A Comparative Study on the Parasitic Fauna of the Common ...kenanaonline.com/files/0087/87961... · universe (ALLAH), and our beloved prophet Mohammad (Allahʼs blessings ... C. carpio

Kurdistan Region- Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Salahaddin University- Erbil

A Comparative Study on the Parasitic Fauna of the Common

Carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery (Erbil) and

Lesser Zab River in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

A Thesis

Submitted to the Council of the College of Education- Scientific Departments in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in

Biology

By

KAMARAN SAADI MAMA B.Sc. Biology- University of Salahaddin- Erbil 1996

Supervised by

Prof. Dr. SHAMALL M. A. ABDULLAH

April 2012 A. D. Jamad Al- Awal 1433 Al- H. Nawroz 2712 K.

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مظي هللا الع ق د ص

سورة البقرة -٣٢-أية

Supervisorʼs Certification

I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the

Department of Biology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments,

University of Salahaddin-Erbil and hereby recommend it to be accepted in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree of Science in

Biology/ Parasitology.

Signature:

Supervisor: Professor Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah

Date: / / 2012

Chairmanʼs Certification

In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by

the examining committee.

Signature:

Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman

Head of Biology Department

Date: / / 2012

Examination Committee Certification

We (the examination committee) certify that we have read this thesis and as examining committee examined the student (Kamaran S. Mama) in its contents and what is related to it and our opinion it meets the standing of a thesis for the Master Degree of Science in Biology (Zoology/ Parasitology).

Signature: Signature:

Name: Dr. Zohair I. F. Rahemo Name: Dr. Wijdan M. S. Mero

Scientific grade: Professor Scientific grade: Professor

Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012

(Chairman) (Member)

Signature: Signature:

Name: Dr. Fatima S. Al-Nasiri Name: Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah

Scientific grade: Asst. Professor Scientific grade: Professor

Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012

(Member) (Member and Supervisor)

****************************************************************

Approved by the Council of the College of Education/ Scientific Departments

Signature:

Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Edrees M. T. Harki

Dean of the College of Education/ Scientific Departments

Date: / / 2012

DEDICATION

To my respectful parents, brothers and sister, lovable wife, daughters and sons, friends and to

whom who have a special place in my heart.

KAMARAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to the Lord of

universe (ALLAH), and our beloved prophet Mohammad (Allahʼs blessings

and piece be upon him).

Deepest gratitude with great respect is due to my supervisor Professor Dr.

Shamall M. A. Abdullah for his continuous encoragement, endless patience,

precious remarks and professional advices.

I am very thankful for the Ministry of Education for supporting and

facilitating everything related to the accomplishment of the thesis. Also, I am

deeply indebted to the Dean of College Education/ Scientific Departments (Asst.

Professor Dr. Edrees M. T. Harki) and a special thank to Asst. Professor Dr.

Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman, the Head of Biology Department for their valuable

advices and guidance during the period of my study.

Special thanks are extended to Professor Dr. Furhan Thumad Mhaisen from

Katrineholm Sweden, for providing the checklist of some parasite species.

Thanks to all the staff members of the Ainkawa fish hatchery, especially

Mr. Mohammad J. Ali for assisting me in the discription of the study area and

giving me the fish samples. Special thanks are due to Dr. Luay A. Q. Ali for

designing the map of the study area.

I would like to record a word of gratitude and appreciation and thanks to

Dr. Fikry A. Qadir, Mr. Salahudin I. Mohammed, Mr. Karwan S. N. Al-Margan,

Mr. Samir J. Bilal, Mr. Shwan K. Rahman, Mr. Abdulkarim A. A. Shwani and

Mr. Zakaria A. Shekha for their help and support.

KAMARAN

I

SUMMARY

A total of 360 common carp Cyprinus carpio were collected from two

different environments: Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment)

northwest of Erbil city and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) near

Alton Kupri, south of Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during the period from

August 2010 until the end of May 2011.

The fishes were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. The study revealed

the existence of 28 species of parasites. These included six species of protozoans

(Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis,

T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species of monogeneans

(Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri, D. deziensioides,

D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari, D. sahuensis, D. vastator,

Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini, G. elegans, G. gobioninum,

G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and Paradiplozoon cyprini), one

species of each of trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum), cestode

(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) and crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea).

Five species of these parasites (D. molnari, G. barbi, G. cyprini,

G. gobioninum and G. longoacuminatus) were recorded for the first time in Iraq,

and nine species (T. reticulata, D. achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri,

D. inexpectatus, D. sahuensis, G. baikalensis, G. kherulensis and P. cyprini)

were recorded in Kurdistan region. Also, C. carpio is regarded as a new host for

(T. reticulata, D. deziensioides and P. cyprini) in Iraq.

When comparing the parasitic infections of fishes from both locations in

the present study, it was found that C. carpio was infected with 19 species of

parasites, with an overall prevalence of infection of 83.8% and most of these

infections were with parasites with direct life cycles (protozoans, monogeneans

and crustaceans) in Ainkawa fish hatchery. However, in Lesser Zab river, the

fishes were infected with 16 species of parasites, with an overall prevalence of

infection of 80% and the infections varied between parasites with direct and

II

indirect life cycles (trematodes and cestodes). The statistical analysis indicated

that significant differences (P< 0.05) were noticed only in the infection with the

protozoans, trematodes and cestodes of fishes from both locations.

III

CONTENTS

Subject Page No.

Summary I

Contents III

List of Tables IV

List of Figures V

List of Abbreviations VI

Chapter One: Introduction 1

Chapter Two: Literature Review 4

Chapter Three: Materials and Methods 16

Description of the Sampling Area 16

Collection and Examination of Fishes 18

Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites 18

Photos and Measurements 23

Parasitic Identification 23

Criteria of Infection 24

Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 25

Protozoa 30

Monogenea 37

Digenea 64

Cestoda 66

Crustacea 66 Comparison between the Parasitic Fauna of C. Carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery and Lesser Zab River 68

Conclusions 73

Recommendations 74

References 75-89

Summary in Arabic A

Summary in Kurdish i-ii

IV

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1

Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C.

carpio in relation to their classification according

to Hoffman (1998). 26

2

The distributioin of parasites on/ in different sites

of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and

Lesser Zab passing Alton Kupri district. 28

3

Prevalence of infection of Cyprinus carpio from

Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with

the major groups of parasites. 69

V

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 A- Map of Iraq showing the Kurdistan region B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser Zab river (Nelson, 2003).

17

2 The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom (1958). 19

3 The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. according to Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004). 21

4 The morphometric parameters of Gyrodactylus sp. according to Galli et al. (2010). 22

5 Chilodonella cyprini. 316 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. 317 Trichodina acuta. 348 Trichodina nobilis. 349 Trichodina reticulata. 3610 Apiosoma amoebae. 3611 Dactylogyrus achmerowi. 3812 Dactylogyrus anchoratus. 4013 Dactylogyrus baueri. 4114 Dactylogyrus deziensioides. 4315 Dactylogyrus extensus. 4516 Dactylogyrus inexpectatus. 4617 Dactylogyrus minutus. 4818 Dactylogyrus molnari. 5019 Dactylogyrus sahuensis 5120 Dactylogyrus vastator. 5321 Gyrodactylus baikalensis. 5522 Gyrodactylus barbi. 5523 Gyrodactylus cyprini. 5724 Gyrodactylus elegans. 5925 Gyrodactylus gobioninum. 5926 Gyrodactylus kherulensis. 6027 Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus. 6228 Gyrodactylus vicinus. 6229 Paradiplozoon cyprini. 6530 Diplostomum spathaceum. 6531 Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. 6732 Lernaea cyprinacea. 67

VI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

a anchor ad adhesive disc ap anterior part b blade bo bothria br brandesʼs organ c cytopharynx cad central of adhesive disc cb connective bar ci cilia cl clamp co copulatory organ cv contractile vacuole dad dimeter of adhesive disc db dorsal bar dd dimeter of denticulate ring dob dimeter of body dv digestive vacuole ed epistomal disc hl hooklet i intestine m membrane ma macronucleus mh median hook mi micronucleus o ovary of oral funnel os oral sucker p pharynx pl peristomal lip pp posterior part r ray s scolex sb supplementary bar su sucker t testis vb ventral bar vs ventral sucker

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 was introduced for the

first time into Iraq in 1955 from Holland and Indonesia into Al- Zaafaraniya fish

farm at Baghdad city (Hamed, 1960), and the carp cultured industry had

developed only during the last thirty years. Carp culture became the dominant

cultured fish species in most fish farms and common in most inland water

bodies of Iraq. Many fish ponds and farms had increasingly established mainly

in the middle and the northern part of south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 1993). In

Kurdistan region, the first batch of these fishes was cultured in Dokan lake in

1967. As recently as 2004, two million fingerlings of this species were

distributed by FAO to the Dokan hatchery to enhance production, and now

spread to many farms in the region (Coad, 2010).

Cyprinus carpio belong to Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae. This

family includes 356 genera. The genus Cyprinus includes 23 species in

freshwater fish in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia (Froese and Pauly,

2011). In Iraq, this species is now widespread found in all main rivers and

marshes. The common names of this fish are carp, karp and samti (Coad, 2010).

Common carp has a very important place among the fish species living in inland

waters of the country as regards to its economic value and breeding features, and

it has an important place among cultured species due to its omnivore nature,

rapid growth, ease of keeping in closed regions, live in a wider range of water

temperatures 3-35°C, considerable tolerance against the lack of oxygen, disease

resistant, high fertility, easy to reproduce and they reach to sexual maturity at 3-

4 years of age and it is relatively tasty meat (Gül et al., 2010).

Due to common carp's adaptation to a wide range of climatic and

geographical condition, many of parasites have been found in wild and domestic

carp. The most complete checklist of carp parasites recorded a total of 310

parasite species (Tekin-Özan et al., 2008). As a result of the development of fish


2

culture industry in the world, the parasites of pond fishes had a great deal and

much attracted the attention of biologists. The importance of fish parasites is

directly related to the importance of the fishes that they may infect and result in

different types of injuries and damages (Amlacher, 1970).

Most individual fish in wild or cultivated populations is infested with

parasites but in the great majority of cases no significant harm appears to ensue.

There are surprisingly few reports of parasites causing mortality or serious

damage to feral fish populations, but this may be largely because such effects go

unnoticed. Parasites in wild fish are usually only remarked upon when they are

so obvious as to lead to rejection of fish by fishermen or consumers (Barnham,

2011).

