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A COST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR
PREVENTION OF OIL/GREASE T O RECEIVING WAT ER
COLLINE JOHN
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2000TD
353 C711 2000
A COST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYS'fEM
FOR
PREVENTION OF OIIJGREASE TO RECEIVING WATER
(,lIS :\T 1(!IlDj\r"T i"!AI(Lli,\!AT :\r(A()J.:!\lII"::' - ·
ll~IVEI,Srn MALA "SIA S .,\r'A \VAl"::
Tariklt 1\'IlI11I:lIl:.:all
(f111].1V1 11: 3fS"" M~iY 1)'/ 01 I(J'), I~ \ 1 1 i-1 _~
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This report is 'Sti"bmitted in partial fulfillmentofthe requirement for the degree of
Bachelor ofEngineering (Hons.) Civil Engineering
from the Faculty ofEngineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
2000
Tellis (ljazu Pertama)
T esis Oikemukakan Kepada Falrulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugeraban Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Awam) 2000
...
I Rl3a
BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
Judul: A COST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR PREVENTION OF OIU GREASE TO RECEIVING WATER
SESI PENGAJIAN: 1999/2000
Saya
COLLINE JOHN
mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maldmnat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat l..-egunaan seperti berikut:
1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNlMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro banya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada pc11ulis.
3. Pusat Khidmat Maklwnat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat slllinan untuk pcngajian mereka. 4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar
yang dipersetujui kelak. 3. • Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 6. •• Sila tandakan ( ./ )
C=:J suur (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdmjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
~TERHAD (MengandWlgi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasil
~ TIDAK TERHAD
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
A1amat tetap: NO.17.,KAMPUNG DR. LAW PUONG LING
SUDAO, BATU 4 Y2, JALAN KONG Nama P yetia
PHING, 93250 KUCHlNG, SARA W AK
Tarikh: II APRIL 2000 Tarikh:
CATATAN • Poloag yang tldak MrkenUIl.
badan di mana penye\idikan dij -an).
Jlka Kertal Projek lnl SULrr atau TERHAD, sUa lamplrkan IUrat da pada pthak berkuaslll orpDiJui berkenaan dengan menyertakan lekali tcmpob Io:rtas projelL Ini perla dikelaskan sebagwi SULrr abo TERHAD.
__
Approval sheet
This project attached here to, entitle "A COST-EFFECTIVE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR PREVEN'I'ION OF OIUGREASE TO
RECEIVING WATER" prepared and submitted by Mr. Colline John in partial
fulfillment for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering with Honors (Civil Engineering) is
hereby accepted.
Date:__--+-+_(-+_~ (Dr. Law Puong Ling)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the author wishes to thanks Dr. Law Puong Ling who has
always been understanding, encouragement, giving invaluable supervision
and advice in leading all the way through this success. In particular, I would
like to thanks those who are in one or another way helping and contribute to
this thesis especially Haji Affendi and Cik Rasyidah for their help in
implementing my experiments.
Thanks are also extended to my beloved father, mother, sisters, and
brothers and not forgetting my friends for their encouragement and support
towards the end of this project.
May God will always blessed those whom the author have mentioned
above.
ABSTRACT
This dissertation investigates an alternative cost-effective method to
remove oil/grease from the receiving water. The objective and the methodology
are divided into two phases where;
Phase 1. is to design, develop and to fabricate a novel cost effective
technology for removing oill grease! solids from the wastewater. Thus a general
idea of the parallel plate separator and a few principal factors as well as the
design information was applied.
Phase 2 is to evaluate the performance and the effectiveness of the
removal system in generating an effluent of acceptable and an experiment was
done and an analysis of 'Characteristic Wet Analysis' was conducted to analyze
the oil/grease content ..
From the experiment, the average influent concentration of oil/grease is
38,325 mglL. While the average effluent concentration of oil/grease is 49.125
mglL and hence, the concentration level of oillgrease is 0.13%.
This shown that the removal efficiency of oil/grease is 99.87% which is
within the acceptable quality of an effluents.
11
,.......
ABSTRAK
Buku ini mengkaji kaedah baru yang ekonomi untuk mengasingkan
minyaklgris daripada air buanganlkumbahan. Ojektif dan kedahnya terbahagi
kepada dua fasa dimana;
Fasa 1 merekabentuk dan menghasilkan satu teknologi baru yang
ekonomi untuk mengasingkan minyaklgris daripada air buangan. Untuk itu
gambaran umum tentang tanki pengasingan minyak dan beberapa faktor dan
juga maklumat tentang rekabentuk tanki pengasingan minyak/gris dijadikan
sebagai panduan.
