KEMIN.COM/CLOSERLOOK

A CLOSER LOOKMP LYSINE FOR DAIRY CATTLE

1

INTRODUCTION

Lysine is an essential amino acid used as a building block in creating various

proteins. Therefore, meeting lysine requirement is fundamental to the health

and wellness of dairy cows. Because lysine cannot be produced within the body,

it must be supplied through other sources. As you will read in this e-book,

meeting MP Lysine requirements provides numerous benefits to dairy cattle.

LYSINE AT WORK

• Vital for milk protein production

• Plays a role in growth, as well

as the production of carnitine,

which turns fats into energy

• Assists in calcium absorption

• Can help with injury and

disease recovery

Over the past few decades, improved genetics and increased cow performance

have continually increased the lysine requirement in dairy cattle. Today, rumen

protected lysine gives dairy producers the ability to use lower-cost ingredients

and still maintain desired milk production levels.

2

E-BOOK CONTENTSSECTION 1 The Importance of MP Lysine in Dairy Production

SECTION 2 The Impact of Blood Meal Variability on Dairy Production and Profitability

SECTION 3 Comparing Rumen Protected Lysine Products

3

THE IMPORTANCE OF

IN DAIRY PRODUCTION1

MP LYSINELysine is one of the first two limiting essential amino

acids in North American dairy diets and must be

supplied by the cow’s diet, as it cannot be produced

naturally within the body. A key benefit of balancing

amino acids to meet lysine requirements is achieving

maximum milk production while not overfeeding

other expensive nutrients. In addition, using rumen

protected lysine allows dairy producers to:

• Feed diets lower in crude protein

• Reduce the overall nitrogen excretion

from their cows into the environment

• Potentially see improved health benefits

SECTION 1

1. Kemin InfoLink: Increased Production Lowers Break Even Costs and Increases Profit.

4

INCREASED PRODUCTION LOWERS BREAK-EVEN COSTS AND INCREASES PROFITIt costs the same to keep a cow in a herd whether

she’s producing 60 or 90 lbs/h/d. Both situations

require the same amount of dry matter (DM) to meet

the cow’s maintenance requirements.1.1 The operating

and fixed overhead costs are the same as well.

The difference is how much producers spend on

feed to support higher milk production. The key to

profitability is increasing milk production in a cost-

effective manner; in other words, for every penny

you invest in feed, you need to make two pennies

in milk income.

Figure 1 is based on an article written by Jim Salfer,

a dairy specialist with the University of Minnesota. 1.2

Using $15/cwt milk and dry matter costs of

$0.11/lbs you can see the economic impact

improved production has.

By increasing production, the fixed costs that are the

same for each animal (regardless of production level)

are spread across more pounds of milk. This lowers

the overall cost of production or break-even point.

The break-even point for each scenario can be

determined using the formula below.

THE IMPORTANCE OF

IN DAIRY PRODUCTION1 (Total Feed Costs/lbs of Milk) + (Operating Costs/lbs of Milk) + (Overhead Costs/lbs of Milk)

Milk Production lbs/h/d

1.1. National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 1.2. Salfer, J. The dilution of maintenance (more milk = more profit). Retrieved from http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/feed-and-nutrition/the-dilution-of-maintenance on May 30, 2016.

90

Figure 1. Feed Costs and Milk Income Based on Production Levels1.1

$0

$2

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$14

US

D

MILK PRODUCTION (lbs/h/d)50

1.65

3.66

5.31

7.50

2.19

60

1.65

4.40

6.05

9.00

2.95

70

1.65

5.17

6.82

10.50

3.68

80

1.65

5.83

7.48

12.00

4.52

Maintenance Feed Costs ($/h/d)

Production Feed Costs ($/h/d)

Total Feed Costs ($/h/d)

Milk Income ($/h/d)

IOFC ($/h/d)

1.65

6.60

8.25

13.50

5.25

5

In the scenario shown in Figure 2, increasing

production from 50 to 90 lbs/h/d reduces the total

cost of production from $0.17 to $0.15/lbs of milk.

This is especially important in times of low milk

prices when every penny counts.

ANALYSISImplementing cost-effective

measures to increase milk

production can increase milk

income, increase IOFC (income

over feed cost) and lower the

overall cost of production

(break-even point).