In cultured fish populations, on the other hand, parasites often cause serious

outbreaks of disease. The presence of dense populations of fish kept in particular

environmental conditions may favour certain parasite species, leading to

increase of the parasite population to a very high level. The number of parasites

necessary to cause harm to a fish varies considerably with the species and size of

the host and its health status (Bauer, 1961).

Many fishes disasters which occurred in fish farms were caused by

different parasites, i.e. Hines and Spira (1974) stated that the parasite

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis caused mortalities of common carp in hatcheries in

North American. Schmahl (1991) mentioned that the parasite Gyrodactylus

salaris causing loss evaluated about 300 ton in salomon cultures in Norway.

Hoffman (1998) reported that Dactylogyrus vastater caused very great damage

to the gill filaments and severe mortalities of carp and goldfish in California and

southern Ontario fish farm. The mention of the previous examples, does not

mean that disasters does not occur in nature, for example Rutilus rutilus from

Chew valley lake in England, infected with Ligula intestinalis, lost their total

numbers and their juvenile stages (Wilson, 1971).


3

The importance of fish parasites is related directly to the importance of the

fishes that may affect them. The study of fish parasites is necessary to increase

the productivity of pond farms, to improve the stocks of valuable commercial

fisheries in the natural waters and to the possibility of fish acclimatization in

new sites or localities (Shul′man, 1961). Moreover, some freshwater fishes are

known as intermediate hosts carrying the infective stages of some human

parasites (Roberts and Janovy, 2005).

The main objective of the present study was to know the parasites that

infect C. carpio in two different environments; Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial

environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) in Kurdistan region,

and to make a comparison between their infections.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

4


The information's about parasitic fauna of the common carp, C. carpio very

tremendous in various parts of the world are very huge, and are out of the scope

of this study, therefore, the present review will be limited to cover some of

studies which done in the last ten years and is restricted to cover only the main

groups of parasites recorded on/ in this fish.

Aydogdu et al. (2001) recorded three species of parasites including

Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) and

Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dalyan Lagoon in Turkey.

Cengizler et al. (2001) isolated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina

nigra (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus elegans

(Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus sp. and Schistocephalus sp. (Cestoda) and

Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Seyhan river in Turkey.

Galli et al. (2002) found two species of monogenetic trematodes namely

Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus katharineri on C. carpio in Po river

basin, north of Italy.

Thilakaratne et al. (2003) recorded three species of protozoans

(Ichthyobodo necator, Piscinoodinium spp. and Tetrahymena corlissi), two

species of monogenean trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus

spp.), and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea

cyprinacea) from C. carpio in some farms in the western and north western of

Sri Lanka.

Vera et al. (2003) identified three species of protozoans (Trichodina acuta,

T. nigra and T. nobilis) from the skin and gills of C. carpio collected from Ečka

and Uzdin fish-ponds in Banat (Serbia).

Khan et al. (2003) recorded six species of parasites including Chilodonella

sp. and Trichodina sp. (Protozoans), Argulus sp., Ergasilus sp. and Lernaea


5

cyprinacea (Crustaceans), and Pisciocola sp. (Annelida) from C. carpio in

different freshwater habitats of Potohar region, Pakistan.

Dyková et al. (2003) studied the morphology of the spore of Myxobolus

longisporus on gills of C. carpio collected from Chinese lakes in the Hubei

province, China.

Kappe (2004) performed extensive study of the parasites of C. carpio

collected from two different farms in the south of Leipzing (Saxong) in

Germany. He recorded six species of the protozoans (Apiosoma piscicola,

Chilodonella cyprini, Epistylis lowoffi, Icthyobodo necator, Ichthyophthirius

multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), two species of monogenetic trematodes

(Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus sp.), two species of digenetic

trematodes (Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata), two species of

cestodes (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Khawia sinensis), one species of

nematode (Capillaria brerispicula) and one species of crustacean (Argulus

foliaceus).

Kir et al. (2004) recorded five parasite species which included one species

of monogenetic trematode (Dactylogyrus minutus), three species of cestodes

(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Caryophyllaeus laticeps and Ligula

intestinalis) and one species of crustacean (Argulus foliaceus) from C. carpio

collected from Karacaören I Dam lake in Turkey.

Jalali and Barzegar (2005) recorded five species of monogenetic

trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus, D.

sahuensis and D. vastator on the gills of C. carpio in different localities from

fish ponds, hatcheries and natural lake in Iran.

Öztürk (2005) isolated Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus elegans

(Monogenea), Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Digenea), Bothriocephalus

acheilognathi (Cestoda) and Argulus foliaceus (Crustecea) from C. carpio from

Eber lake in Turkey.


6

Al-Samman et al. (2006) identified two species of monogenetic trematodes

namely: Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. extensus on the gills of C. carpio from

fish farms of Orontes basin in Syrian.

Jalali and Barzegar (2006) reported the existence of Trichodina pediculus

(Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus stankovici (Monogenea),

Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Nematoda), and Argulus sp. and Lernaea

cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Zarivar lake in Iran.

Uzunay and Soylu (2006) recorded three species of monogenetic

trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus phoxini, D. extensus and Gyrodactylus sp.,

one species of digenetic trematode: Diplostomum sp. and two species of

cestodes: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Caryophyllaeus laticeps from C.

carpio in Sapanca lake in Turkey.

Kir and Tekin-Ӧzan (2007) isolated Dactylogyrus minutus (Monogenea),

Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) from C.

carpio in Kovada Lake in Turkey.

Barzegar et al. (2008) recorded four species of parasites including one

species of monogenetic trematode (Gyrodactylus stankovici), two species of

digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata) and

one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in several areas

of three different zoogeographical regions (Sarmatian, Mesopotamian and

Oriental) of Iran.

Boane et al. (2008) detected nine species of parasites which included:

Clinostomum tilapiae (Digenea), Cyclustera sp. and Pavitaenia samfya

(Cestoda), Acanthogyrus tilapiae (Acanthocephala), Contracaecum sp. and

Procamallanus sp. (Nematoda) and Dolops ranarum, Lamproglena monodi and

Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Limpopo river and Chuẚli

Lagoon in Mozombique.

Tekin-Özan et al. (2008) reported one species of monogenetic trematode

Dactylogyrus minutus, and two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus


7

acheilognathiand and Caryophyllaeus laticeps) from C. carpio in Beyşehir lake

in Turkey.

Aydogdu et al. (2009) identified four species of parasites including

Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. extensus and Paradiplozoon homoion

(Monogenea), and Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio collected from

fish farms in the north of lake Uluabat in Turkey.

Kartal and Öztürk (2009) reported two species of monogenetic trematodes

namely: Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus elegans on the gills of C.

carpio in Aksehir lake in Turkey.

Shamsi et al. (2009) recorded five species of monogenetic trematodes

namely: Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus, D. sahuensis,

and D. vastator on the gills of C. carpio in some fish farms in Guillan,

Mazandaran and Tehran in Iran.

Dzika et al. (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes

namely Dactylogyrus extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus cyprini from

C. carpio from a private pond in Bavaria (Germany).

Han et al. (2010) studied the morphology of the scolex of Bothriocephalus

acheilognathi (Cestoda) which was isolated from the intestine of C. carpio in

north Chungcheong province of South Korea.

In Iraq, the first work on fish parasites was done by Herzog (1969) who

studied 16 different species of fishes collected from different location in Iraq.

He reported 16 species of parasites, one of them, the crustacean Argulus

foliaceus which recorded on the skin of common carp C. carpio from Al-

Zaafaranya fish farm in Baghdad city.

Below is an account on some important work limited to isolation and

identification of parasites of C. carpio from fish farms.

Ali (1985) stated that the fingerlings of C. carpio in Al-Zaafaranya

fisheries research centre ponds at Baghdad city were infected by Gyrodactylus

elegans and the juvenile and adult of Lernaea cyprinacea.


8

Kalifa (1985) isolated the leech Hemiclepsis marginata from the skin of C.

carpio in a pond near Baghdad city. Kalifa (1986) also found two species of

cestodes (Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and Proteocephalus turulosus) in the

intestine of C. carpio collected from several ponds near Baghdad city and

Samaraa city.

Ali et al. (1988c) recorded six species of parasites namely Apiosoma

piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina

domerguei (Protozoa) and Ergasilus sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea

(Crustacea) on the skin and gills of C. carpio from fish ponds in Suwairah and

Latifiyah near Baghdad city.

Ali et al. (1988b) recorded the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus

kherulensis for the first time on the gills of common carp from Babylon fish

farm.

Mhaisen et al. (1988) described for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic

trematode Dactylogyrus achmerowi on the gills of C. carpio from Al- Wahda

fish hatchery at Suwaira, south west of Baghdad city and Babylon fish farm west

Hilla city.

Salih et al. (1988) recorded six species of monogenetic trematodes namely:

Dactylogyrus arquatus, D. extensus, D. solidus, D. vastator, Gyroductylus

baicalensis and G. elegans, one species of digenetic trematode

Apharyngostrigea cornu, and one species of cestode Bothriocephalus

opsariichthydis from the common carp which collected from fish ponds in

Suwairah and Latifiyah near Baghdad city.

Khalifa (1989) surveyed the parasites of four species of fish farm in

Baghdad region, Sammara and in Therthar chanal during this survey, he

recorded on C. carpio two species of both of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius

multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus vastator

and Gyrodactylus elegans), cestodes (Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and

Caryophyllacus sp.), and cructaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea


9

cyprinacea), and one species of both of digenetic trematode (Sanguinicola sp.)

and leech (Hemiclepsis marginata).

Mhaisen et al. (1993) found three species of ciliated protozoans

(Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei),

one species of sporozoan (Myxobolus preifferi), two species of monogenetic

trematodes (Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus eleganus), one species of

cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one species of crustacean

(Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in three fish farms in Al-Latifiya near

Baghdad city.

Al-Zubaidy (1998) isolated 54 species of parasites from C. carpio in Al-

Furat fish farm includes: thirteen species of protozoans, twenty five species of

monogenetic trematodes, one species of each of digenetic trematode and

molluscan , five species of cestodes, two species of each of nematodes and

acanthocephalans and five species of crustaceans.

Sadek (1999) recorded 21 species of ectoparasites from the fingerlings of

C. carpio in Al- Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad, including one species

of both of flagellated protozoan, sporozoan and copepod crustacean, six species

of ciliated protozoans and 12 species of monogenetic trematodes.

Mohammad-Ali et al. (1999) stated five species of protozoans, ten species

of monogenetic trematodes, one species of both digenetic trematode and

cestode, and two species of crustaceans of C. carpio collected from Al-

Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad.

