A Critical edition of Ru'us al-Masa'il by Zamakhshari

7/24/2019 A Critical edition of Ru'us al-Masa'il by Zamakhshari

1/548

A CRITICAL EDITION OF MiM AL-14ASA,Lt BY AL-

d.

538 H-/1144)

IV

AEWL

RALIK

BIN

MUHAMD

Thesis

presented

to

the University

of

Sto

Indrews

for the degree

of

Doctor

of

n2llosoplW

ST.

AMMM

JANUARTs

1977-


2/548

-1-

DECLARATION

I hereby

declare

that

the

following

is

a

-record

of

research

work carried

out

by

me;

that the

thesis is

my

own

composition

and

that

it

has

not

previously

been

presented

for

any

other

degree.

St. Andrews

16th.

December

1976.

A.

H.

B. Muhammad.


3/548

j

-

II

-

CERT IFICAT

ION

I

CERTIPY-MT

Abdul Halim

bin Mmmad

has

completed

nine

term

of

i-esserch

work

in the

United

College

of

St., Salvatox

and

St*

Imonardg

University

of

St.

Andrevaq

that

he has

fulfilled

the

conditions

of

Resolution

No.

1

1967)

of

the

University

Court*

and

that

be

in

qualified

to

subatit

the

accompatVing

thesis

in

application

for

the degree

of

Doctor

of

Philosopbye

J. Burton

Mr.

supervisor)


4/548

-

ill

-

TAI.W&CIV =-IlSTTTfWLlflj

in

.

.

-

tm.

k

t

th

cl

kh

d

.

k

d

h

1

1r.

m

i

*

ta

j

n

4.

.h

eh

zu

L;

,v

0

40

4.

e

Z

2= Hamza

9

demma

vcv -

fgell

fotha

+

yi'b

m

ei

tatha

+

vav

u

latha

+

allt

+

ra


5/548

-

iv

-

ABBREVIATIONS

A.

H.

After

Hijra.

Before Hijra.

b.

Son

of.

bint.

Daughter

of.

Of.

Compare,

confer.

d.

Died.

ed. Edited.

fo. Folio*

ff, Folios.

H. Hijra.

Ms

Manuscript.

MSS

Yanuscripts.

n.

d. No

date.

no,

Note

number.

rM,

Numbers.

pe

Page.

pp.

Pages.

suggest.

Suggestion.

Vol.

Volume.

Vols.

Volumes.

Note:

t[II

Represents

an

insert

within

an

insert.


6/548

-v-

ACKNOWLMM.

MENTS

Dr. John

Burton has

super-ised my studies

during

the

pre-

paration

of

this thesis.

It is

my

duty to

offer

him

my

sincere

thanks

for his

scholastic guidance

and

his

encouragement.

My

thanks

are

also

due to

Dr. Jackson for

his

valuable

suggestions

in

the

course of preparation

of

this

work

in the

absence of

Dr.

John

Burton.

I

would

like to

thank

the

staff

of

the

Chester

Beatty

Library,

Dublin,

for

providing

me with

a microfilm

of

the

Text

Ru3iis

al-Yasq'ils

and

for

giving me access

to

other materials

in

their

library.

My thanks

are

also

due to the

staff

of

the Library

of

the

British

Museumt

Londont the

staff

of

the Library

of

the

Arab

League,

and

the

staff

of

the Egyptian

National

Library, Cairo,

for

sending

me microfilms

of

various

MSS

which

are

relevant

to

the

subject,

and

for

allowing

me

to

use

other materials

available

in

their

libraries.

Pinally, I also wish to thank the staff of the Library of

the

University

of

St.

Andrews

for their

assistance

and

co

-

operation,

and

to the Universiti

Kebangsa

an

Malaysia

(The

National

University

of

Malaysia)q for

sponsoring me

to

undertake

this

research.


7/548

I

conducted

my research

under

the

supervision

of

bra

Joba

Ruptono

I

was admitted

as

a

rosesvRi student under Ordinance General No

12

on

lot

October

1973

and

as

a

candidate

for

the degree

of

Ph Do

under

this

ordinance

an

lot

October 1973

00

000000

Abdul

Bolin

bin

Muhammad

STe

ANEREWS

Deoembove

976


8/548

CONTENTS

Pages

Declaration

Certification

Transliteration table

ill

Abbreviations

1V

Acknowledgments

V

Contents

Abstract

PART

ONE

:

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

one

:.

