Groups 1, 2, 3)
FRBR Final Report, 1998http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr_current_toc.htm
FRBR Group 1 Entities
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Group 2 Entities and their Relationships to Group 1 Entities
Person or Corporate Body...
Creates a WorkRealizes an ExpressionProduces a ManifestationOwns an Item
Relationships vs Attributes
RELATIONSHIPManifestation entity
is produced byPublisher entity (MARC field 710 - added entry)
ATTRIBUTEManifestation entity
has attributePublication statement (MARC field 260 $b)
Group 3 Entities
• Concept• Object• Event• Place
... have subject relationships with Works.
Subject Relationships and Groups 1, 2, and 3
http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr_current3.htm
VTLS and FRBR
Blinn College Library, Brenham, Texas http://poseidon.vtls.com:8000/cgi-bin/gw_xyz/chameleon
Subjects Linked at the Work Level
2003 proposals for the next edition of AACR
• Incorporate FRBR concepts and terminology
• Incorporate concept of authority control
http://www.rda-jsc.org/docs/annrep03.pdf
LibraryThing and the “work”All LibraryThing books belong to a "work," a cross-user and cross-edition concept designed to improve social contact, recommendations and cataloging quality.
“Link to a page, not to a search.”Tim Spalding, Creator of LibraryThing
www.librarything.com
LibraryThing – Link to a page for Virginia Woolf
The Scarlet Letter – “FRBRized” with SyndeticsICE
ISTC – International Standard Text Code
“An ISTC does not ‘belong’ to a single author/publisher; rather, it ‘belongs’ to the work it identifies. This means that the same ISTC number should be used to identify the same content even when it is being published by a different publisher and/or in a different publication format.”MARC tag: 024 7_ $a ISTC 0A9-2002-12B4A105-6 $2 istc(http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2010/2010-dp03.html)
http://www.istc-international.org/html/all_about_istc.aspx
AACR3 Part I – Description [2004]Section A – General Rules
A1 General Rules for DescriptionA2 Resources Issued in Successive PartsA3 Integrating Resources
Section B – Supplementary Rules Applicable to Specific Types of ContentB1 TextB2 MusicB3 Cartographic ResourcesB4 GraphicsB5 Three-Dimensional ResourcesB6 SoundB7 Moving Images
Section C – Supplementary Rules Applicable to Specific Types of MediaC1 Print and Graphic MaterialC2 Micrographic MediaC3 Tactile MediaC4 Three-Dimensional MediaC5 Audio MediaC5 Projected Graphic, Film, and Video MediaC6 Digital Media
Part II – Choice of Access Points and Part III – Form of Access Points
RDA 2005-2007 – Resource Description and Access RDA 2005 Part IChapter 1 General Guidelines on Resource DescriptionChapter 2 Identification of the ResourceChapter 3 [Technical Description/Carrier – delayed for study of GMD/SMD]Chapter 4 Content DescriptionChapter 5 Information on Terms of Availability, Etc.Chapter 6 Item-Specific InformationAppendix D Presentation of Descriptive Data
RDA 2006Part I (Resource Description) + Part 2 (Relationships) becomes Part A; Part III (Access Point Control) becomes Part B
Part A Chapter 6 - Related ResourcesPart A Chapter 7 - Persons, Families, and Corporate Bodies Associated with a Resource
Then later in October 2006, Chapters 6 and 7 flipPart A Chapter 6 - Persons, Families, and Corporate Bodies Associated with a ResourcePart A Chapter 7 - Related Resources
RDA 2007 – the new organization appearsRecording attributes • Section 1. Recording attributes of manifestation and item • Section 2. Recording attributes of work and expression • Section 3. Recording attributes of person, family, and corporate body • Section 4. Recording attributes of concept, object, event, and place Recording relationships • Section 5. Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation,
and item • Section 6. Recording relationships to persons, families, and corporate bodies associated
with a resource • Section 7. Recording subject relationships • Section 8. Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations, and
items • Section 9. Recording relationships between persons, families, and corporate bodies • Section 10. Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events, and places
Enter the Authorized Access Point
“The term authorized access point refers to the standardized access point representing an entity. The authorized access point representing a work or expression is constructed using the preferred title for the work preceded by the authorized access point representing a person, family, or corporate body responsible for the work, if appropriate.”
Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941. Mrs. Dalloway
Conventions for Recording Relationships Between Works1. Identifier for the related work
Finding aid: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/14192
Resource described: Andrews, Emery E., 1894-1976. Emery E. Andrews papers, 1925-1969. Archival collection of papers and related materials
2. Authorized Access Point Representing the Related WorkParody of: Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Lord of the rings
Resource described: Bored of the rings : a parody of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The lord of the rings / by Henry N. Beard and Douglas C. Kenney of The Harvard lampoon
3. Structured Description of the Related WorkHas sequel: Scarlett : the sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the wind / by Alexandra Ripley. — New York, NY : Warner Books, 1991
Resource described: Gone with the wind / by Margaret Mitchell. A sequel to Mitchell’s novel, Scarlett, by Alexandra Ripley, was published in 1991
4. Unstructured Description of the Related WorkInspired by themes from the music of George Butterworth.
Contains letters to Mrs. Wells and Gabrielle Gissing.
Kept up to date between editions by annual supplements.
Finding aid available in the repository and online.
RDA Appendix JSample of work relationship designators
Derivative Work Relationshipsbased on (work)
abridgement of (work)abstract of (work)adaptation of (work)dramatization of (work)
motion picture adaptation of (work)novelization of (work)radio adaptation of (work)radio script based on (work)screenplay based on (work)television adaptation of (work)verse adaptation of (work)video adaptation of (work)
choreography for (work)digest of (work)expanded version of (work)free translation of (work)imitation of (work)parody of (work)libretto based on (work)musical arrangement of (work)musical setting of (work)musical variations based on (work)paraphrase of (work)remake of (work)summary of (work)
derivative (work)
abridged as (work)abstract (work)adapted as (work)
dramatized as (work)novelization (work)screenplay for the motion picture (work)screenplay for the television program (work)screenplay for the video (work)script for the radio program (work) verse adaptation (work)
basis for libretto (work)choreography (work)digest (work)expanded as (work)freely translated as (work)imitated as (work)parodied as (work)musical setting (work)musical variations (work)paraphrased as (work)remade as (work)summary (work)
MARC Proposal No. 2009-06/1 –Relationship Designators for RDA Appendix J
245 00 $a Triumph : $b for concert band / $c by Michael Tippett.
500 ## $a “A paraphrase of music from The mask of time.” ISWC T-010.304.108-2.
700 1# $i paraphrase of (work) $a Tippett, Michael, $d 1905-1998. $t Mask of time.
100 1# $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937.240 10 $a Orchestra music. $k Selections245 10 $a Orchestral works $h [sound recording] / $c Maurice Ravel.505 0# $a Bolero -- La valse -- Rapsodie espagnole ... 700 12 $i contains (work) $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937. $t Bolero, $m orchestra.700 12 $i contains (work) $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937. $t Valse.700 12 $i contains (work) $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937. $t Rapsodie espagnole.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-06-1.html
Conventions for recording work relationships– more examples...
MARC Update 10245 00 $a Triumph : $b for concert band / $c by Michael Tippett.700 1# $i paraphrase of (work) $a Tippett, Michael, $d 1905-1998. $t Mask
of time.User display:Triumph : for concert band / by Michael Tippett.Paraphrase of Tippett, Michael, 1905-1998. Mask of time.
780 example780 00 $t TCA journal $x 1556-4223 $w(DLC) 93645762
$w (OCoLC) 26906768
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bdx00.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/RDAtest/module8.ppt
RDADatabase Implementation
Scenarios
http://www.rda-jsc.org/docs/5editor2.pdfTom Delsey, RDA editor
Three potential implementation scenarios for RDA.
Scenario 3 – Flat file
Scenario 2 – Linked
Scenario 1 – Relational database
FRAD – Functional Requirements for Authority Recordshttp://www.ifla.org/VII/d4/wg-franar.htmBibliographic Entity
User tasks: find; identify; contextualize (clarify relationship between entities, and between name and entity); justify (document the authority record creator’s reason for choosing the name or form of the name on which an access point is based). RDA replaces “contextualize” and “justify” with “clarify” and “understand.”
FRSAD – Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
• WORK has subject THEMA(THEMA is anything that can be the subject of a work, including other FRBR entities)
• THEMA has appellation NOMEN(NOMEN is a term used to refer to any symbols by which a THEMA is known, referred to or addressed)
• User tasks: find; identify; select; explore relationships between entities, correlations to other subject vocabularies and structure of a subject domain
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s29/pubs/wgfrsar-committee-report-quebec2008.pdf
FRBR hits a triple.