Al-Aubaidi et al. (1999) reported that the common carp from Al-

Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad city were infested by three species of

protozoans (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Glossatella amoebae and Trichodina

domerguei), nine species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi,

D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus, D. baueri, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus

baicalensis, G. elegans and G. kherulensis), and one species of crustacean

(Lernaea cyprinacea).


10

Muhammed (2000) studied the parasitic fauna of three species of fishes,

collected from Al-Shark Al-Aosat fish farm in Al-Eskandariya (Babylon), and

recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius

multifiliis and Trichodina domergnei), four species of monogenetic trematodes

(Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans and Diplozoon sp.),

two species of digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum paraspathaceum and D.

spathaceum), and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C.

carpio.

Salih et al. (2000) recorded three species of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius

multifiliis, Trichodina domerguei and Myxobolus rhodei), seven species of

monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus,

D. baueri, D. minutus, D. solidus and Gyrodactylus elegans), two species of

digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum coleostoma and D. spathaceum), one

species of each of cestode (Bothriocephalus archilognathi) and crustacean

(Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Al-Zaafaraniya fish

farm in Baghdad city.

Al-Nasiri et al. (2002) revealed the occurrence of two species of protozoans

(Trichodina domerguei and T. nigra), three species of monogenetic trematodes

(Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. extensus and D. minutus), one species of

nematode larva (Contracaecum sp.), two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus

sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea), and one species of molluscan Unio pictorum

of C. carpio collected from a man-made lake in north of Baghdad city.

Al-Jadoaa (2002) observed five species of protozoans, six species of

monogenetic trematodes, one species of both of digenetic trematode,

acanthocephalan and molluscan, and two species of both of nematodes and

crustaceans from C. carpio collected from Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon

province.

Abdul-Ameer (2004) recorded for the first time in Iraq the ciliated

protozoan Trichodina cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio from a man-mad

lake in Al-Zawraa park in Baghdad city.


11

Hussain (2005) reported that the juvenile of C. carpio in Al-Shark Al-

Awsat fish farm at Babylon province, was infected with five species of ciliated

protozoans (Apiosoma minuta, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina

cattidarum, T. gracilis and Tripartiella amurensis) and 12 species of

monogentic trematodes (Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. crassus, D. extensus,

D. gobii, D. hypophthalmichthys, D. jamansajensis, D. lopuchinae, D. minutus,

D. phoxini, D. skrjabini, Gyrodactylus markewitschi and Psudocolpenteron

pavlovaskii).

Jassim (2007) studied the parasites of three species of fishes from three

stations in Basrah city, and recorded ten species of parasites from C. carpio

namely: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa),

Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus and D. vastator

(Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Nippotaenia sp. (Cestoda),

Proleptinae gen. sp. (Nematoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustecea).

In addition to the mentioned reports, there were some studies concerned

with the parasites of C. carpio from natural water bodies of Iraq, among them

are those of: Ali et al. (1988a) they recorded three species of protozoans

(Apiosoma piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini and Trichodina domergnei), two

species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus

baicalensis), two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis and

Valipora campylancristrota), and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi

and Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio collected from Habbaniyah lake.

Rasheed (1989) found for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic trematode

Diplozoon barbi on the gills of C. carpio collected from Tigris river in Baghdad

city.

Balasem et al. (1993) observed two species of protozoans namely:

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei on C. carpio which was

collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya region, south of Baghdad city.

Asmar et al. (1999) performed a survey for parasites which infect C. carpio

from Al-Qadisiya Dam lake, and found that the common carp was infected by


12

nine species of parasites including: one species of ciliated protozoan (Trichodina

domerguei), five species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi,

D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus baicalensis and G. elegans), one species

of nematode (Rhabdochona mesopotamica) and two species of crustaceans

(Argulus foliaceus and Ergasilus sieboldi).

Mhaisen et al. (1999) isolated for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic

trematode Dactylogyrus anchoratus from the gills of C. carpio collected from

Habbaniya lake.

Balasem et al. (2000) recorded one species of ciliated protozoan

(Trichodina domerguei), and three species of monogenetic trematodes namely

Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus elegans from C. carpio

collected from Hemrin Dam lake in Diyala province.

Al-Salim and Al-Ali (2000) found the metacercaria of Ascocotyle

coleostoma on the gills of common carp collected from Garmat-Ali river near

Busrah University in Garma.

Balasem et al. (2001) surveyed the parasites of eight species of freshwater

fishes from two stations Diyala river namely Al-Fudalia and Al-Sudoor .They

recorded from the common carp two species of monogenetic trematodes

(Dactylogyrus sp. and Gyrodactylus elegans) and one species of cestode

(Bothirocephalus gowkongensis).

Al-Jadoaa (2002) recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella

cyprini, T. domerguei and T. nigra), two species of monogenetic trematodes

(Dactylogyrus achmerowi and D. extensus), one species of both of digenetic

trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum) and acanthocephalan

(Neoechinorhynchus rutili) and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi

and Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Diwania river in

Al-Qadisiya province.

Mhaisen et al. (2003a) studied the parasitic fauna of seven species of fish

collected from the drainage network at Al-Madaen region south of Baghdad and

recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina domerguei,


13

Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, Diplostomum sp. and Lernaea

cyprinacea from C. carpio. Mhaisen et al. (2003b) also recorded two species of

monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. minutus on

the gills of C. carpio which was collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya

and Euphrates river at Al-Qadisiya Dam lake.

Al-Saadi (2007) recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina

domerguei (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Diplozoon barbi

(Monogenea) and Ergasilus barbi and Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C.

carpio from Al-Husainia creek in Karbala province.

Al-Sa′adi (2007) studied the parasitic fauna of 24 species of fish, collected

from Euphrates river at Al-Musaib city, and recorded six species of monogenetic

trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. markewitschi,

Diplozoon paradoxum, Eudiplozoon nipponieum and Paradiplozoon homoion)

and two species of digenetic trematodes (Aspidogaster limacoides and

Asymphlodora macracetabulum) from C. carpio.

Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen (2009a) recorded Trichodina cottidarum (Protozoa),

and Dactylogyrus vastator (Monogenea) on the gills of C. carpio from Tigris

river through Tikreet city in Salah Al-Deen province.

Al-Nasiri (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes namely

Diplozoon barbi, Paradiplozoon bliccae and P. pavlovskii on the gills of C.

carpio collected from Tigris river passing through Tikreet city, Salah Al-Deen

province.

In Kurdistan region, despite to the establishment of numerous fish farms

in the region so, far only three studies on fish parasites were carried out. These

studies are those of Abdullah (2004), who surveyed the parasites of four species

of fishes (C. carpio and three species of exotic fish) from two farms in south of

Erbil city, and found unknown species of sporozoan (Myxobolus sp.), three

species of monogenetic trematodes (D. extensus, D. minutus and G. elegans),

two species of crustacean (E. barbi and Lernaea cyprinacea) and one species of

cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) from C. carpio.


14

Al-Margan (2007) made a wide study of the parasites of C. carpio collected

from Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city, and recorded 15 species of parasites

included nine specie of protozoa (Apiosoma amoebae, Chilodonella cyprini,

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Trichodina acuta, T.

domerguei, T. heterodentate, T. mutabilis and T. nobilis), four species of

monogenea (Dactylogyrus arcuatus, D. extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus

elegans) and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea

cyprinacea). After that, he published three research papers draw from his M. Sc.

thesis (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2007; 2008; 2009).

Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2010) recorded for the first time in Iraq, the

ciliated protozoan Balantidium polyvacuolum in the intestine of C. carpio from

three fish farms located southern of Erbil provinces.

Regarding natural water bodies of Kurdistan region, there are some studies

on the parasites of C. carpio performed by Abdullah (1997) recorded for the first

time two species of sporozoans nemaly: Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus

on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake in Sulaimaniya provinces. Abdullah

(2002) also did an extensive study of the parasites of fish collected in Lesser Zab

river in near Alton-Kuprri town, south of Erbil city, and recorded 12 species of

parasites from C. carpio including: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina

mutabilis, Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus

charbinensis, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. medius and G.

vicinus (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda), and

Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda). After that, he published three research papers

draw from his Ph. D. thesis (Abdullah and Mhaisen 2004; 2005; 2006).

Abdullah and Rasheed (2004a; b) isolated four species of parasites

including Dactylogyrus charbinensis (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus

achielongnathi (Cestoda), Pseudolamproglena annulata and Lernaea

cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dokan lake.

Abdullah (2005) surveyed the parasites of 16 species of fishes from

Darbandikhan lake, and recorded Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa),


15

Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. paralatus

(Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi(Cestoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea

(Crustacea) from C. carpio.

The development of acquaculture in Kurdistan region-Iraq is very

important in the country's development. Although one of the most important

freshwater fish species culture in the country is the common carp (C. carpio)

some are known about their parasites, also it is noted that knowledge concerning

parasites of fish farms of Kurdistan is very scarce. In order to contribute to this

knowledge study was conducted on the parasites of common carp from Erbil

fish farms and Lesser Zab river near Alton-Kupri town in Kurdistan region-Iraq

and the results obtained are presented in this research.

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS

16

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Description of the Sampling Area In this study, fish samples were collected from two different locations,

Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural

environment).

A- Ainkawa fish hatchery is located northwest of Erbil city, Kurdistan region,

Iraq (Fig. 1) between latitudes 36º-37º south to north and longitude 46º. This

project was built in 2000 on 27 hectare, it started working in 2005.

In that region there are 18 ponds of different sizes, among these we have

selected, pond number two for this study. In this pond fishes of various sizes

were stocked for greater growth and for artificial reproduction.

There were some aquatic plants spread on the edges of the pond, like Typha

sp. and Phragmites sp., in addition to various types of Algae. Also, there were

many types of vertebrates such as frogs.

B- Lesser Zab river near Alton Kupri town in the north-east of Iraq, between

latitudes 34º-36º south to north and longitude 43º-46º west to the east, 45 km

south of Erbil city. This is a largest tributary of the Tigris river with a length of

400 km (Sosa, 1960).

Number of plants such as Typha sp., Phragmites sp., Schoenoplcctus sp.

and Sparganium sp., in addition to some of pine shrubs are distributed on the

bank of the river. Also, variety of the invertebrates found in the site of sampling

in the river, such as snails, crustaceans and aquatic insects, in addition to

different kinds of vertebrates like some amphibians such as frogs, some reptiles

like turtles, a number of aquatic birds like gulls, herons, ducks and swans. In

addition to some domestic animals of the villagers like sheep, cows and dogs.


17

Fig. (1): A- Map of Iraq showing Kurdistan region. B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser

Zab river (Nelson, 2003).