Fasa 2 pula adalah untuk mengira pencapaian dan keberkesanan sistem I
pengasingan tersebut dalam menghasilkan kandungan pengasingan yang
diiktiraf. Untuk ini, satu eksperimen dijalankan dan analisis 'Characterisric
Wet Analasis' dilakukan untuk mengaji kandungan minyak/gris yang
dihasilkan.
Daripada eksperimen, didapati purata kepekatan minyak/gris yang
masuk adalah bersamaan dengan 38,325 mglL. Manakala purata kepekatan
minyaklgris yang keluar adalah bersamaan dengan 48.125 mglL. Oleh itu,
tahap kepekatan minyak yang terakhir adalah bersamaan dengan 0.13%.
lni menunjukkan bahawa keberkesanan pengasingan minyak/gris lID
adalah bersamaan dengan 99.87%, dimana ia masih lagi dalam piwaian
pengasingan minyak/gris yang dibenarkan.
111
CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................... ........... i ~~~C1r••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~ ii CO.NTENTS........... 'a ................................................. • " •••• • '... ....... iv INDEX OF FIGURES .......................................'................... vi INDEX OF TABLES....... ................ ............... ........... ...... .... xiii ~O~~C~1rU~............................................................. ix
CHAPTER l-INTRODUcrION.......................................... 1
1.1 General Introduction... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 1 1.2 Backgroound....................................... , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2 1.3 Objective..... . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . ... ..... . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. 3
C~PTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW......................................... 4
2.1 Introduction ......................................~ .... ' .................................. ,.... 4 2.2 Principle ofOil/Grease Separation. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . ...... 4
2.2.1 General Def'mition ofOil and Grease............................ 4 2.2.2 Definition of Waste Oill Grease........... ..................... ..... 5
2.2.2.1 Free oil.................. ...................... .................... 5 2.2.2.2 Emulsions....................................................... 6
2.3 Sources ofwaste OiVGrease and Their Related Activities.......... 7 2.4 Characteristic of Waste Oil/Grease.............................................. 9
2.4.1 Polynuclear Aromatics...... ........ .............................. ....... 9 2.4.2 Halogenated Organics ...............................................~.... 10 2.4.3 Trace Metals................................................................... 10
2.5 Properties and Chemistry of Waste OiVGrease........................... 12 2.6 Impacts ofthe Oil Contamination......... .......... ............................. 15 2.7 Common Current Practices ofOil/Grease Removal...... .............. 17
2.7.1 Gravity Separation............ ... ..... . ...... .. .................. 18 2.7.2 Air Flotation................................................................... 19
tV
,.....
CB.AFfER 3 - METHODOLOGy........................................................ 26
3.1 Introduction ................... " .. . ... ... .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .................... 26 3.2 Phase 1......................................................................................... 26
3.2.1 Work Plan ........ . .................. ........................... 27 3.2.1 .1 Parallel Plate Separator...................... ..... ...... 29 3.2.1.2 Parallel Coalescing plate......... __ __~...~.__.......... 33
3.3 Phase 2.......................... , ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ......................... 36 3.3.1 Method ofExperiment. ... .......... . ...................... ..... .... 37
CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................... 39
4. 1 Introduction............. ............. , .... ... ............. , ........ .......... 39 4.2 Details of Parallel Plate Separator Design.. ......... .. ..................... 39 4.3 Design of Parallel Plate Separator .............................................. 40 4.4 Results of the Experiment- ._. ......................... ................... ........... 41 4.5 Discussion.............. ............ ........... .......... ..................................... 44
CHAFfER 5 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION. ••...• 48
5.1 Conclusions......... . ................. . ..... , '" ., .... . ...... ,. '" ... ... 48 5.2 Recommendation........ . ... '" ...... '" ... .. . ... ... .. . ... .. . . .. ....... 49
BIBLI(X;RA.PHY.",,"""•••••• ,,"" ••• ,,""""" .••"•••• "••• """""",, .••. ,,"""""" •.• "",, •• ,," a."" •• "" ••_ 51
APPENDIXES•• """"""""""""""""""",, .. ,,""""""""""""""" """"""""" •• """" •• """""",, •• ,,",, .... ,,"""""" 54
v
l
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 American Petroleum Institute Separator... '" ........................... 19
