Name ________________________________Per________ Test Date___________

UNIT XIII - KINGDOM PLANTAE

I. INTRODUCTION (p. 502) Plants are placed into groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics:

A. Plants are _eukaryotic____, _multicellular____ organisms, most with _organs & organ systems __

B. All plant cells have _cell walls___ composed of _cellulose_____.C. Plants are _autotrophic____, which means they can use energy from the _sun___ to make _glucose__ in _photosynthesis___. Photosynthesis takes place in the _chloroplasts_____ of plant cells. The equation for photosynthesis is _6CO2 + 6H2O C 6 H12 O6 + 6O2______________. D. Plants are _non-motile_____; therefore, special adaptations are required for _reproduction_______.

II. PLANT STRUCTURE & GROWTH (pp. 603 – 608, 641 - 647)A. Roots Roots _anchor the plant ___, absorb _water____ and _minerals____ from the soil, and transport these materials to the stem. Some plants also store food in their roots. Each root has root hairs, tiny extensions of epidermal cells that increase _surface area______ for _water absorption_____.

Water is absorbed into the plant by the process of osmosis . There are two kinds of roots:

Taproots - a large, main, primary root. Example= carrot, dandelionFibrous - branching, secondary roots. Example = grasses

B. Plant Transport Larger plants must have a way to transport _water_, _minerals____and _food____. This is carried out by two types of _vessels____. Together the vessels (cells working together) make up a _tissue______ in plants known as _vascular_______ tissue. Plants are divided into two groups, based on whether or not they have vascular tissue.

1. Xylem transports _water___ & _minerals____ from the _roots___ to the rest of the plant.

Water always moves in 1 direction – from the rootsstemsleaves Water evaporates from the plant through opening on the underside of the

leaves called stomata .

2. Phloem transports _”food” (glucose)_ from the _leaves_____ to the rest of the plant.

It carries sugars in two directions. Sugar can be carried from where it is made (usually the leaves) to where

it is stored (usually stems and roots).

C. Leaves Leaves are the main organ for _photosynthesis_____. They have a large

surface area for maximum _light absorption_. The structures of a leaf include:

1. Cuticle - _Waxy_____ covering to prevent _water loss_____ 2. Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells; prevents _injury, infection_____ 3. Mesophyll - _Photosynthetic______ layer of leaf Palisade layer – Upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site of most _photosynthesis_____ Spongy layer – Underside of leaf; loosely-packed cells to allow for exchange of _CO2 and O 2_____ 4. Vein - _xylem___ + _phloem___ 5. Stomata – Opening in underside of leaf that allows _ CO 2__ to enter; _ O 2_and H2O__ to exit. 6. Guard Cells – Control size of _stomata_____. Work to preserve balance between allowing for gas exchange without losing too much _water__. “Plant sweat” is known as _transpiration___.

III. PLANT CLASSIFICATION Plants are divided into two basic groups based on whether they contain

_vascular____ tissue:

A. Bryophytes – No vascular tissue present (pp. 609-610) Bryophytes, or _mosses____, are the only group of plants that lack vascular tissue. This limits both the _size___and _location__ of this group of plants. Mosses are _small____ and typically live in _moist___areas. In addition, a moist climate is required because mosses have _” swimming ” __sperm. The sperm must swim to the _egg__ cell in order for _fertilization__to take place.

B. Tracheophytes – Contain vascular tissue (pp. 613 – 621, 668 - 671) Tracheophytes are vascular plants which allows them to _grow taller_and

_live in drier climates__. The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence or absence of pollen, seeds, and fruit:

1. Ferns – No pollen, no seeds, no fruits Although ferns contain vascular tissue, they are still found predominantly in moist climates because the sperm must _swim__ to the egg cell.

2. Gymnosperms – Have pollen and seeds, no fruit The word, “gymnosperm” means _” naked seed ” ___ because the seed is not protected by a _fruit______. A unique characteristic of gymnosperms is the presence of _cones____. The largest and most common phyla is _Conifera (conifers)__ which includes _pines, spruce, cedar__. Conifers have characteristic leaves called _needles___, which are modified to _prevent water loss__ and _minimize ice build - up ___. In addition, gymnosperms (and angiosperms) have “flying sperm” or _pollen_, so they are no longer tied to _water____ for reproduction.

SORI

3. Angiosperms – Have pollen, seeds, and fruit

Cypress

White Pine

Spruce

Sago Palm (Cycad Phyla)

Redwood

Angiosperms are the most complex and adaptable of all plant groups. They are also the most successful due to two important modifications:

a. Fruit - A fruit is a mature _ovary___ that contains one or more seeds. It provides the embryo with greater _protection_ than found in gymnosperm seeds. The fruit also increases seed dispersal because fruits are eaten by _animals_, seeds pass through _digestive tract _ and are _eliminated____. Some fruits are not intended to be _edible_____.

b. Flower - The flower is the reproductive system of the angiosperm. It enhances _pollination__, which occurs as a first step to fertilization. 1. The male reproductive organ is the _stamen____, which consists of the _anther___ and _filament_______. _Pollen_____, is produced by the anther and contains the _sperm cells______.

2. The female reproductive organ is the _pistil____, which consists of the sticky top called the _stigma_, a neck called the style and a base called the __ovary__. The ovary contains the female gametes - egg or ovules . During __pollination__, pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it sends out a __pollen tube__ that grows through the style to the __ovary__. Ovule fertilized by sperm.

3. The __petals__ are usually colorful to attract pollinators.

IV. PLANT HORMONES AND RESPONSE – (pp. 648 – 651)A hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same individual. Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plants responses to environmental conditions.

A. Tropism- response of a plant to an environmental stimulus 1. Phototropism - is the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of light_. This process uses a hormone known as auxin . Auxin is produced in the apical meristem and is transported downward into the rest of the plant. Auxin production increases in the shaded part of the stem and it stimulates __ cell elongation __. This causes the dark side of the stem to elongate, resulting in the stem to bend away from the shade and toward the light _.

1. Petal2. Filament3. Anther4. Stigma5. Style6. Ovary7. Ovule8. Pistil/Carpel **#2 & #3 together make up the stamen (male part of flower)

2. Gravitropism - plant’s response to _ gravity _. This assures that roots grow down and stems grow up. Auxin is also the hormone responsible for gravitropism.

3. Thigmotropism - plant’s response to _ touch _. This allows a plant to

grow on a surface that can support it. Whenever the stem touches the support, the cells on the opposite side of the stem grow longer, causing the stem to coil around or grasp a hold of the support.

B. Other Hormones 1. Cytokinins- hormone produced in growing roots and in developing fruits/seeds. Cytokinins stimulate cell division__, growth of lateral __buds_, and dormant seeds to _sprout_. Cytokinins often produce effects opposite to those of auxin. 2. Ethylene- stimulates __ripening _ of fruit. 3. Gibberellins- produce dramatic increases in __size__, particularly in stems and fruits.

Gibberellins Ethylene