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18

Collection and Examination of Fishes A total of 360 C. carpio (210 from Ainkawa fish hatchery and 150 from the

Lesser Zab river) were collected by fishermen by using cast net and gill nets,

during the period from August, 2010 until the end of June 2011.

Fish were transported a live in a cool box with pond or local river water to

the laboratory of parasitology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments, of

Biology, University of Salahaddin. The fishes were identified according to

Froese and Pauly (2011).

In the laboratory, the fishes were measured (total length and standard

length) and examined externally and internally for parasites. Skin, fins and

buccal cavity smear were prepared by slight scraping and examined under a light

compound microscope.

The gill arches from both sides were separated, placed in Petri dish

containing tap water then examined for ectoparasite under dissecting

microscope. Whole eyes were removed then the lens was dissected and removed

from each eye then inspected under dissecting microscope for parasites, the

study of the internal parasites, the fishes were dissected from the ventral side.

The body cavity, stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, muscles, swim

bladder and gonads were separated and examined carefully under a dissecting

microscope for the presence of parasites or cysts (Amlacher, 1970).

Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites

Protozoa For the study of the protozoan, most of them were identified in a direct way

without any technique, by preparing smears of mucus which was scraped from

the skin, fins and gills, onto a slide and spreaded carefully with a cover slip and

examined, then important measurement were taken for each protozoan.

If trichodinids were presente, smears were prepared and then the slides

were fixed with absolute methyl alcohol for about 1-2 minutes, and then stained


19

with Giemsa's stain (1:10 dilution) for 30-40 minutes, washed and dried again

and mounted with Canada balsam (Amlacher, 1970).

Methods and terminology for measurements of the components of the

adhesive disc, denticle (Fig. 2) and the position of the micronucleus in relation

to the macronucleus were performed according to Lom (1958).

Fig. (2): The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom (1958): A- Diagnostically important features in the adhesive disc. B- The denticle measurements. dad= dimeter of adhesive disc; dob= dimeter of body; dd= dimeter of denticulate ring.


20

Monogenetic Trematodes A- Gills were placed in a Petri dish. Only a very small amount of water was

added to the gills. Pieces of gill filaments were tiered by needle. Worms (after

leaving the gills) were removed from the water by a small pipette and placed on

a slide, with a very small amount of water. They were covered with a cover slip

with glycerin-gelatin. A piece of melted glycerin-gelatin was dropped with

cover slip onto the worms. The cover slip was dried by a blotting paper

carefully, and the worms in glycerin-gelatin are cautiously thickened (Kritsky et

al., 2004).

The measurement of Dactylogyrus was achieved by ocular micrometer and

the terms in Fig. (3) were used as recommended by Gussev (1985) and

Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004).

B- For skin examination, smears were taken by slide scraping, then examined

directly under microscope, if monogeneans (Gyrodactylus) were present, the

same procedure mentioned in part (A) used for preservation.

The measurement of Gyrodactylus was achieved by ocular micrometer and

the terms Fig. (4) were used as recommended by Galli et al. (2010).

C- Large monogeneans were preserved in 5% formalin and stained with

acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%,

80%, 90%, and100%), cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Vidal-

Martinez et al., 2001).


21

Fig. (3): The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. according to

Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004): A- Dactylogyrus overall view. B- Metric parameters of the Dactylogyrus attachment apparatus

and copulatory organ. 1- total length of median hook (anchor); 2- main of median hook; 3- inner root of median hook; 4- outer root of median hook; 5- point of median hook; 6- length of hooklet (marginal hook); 7- length of connective bar; 8- width of connective bar; 9- length of supplementary bar; 10- width of supplementary bar; 11- total length of copulatory organ.

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23

Digenetic Trematodes Metacercariae of digenetic trematodes were removed from the eyes of the

infected fish, then fixed in 4% hot formalin (60Cº), stained with acetocarmine,

dehydrated in concentration series of ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted in

Canada balsam (Soylu, 2005).

Cestoda Live cestodes were removed from intestinal tract washed in saline solution

then fixed in 4% hot formalin and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. Stained

with acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations, cleared in

xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Scholz, 1989).

Crustacea The crustaceans were killed and fixed with 5% formalin for one hour and

transferred to 80% alcohol. Specimen was cleared with lactic acid and stained

with neutral red then mounted by using jelly glycerin (Kim, 2004).

Photos and Measurements Photos were taken with Sony Syber Shot Digital camera model DSC-T9,

7.2 mega pixels. The figures were drawn by using a Camera Lucida (Drawing

tube). Measurements of parasite were made with an Olympus ocular

micrometer.

Parasitic Identification The detected parasites were identified according to their morphology.

Parasites were identified according to Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962),

Gussev (1985) and Galli et al. (2010).


24

Criteria of Infection The ecological terms (prevalence and mean intensity of infection) were

used here based on terminology of Margolis et al. (1982):

Prevalence of infection: The percentage of number of individual of a host

species infected with particular parasite species per number of host examined.

Mean intensity of infection: Mean number of particular parasite species per

infected host in a sample.

For testing the differences in prevalence and intensity of infection of

parasites C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river, t-test was

conducted (Campbell, 1976).

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

25

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 360 common carp C. carpio were collected and inspected for

parasites from Ainkawa fish hatchery (210) and from Lesser Zab river (150).

The present study showed the existence of 28 species of parasites including

six species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,

Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis, T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species

of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri,

D. deziensioides, D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari,

D. sahuensis, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini,

G. elegans, G. gobioninum, G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and

Paradiplozoon cyprini), one species of digenetic trematode (Diplostomum

spathaceum), one species of cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one

species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea). The classification of these parasites

is shown in Table (1).

The distribution of the parasites, their location on or in the fish host body,

the prevalence and mean intensity of infection are summarized in Table (2). The

following is an account on the description and measurements of these parasites,

especially those which were recorded for the first time in Kurdistan region and

in Iraq.


26

Table (1): Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C. carpio in relation

to their classification according to Hoffman (1998).

Kingdom: Protista Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Ciliophora Class: Ciliata Order: Phyllopharyngia Family: Chlamydodontidae

Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) Order: Holotrichia Family: Ophryoglenidae

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876 Order: Peritricha Family: Urceolariidae

Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955

Family: Scyphidiidae Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Monogenea Subclass: Monopisthocothlea Order: Dactylogyrida Family: Dactylogyridae

Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Dactylogyrus baueri Gussev, 1955 Dactylogyrus deziensioides Gussev, Jalali et Molnár, 1993 Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Iziumova, 1955 Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927 Dactylogyrus molnari Ergens et Dulmaa, 1969 Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling, 1965 Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924


27

Order: Gyrodactylidea Family: Gyrodactylidae

Gyrodactylus baikalensis Bogolepova, 1950 Gyrodactylus barbi Ergens, 1976 Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gussev, 1955 Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Zitnan, 1964 Gyrodactylus vicinus Bykhovskii, 1957

Order: Mazocraeidea Suborder: Ployoisthocotylea Family: Diplozooidae

Paradiplozoon cyprini Khotenovsky, 1982 Class: Trematoda Subclass: Digenea Order: Strigeidida Family: Diplostomatidae

Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud., 1819) Class: cestoidean Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Pseudophyllidea Family: Bothriocephalidae

Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Order: Copepoda Family: Lernaeidae

Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758


28


29


30

Protozoa Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) (Fig. 5)

This parasite was found on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish

hatchery with a prevalence of 6.19% (Table 2).

The body length 35-70 µm, width 20-35 µm. Body foliate, dorsoventraly

depressed, dorsal side convex, ventral concave. Cilia present only ventrally in

the form of several lateral parallel arched rows and large adoral band consisting

of several larger cilia lying anteriorly to cytostome. Round macronucleus lies

nearer to posterior end. Micronucleus lies adjacent to macronucleus. Two

contractile vacuoles lie on diagonal line.

The present specimens show a great similarity with the specimens of Ali

et al. (1988c), who reported it for the first time in Iraq on the skin and gills of

Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad. After that it was reported on C.

carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, Baghdad (Sadek, 1999), also, it was reported

in Kurdistan region on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatechery in

Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009).

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876 (Fig. 6)

This ciliated protozoan was found on the skin, fins and gills of C. carpio

from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 8.09% and

2.66%, respectively (Table 2).

Body oval to round, 0.5-1.2 mm in diameter, ciliation uniform pellicle

longitudinally striated. Horseshoe- shaped macronucleus visible without

staining, micronucleus adhering to it in larger specimens.

This parasite has been reported for the first time in Iraq from Mugil

dussmien (Herzog, 1969). After that, it was reported from 23 different fish hosts

including C. carpio (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, it was reported from

different species from Darbandikhan lake, Lesser Zab river, Greater Zab river

and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah, 2005; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2006;

Al-Marjan and Abdullah 2009).


31

Fig. (5): Chilodonella cyprini.

A- Photomicrograph (650X). B- Camera lucida drawing.

c= cytopharynx; cv= contractile vacuole; dv= digestive vacuole; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus.

Fig. (6): Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.


dv= digestive vacuole; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus.


32

Genus: Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1831

This genus is characterized by having circular- shape as seen from lower

view, and bell-shaped as seen from the side view. Posterior end expanded and

saucers-shaped to form adhesive disc or apparatus, with denticular ring which

contain the teeth. The teeth constitute corona with manifest blades (or external

processes) and rays (or internal processes). Blades are straight or curved,

internal rod like, in the form of spines or needles of varied length. Central

conical parts of teeth lacking anteriorly directed shoots. A dorsal spiral winds

through are of varying length. Macronucleus and micronucleus difficulty visible

(Hoffman, 1998). Three species of this genus were recorded in the present study:

1- Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 (Fig. 7)

This ciliated protozoan was recorded on the skin of C. carpio from

Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 4.76% (Table 2).

This trichodinid with flattened and disc-shaped body falls within the range

of the highest dimensions as a medium-sized species. Diameter of body 54-65

µm. Concave adhesive disc 44-55 µm in diameter surrounded by a finely striated

distinct and broad band-like border membrane. The center of adhesive disc bears

a clear area containing some darker spots, especially at periphery, and encircled

by a heavily impregnated and wrinkled ring of central area. The denticulate ring

composed of 20-23 denticles, 28-32 µm in diameter. The blade of denticle

relatively short and blunt like a wide sickle and the ray of denticle thorn like.

Central portion of blade broad, while ray of denticle thread like and pointed.

Both blade and ray of denticle arranged at the same level. Length of blade 5-6

µm, length of ray 5-7 µm and length of span 13-15 µm.

The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to

those referred to by Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2007), which isolated from the

skin, fins and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province.