Introduction

to

the

MS

and

Text.

1-

The NS

used

in this

edition

1-

2

2- The

copyist and orthography

2-

5

3

-

Purpose

and

date

of composition

5

-6

4

-

Critical

apparatus

7

-8

Chapter

two

:

Author

1-

His

nameg

kunyal

nisbahs

and

titles

9-

2-

His

Family

11

-

13

3-

His

education

and

his

teachers

13

-

16

4- His

pupils

16

-

17

5-

His

literary

output

18

-

30

6-

His

travels

30

-

34

7-

His death

34


9/548

Chapter three

:

Place

in literature

1-

Compositions

of

RuTs

al-Masa'il

35

-

36

2- Authorshi of the present work 36

-

38

3-

Comparison

of

Ru s

al-Masa'il

with

other

works

of

Ikhtil7f

39

-

42

a)

The

significance of

the

work

42

-

43

b)

Zamakhshalls

legal

thought

43

-

46

Chapter four : Development of Ikhtil7af literature 47

1- Ikhtilaf

in

general,

48

-

53

2-

Birth

of

the

science of

al-

Xhilfi

53

-

57

Chapter

five The

(scope

of

application

of) classical

theory

of

UZI

of

jurisprudence to the

0

Ikhtil7af

literature

The

classical

theory

of

UZ-1

7-

of

jurisprudence

58

-

59

2-

The

application

of

the theory

59

-

68

3- Conclusion 68

-

69

Bibliography

70

-

85

PART

TWO

Textq

appendix

and

notes.


10/548

ABSTRACT

This

thesis

consists

of

two

parts.

The

first

part

deals

with

an

introduction

which

is

divided into

five

chapters,

Chapter

one

provides,

general

information

on

the

MS,

the

copyist

and

the

orthography.

The date

and

purpose of composition of

the

work

is

also

discussed,

and

the

critical

apparatus

explained.

Chapter

two

concerns

the

authorship and outlines

briefly

the

author's

career.

The

discussion involves

the

author's

namep

family,

educationg

his

teachers, his

pupils and

his

other

works.

The

date

of

his death is

also ascertained.

Chapter

three

deals

with

the

place of

the

Ru'is

al-Maia il

I

type

in literature,

and consists of a review of works

of

similar

title.

Confirmation

of

the

authorship

of

the

present

work

,

and

comparison

of

this

work with

other similar works results

in

showing

its

significance

and

in

illustrating the

attitude

of

the

author

on

matters

dealt

with on

Figh.

A

historical

survey

of

the

development

of

Ikhtiiaf

literature

and the beginnings of the science of al-Khil; fiZZat have been

discussed

in

chapter

four.

Finallyt

chapter

five

deals

with

the

classical

theory

of

Usul

and

its

application

in

the Ikhtil7af

literature

which

is followed

by

a

brief

conclusion.


11/548

0

The

second

part presents

the Text. This

contains

407

ralings-

under

62

titles

and

sub

-.

titles

which

deal

with

different

subjects

ranging from ritual, family law and penal

law to the

ralings on

food

and

drink.

The

separate

notes

have been

provided

in

order

to

show

the

development

of

the Sh-aft Ite

doctrines. An

appendix

is

also

pro-

vided

aiming to

illustrate

the development

of

Zamakhshari s

ideas

on

Fioh


12/548

PART

ONE

INTRODUCTION


13/548

CHAPTER

ONE

3WRODUCTION

TO THE

IIS

AND

TEXr

I-

The

M

used

in

this

edition

The

present

edition of

"Rufus

al-Masglilw

is based

on

the

unique

"M

no-

3600

preserved

in

the

Chester Beatty

Library in

Dublin,

Ireland.

-1,

J.

Arberry

who

described

the

work

has briefly

stated

that

no

other

copy appears

to be

recorded.

I

The

measurement

of

each

page

of

the

present work, consisting

altogether of

107 folios, is 17

x

13-1

cm- Each page contains

between

11-17

lines

and

between 7-15

words

to

each

line.

On

the top

of

the

front

cover of

the HS

is

written

the

Shah;

da

j

on

the

right

is

the

title

of

the

book

and

the

name

of

its

author

and

on

the

left

appear

the

names

of

two

persons who

possessed

the

IIS.

The

following

folio

is

the

first

page of

the

IM.