Figure 2. Milk Production Break-Even Costs Based on Milk Production

BR

EA

K-E

VE

N C

OS

T (

$/lb

s o

f M

ilk)

MILK PRODUCTION (lbs/h/d)

$0.130

$0.135

$0.140

$0.145

$0.150

$0.155

$0.160

$0.165

$0.170

50 60 70 80 90

0.173

0.163

0.155

0.150

0.146

$0.175

1. Kemin InfoLink: Increased Production Lowers Break Even Costs and Increases Profit.

6

MEET MP LYSINE REQUIREMENTS AND INCREASE PROFIT2

In well-managed herds, an important step in improving

milk production and increasing profit is ensuring

MP Lysine requirements are met. This is not

always as easy as it appears.

Nutritional software programs cannot account for

feedstuff variability. This variability means MP Lysine

requirements may not be met, and in turn, milk

production may suffer. Providing additional MP Lysine

in the diet can ensure lysine requirements are met

and maximum production is consistently achieved.

Figure 3 highlights a number of trials in which a rumen

protected lysine product was used to increase MP

Lysine levels. The result is increased milk production

and profit.

As Figure 3 shows, in well-managed dairy herds it’s

common to see increases of at least 3 lbs/h/d when

supplying 10 additional grams of MP Lysine to

a cow’s diet.

CONCLUSIONThe key to profitability is increasing milk production in

a cost-effective manner. Implementing cost-effective

measures to increase milk production can increase

milk income, increase IOFC and lower your overall

cost of production (break-even point). Providing

additional MP Lysine in the diet can ensure lysine

requirements are met and maximum production

is consistently achieved.

Figure 3. Effect of Increasing the Supply of MP Lysine on Production

PARITY

102

150-D MILK YIELDS

Primiparous2.7

Multiparous2.7

95.2

96

AVERAGE MILK YIELDS

Primiparous2.8

Multiparous2.8

Mixed2.8

Unknown2.1

Multiparous2.2

Unknown2.1

Unknown2.1

Multiparous2.3

102.1

102.7

103.2

4.76.7

4.57.1

138.3

109.5

249.9

ENERGY CORRECTED MILK (ECM)YIELDS

Multiparous2.5

Mixed2.5

Primiparous2.5

Mixed2.6

Mixed2.9

Multiparous2.10

Mixed2.10

Primiparous2.1

Multiparous2.4

103

103

323.5

103.5

113.5

114

114.5

448

Additional MP Lysine vs. Control (g/h/d)

Change in Yield (lbs/h/d)

2. Kemin InfoLink: Meet MP Lysine Requirements and Increase Profit. 2.1. Block et al., 2010 JDS 93:E-Suppl 1:439. 2.2. Nocek et al., 2010 JDS 93:E-Suppl 1:442. 2.3. Nocek et al., 2010 JDS 93:E-Suppl 1:235. 2.4. Kemin Internal Document,15-00080. 2.5. Kemin Internal Document, 11-00009. 2.6. Kemin Internal Document, 13-00004. 2.7. Kemin Internal Document, 13-00014. 2.8. Kemin Internal Document, 13-00003. 2.9. Kemin Internal Document, 11-00015. 2.10. Kemin Internal Document, 12-00007.

7

THE IMPACT OF

BLOOD MEAL VARIABILIT Y ON DAIRY PRODUCTION AND PROFITABILITY3

Meeting MP Lysine

requirements is critical for

maximizing production,

efficiency and overall health

in dairy cows.

This essential amino acid must be

added into diets, as it cannot be

produced naturally within the body.

To meet MP Lysine requirements, many

dairy producers turn to byproducts or

commodities such as blood meal.

Variations in blood meal quality, however,

impact the amount of MP Lysine available

to the animal, which can result in lysine

requirements not being met.

SECTION 2

3. Kemin Technical Literature: Percentages, Grams, and Costs: A Comparison of Blood Meal Sources.

8

ANALYSISThe percentage of unavailable lysine indicates how much

damage was done to the lysine in the blood meal during heating.

This results in reduced levels of MP Lysine available to the animal.

THE VARIABILITY OF BLOOD MEALBlood meal (BM) is heated and dried while being

processed. During this time, Maillard reactions occur,

which bind sugars to amino groups, reducing the

digestibility and availability of nitrogen or amino acids

such as lysine. It is impossible to determine the extent

of the damage caused during the heating and drying

process without performing testing in the laboratory.