33

2- Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 (Fig. 8)

This trichodinid was found on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa

fish hatchery with a prevalence of 5.71% (Table 2).

Large trichodinid 65-85 µm in diameter. Adhesive disc 55-74 µm in

diameter surrounded by finely striated border membranes. Diameter of denticle

ring 35-49 µm. The center of the adhesive disc without granule. Number of

denticles 23-28. The blade of denticle narrowed at the base, while flattened at

the apical, length of blade 7-10 µm. The ray thread like and pointed end, length

of ray 8-13 µm. Both blade and ray arranged at the same level. Length of span

18-25 µm.

This parasite was report for the first time in Iraq from the skin, fins and gills

of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan and

Abdullah, 2007).

3- Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 ( Fig. 9)

This species was isolated from the skin and fins of C. carpio from Ainkawa

fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 3.33% and 3.33%,

respectively (Table 2).

Medium to large disc-shaped trichodinid diameter of body 55-70 µm,

adhesive disc 48-55 µm in diameter, denticle ring 30-38 µm. Number of

denticles 22-26 denticles. Inner margin of denticle blade curved and roughly

angular on outside margin, with squared distal end, length of blade 6-7 µm.

Central part oblong, with oblong to rounded overlapping end. Projection of

central part is invisible. Ray with little taper, tip blunt to square; length of ray 5-

7 µm. Length of span 14-16 µm.

This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq by Jori (2006) on the

gills of Silurus triostegus from Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah city. No more

hosts are known for this species in Iraq. So, C. carpio is now considered a new

host for this ciliated protozoan in Iraq and the present study represents the first

record of T. reticulata in Kurdistan region.


34

Fig. (7): Trichodina acuta.


ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray.

Fig. (8): Trichodina nobilis.




35

In addition to the three species of Trichodina mentioned above, 14 other

species of this genus were reported in the Iraqi fishes namely: T. domerguei on

eight species brought from different fish markets in Baghdad city (Shamsuddin

et al., 1971), T. nigra from the gills of C. carpio and Hypophthalmichthys

molitrix from Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon province (Al-Zubaidy, 1998), T.

cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio cultured in a man-made lake in Al-Zawraa

park in Baghdad city (Abdul-Ameer, 2004), T. gracilis from the gills of C.

carpio in Al-Shark Al-Awsat fish farm in Babylon province (Hussain, 2005), T.

mulabilis from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river (Abdullah and

Mhaisen, 2006), T. prowazeki from the gills of S. triostegus from Al-Hammar

marshes in Basrah city (Jori, 2006), T. heterodentata from the skin, fins and gills

of C. carpio collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan

and Abdullah, 2007), T. borealis from the gills of Gambasia affinis in Al-Hilla

river, Babylon province (Hussain, 2008), T. elegini and T. murmanica from the

skin Liza abu from Tigris river, Salah Al-Deen province (Al-Nasiri and

Mhaisen, 2009a), T. ranae from the skin, fins and gills of S. triostegus from

Greater Zab river (Abdullah and Shwani, 2010), T. pediculus from the skin of

Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greater Zab river (Bashé and Abdullah

2010) and T. erbilensis and T. kurdistani from the skin, fins and gills of Silurus

triostegus from Greater Zab river (Shwani et al., 2010).

Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) (Fig. 10)

This parasite was obtained from the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish


Peritrich with elongated conical body, with only anterior end contractile,

size of body 18-65 X 15-30 µm. Macronucleus conical or round, micronucleus

polymorphic. The body bears two rows of cilia one at the apical end, other at the

mid of the body.

This species was recorded for the first time in Iraq from

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in Babylon fish farm, near Hilla city (Ali et al.,


36

Fig. (9): Trichodina reticulata.



Fig. (10): Apiosoma amoebae.


cv= contractile vacuole; dv= digestive vacuole; ed= epistomal disc; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus; of= oral funnel; pl= peristomal lip.


37

1989). Later, it was recorded from C. carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm,

Baghdad (Sadek, 1999). In Kurdistan region reported from C. carpio in

Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009).

According to Mhaisen (2012) five species of Apiosoma were known in

different freshwater fishes in Iraq namely: A. amoeba, A. cylindriformis, A.

minuta, A. piscicola and A. poteriformis.

Monogenea Genus: Dactyogyrus Diesing, 1850

Members of this genus are small in size (in most cases less than 2.0 mm

long). The body at the anterior end is flattened and has two pairs of elongations.

The majority of species has two pairs of eyes. The adhesive armament of the

haptor at the posterior end of their bodies consists of 14 hooklets, one or two

connecting and supplementary bar and one pair of median hooks. Intestinal

trunks lack diverticula and mostly are confluent at the posterior end. The ovary

is rounded in most cases, but it can be elongated and it is situated between the

intestinal trunks. The single testis is situated behind the ovary or lies over it. The

chitinod copulatory organ consists of a tube and an accessory piece and two

prostatic glands lie near it (Price, 1967). Ten species of this genus were recorded

in the present study:

1- Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 11)

This trematode was recorded on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa

fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 24.28% and 2%,


Small worms, body length 0.38 mm, width 0.10 mm. Length of hooklets

0.023-0.028 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.045-0.056 mm, main part

0.045-0.049 mm, inner root 0.012-0.016 mm and outer root 0.004-0.005 mm.

Total length of connecting bar 0.004-0.006 X 0.030-0.032 mm. The tube of

copulatory organ is narrow and wavy with thick walls. Overall length of

copulatory organ 0.054-0.056 mm. Vaginal armament present.


38

Fig. (11): Dactylogyrus achmerowi.

A- Photomicrograph of the worm (470X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (800X). D- A camera lucida drawing.

cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.

D


39

D. achmerowi has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio

from Al-Wahda fish hatchery at Suwaira and Babylon fish farm (Mhaisen et al.,

1988). After that, it was reported from 11 different fish hosts in the middle and

south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Therefore this is the first record of D. achmerowi

in Kurdistan region.

2- Dactylogyrus anchoratus ( Dujardin, 1845) (Fig. 12)

This parasite was detected on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa fish

hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 1.42% and 1.33%, respectively

(Table 2).

Small to medium size worms. Body length up to 0.5 mm, width 0.10 mm.

Length of hooklets 0.015-0.034 mm. Median hooks long and thin, the total

length of median hooks 0.094-0.128 mm, length of main part 0.059-0.074 mm,

with no outer root, but with long inner root reaching about 0.045-0.078 mm, in

form of continuation of somewhat curved base portion and the length of pointed

part is 0.025-0.031 mm. One small but dense connecting bar present, about

0.005-0.008 X 0.018-0.029 mm. The copulatory organ almost straight

cylindrical, with total length 0.022-0.034 mm. Vaginal chitinoid armor absent.

D. anchoratus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio

from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya (Mhaisent et al., 2003b). After that, it was

reported from Aspius vorax and Carassius carassius in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm

(Mohammad-Ali et al., 1999) and from Carassius auratus in the same fish farm

(Salih et al., 2000). So, the present record of D. anchoratus could be considered

as the first one in Kurdistan region.

3- Dactylogyrus baueri Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 13)

This species was obtained from the gills of C. carpio in Lesser Zab river

with a prevalence of 7.33%, (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length up to 0.35 mm, width 0.07 mm. Length of

hooklet 0.014-0.024 mm. Median hook long and slender with a poorly-


40

Fig. (12): Dactylogyrus anchoratus.

A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- A camera lucida drawing.



41

Fig. (13): Dactylogyrus baueri.




42

developed outer edge. Inner root long and flows as a continuation of the slightly

curved main portion of the hook. The total length of median hooks 0.043-0.052

mm, main part 0.020-0.026 mm, inner root 0.022-0.028 mm and point 0.022-

0.027 mm. The total length of connecting bar 0.002-0.004 X 0.028-0.034 mm.

The accessory piece of copulatory organ has three pointed projection, two of

them beak-shaped and bent toward each other, the total length of copulatory

organ 0.032-0.046 mm

D. baueri has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from

Zaafaraniya fish farm (Al-Aubaidi, 1999). After that, it was reported from

Carassius carassius from Al-Zaffaranya fish farm (Salih et al., 2000) and from

C. auratus from three fish farms, south of Baghdad (Asmar et al., 2004).

Therefore the revealing of D. baueri could be considered as the first in

Kurdistan region.

4- Dactylogyrus deziensioides Gussev, Jalali et Molnar 1993 (Fig. 14)

This parasite was found on the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with

a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length up to 0.47 mm and width 0.12 mm. Total length

of hooklets 0.030-0.032 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.041-0.045 mm,

main part 0.035-0.037 mm, inner root 0.014-0.017 mm, outer root 0.004-0.007

mm and point part 0.010-0.012 mm. Size of connecting bar 0.004-0.005 X

0.031-0.036 mm. The supplementary bar five- rayed, 0.034-0.045 X 0.035-0.040

mm in size. The copulatory organ composed of a tube and a complicated

accessory piece, the total length 0.032-0.035 mm.

D. deziensioides has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Barbus

barbulus and Barbus xanthopterus from Lesser Zab river (Abdullah, 2002).

After that, it was reported on the gills of B. kersin from Bahdinan river (Bilal

and Abdullah, 2009). So, C. carpio of the present study representes a new host

for this parasite in Iraq.


43

Fig. (14): Dactylogyrus deziensioides.


cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook; sb= supplementary bar.


44

5- Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 (Fig. 15) This monogenean trematode was obtained from the gills of C. carpio

collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 29.52% (Table 2).

Large worm. Body length 1.33-1.50 mm, width 0.28-0.38 mm. Length of

the hooklets 0.24-0.36 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.064-0.087 mm,

main part 0.056-0.078 mm, inner root 0.022-0.030 mm, outer root 0.011-0.019

mm and point part 0.017-0.020 mm. Length of connecting bar 0.008- 0.018 X

0.042-0.057 mm. The tube of the copulatory organ L-shaped the accessory piece

like a simple straight plate with a spade-shaped, total length of copulatory organ

0.069-0.084 mm.

D. extensus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from

fish ponds in Suwairah and Latifiyah in Baghdad (Salih et al., 1988). After that,

it was reported from 16 different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan

region, D. extensus was reported on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake,

Lesser and Greater Zab rivers, Darbandikhan lake and Ainkawa fish hatchery

(Abdullah, 1990; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and

Abdullah, 2009) respectively.

6- Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Iziumova, 1955 (Fig. 16)

This species was recovered from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab

river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2).