2.2 Induced Air Flotation......... ' " ...... '" '" ........................... ... '" .. 21
2.3 Dissolved Air Flotation........ , ........................... '" .. , ... ... ... ... . . . 21
3.1 General Idea of The Parallel Plate Separator... '" .. , .................. 27
3.2 Specific Gravity of Clean Water.............................................. 31
3.3 Absolute Viscosity of Clean Water..... . ..... . .............................. 31
3.4 Drag Coefficient versus Reynolds Number (NRe)......... '" ..... , ... ... 32
3.5 Side View of Parallel Coalescing Plate 0 34.. .. 0 .................... , ... ... ....
3.6 Parallel frustum of Cones Coalescing Plates Mechanism... ...... ... 35
3.7 Schematic Diagram Showing the Different Ionised Layer
Around An. Oil Droplets.. ... . ........ , ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . 36
3.8 The Parallel Plate Separator Assembling ................................. 38
4.1 Design of Parallel Plate Separator... .. . ...... ...... ......... .. ............. 40
4.2a Chart Showing a Different Values of Concentration Level of
Oil/Grease .................. '" .. , .. , ' " ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .. . ...... ... ... .... 44
Al Physical Characteristic and Chemical Properties of
Several Crude Oils... ..................... ... '" ... . , . .................. '" ... .... 54
VI
RI Shows the Orientation of Surfactant Molecule at
the oil-water interface .. . ................................. '" ......... ...... ...... 55
C.l Shows how the Parallel Plate Works to Removed the Oil
IGrease from the Oil-Water Mixture ......................................... 56
C.2 The Samples of the Influent of Oil/Grease Taken at the
Experiment...... ...... ... ...... ... ......... ... ... .. . ... ... ... .... .. ... ......... ..... 57
C.3 Samples of the Effiuent of Oil/Grease Taken at the
Experiment .......... ,.................. . ........................." .... ,. ... ... ... ... 58
Vll
,L) ..
I >
INDEXS OF TABLE
Table Page
2.1 Sources of Waste Oil or Grease and Their Related Activities... ... . 8 ·
2.2 Contaminants of Potential Concern in Waste Oil... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . ... 11
2.3 Oil Type and their Physical! Chemical Properties .. . ........ . ..... , .... 14
2.1 Types of Oil Contamination and the Impact ...... ... ........ .... ........ . 15
2.2 Process Comparison for Oil/Grease Removal.. ... . .. . ................. .... 22
Vlll
NOMENCLATURE
A A area of the surface, cm2
B Width, em
d Depth, em
d., Oil particle diameter, em
g Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 kg/m3)
NRe Reynolds Number
P.. Density of water, kg/em3
Po Density of oil, kg/m3
Jl Viscosity of water
Vh Horizontal velocity, cm/s
Vr Rise velocity ofoil droplets, cmJs
> More than
< Less than
ABBREVIATION
RM Ringgit Malaysia
IX
,...
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Waste oill grease refers to the lubricating oils that have gone through
their intended use cycle. Thus this waste oill grease must be either burned as
fuels, or are recycled or disposed as waste. Generally, the term embraces
spent automotive lubricating oils and spent industrial oils including those
used for lubrication, refrigeration, and process application. The collection,
recycling, treatment and disposal of waste oil are complicated by the fact that
it came from numerous small generators through the disposal of spent
automotive lubricating oil. Thus making it impossible to regulate- tho waste
stream at its sources.
Oil and grease must be removed from wastewater smce- these
materials can damage the instruments and equipment, interfere with other
Processes (particularly gravity settling), and may accumulate in unwanted
area of the treatment system causing a hazard or performance problem.
Furthermore, oill grease has the potential to be contaminated either during
use or from external sources, which can be the result from physical or
mical changes of constituents, or from blending with hazardous waste
CHAPTER I lNTRODUCUON
during transport or storage.
In some cases, after removal of fats, oil, and grease and suspended solids from
waste water streams, there needs to be a further clarification of the water. In this case,
reverse osmosis is proving useful. Without removal of fats, oil, and grease a reverse
osmosis (RO) system would not be able to operate. For example, at an olive processor in
California, a 700 gpm waste water treatment system is presently bemg installed which
includes removal of free oil by gravity separation, followed by a spiral wound ultra
filtration (UF) system to remove the emulsified oil, and fmishing with a spiral reverse
osmosis system to remove dissolved solids.