Low blood meal prices may look like a bargain—

but without testing, the true value of a sample will

remain unknown. Therefore, Kemin collected blood

meal samples from feed manufacturers and dairy

producers throughout the United States to measure

specific amino acid digestibility and determine the

bioavailability of MP Lysine in blood meal. The content

and supply of lysine from blood meal can be evaluated

using three characteristics:

• Percentage of MP Lysine as compared to

the total lysine (Figure 4)

• Grams of MP Lysine provided by a specific

amount of blood meal (Figure 5)

• Cost per gram of MP Lysine provided by

the blood meal (Figure 6)

100%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

90%

80%

70%

% O

F T

OTA

L LY

SIN

E

SAMPLE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Avg.

36%

64% 55%

45%

46%

54%

41%

59%

40%

60%

39%

61%

34%

66%

32%

68%

31%

69%

30%

70%

19%

81%

39%

61%

0%

Figure 4. Percentage of MP Lysine vs. Percentage of Unavailable Lysine in Blood Meal

MP Lysine Unavailable Lysine

Additional Resources Used: 3.1. Gargallo, S., S. Calsamiglia, and A. Ferret. 2006. Technical note: A modified three-step invitro procedure to determine intestinal digestion of protein. J. Animal Sci. 84:2163-2167. 3.2. Knapp, J., N. St. Pierre. (2011, March 7) Blood meal variability affects dairy performance. Feedstuffs (16 –19). 3.3. NRC, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Natl. Acad. Sci. 7th rev. ed. NRC, Washington, DC. 3.4. Stern, M.D., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and A. Bach. 1995. Protein contributions from alternative feeds. Page 31 in Proceedings of the 2nd National Alternative Feed Symposium. Variability in digestibility estimates of blood meal as determined by an in vitro analysis. 3.5. Kemin Internal Document, SD-13-00035.

9

20

12

10

8

6

4

2

18

16

14

GR

AM

S P

ER

0.5

LB

S O

F B

M

KEMIN COLLECTED SAMPLES1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Avg.

6.1

17.016.6

7.5

17.0

9.2

16.1

9.5

17.6

10.6

17.8

10.9

15.4

10.2

15.1

10.3

5.6

3.9

17.2

12.1

17.1

13.8

15.5

9.4

0

Figure 5. Total Grams of Lysine and Grams of MP Lysine Contained in 0.5 lb of the BM Samples

Total Lysine (g) MP Lysine (g)

As Figure 5 shows, there is great variability in the

number of grams of MP Lysine present in the various

blood meal samples. Therefore, dairy producers cannot

expect consistent levels of MP Lysine in the blood

meal they purchase, even if it is obtained through

the same source.

The cost of a gram of MP Lysine is not only impacted

by the price of blood meal but by the quality of the

product. The results in Figure 5 were used to calculate

the actual cost per gram of MP Lysine with a price of

$1,100/ton for blood meal (Figure 6).

BLO

OD

ME

AL

CO

ST

($/

TO

N)

Figure 6. The Cost Per Gram of MP Lysine MP Lysine Cost ($/g) Blood Meal Cost ($/ton)

$0.060

$0.050

$0.040

$0.030

$0.020

$0.010

$0.090

$0.080

$0.070

MP

LY

SIN

E C

OS

T (

$/G

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Avg.$0.000 $0

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

0.045

0.037

0.030 0.029 0.026 0.0250.027 0.027

0.071

0.0230.029

0.020

$1,100

Additional Resources Used: 3.1. Gargallo, S., S. Calsamiglia, and A. Ferret. 2006. Technical note: A modified three-step invitro procedure to determine intestinal digestion of protein. J. Animal Sci. 84:2163-2167. 3.2. Knapp, J., N. St. Pierre. (2011, March 7) Blood meal variability affects dairy performance. Feedstuffs (16 –19). 3.3. NRC, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Natl. Acad. Sci. 7th rev. ed. NRC, Washington, DC. 3.4. Stern, M.D., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and A. Bach. 1995. Protein contributions from alternative feeds. Page 31 in Proceedings of the 2nd National Alternative Feed Symposium. Variability in digestibility estimates of blood meal as determined by an in vitro analysis. 3.5. Kemin Internal Document, SD-13-00035.