Small worm. Body length up to 0.34 mm, width 0.08 mm. Length of

hooklets 0.014-0.027 mm.Total length of median hooks 0.039-0.051 mm, main

part 0.025-0.028 mm, inner root 0.018-0.027 mm and point part 0.016-0.020

mm. The size of connecting bar 0.002-0.003 X 0.026- 0.034 mm. The tube of

copulatory organ has thick walls and undulates, the end of the accessory piece

spanner-like. The length of copulatory organ 0.031-0.047 mm.

D. inexpectatus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from

Ctenopharyngodon idella from Suwairah and Latifiyah fish farm (Salih et al.,


45

Fig. (15): Dactylogyrus extensus.

A- Photomicrograph of the worm (100X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (500X). D- A camera lucida drawing.



46

Fig. (16): Dactylogyrus inexpectatus.




47

1988). After that, it was reported from three different fish hosts Carassius

carassius, C. carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Mhaisen, 2012). The

present monogenean trematode shows a great similarity to the specimens which

were recorded previously in Iraq. Since, there is no any previous report about

recording this monogenetic trematode in Kurdistan region, the present record

represents the first record of D. inexpectatus in this region.

7- Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927 (Fig. 17)

This parasite was found on the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish

hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 2.85% and 5.33%, respectively

(Table 2).

Small worms. Body Length up to 0.48 mm and width to 0.010 mm. Length

of hooklets 0.018- 0.026 mm. Median hooks relatively short, with well

developed outer root and inner root recurring from base. The total length of

median hooks 0.039-0.052 mm, main part 0.035-0.038 mm, inner root 0.013-

0.017 mm, outer root 0.004-0.006 mm and point part 0.012-0.015 mm. One

large connecting bar present almost straight with rounded and enlarged ends

about 0.003-0.006 X 0.026-0.030 mm. The tube of the copulatory organ has a

lateral thickening on the expanded initial part, total length of copulatory organ

0.031-0.043 mm.

D. minutus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from

Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya (Mhaisen et al., 2003b). After that, it was reported

from 12 different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, D. minutus

was reported on the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river and Ainkawa fish

hatchery (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009)

respectively.


48

Fig. (17): Dactylogyrus minutus.



C


49

8- Dactylogyrus molnari Ergens et Dulmaa, 1969 (Fig. 18)

This monogenetic trematode was obtained from the gills of C. carpio from

both Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 2.38% and

1.33%, respectively (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length up to 0.52 mm and width 0.13 mm. Length of

hooklets 0.024-0.031 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.045-0.055 mm,

main part 0.038- 0.047 mm, inner root 0.015- 0.020 mm, outer root 0.003- 0.007

mm and point part 0.014-0.016 mm. Size of connecting bar 0.005-0.007 X

0.030-0.034 mm. The accessory piece of the copulatory organ is L-shaped, the

total length of copulatory organ 0.027-0.033 mm.

The description and measurement of the present specimen are similar to

those reported by Galli et al. (2010) for D. molnari found on gill filaments of C.

carpio from Kevulen and Anur river near Khabarovsk (Russia). This parasite

has never been reported from any fish species in Iraq before. Therefore, the

present recording considered to be the first in Iraq.

9- Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling, 1965 (Fig. 19)

This monodenetic trematode was found on the gills of C. carpio from

Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.95% (Table 2).

Small worm, body length up to 0.44 mm long and width 0.14 mm. Length

of hooklets 0.026-0.034 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.050-0.054 mm,

main part 0.041 mm, inner root 0.018-0.021 mm, outer root 0.003-0.004 mm

and point part 0.019-0.021 mm. Size of connecting bar 0.005 X 0.037-0.052

mm. The copulatory tube straight with a posterior outgrowth on the initial part,

the length of copulatory organ 0.048-0.057 mm.

The present parasite in all characters and measurement resembles D.

sahuensis, which was recorded by Al-Zubaidy (1998) for the first time in Iraq

from C. carpio in Al-Furat fish farms, Babylon province. No further record was

reported for D. sahuensis. So, this is first record of this parasite in Kurdistan

region.


50

Fig. (18): Dactylogyrus molnari.



A B

C


51

Fig. (19): Dactylogyrus sahuensis.

A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- Camera lucida drawing.



52

10- Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 (Fig. 20)

This parasite was recorded in the present study from the gills of C. carpio

from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 1.42% (Table 2).

Large worms. Body length up to 1.25 mm and width 0.25 mm. Length of

hooklets 0.027-0.043 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.036-0.045 mm, inner

root 0.017-0.025 mm and outer root 0.009-0.015 mm. The total length of

connecting bar 0.006-0.012 X 0.036-0.043 mm, the bar slightly thickened at

ends. The copulatory tube has a small posterior projection, the length of

copulatory organ 0.042-0.067 mm.

D. vastator has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Cyprinion

macrostomus from Tigris river at Baghdad city (Ali et al., 1987). After that, it

was reported from 32 different fish hosts including C. carpio (Mhaisen, 2012).

In Kurdistan region, it was reported from ten different species of fishes from

Greater Zab river and Darbandikhan lake (Ali, 1989; Abdullah, 2005)

respectively.

In Iraq, a total of 72 species of Dactylogyrus (exclusive of D. molnari)

were previously recorded from different species of fishes, 33 species in

Kurdistan region, most of them are found on the gills of Cyprinid fishes

(Mhaisen, 2012)..

Genus: Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832

These small, elongated worms are viviparous. The anterior end of the body

bilobed and each lobe has a head organ. Eye spots are absent. The haptor

armament consists of 16 hooklets (marginal hooks) and two median hooks

(anchor) without outer roots but with two bars: a ventral bar with a membrane

and a dorsal bar. The intestine bifurcate and lacks diverticula and the two caeca

do not unite posteriorly. The copulatory organ is armed with arrow of minute

spines. Ovary V-shaped or lobed, posterior or ventral to testis. Vitellaria absent

or united with ovary, vagina absent. Median hooks of embryo usually visible


53

Fig. (20): Dactylogyrus vastator.

A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- Camera lucida drawing.



54

about midway in parent worm (Galli et al., 2010). Eight species of this genus

were recorded in the present study.

1- Gyrodactylus baikalensis Bogolepova, 1950 (Fig. 21)

This species was recovered from the skin of C. carpio in Lesser Zab river

with a prevalence of 3.33%, (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length 0.40-0.62 mm and width 0.13-0.20 mm. Total

length of hooklets 0.028-0.032 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.06-0.07

mm, main part 0.047 mm, point 0.032 mm. Size of ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X

0.025-0.028 mm, membrane 0.005-0.008 mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.002 X0.015-

0.018 mm.

The parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq from the same host from

Suwairah and Latifiyah (Salih et al., 1988). After that, it was reported from eight

different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012), but there are no any previous records for G.

baikalensis in Kurdistan region.

2- Gyrodactylus barbi Ergens, 1976 (Fig. 22)

This monogenean trematode was found on the skin of C. carpio from

Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.9% (Table 2). Body length 0.30-0.58 mm and width 0.16-0.19 mm. Total length of

hooklets 0.028-0.032 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.066-0.067 mm, main

part 0.046-0.052 mm, point 0.029-0.033 mm, inner root 0.020-0.024 mm. Size

of ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X 0.027-0.034 mm, membrane 0.014-0.018 mm. Size

of dorsal bar 0.002-0.004 X 0.019-0.024 mm.

The present species appeared to closely resemble G. barbi, which was reported

by Galli et al. (2010) in the shape and measurement of the contents of haptor,

but the total length of the present species is shorter than that reported by Galli et

al. (2010). The possible explanation for this difference could be due to the

different host, as Galli et al. (2010) recorded it on the fins of Barbus barbus, B.

petenyi and B. lacerta in basins of the Black and Caspian Seas. Since no


55

Fig. (21): Gyrodactylus baikalensis. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.

db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.

Fig. (22): Gyrodactylus barbi.

A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.



56

previous report about recording this species is available in Iraq, the present

record represents the first record of G. barbi in Iraq.

3- Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 (Fig. 23)

This parasite was recorded in the present study from the skin of C. carpio

from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 2.38% (Table 2). Body length 0.55-0.80 mm and width 0.16-0.21 mm. Total length of


part 0.070-0.082 mm, point 0.036-0.051 mm, inner root 0.056-0.060 mm. Size

of ventral bar 0.008-0.018 X 0.030-0.040 mm, membrane 0.028-0.041 mm. Size

of dorsal bar 0.004-0.006 X 0.012-0.020 mm.

The morphological data of the present specimen fall within the size range

given by Galli et al. (2010) for G. cyprini found on the skin and gills of C.

carpio in the Palaearctic. The present finding of G. cyprini represents the first

record of this species in Iraq.

4- Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 (Fig. 24)

This trematode was found on skin and gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab

river with a prevalence of 2%, (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length 0.45-0.63 mm and width 0.18-0.20 mm. Total


mm, main part 0.036-0.048 mm, point 0.018-0.023 mm, inner root 0.018-0.024

mm. Size of ventral bar 0.004-0.008 X 0.014-0.019 mm, membrane 0.008-0.017

mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.001-0.003 X 0.009-0.010 mm.

This species was reported for the first time in Iraq on the skin C. carpio and

Liza abu from Al-Zaafaranya fish farm (Ali and Shaaban, 1984). After that, it

was reported on 22 fish species in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Also, it was reported on

C. carpio from Lesser Zab river, Darbandikhan lake and Ainkawa fish hatchery

in Kurdistan region (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan

and Abdullah, 2009) respectively.


57

Fig. (23): Gyrodactylus cyprini.

A- Photomicrograph of the worm (150X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Camera lucida of the haptor.



58

5- Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 25)

This parasite was found on the skin of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with

a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length 0.30-0.35 mm and width 0.05-0.09 mm. Length

of hooklets 0.022-0.025 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.047-0.050 mm,

main part 0.037 mm, point 0.026 mm, inner root 0.016 mm. Size of ventral bar

0.005-0.006 X 0.015-0.017 mm, membrane 0.009-0.014 mm. Size of dorsal bar

0.002 X 0.015-0.017 mm.

The present specimen agreed very well with Galli at el. (2010) specimens

except that the present parasite is larger, besides it was detected from a different

fish host (C. carpio). While, Galli et al. (2010) found it on the fins of Gobio

gobio, Romanogobio albipinnatus and Abbottina rivularis in the Danube, Elbe,

Older rivers and lake Khanka. Since no previous report about recording of this

species is available in Iraq, the present record represents the first record of

G. gobioninum in Iraq.

6- Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 (Fig. 26)

This monogenean trematode was obtained from the skin of C. carpio from

Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 1.4% (Table 2). Body length 0.35-0.42 mm and width 0.08-0.11 mm. Total length of


part 0.047-0.055 mm, point 0.029-0.033 mm, inner root 0.020-0.0287


mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.003 X 0.011-0.017 mm.