At the top

of

it

again

the

same

title

is

written

in la

Tge

writing, and

also

in

the

middle

of

this-folio is

written

twice

the

same

title.

The

first

and

second

verses

of

the first

s;

ra

of

the Qur3an

appear

in the

middle

of

the

same

page,

and

on

the left

are

written

the

names

of

several persons

who studied this book.

The t

astey-w,and

%,

stevn

numbers

appear

together

on

the

top

of

the

left hand

corner, recto

side

of

the folio,

from

folios

2 to 75, but

on

the

rest

only

wastem numbers are written.

The MS

is

well

preserved,

except

for

one minor

hole

on

folio

5b,

a

few

words are obscured

and

there

is humidity

damage

on

folios

29a

and

106.

.1

1,

A.

J.

Arberry,

A Handlist

of

the

Arabic

IISS,

Dublin

1955,

vol-

3,


14/548

-2-

The

transcription

of

the

work

was

completed

in Rajab,

576

H.,

-

that

is

December

1180,

about-thirty

nine

years after

the death

of

its

. authoT.

2

-,

The

copyist

and

orthography

The

copyist

of

the

Dublin

MS

signed

his

name

on

the

bottom

of

folio

105a.

as

Shibli

b.

Abdul

Rahm3n

b. Jandar b.

Ayyab.

He does

not,

seem

to be

among

the

well

known figures. No

bio-

graphical

account

of

him

can

be traced,

and

assessment of

his

writing

on

the basis

of

the

present work

has

resulted

in the

opinion

that

he

had insufficient

Imowledge

about

both

the Arabic

language

and

juris-

prudence.

He

stated

the

date

when

he

finished

completing

transcription

of

this work as Rajab, 576/December, 1160. This indicates simply that

he lived

during

this

period.

His

orthography

is

generally,

good

and clear.

The Text

in

nasldi'

writing

is

mostly provided with

diacritical

points and

occasionally

supplied

with

vocalisations.

He

applied

the

classical

Arabic

usageg

but it

seems

that he

does

not

consistently

follow

the

recognised

form.

-

Thisphonomenon

can

be

found

in

many

places such

as

in

the

case

of

lal-Sh3fi5i'

'which

was

written

in

three

different

forms

I

Ill

2

41

,

ILOW-11

and

and

also

in

the

case of

the

word

Ita 9191

which

was

written

I

ULZ

49

-ski

5

and

I

jW

6

1.

Cf.

ms,

fo. llb.

4- Ibid.,

fo. 16a.

2* Ibid.

5.

Ibid.,

fo. l9a.


15/548

-3-

There

are

many words

where

hamza

is involved.

The

writing

appears

in

various

forms

depending

on

the

place

in

which

it

occurs.

Generally

hamza is

omitted after

final long

alif suchas-I

k41

I

fox I

V1,11

and

in

the

end of

the

word

like I

L.

S"

12

for I

Ot

r'

1.

3

for

,

imilarly

when

it

comes

in

the

middle

like

and

4

for

I

or

when

it

is

in

the beginning

of

the

word

5

for

6

such as

and

J,

I for

I

JI,

10

For

some

other

words

hamzas

are provided

as required,

but he

puts

them in

the

wrong

place

such

as

for

for

and

'9

for

Occasionally

Y91

replaces

the

alif

such

as

I

L-J

S

110

for

Ld

the hamza

as

in

I

P-:

-

Ill

Cjj

112 for

1

'.

1

or

and

I

',

pS

I

or

conversely

such

as

in

\-:

,

13

for I

In

other cases

hamza and y7a' are written, together instead of hamza alone as t.

Lvt14

for

and

occasionally

he

used

tg3maft;

ha

instead

of

t9

15

16

Lmartu-ta

such as

for

and

for

while

in

other cases

he

used

long

alif

instead

of

alif

maqsura such

as

for4%Aj,

>-ik,.

He

also

used

abbreviations-for

some

1.

Cf.

ms,

fo. 12b.

2. Ibid.,

fo.

83a.

3. Ibid.,

fo. Ilb.

4-

Ibid., fo.

12a.

5- Ibid.

6. Ibid., fo. 4a.

7. Ibid.,

fo.

2a.

S.

Ibid.,

fo. 3a

10. Ibid.,

fo. 23b.

11. Ibid.,

fo. 12a.