A “triple” is a statement about a resource.Examples:THEMA <> HAS APPELATION <> NOMENWORK <> HAS CREATOR <> PERSON
http://www.ebsi.umontreal.ca/isko2008/documents/abstracts/zeng.pdf
The Semantic Web
“The semantic web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries.”
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
Original 2001 Scientific American article: http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web&print=true
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative and RDA: New Goals• The registration of the RDA element vocabulary
(each element has a URI– a “uniform resource identifier” which builds a namespace)
http://dublincore.org/dcmirdataskgroup
• The creation of an “application profile” – schemas that combine elements from one or more namespaces to optimize a local application
Article on application profiles:http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue25/app-profiles/
A tale of two “resources”• RDA – Resource Description and Access
A “resource” is the focus for a bibliographic description. When we catalogue with RDA, we record the entities, attributes and relationships found in the resource.ZOOM OUT TO THE CATALOGUED RESOURCE
• RDF – Resource Description FrameworkEach entity, element, relationship, and role is a “resource”– parts of logical statements (called triples) which collectively constitute a “description set”.
When we replace plain text values in a triple with URIs (uniform resource identifiers), we link data and controlled vocabulary to create the Semantic Web.ZOOM IN TO EACH VALUE IN A TRIPLE
DCMI Registry for RDA Appendix JRelationship Designators
http://metadataregistry.org/schemaprop/list/schema_id/13.html
The Registered “Based on (work)” Element
http://metadataregistry.org/schemapropel/list/schema_property_id/419.html
Links to URIs move cataloguing data onto the Semantic Web.
The Swedish National Library, FRBR and the Semantic Web
Link to this record: http://libris.kb.se/bib/5060570?tab1=vers
“Making a Library Catalogue Part of the Semantic Web”: http://dcpapers.dublincore.org/ojs/pubs/article/viewFile/927/923
RDA and MARC: the GMD is replaced
245 14 $a The hobbit $h [sound recording] / $c J.R.R. Tolkien.
becomes something like
245 14 $a The hobbit / $c J.R.R. Tolkien
336 __ $a spoken word337 __ $a audio338 __ $a audio disc
The GMD is dead; long live the Content Type, Media Type and Carrier Type
FRBR Entity Bib/Auth Field Field Name Examples
Expression Bib/Auth 336 Content Type - text- performed music
Manifestation Bib 337 Media Type - unmediated- audio
Manifestation Bib 338 Carrier Type - volume- audio disc
Book 336 text 337 unmediated 338 volume
DVD video 336 moving image 337 video 338 videodisc
Audio CD 336 performed music 337 audio 338 audio disc
Examples:
http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-01-2.html
URIs for RDA Content Typeshttp://metadataregistry.org/concept/list/vocabulary_id/45.html
Details for the“Spoken word” Content Type element
http://metadataregistry.org/concept/show/id/522.html
A hypothetical Semantic Web description set
Author: http://lcnaf.info/50002976Work title: English patientForm of work: http://RDVocab.info/genre/1008
Language of expression: http://marclang.info.engContent type: http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
Edition: 1st ed.Place of publication: New YorkPublisher: http://onixpub.info/74312Date of production: 1992Number of units: 307 pagesResource identifier: 0679416781
Identifier: http://lcnaf.info/50002976Name: Ondaatje, MichaelBirthDate: Sep. 12, 1943
Identifier: http://RDVocab.info/genre/1008PrefLabel: Novel
Identifier: http://marclang.info/engName: engPrefLabel: EnglishAltLabel: en
Identifier: http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/TextDefinition: A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Identifier: http://onixpub.info/74312Name: Knopf
http://www.slideshare.net/kramsey/the-future-of-cataloging-and-catalogers-presentation“Trepidation or Anticipation? The Future of Cataloging and Cataloguers” by Diane Hillman
Expression
Work
Manifestation
What is it, again?
Starting points for FRBR and RDA:select web sites and books
Web sites:
IFLA’s FRBR Home Page: http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records
The FRBR Blog: http://www.frbr.org/Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA: http://www.rda-jsc.org/rda.htmlRDA Online: http://www.rdatoolkit.org/Library of Congress RDA Test: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/RDAtest/rdatraining.html
Books:
Maxwell, Robert L. FRBR : A Guide for the Perplexed. ALA, 2008.
Taylor, Arlene G. Understanding FRBR: What It Is and How It Will Affect Our Retrieval Tools. Libraries Unlimited, 2007.
Zhang, Yin. Implementing FRBR in Libraries. Neal-Schuman, 2009.