G. kherulensis has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio in

Babylon fish farm (Ali et al., 1988b). After that, it was found on the skin and

gills of Ctenopharyngodon idella in Al-Furat fish farm, Babylon province (Al-

Zubaidy, 1998). No further record was reported for this monogenetic trematoda.

Therefore, the recording of G. kherulensis could be considered as the first one in

Kurdistan region.


59

Fig. (24): Gyrodactylus elegans.



Fig. (25): Gyrodactylus gobioninum.




60

Fig. (26): Gyrodactylus kherulensis.

A- Photomicrograph of the worm (350X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (450X). C- Camera lucida of the haptor.



61

7- Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Zitnan, 1964 (Fig. 27)

This parasite was recorded in the present study from the skin of C. carpio

from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.95% (Table 2). Body length 0.30-0.50 mm and width 0.13 mm. Total length of hooklets

0.027-0.036 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.055-0.070 mm, main part

0.045-0.054 mm, point 0.030-0.035 mm, inner root 0.018-0.024 mm. Size of

ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X 0.023-0.030 mm, membrane 0.013-0.017 mm. Size of

dorsal bar 0.002-0.004 X 0.015-0.023 mm.

The dimensions of the present specimens appearance of the haptor agree

completely with previous description of this well characterized species reported

by Galli et al. (2010) for G. longoacuminatus found on fins and skin of C.

carpio, Carassis carassius and C. auratus in the Palaearctic. Recording of this

species seems to be the first one in Iraq, since it has never been reported in this

country before.

8- Gyrodactylus vicinus Bykhovskii, 1957 (Fig. 28)

This trematode was detected on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Lesser

Zab river with a prevalence of 4.66% (Table 2).

Small worms. Body length about 0.30-0.40 mm and width 0.12 mm. Total


mm, main part 0.051-0.054mm, point 0.033-0.035 mm, inner root 0.023-0.025


mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.002-0.003 X 0.020-0.024 mm.

Previously, G. vicinus was reported in Iraq on the skin of C. carpio from

Al-furat fish farm in Babylon province and Lesser Zab river in Kurdistan region

(Al-Zubaidy, 1998; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004). The present monogenetic

trematodes are greatly in accordance with the specimens which were recorded

previously in Iraq.


62

Fig. (27): Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus.



Fig. (28): Gyrodactylus vicinus.




63

The first information on genus Gyrodactylus from the Iraq freshwater fish

was given by Ali and Shaaban (1984), who recorded G. elegans from C. carpio

and Liza abu from Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad. The following year, 13

species added to the list of this parasite namely: G. baicalensis, G.

ctenopharyngodontis, G. derjavini, G. gussevi, G. kherulensis, G. malmbergi, G.

makewitschi, G. menschikowi, G. medius, G. paralatus, G. salaries, G.

sprostonae and G. vicinus (Mhaisen, 2012). Among this number, only five

species were recorded in Kurdistan region namely: G. elegans, G. gussevi, G.

medius, G. paralatus and G. vicinus. All of them (except G. gussevi) found on

C. carpio (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and

Abdullah, 2009).

Paradiplozoon cyprini Khotenovsky, 1982 (Fig. 29)

This species was obtained from the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish


The body has different sizes and is divided into an anterior part, which lies

before the cross, and a posterior part which lies behind it. The anterior edge of

the median sclerite is connected to the connivent clamp jaws by one short

sclerite. A foliate anterior portion containing vitellaria and holdfast apparatus of

the worm. The posterior part of the body has folds, the folds are minute. The

posterior portion is differentiated into three section anterior section carrying

genital glands, midsection with terminations of intestinal trunk and posterior

section (attaching disc) with ventral surface bearing attachment clamps.

Body length 1.5-2.5 mm, anterior part 1.0-1.5 mm, posterior part 0.5-0.9

mm, latter has many small folds in its anterior part. Size of clamps (1: 0.06-0.08

X 0.10-0.12; 2: 0.07-0.09 X 0.10-0.14; 3: 0.07-0.09 X 0.12-0.14; 4: 0.08-0.10 X

0.10-0.12 mm). Length of hooks anchors 0.022-0.024 mm. Diameter of suckers

0.08-0.10 mm, pharynx 0.05 mm. The testis rounded or has little lobes.

The first report about P. cyprini in Iraq was done by Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen

(2009b) from Barbus grypus from Tigris river passing through Albu-Ajeel


64

village at Tikreet city (Salah Al-Deen provine). No, further records are available

for it in Iraq. So, C. carpio is now considered as new host for P. cyprini in Iraq,

and the present study represents the first record of P. cyprini in Kurdistan

region.

According to the shape of the posterior part of the body, members of the

superfamily Diplozoinae are divided into five genera (Paradiplozoon,

Eudiplozoon, Diplozoon, Inustiatus and Sindiplozoon). The determination of

species is based mainly on the length of median hooks, the shape of clamp

sclerites and host specificity (Gussev, 1985). The index-catalogue of parasites of

fishes of Iraq includes ten species of Paradiplozoon, two species of Diplozoon

and one species of Eudiplozoon (Mhaisen, 2012).

In Kurdistan region, only D. barbi, D. kasimi and P. pavloskii were

recorded from Dokan Lake, Lesser Zab river and Greater Zab river (Abdullah,

1990; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004).

Digenea Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud., 1819) (Fig. 30)

This metacercariae was found in the eye lens of C. carpio in the Lesser Zab

river with a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2).

Body broad, leafy shaped, unencysted white color and feebly mobile. Body

length 0.40-0.62 mm, width 0.18-0.20 mm. Lateral suckers (Pseudosuckers)

distinct and length of it 0.011 mm. Diameter of ventral sucker 0.019-0.024 mm,

oral sucker 0.007-0.010 mm. Intestinal caeca not branched, 0.29-0.32 X 0.09-

0.11 mm. Brandes organ round.

The above descriptions are similar to those of Abdullah (1990), who

recorded D. spathaceum for the first time in Iraq from eye lens of B. luteus,

C. macrostomum and C. carpio from Dokan Lake. According to Mhaisen (2012)

a total of 26 fish host species were so far known for D. spathaceum in Iraq.

Other species of Diplostomum were reported from freshwater fishes of Iraq

namely: D. indistinctum, D. pungiti and D. yogenum from Barbus esocinus from


65

Fig. (29): Paradiplozoon cyprini.


ap= anterior part; cl= clamp; o= ovary; p= pharynx; pp= posterior part; su= sucker; t= testis.

Fig. (30): Diplostomum spathaceum.


br= brandesʼs organ; i= intestine; os= oral sucker; p= pharynx; vs= ventral sucker.


66

Tigris river in Mosul city (Al-Alousi et al., 1988). D. commutatum and D.

phoxini from Aspius vorax and Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad

city. (Al-Moussawi, 1997). D. paraspathaceum from C. carpio and

Ctenopharyngodon idella in a fish farm in Al-Eskandaryia region, Babylon

province (Muhammed, 2000), and D. flexicaudum from Mastacembelus

mastacembelus from Greatar Zab river in Kurdistan region (Bashé, 2008).

Cestoda Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Fig. 31)

Many specimens of larvae and adults of this cestode were found in intestine

of C. carpio in the Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2).

Body length 70-120 mm and width 5-10 mm. Scolex heart shaped with a

relatively undeveloped terminal disc, and two anterolaterally directed bothria

(slit-like openings) which are short and deep. It has no neck; instead the

proglottids begin directly behind the scolex.

This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq by Khalifa (1982) from

C. carpio in some fish farms in Baghdad. Later, it was reported from 19 fish

hosts in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012).

Two other species of Bothriocephalus were reported in Iraq namely: B.

gowkongensis in intestine of four species of fishes and B. opsariichthydis in

intestine of six species of fishes (Mhaisen, 2012).

Molnár (1977), Scholz (1989) and Hoffman (1998) considered both of B.

gowkongensis and B. opsariichthydis as synonyms of B. acheilognathi.

Crustacea Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (Fig. 32)

This parasite was found on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa

fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 7.14% and 2.66%,



67

Fig. (31): Bothriocephalus acheilognathi.

A- Photomicrograph (25X). B- Camera lucida drawing of the anterior end.

bo= bothria; s= scolex. Fig. (32): Lernaea cyprinacea.


a= anchor; i= intestine.


68

The length of the parasite without egg sac is 12-19 mm. It has a number of

arms at the tip of cephalothorax around the mouth which resemble anchors and

for this reason it is known as anchor worm. These arms arranged as a T-shaped

structure and the parasite use them as adhesive apparatus for attachment to their host. Black intestine made peristaltic movements.

The anchor worm was firstly recorded in Iraq on seven fish species in Al-

Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad (Al-Hamed and Hermiz, 1973). Later,

it was reported from 24 fish host species from many fish farms as well as from

many inland water bodies in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, it was

reported from five species of fishes namely: Barbus barbulus, B. grypus, B.

luteus, Cyprinus carpio and Leuciscus Lepidus from Dokan, Darbandikhan lakes

and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah, 1990; 2005; Al-Margan, 2007).

Comparison between the Parasitic Fauna of C. Carpio from

Ainkawa Fish Hatchery and Lesser Zab River As it is shown in Table (3) the overall prevalence of infection in C. carpio

from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with various parasites was

83.8% and 80% respectively. These fish were infected with five major groups of

parasites (Protozoa, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Crustacea). Only three

of these groups were found in Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of

31.9% for protozoans, 76.19% for monogenetic trematodes and 7.14% for

crustaceans. While all of them were found in Lesser Zab river, with a prevalence

of 6% for protozoans, 32% for monogenetic trematodes, 1.33% for digenetic

trematodes, 2% for cestodes and 2.66% for crustaceans.

The statistical analysis indicated that no significant differences (P < 0.05)

were noticed in the infection of C. carpio with both monogeneans and

crustaceans as calculated t= 0.65 and 0.32 respectively,


69

Table (3): Prevalence of infection of Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with the major groups of parasites.

Parasites Ainkawa fish hatchery

(210 fish) Lesser Zab river

(150 fish)

No. of infected fish

Prevalence (%)

No. of infected fish

Prevalence (%)

Protozoa 67 31.9 9 6

Monogenea 160 76.19 48 32

Digenea - - 2 1.33

Cestoda - - 3 2

Crustacea 15 7.14 4 2.66

Total No. of infected fish

179 83.8 120 80


70

in comparison with the tabulated t value of 2.08 and 2.14 respectively. While,

the infection with the protozoans, digenetic trematodes and cestodes showed

significant differences (P < 0.05) at both locations (calculated t= 3.72 for

protozoans, 4.00 for digenetic trematodes and 4.3 for cestodes in comparison

with the tabulated t value of 2.44, 3.82 and 2.44 respectively).