12. Ibid.,

fo.

2a.

13- Ibid.,

fo. 8a.

14- Ibid.,

fo. llb.

15- Ibid., fo. 17a.

16. Ibid.,

fo. 85b.

17. Ibid.,

fo. 102a.


16/548

-4-

words such as

11 for

II

and

1

12

for t

I.

On the

other

hand,

some

letters

which are

not provided

with

dia-

critical points

in

the modern Arabic usage have been so provided as

L Lz

5

for

for

and

4

for

or

,

II

and

1 16 for II

He

does

not seem

to have

been

careful

in

copying

this transcript-

ion.

Misairangement

occurs

on several

occasions;

he

misplaced.

either

headings7

or rulings8.

He

also missed out many words9 and

repeated

some

others

10

*

Several

corrections

have

also

been

made

in

the

Text.

It is to

be

presumed

that the

corrections

were made

by the

copyist

himself,

Lause

the

writing of

the

corrections

is

similar

to the

original.

This

gives

us

the idea that

the

copyist

had

gone

over

it

again and made

these corrections.

He

has

applied

vaxious

methods

for

corrections.

When

a

word

or

words

were

repeated,

he

simply

crosses

out one

of

them;

this

applies

similarly

to

incorrect

words.

If the

mistake

is

crossed out

he

places

the

correct words

in the

margin,

sometimes without

crossing any-

thing

out.

He

uses various

techniques

to

cross

out.

If

some words are

missed

out,

the

correct words are placed

between

the

lines

or

in the

margin.

Usually

in

such cases

he

uses

tis

sign

in

place of

1.

Cf.

ms

fo.

16a.

2.

lbid.,

,

o.

15b.

3.

Ibid., fo.

12a.

4-

Ibid.,

fo. 88b.

Ibid.

7.

Ibid., fo. 77a.

8. Ibid.,

fo.

65b.

9., Ibid., fo-

4b.


17/548

-5-

the

missing words,

but

not

in

all

cases, and

sometimes

he

writes

the

word

Ie (i.

e.

correct)

at

the

end

of

the

correction.

Occasion-

ally

he

uses this sign

I

IS

I

at

tha

end of

the

ruling

for

a

full

stop.

On

the

other

hand,

there

are

words and signs

which seem

to have

no

obvious connection

with

the

passage.

They

normally appear

between

.0

,2

he line

such as

1,

and

1

)O

,

or

in the

margin

like

,

-**

Grammatical

peculiarities

and unusual expressions occur very

often,

but

these

phenomena

were probably never

due to

the

author, who

had

specialised

in

grammar

and

therefore

were

almost

certainly

due

to the

copyist.

The

contents

of

the HS

appear

to

end

on

105a-

Following

this in

the

IIS there

is

an

addition

105b

consisting of

two

sections

the

first

of which appears to belong to the Kit; b al-Da6w, while the second

seems

to belong

to

the

Kit; b

al-Hiba

which

is

absent

from this

work.

These

have

simply

been

reproduced

according

to their

position

in

the HS.

Purpose

and

date

of composition

We

have

no clear

idea

about

the

purpose

of

this

composition.

r

Zamakhshari has

never

declared it

either

in the

present work

or

others.

However,

following the

contents

of

the

work

before

us

encourages

a presumption

that

the

work. was

composed

in

order

to declare to

people

that

he

had

become

a

follower

of the

Hanafite

rite

in. his

late

period,

0

after

spending

most

of

his life

without

showing

his

attachment

to

any

one

1.

Cf.

ms

fo. 22b.

2a Ibid.,

fo.

55a.


18/548

-6-

particular

school of

legal

thought.

It

may

also

be

presumed

that the

composition

is intended

as a

dedication to those two

famous

imams

Ab Hani-fa

and

Sha_figi

whom

he

highly

-respected

1

This

presumption

is based

on

the

ground

that the

r

argument presented

in

this

work

shows

that

ZamakhshaTi

does

not

insist

on

defending

the

madhhab

which

he

has

followed; in

most

cases

he

produces cases

and

evidence

for both

sides equally

without

giving

further

argumentation

in

support

of

his

madhhab as

wap

done

by

other

Hanafite

scholars

on the subject.

0

The

present

NS

is

obviously not

an original copy

of

the

work,

because transcription

of

the

present

work was made

about

thirty-nine

lyears

after

the

death

of

the

author.