10

BLOOD MEAL QUALITY IS NOT IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER4

One true indicator of blood meal quality is nitrogen

digestibility. This indicates how much of the nitrogen

contained in the blood meal can actually be digested

and used by the cow. If a sample contains a high

level of undigestible nitrogen, there is very little

the cow can do except excrete the nitrogen into

the environment.

Nitrogen digestibility often correlates to amino acid

digestibility as well, letting us know the levels of

available lysine or methionine in the blood meal.

The following samples were evaluated using the

In Vitro Nitrogen Indigestibility Assay (IVNIDA)

system and the results show visual inspection

simply cannot determine blood meal quality.

Table 1.

Similar color samples contain different amounts of undigestible nitrogen.

13%

41%

56%

Table 2.

Differing color samples contain similar amounts of digestible nitrogen.

14%

13%

17%

Table 3.

Dark colored samples with varying amounts of digestible nitrogen.

6%

14%

58%

Table 4.

Coarse particle size does not ensure poor quality.

6%

17%

56%

One true indicator of blood meal quality is nitrogen digestibility.

PERCENTAGES INDICATE UNDIGESTIBLE NITROGEN

4. Kemin Brochure: The Truth About Blood Meal Variability.

11

THE OPPORTUNITY COST OF FEEDING HIGHLY VARIABLE INGREDIENTS5

Variation in the digestibility of the protein and amino

acids contained in feed ingredients has a direct impact

on production and profitability. One way to evaluate

this impact is by determining the opportunity cost

(the loss of potential profit) when feeding a poor

quality feed with low digestibility instead of a good

quality feed that is highly digestible. For example,

what is the opportunity cost of using good versus

poor quality blood meal?

A nine-week trial conducted at the Cornell University

Ruminant Center focused on the impact blood meal

quality has on milk production. The only difference

between the two diets was the quality of the

blood meal.

• The poor quality blood meal contained

34 percent undigestible nitrogen (N)—

meaning only 66 percent of the N in the blood

meal could be digested and used by the cow,

while the remaining 34 percent was excreted

into the environment.

• The good quality blood meal contained

only nine percent undigestible nitrogen—

meaning 91 percent of the N could be

absorbed and used by the cow.

As shown in Figure 7, blood meal quality quickly

impacted the production levels of the cows.

The average difference in energy corrected milk (ECM)

yield between the two treatments was 4.2 lbs/h/d.

The possible opportunity cost for each one percent

reduction in digestibility for a 500-cow dairy is

shown in Table 5. In the Cornell University trial,

the difference in blood meal digestibility was

25 percent and thus, each number shown below

can be multiplied by 25 to calculate the full

opportunity cost.

EC

M Y

IELD

(LB

S/H

/D)

WEEKS0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100

95

90

85

80

75

Figure 7. Impact of Digestibility of ECM Yield

Good Quality BM Poor Quality BM

Table 5. Opportunity Cost Based on Milk Price

LOW MED HIGH

Milk Price ($/cwt)

$12 $16 $20

Lost Profit (opportunity cost) due to 1% difference in digestibility ($/month/500 cows)

$302 $403 $504

5. Kemin InfoLink: What is the Opportunity Cost of Feeding Highly Variable Ingredients. Additional Resources Used: 5.1. Gutierrez-Botero M.M., Foskolos, A., Ross, D.A., Van Amburgh, M.E. (2014). Balancing for intestinal nitrogen indigestibility in high producing lactating cattle: One step closer to feeding a cow like a pig? Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, Syracuse, NY.

12

CONCLUSIONThe wide variation in blood meal

quality means MP Lysine requirements

may not be met, and actual milk and

milk component production may

be less than predicted. Therefore,

purchase decisions based on price

alone are risky because a less

expensive supply of blood meal may

have a considerable difference in

digestibility, resulting in a higher

opportunity cost (lost profit).

13

COMPARING RUMEN PROTECTED LYSINE PRODUCTS6

Feeding a rumen protected

lysine can reduce your

reliance on commodity

protein sources, such as

blood meal, to provide MP

Lysine and limit the impact

the variation in quality can

have on production levels.

It can also create additional

opportunities to supply more

nutrients within the feed.