It seems that parasites with indirect life cycles (Digenea and Cestoda) were

found only in Lesser Zab river, compared to Ainkawa fish hatchery which were

found only the parasites with direct life cycles (Protozoa, Monogenea and

Crustacea). The reason for that may be the environment of Ainkawa fish

hatchery as a closed basin and its water source is known (Artzahn well), which

is a clean water and free of organisms that play a role as an intermediate hosts

for parasites which have indirect life cycles. While, Lesser Zab river is open

environment and has a complete ecosystem, and this explain the reasons for the

presence of D. spathaceum and B. acheilognathi in C. carpio from this river

only to the abundance of snails and zooplanktonic crustaceans (their

intermediate hosts respectively) in the river, in comparison with absence of their

in Ainkawa fish hatchery. Bauer (1961) confirmed that the depletion of the

parasite fauna of the pond-bred fishes is attributable to lack of variety in the

ichthyofauna of the ponds, the partial or complete absence of the intermediate

hosts of many parasites and the periodical drainage and drying of the ponds.

Consequently, the parasites with direct life cycles that usually survive in the

ponds. Trematoda, Cestoda, Acanthocephala and Nematoda are, in rare

exceptions, only occasionally represented in the parasite fauna of pond fishes.

Amin (1985) and Nepszy (1988) attributed the occurrence of some fish parasites

with indirect life cycles to the availability of their intermediate hosts in their

environment in addition to the behaviour of their hosts.

Regarding the three common groups of parasites (Protozoa, Monogenea

and Crustacea) in both locations. It is clear from Table (3), that the prevalence of

infection with these groups of parasites in Ainkawa fish hatchery was higher

than that in Lesser Zab river, and this can be attributed to the closed


71

environment for Ainkawa fish hatchery which leads to the accumulation of eggs

and larval stages of parasites, while the environment of Lesser Zab river is an

open one that results in the spread of parasites or the larval stages in wider areas.

In this aspect, Amin (1986a; 1986b) demonstrated that fishes in closed systems

are affected by few sort or groups of parasites with a high prevalence, in contrast

to the open environments, in which the fishes are affected with many sorts of

parasites with a low prevalence.

Concerning the protozoans that infected the fishes of both stations, the

statistical analysis showed significant differences between them as mentioned

before. The reason might belong to the fact that these organisms have a short

life-span and high rate of reproduction. This fact helps their accumulation

especially in a closed environment and their infection to new fish in the same

location. Whereas the water flow and the fish diversity in the river lead to the

reduction in infection prevalence. This fact is confirmed by Mhaisen (1983) In

Iraq, Paperna (1996) in Africa and Hoffman (1998) in North American.

As it's shown in Table (2), that C. carpio infected with 19 species of

parasites from Ainkawa fish hatchery and with 16 species of parasites in Lesser

Zab river, in which seven species were common in both locations. This result

disagree with that indicated by Bauer (1961), who stated the fishes were infected

with a small number of parasite species in ponds, in comparison with the higher

number harboured by the same fish in its natural environment. For example, 65

species of parasites have been recorded from C. carpio in the natural waters in

the USSR, while various forms of pond-bred carp have only 35 known species,

only 10-12 of them were common and occur usually in carp ponds. Also,

Ayanda (2009) indicated that Clarias gariepinus in Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria

infected with five species of helminthes, with total prevalence of 27.5% in wild,

while in cultured samples the prevalence of infection was 0%. This difference in

the results of the present study as compared with other studies probably may be

due to unimproved management practices such as overcrowding of fishes, the

poor application of the laws of quarantine during the exchange of fish, poor


72

environmental conditions and pollution carried out by fish farmers in this study

area. On the other hand, the results of the present study agree with Al- Jadoaa

(2002) who recorded ten species of parasites from C. carpio in Diwania river at

Al-Qadisiya province, versus 18 species of parasites from Euphrates fishes farm

in Babylon province, and he attributed the reason to the same reason that

mentioned previously. Generally, in Iraq 131 species of differed groups of

parasites were recorded from C. carpio (99 species from farms and 67 from

natural water) with 35 species common between them (Mhaisen, 2012).

As shown in Table (2), the highest infection rates of C. carpio were with D.

extensus (29.52%) in Ainkawa fish hatchery and D. baueri (7.33%) in Lesser

Zab river, While the lowest percent of infection were with D. sahuensis, G.

barbi and G. longoacuminatus (0.95% for each) in Ainkawa fish hatchery and

D. anchoratus, D. deziensioides, D. molnari, G. gobioninum and Diplostomum

spathaceum (1.33% for each) in Lesser Zab river. The differences in the type of

parasites and their prevalence of infection may be due to various factors,

including physical and chemical factors of water, fish activity and method of

fishing. Dogiel (1961) indicated that the relationship between the parasite fauna

and the geographical position of the hosts habitat is governed not by a single

factor, but by a complex of factors including climatic conditions, presence or

absence of intermediate hosts, various features in the character of the water, the

type of the bottom and current velocity, … etc.

73

CONCLUSIONS

From the results of the present study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1- During this study 28 species of parasites belonging to different groups were

recorded from fishes obtained from Ainkawa fish hatchery (Erbil city) and

Lesser Zab river (passing Alton Kupri town).

2- Among these parasites five species have been recorded for the first time in

Iraq, and nine species in Kurdistan region.

3- C. carpio is regarded as a new host for T. reticulata, D. deziensioides and P.

cyprini in Iraq.

4- C. carpio highest infection rates were with D. extensus (29.52%) in Ainkawa

fish hatchery and D. baueri (7.33%) in Lesser Zab river, While the lowest

percent of infection were with D. sahuensis, G. barbi and G. longoacuminatus

(0.95%) in Ainkawa fish hatchery and D. anchoratus, D. deziensioides, D.

molnari, G. gobioninum and Diplostomum spathaceum (1.33%) in Lesser Zab

river.

5- Parasites with direct life cycles were more prevalent in Ainkawa fish

hatchery, while in Lesser Zab river the parasites which have both direct and

indirect life cycles were more prevalent.

74

RECOMMENDATIONS

On the light of previous information, it is recommended to study the following

sides:

1- As Kurdistan region is rich in natural water bodies and aquaculture most of

them did not undergone any study, therefore it is recommended to perform

further survey for parasites of the fishes.

2- To study the developmental stages of the parasite in order to identify the

weak stage to which control measures can be applied.

3- Due to the economic importance of the fish, it is necessary to perform studies

on the control and treatment of fish parasites.

4- Examination of the quality of food and feeding habits of fish in different

water bodies, to know the extent of their relation to parasitic infections.

5- Precise study and confirmative diagnosis of parasites require sophisticated

instruments like electron microscope and P.C.R., therefore it is necessary to

have them in our universities.

6- To design the fish breeding ponds in a way which ensure proper sterilization

of the water in order to prevent the infection of fish with different

microorganisms.

75

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A

الخالصة

مفقس أسماك ، تينمن بيئتين مختلف Cyprinus carpio كارب أعتيادي سمكة ٣٦٠تم جمع

) البيئة الطبيعية(نھر الزاب الصغير والواقعة في شمال غرب مدينة أربيل ) البيئة الصناعية(عينكاوة

خالل الفترة المحصورة بين ، شمال العراق، دستانورأقليم ك فيجنوب مدينة أربيل ، قرب التون كوبري

.٢٠١١ أيارنھاية شھرحتى و ٢٠١٠ أبشھر

٢٨ وجود الحالية الدراسة أظھرت. الطفيليات الخارجية والداخلية على للتعرففحصت األسماك

من الطفيليات (Chilodonella cypriniنواع من الحيوانات االبتدائيةأستة تتضمن. نوعا

T. reticulataو T. nobilisو Trichodina acuta و Ichthyophthirius multifiliisو

Dactylogyrus achmerowi(أنواع من المخرمات أحادية المنشأ ١٩و ،)Apiosoma amoebaeو

D. inexpectatus و D. extensusوD. deziensioides وD. baueri و D. anchoratus و

Gyrodactylus و D. vastator و D. sahuensis و D. molnariو D. minutes و

baikalensis و G. barbiو G. cyprini و G. elegansوG. gobioninum و G. kherulensis

ونوع، )Paradiplozoon cypriniو G. vicinus و G. longoacuminatusو من من كل ا واحد ا

Bothriocephalus(والديدان الشريطية ، )Diplostomum spathaceum(المنشأ المخرمات ثنائية

acheilognathi( ، والقشريات)Lernaea cyprinacea.(

و G. cyprini و G. barbiو (D. molnari خمسة أنواع من الطفيلياتتم تسجيل

gobioninum G. و (G. longoacuminatus أنواع وتسعة ألول مرة في العراق)T. reticulata

و D. sahuensis و D. inexpectatusو D. baueri و D. anchoratus و D. achmerowi وG. baikalensis و G. kherulensis و P. cyprini( سمكة تعتبراو. دستانورفي أقليم ك الول مرة

D. deziensioidesو T. reticulate( الطفيليات لكل من جديدا مضيفا الكارب األعتيادي

.العراق في P. cyprini )و

الكارب أسماك ان وجد، موقعي في الدراسة الحاليةاألصابات الطفيلية لألسماك من ةرناقمعند

نوع ١٩ـ ب صيبتأ في مفقس أسماك عينكاوة قد األعتيادي مقدارھا صابة كليةأنسبة وب، من الطفيليات ا

، الحيوانات األبتدائية(حياة المباشرة ال اتللطفيليات ذات دور كانت كثر األصاباتأ وتبين ان .%٨٣,٨

لوحظ انا االسماك قدفقد في نھر الزاب الصغير بينما .ذلك مفقسفي ) القشرياتو مخرمات أحادية المنشأ

نوع ١٦ ـب صيبتأ األصابات بين طفيليات ذات تنوعتو ،%٨٠نسبة اصابة كلية بو، من الطفيليات ا

تحليل ال واظھر. )والديدان الشريطية المخرمات ثنائية المنشأ( ةمباشرالمباشرة وغير الحياة ال اتدور

األبتدائية والمخرمات ثنائية المنشأ والديدان للحيوانات األصابات بين معنوية اتفروقاألحصائي

. 0.05عند مستوى داللة قيد الدراسة الموقعين في لألسماك الشريطية

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