Even

so,

the

idea-contained

is

original,

and

it

is

to

be

pre-

sumed

that

the

present

work

was

composed

after

the

year

528

H.

in

which

the

author

completed

his

other work

al-Kashshaf.

This

suegestion

is

based

on

the

ideas

present

in

both

al-Kashsh3f

and

Ru7;

s

al-Mas;

lil.

The

ideas

contained

in

al-Kashsh;

f do

not

show

that

he

was

interested

in

a

particular

madhhab,

whereas

the

ideas

in

the RO;

s

al-Mas;

lil in

which

he

entirely

adopts

the Hanafite

views

are completely

different.

Thus

the

composition

of

ROUs

al-MasPil

is

most

likely to be

placed

0

after

the

year

528 H.

ZamakhsharilIs

appreciation

of

Sh7afi i's

ability

in

Arabic

language

can

be found

in

his

al-Kashshgf,

Cairo

1946,

Vol.

lt

P-

376,

and

his appreciation, of Ab Hanirfats knowledgels mentioned

in

his

Naw9bigh

al-Kalim.

in

Amthal

al-Sharq

wa al-Gharb,

'Cairo

1960-61,

0

pp.

198,223,

by

Yi7suf

al-Bustgniv

and

Salah

al-Diln

al-BustEni.

00


19/548

-7-

Critical

apparatus

The

critical apparatus

has been

designed to

deal

with

the

Dublin

MS.

The

aim

in

this

edition

is

to

preserve

the

original reading

of

the

Text

wherever possible.

In

order

to

achieve

this,

the

words

appearing

in

the

Text

have

been kept,

and any

changes which

have

been

made

are.

mentioned

in

the footnotes.

Modern

Arabic

orthography

has

been

preferred except

for

quotations

from the Qurl; 'n. This has meant that several letters in the MS have

had

to

be

altered as not

conforming with modern

Arabic

usage as,

for

instance, 1

64.

P-31

to ,

B_A..

gjl

III

LJtZ

I

to

I

Ot'3

t

and

I

to

In

such

cases no mention

has been

made

in the

critical

notes

as

this

is

only

a

matter of

orthography.

This

applies

also

to

words

which

have

no

diacritical

points

because

it

would

be impractical

to

mention

them

all.

An

attempt

has

been

made

to

limit the

footnotes

to the

grammatical

--peculiarities,

incorrectly

copied,

unusual spellings,

unclear

writing,

corrections

by

the

copyist,

and

any words

appearing

in the

margins

and

between

the lines.

The

vocalisations

have been ignored

except

where

they have

any

special

interest.

References

for the

rulings

and

the

supporting

evidence

have been

mentioned

in

the

notes.

Various

symbols

have

been

used; square

brackets

L

]indicate

the

words supplied

by

the

editor, angle

brackets /,

>

indicate

copy-

ist's

corrections,

inverted

commas

indicate

evidence

from the

Qurlgn

and

Hadith,

and

other

direct

quotations.

Round

brackets

indicate

th3t

the

words

have

no obvious

connection with

the


20/548

-8-

Where

words are not certain

the

word

sic)

has

been

used,

and

generally

in

this

situation suggestions

have

been

given.

Punctuation

and paragraphing

have

been

added

wherever

required

in the

present

edition.


21/548

-9-

CHAPTER

TWO

AUTHOR

1-

Zamarkhsha:

rlts name,

kunya

,

nisbahs and

titles

(a)

Zamakhsharl s

name

Biographers

who

deal

with

Zamakhshari.

have

given-different accounts

of

his

name.

Yaqut

said

that

it

was

Abu

al-Qasim

Mahmud Ibn

Tmar

Qiftiv

that

it

was

Ab;

al Q;

sim

Mahm;

d Ibn

'Umar

Ibn Muhammad

3

SuyW,,

that

it

was

Mahm; d Ibn

'Umar

Ibn

Muhammad Ibn Ahmad

; and

,

bn Khallikan that

it

was

Abu

al-Q;

sim

Mahnffid

Ibn

Tmar

Ibn Muhammad

Ibn 5Umar4.

Suyuti and Ibn Khallikan both seem to have named Zamakhshari s

parental

great-grandfather,

but

it

appears

there

was

disagreement

between

them.