Replacing blood meal with

rumen protected lysine:

• Reduces MP Lysine variability

• Provides a cost-effective source of MP Lysine

• Creates space within the diet to improve other priorities (e.g., energy and fiber)

SECTION 3

14

COMPARING RUMEN PROTECTED LYSINE PRODUCTSMaking a purchase decision in today’s economic

climate requires an in-depth examination of a product’s

features and benefits. From functionality to price,

focusing on one or two characteristics doesn’t provide

the complete picture—this is especially true when

comparing rumen protected lysine products. While

it appears some products may have advantages

(e.g. percent bypass or price per pound), it is

important to gauge a product’s efficacy on the

sum of all of its characteristics.

CHARACTERISTICS NECESSARY TO EFFECTIVELY EVALUATE RUMEN PROTECTED LYSINE:

LYSINE CONCENTRATION =

Percent (by weight) of the product

that is lysine.

RUMEN ESCAPE =

Percent of the lysine contained by the

product that is un-degraded in the rumen.

INTESTINAL AVAILABILITY =

Percent of the un-degraded lysine available

for absorption by the intestines and available

for use by the animal.

MP LYSINE =

Percent of the total lysine contained

in the product available and utilized by

the animal (100 percent x rumen escape

percentage x intestinal availability percentage

= MP Lysine percentage).

4

6. Kemin InfoLink: USA Lysine: Protection Without Waste, Innovation You Can Afford. Additional Resources Used: 6.1. Kemin Internal Document, 15-00008. 6.2. CNCPS Model Inputs for AjiPro-L Generation 2. 6.3. MetaboLys Nutrient Composition CNCPS v5.0.

15

COMPARISONS OF THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE RUMEN PROTECTED LYSINE PRODUCTS

If the product does not release the lysine after

passing through the rumen, the lysine is wasted.

Most importantly, neither the rumen microbes nor

the cow benefit if the lysine is excreted in the feces.

Only four percent of the lysine contained in USA

Lysine® is excreted compared to 16 percent of the

lysine excreted from AjiPro®-L (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Destination of the Lysine Contained in the Various Products

% of Total Lysine Degraded in Rumen

% of Total Lysine that is Intestinally Available

% of Total Lysine Excreted

USA Lysine® AjiPro®-L MetaboLys®

81%

15%

4%

64%

16%20%

67%

12%21%

Figure 8. Rumen Protected Lysine Product Characteristics

10%

20%

USA Lysine®6.1 AjiPro®-L6.2 MetaboLys®6.3

GR

AM

S O

F M

P L

YS

INE

/LB

OF

PR

OD

UC

T

% Lysine = % Lysine HCl x 78.8%

% Escape = % of Total Lysine Escaping the Rumen

% Intestinal Availability = % of the Escape Lysine Absorbed by Small Intestine

% MP Lysine = % of Total Lysine Available for Absorbption

Intestinal Available Grams of Lysine/1.0 lbs (454 g) of Product

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0

50

100

150

200

250

55%

85%

95%

81%

40%

80% 80%

64%

30%

88%

76%

67%

0%

202

116

92

6. Kemin InfoLink: USA Lysine: Protection Without Waste, Innovation You Can Afford. Additional Resources Used: 6.1. Kemin Internal Document, 15-00008. 6.2. CNCPS Model Inputs for AjiPro-L Generation 3. 6.3. MetaboLys Nutrient Composition CNCPS v5.0. AjiPro®-L is a registered trademark of Ajinimoto Heartland, Inc., Chicago, IL. MetaboLys® is a registered trademark of H.J. Baker & Bros., Inc., Westport, CT.

16

Lysine concentration, rumen escape and intestinal

availability determine which product is the most

efficient at delivering MP Lysine to the cow. A cost

comparison in Table 6 substantiates which commercial

product is the most cost-effective source of MP Lysine.

Some contend high rumen escape delivers an

adequate volume of available lysine. On the contrary,

high rumen escape isn’t enough to ensure that the

cow receives the MP Lysine needed to reap the

production or nutritional benefits. When selecting your

lysine source, review each characteristic of a rumen

protected lysine product to determine which product

provides the most cost-effective supply of MP Lysine.

A price comparison indicates USA Lysine is the most

cost-effective source of MP Lysine available on the

market today.