1.2 BACKGROUND
Oil contamination in major streams and rivers of Malaysia mainly
results from domestic and small/ medium. size industrial activities. Some of
the main sources of oil contamination of rivers include oily wastewater
produced in petroleum production, refining, and storage, petrochemical
complexes, and cooking oil produced from households, cafeteria! canteen, food
stall, coffee shops, and restaurants. Oil contaminated wastewater is
discharged to perimeter drain and finally ends up in nearby stream and river.
Thus, activities from motorcycle or motor vehicle repair, air conditioner
servicing, and engine rebuilding also contribute a tremendous amount of
engine oil and hydraulic oil in nearby water receiving bodies such as streams
drivers.
2
CHAPTER J lNTRODUCrrON
Additionally, the baking, dairy, oil extraction (e.g. olive, soybean,
cottonseed oil), fish processing and meat and poultry industries as well as
manufacturers of oil-containing foods (e.g. margarine and salad dressing) face
the problem of reducing the oil contaminant load to downstream waste water
systems. The recovery of valuable by-products, such as proteins and milk fat
in the dairy industry, while at the same time reducing the biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) charges from the
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) make systems that can remove fat,
oil, and grease (FOG) increasingly economical.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this final year project is to propose a novel cost
effective management system for prevention of oil/ grease to the receiving
water. Thus the aim of the project is to develop and study the feasibility of
the proposed technology with special focus on the oil! grease gravity phase
separation system. While the specific aims are to:
a. Develop / design and to fabricate a novel oil/grease gravity phase
separation system,
b. Evaluate the effectiveness of the removal system in generating an
effiuents of acceptable quality.
3
CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter looks into the previous research and analysis that has been
done by other researchers. The main topics that will be stated are the
principles of oil/grease separation, the sources of waste oil/grease and their
related activities, characteristic of waste oils/grease, properties and
chemistry of waste oil/grease, the impacts of the oil contamination and lastly
the common current practices of oil/grease removal.
2.2 PRINCIPLES OF OIUGREASE SEPARATION
2.2.1 GENERAL DEFINITION OF OIL AND GREASE
The term oil when applied to oil-water separation is used to refer to an
extremely wide range of material but is generally used to describe a fluid of
low relative density, only slight solubility in water and processing some
lubricating properties. The term is also applied to the component fractions of
naturally occurring oil; for example 'mineral oils include not only the many
di1ferent crude oils but also refined products ranging from gasoline to
residual fuel oil.
4
CH!.PTER. 2 UTERAWRE REVIEW
While the term grease (lipid) commonly refers to triglycerides
composed of a single glycerol molecule with three usually different fatty acid
molecules attached via an ester bond. Grease is hydrophobic, which means
it is water hating. This means grease is attracted to itself and other non
water materials much more strongly than it is to water. Grease, being lighter
than water, usually floats and in its quest to get away from water will adhere
so tightly to surfaces that it may remain attached to those surfaces even if
they become submerged.
2.2.2 DEFINITION OF WASTE OIL I GREASE
Waste oill grease refers to lubricating oils that have gone through
their intended used cycled and must be either treated or disposed of and re
used. Oil or grease can be present in the wastewater in the form of;
2.2.2.1 FREE OIL
Oil and grease present in wastewater as a droplet with little or no
water associated with it is referred to as free oil. Free oil will float to the
surface due to its low specific gravity. The three main force acting on a
discrete oil droplet are buoyancy, drag, and gravity. The buoyancy of an oil
droplet is proportional to its volume and the drag is proportional to the
projected area of the droplet. As the diameter of an oil droplet decrease, the
ratio of its volume to surface area also decreases. Because of this droplet size
tionship, larger droplets tend to rise while smaller droplets remain
5
CHAPTER 2 liTERATURE REVIEW
suspended. This relationship is defined by Stokes law. The concept assumes
that the terminal velocity of a rising droplet is: (1) proportional to the specific
gravity difference between the oil and water; (2) proportional to the square of
the oil droplet diameters; and (3) inversely proportional to the viscosity of the
water.
1.1.1.2 EMULSIONS
Oil may also be present in wastewater in the form of an emulsion.
This is where the oil is actually dispersed in the water in the stable fashion.
Two types of emulsions are discussed: mechanical emulsions and chemical
emulsions. Mechanical emulsions are created through the process of pumping
and otherwise mixing the oil-water solution. Chemical emulsions are
generally intentionally formed using chemicals to stabilize the emulsion for
an industrial process need or other use. Both types of emulsions can be
present in a wastewater at the same and also along with free oil. Careful
sampling, experimental work, and analysis are necessary to differentiate
between the various types. The objective in treatment of wastewater
containing emulsified oils is to destabilize the emulsion so that the oil or
grease will separate by gravity or flotation. Once the emulsion is broken, the
same removal techniques applicable to free oil can be utilized.