However,

tUmar

seems

to

me

the

most

likely in that

a

majority of

biographers

have

agreed

on

this5. The

others

have

not

paid

much

attention

to this

point,

probably

to

avoid

involving

them-

selves

in

this

problem, and

they have

simply

been

satisfied

to

mention

1.

YgqUt,

Ifu9jam

al-Buld3n,

Tehran

1965,

vol.

2,

P-

940-

2. Qiftir,

Tgr lkh

al-Hukam33,

Leipzig

1903,

p.

293-

3-

SuYtlr,

BughYat

1-Wu'Ft

fl'

Tabaq3t

al-Lughawiyyln

wa al-Nuha-t,

Cairo

1965,

Vol.

2,

p.

279.

Ibn

Khallik9n,

Wafay9t

al-Agygn

wa

Anbgl

Abn;

al-Zamgn,

Beirut

1968-72,

vol.

5,

p.

168.

5-

Among

biographers

who agree

on

this

are

Ibn

Athirr,

al-Dubab

fi

I

Tahdh*ipb

al-Ans9b,

Cairo 1938,

vol.

6,

P-

315,

and


22/548

-

10

-

his

father's

name

because

it

was

unanimously

agreed.

(b)

Zamakhsharl's'kunya', nisbahs'a'nd titles

Beside his

full

name

above,

he has

a

kunya,

various

nisbahs and

different

titles:

He

was called

Ab;

al-Casim

as

his kunya

1

His

nisbahs

were

-2

various;

he

was

called

al-Zamakhshari

,

indicating

that he

was

born

in

Zamakhsha:

t ;

al-Khwarzim713,

which

indicates that

he

originated

from

,

,

14,

which

hwarizm,

a

province

which

contains

Zamakhshar;

al-M,,

eta,

simply

shows

that

he belonged

to

the

Multazilite

madhhab; and

finally

al-Hanaf,

115,

this

last

nisba'

showing

that he

belonged

to the Hanafite

sect.

He

specialised

in

many

subjects;

therefore

he

was

lalown

as

al-

ILalh

68

0

EIF (gTammarian)', al-Lughawf (philologist), al-Mufassir

(commentator

of

the

Qprlgn),

(a

man of

letters),

and

finally

al-Ilutakallimlo

(theologian).

lo

Ibn

Khallik9n,

opo

cit.,

loco

cito

2.

Ibid.

3.

Ibn

Taghxir

Bird ,

al-Nujgm

al-Z3hirs

fir

Ylul9k

Misr

wa al-QahiTa,

Cairo

(n.

d.

),

vol-

5,

p.

274.

4- Ibn

KhalliOn,

'op.

cit., Vol-

59

P.

170-

5- Ibn

TaghrI

Bird'17,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

6.

qift11,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

7.

SamIgn1i, op. cit., loc. cit.

8.

Ibn

f-ImZd,

ShadharEt

al-I)hahab,

Cairo

1350,

VOL

4,

P-

118.

9.

Ygqt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

10.

Kahbala,

Muljam

al-Mulallif'in

fl

Tar3jim Musannaf3t


23/548

-

11

-

Moreover

sIeveral

titles

have been

given

to him in'recognition

of

his

intellectual

reputation;

he

was called

Ustadh

al-Dunia

(professor

of the World),

'Sheikh

al-gArab wa

il-f.

Ajam

2

(a

teacher of the Arab and

non-Arab),

and

Fakhral-Khwarizm3

(pride

of

Khwarizm). He

was also

known

as

J9rulIJ

(neighbour

of

God),

because

he

visited

Mecca

several

times

and

stayed

there

for

years.

I

s

family-

Zamakhshar-1

5

Zamakhsharl,

was

born

on

Wednesday

27th

Rajab, 467'11.

/Bth.

March,

1075.

This

date

was

accepted

by

most of

his

biogra'phers

6,

except

that

a

few

of

them

said

it

fell

on

17th.

Rajab,

467,

H.

7

or

at

the

end

of

Rajab8.

The birth

occurred

in

Zamakhshar,

in

Khwarizm.

,a

comparatively unknown

village

at

that

time,

although

it later became

famous

when

it

was

closely linked with the name of Ab al-Qgsim.

He

was

of

Persian descent

10

,

but his fa'Mily

was not well

known.

Cf.

Zamakhsharl, Maq7u; ,

Cairo

2:325,

introduction

p.

2.

2.

Ibid.