RUMEN ESCAPE NO LONGER ENOUGH7

Innovation in amino acid nutrition is changing

how dairy cows are fed, improving milk production

and performance. What’s changed? Research shows

achieving optimal milk production requires more

than rumen escape. For example, lysine has little

impact on a cow’s production if the lysine is not

actually absorbed in her small intestine.

MP Lysine is the amount of lysine passing through

the rumen in a form that is available for absorption

in the small intestine. Higher levels of MP Lysine

provide a more efficient use of protein because

the lysine is intestinally available to the cow.

One product delivers on rumen escape and

bioavailability, and it’s also the most cost-effective

rumen protected lysine on the market—USA Lysine.

Table 6. Opportunity Cost Based on Milk Price

Grams of MP Lysine/ lb of Product

454 g of Prodct x % Lysine x % MP Lysine

Product Cost ($/lb)

MP Lysine Cost ($/g of MP Lysine)

$/lb of Product / Grams of MP Lysine

Cost of 10 g of MP Lysine $ per Gram of

MP Lysine x 10

USA Lysine® 202 $3.15 $0.016 $0.16

AjiPro®-L 116 $1.84 $0.016 $0.16

MetaboLys® 92 $2.60 $0.028 $0.28

7. Kemin Brochure: Rumen Bypass No Longer Enough in Rumen Nutrition.

17

STEP TWO: IN THE ANIMAL

USA LYSINE: THE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE LYSINE SOURCE ON THE MARKET8

As the most concentrated, consistent rumen

protected lysine source for dairy cows on the market,

USA Lysine eliminates the variability issues of blood

meal and makes MP Lysine more intestinally available

to your herd. USA Lysine technology is supported

by data-driven research using sophisticated models

that are validated in a three-step process.

STEP ONE: IN THE LAB (IN VITRO)

ORIGINAL PRODUCT

Undigested core product and matrix measured for weight

and core material

A-FRACTION 15 Minutes

ILLEAL PHASE 9 hours • pH 8

Enzymes, Lipase, Amylase

RUMEN PHASE, IN VITRO Various Time Points

38ºC • pH 6.5 • Anaerobic Conditions

GASTRIC PHASE 3 hours • pH 3

Pepsin

THE LAB PROCESS

WASHWASH AND LOW TEMP DRY DOWN

Figure 10. Single Regression Model on Individual

Cow Data to Determine Lysine Bioavailability Infused Lysine

Fed USA Lysine®

8

10

INFUSED OR FED LYSINE, g/d

PLA

SM

A L

YS

INE

, µg

/mL

12

14

16

18

60 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Linear (Infused Lysine)

Linear (Fed USA Lysine®)

8. Kemin Internal Document.

18

CONCLUSIONReplacing blood meal with rumen protected

lysine helps reduce the variability of

lysine in the diet and can create additional

opportunities to supply more nutrients

in the feed. When evaluating rumen

protected lysine products on the four major

characteristics (lysine concentration,

rumen escape, intestinal availability and

MP Lysine) and comparing the price of the

products, it becomes clear that USA Lysine

is the most cost-effective lysine source

on the market today.

STEP THREE: IN THE DAIRY

Milk Protein Milk Protein Yield

3.5 3.5%

(lb

/h/d

) •

MIL

K P

RO

TE

IN %

CONTROL BLOOD MEAL

USA LYSINE®

3.042.82%

2.98

2.78%

3.22

2.92%3.0

3%

2.5 2.5%

2.0 2%

1.5 1.5%

1.0 1%

0.5 .5%

0.0 0%

EC

M lb

/h/d

96.8a95.2a

104.8b100

80

60

40

20

0CONTROL BLOOD

MEAL USA

LYSINE®

ENERGY-CORRECTED MILK (ECM) YIELD8.1 Differing superscripts indicate significant difference, P<0.20

8.1. Kemin Internal Document, 15-00047.

CONSISTENT, CONCENTRATED, COST-EFFECTIVE SOURCE OF MP LYSINE Kemin understands your need to raise healthy

livestock that give consumers the nutritional and

health benefits they are looking for, while also

returning a profit. We focus our products and

services to help you achieve optimal nutrition,

feed quality, gut health and pathogen control.

KEMIN.COM/USALYSINE

1-800-752-2864

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2017. All rights reserved. ® ™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.

BR-2017-00188