Destabilization of a mechanical emulsion can be accomplished by
tIIIlMIi'ques such as coalescence, chemical coagulation, or agglomeration.
6
CHI.PTER2 UTERA1VRE REVIEW
Essentially what is done to promote interdroplet contact with the purpose of
developing larges droplets that will be much easier to removed. These larger
droplets will have a lower specific gravity and therefore separable by use of
the techniques previously described.
The treatment of chemical emulsions can be considerably more
difficult due to the characteristics of the waste, but several tried and proven
techniques are available for investigation. These involve the use of coagulant,
pH adjustment, and heat. Acid cracking with or without heat is the most
common approach used and is generally done on a batch basis. Sulfuric or
hydrochloric acid is added to a pH of 1 and 2 along with a coagulant and
• heating to 100 to 1500 F ( 38 to 660 C) is used to break the emulsion. This
results in the oil being free from the water and therefore separable by the
other means. Emulsion breaking is highly specific to the particular
wastewater and should be carefully tested in the laboratory prior to system
design.
I.a SOURCES OF WASTE OIUGREASE AND THEIR RELATED
ACTIVITIES
Waste oil is generated from widely dispersed sources. Thus all the
sources of the waste oil and their related activities are listed in Table. 2.1.
7
CJWY/'ER2 UTERA1URE REVIEW
Tnmp Oil and
Hydraulic Oil
Grease and Hydraulic
Sources Activity
Cooking Oil
Oil type
Households, canteen, Washing and cleaning
cafeteria, coffee shops,
restaurants, food stalls, etc.
Engine oil and Motorcycle/ vehicle Maintenance,
Hydraulic Oil servicing, andworkshops,
1 Engine and air conditioner rebuilding
repair/ rebuilding facilities,
Boiler repair/ maintenance
sites
Metalworking facilities Metal - cutting and
milling operations
Engine and air conditioner Parts degreasing by
servicing/ rebuilding immersion washing or
facilities cleaning I
1.1 Sources ofWaste Oil or Grease and Their Related Activities
8
CllAPTER2
1.4
lubrication base
I"
lJTERA.1UREREVIEW
CHARACTERISTIC OF WASTE OILS/GREASE
An industrial oils are composed of an organic base stock and additive
packages which have been developed for specific lubricating applications in
Older to significantly increase the performance and life of the oils. The
stock can be compromised of hundreds of thousands of
oqanic constituents, the majority of which are polynuclear aromatics (PNAs).
The additives, which may comprise up to 25% of the oil by volume, typically
contain inorganic constituent such as sulfur, nitrogen and trace metals. And
in the recent years, some additional compound such as chlorinated solvents
found in the sample of waste oil. Below are the detailed information
about some of the potentially hazardous contaminants.
POLYNUCLEARAROMATICS
Polynuclear aromatics hydrocarbons are present in the petroleum base
and can be produced during the use of the oil and others are generated
the pyrolysis during the exposure of the oil to high temperatures.
uclear aromatics hydrocarbon consisting of two ring structure are
blOWn as naphthalene and consisting of four-, five-and six ring structures
known as carcinogens and mutagens. Benzo(a]pyrene , B[a]P is a prime
pies of a PNA which exhibit carcinogenic effect.
9
CHAPTER]
U
CJClea
cpttpmin8nts
U
"leDt from
(O.lg1gal).
liTERA lURE REVIEW
HALOGENATED ORGANICS
Halogenated hydrocarbons may be produced in oil during normal use
by the reaction of base-stock hydrocarbons and halogenated
compounds, typically inorganic chlorides, from the additives package. These
are generally associated with degreasing solvents such as
trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene.
TRACE METALS
Trace metals are the predominant contaminant of waste oil that is of
coacern. Aluminium, chromium, and iron may get into the oil from external
8OUl'C8S such as the wear of metal parts. While barium and zinc are often
oil additive package. Lead, which is present in the most
aipificant concentration is generated from the use of leaded gasoline in
alODllOU·'ve engines. In 1986, the EPA promulgated standards regulation of
concentration that the average concentration of lead is 0.03 gIL
Some compounds of potential concerns and potential concentrations
._ofthese constituents are listed in Table. 2.2.
IO