3-

Ibn

Qutlubugha,

aj

al-:

Tai_:

jim,

Baghdad

i962,

P.

71-

4- Ibn

Taghrl'

Birdl,

op. cit., vol-

5,

p.

273-

5-

Ibn Khallik3n,

OP-

Cit-, vol-

5,

'

P-

173.

6.

Other

biographers

who agree

on

this

are

Qirti ,

-Inbgt

al-Ruw-at

OA19

Inb9t

al-Nuh3t,

Cairo

1957,

Vol.

3,

p.

266., Anbgrl,

ITuzhat

al-Alibb3l

fir

Tabaq3t

al-Udab33,

Cairo

(n.

d.

),

P.

3931

Ibn tImad, op.

cit-,

vol-

4,

p.

121.

8.

Suy;

tlrt

op. cit.,

Vol.

2,

p.

279.

Bird'

.

Ibn

Taghri

1,

op.

cit.,

Joe.

cit.


24/548

-

12

-

This

has

resulted

in

a

lack

of

information

on

the

subject,

and

even

the

biographical

works

have

not

dealt

sufficiently

with

it

except

a

1

statement which showed

that his father

was an

Imam in

Zamakhshar

Nevertheless

there is

available another source

which provides

I

more

information

about

his

family;

it is

Zamakhsharills

poetic

com-

position

IM7Mn

al-Adabl,

where

he

mentions

that

his father

was

a

learned,

cultured

and

pious man,

and

that

as

a

result

of

his

death

he

himself

lost.

greatly

20

Concerning

his

father's

spiritual

life,

Zamakhsharl

explains

that

he

spent

most

of

his time

in

spiritual

devotion

and

did

so

for the

sake

of

piety,

in

fact

he

did

not pay much attention

to

secular

matterS3.

On the

other

hand

he

also

mentions

that his father

had

many

children

who

were

left

in

comparative

poverty,

while

his

father

was

suffering in prison4. Zamakhsharl realised that his family was left

in

a

difficult

situation,

therefore

in

order

to

rectify

this

situation

he

asked-Muayyid

al-Mulk

for

the

release

of

his

father5.

The

reason

for

the, imprisonment

of

his

father

is

not clear;

it

was

perhaps

political

and according

to

Ibn

Ath-ir

Mifayyid

al-Mulk

was

2

man

of

bad

6

moral character

As

a

student

Zamakhsharig'

occasionally

left his family for the

sake

of

gaining

knowledge,

and when

his

father died

he

was

away

from home.

1.

TFshkubri-ZZda,

h,

Mift; h

al-Sa0-;

da

wa

Misb;

h

al-Siyada,

Cairo

(n.

d.

),

vol.

2,

p.

100.

2., Cf. Zamakhsharl, Dlwgn, MS Egyptian National Library, No- 529, (adab),

3- Ibid.

4-

Ibid., fo. 97b.


25/548

-

13

-

This

continuous separation caused

him

sorrow

and grief.

In fact he

was

often

saddened

by

separation

from his family,

but

the

grief

caused

by the death of his father was comparatively severe

1,

especially since

he

was not

with

him

when

the death

occurred.

He

also

mentions

that

his

mother

had

a

deep

religious

consciousness.

He

explains

that

when

he

was a

child

he

caught

a

sparrow and

tied

its

leg

with

a

piece

of

thread,

but it

escaped

from his hand

and

ran away;

he followed

and

it

went

into

a

hole; he

pulled

it

out, and

as

he did

so

the thread

cut

through

its

leg. His

mother was'angry

and upset

about

the incident

and said,

'May

God

cut

off

the

leg

of

the

treacherous

2

as

he

cut off

the

bird's

leg'

I

In

regard

to

his

family

as

a whole

he dec

lares that they

respected

religious

teaohings

and

that their

attitude was

well

known3.

Zamakhsharl s

education

and

his teachers

Tracing the

background

of

Zamakhsharl's

parents

and

his

family

as

a

whole, as

he

has described

them,

certainly

indicates that

he

was

brought

up

in

a

cultured

and

religious

environment.

His father

was a

learned

man,

even

though

there

is

no

information

indicating

that

he

was

involved in

any

educational

activities.

There-

fore it

is

uncertain

whether

Zamakhshari

received

his

primary

education

from

his

father.

But

a

statement

given

by him

shows

that

his father

was

imprisoned;

this tragedy

caused

his

separation

from

1. cf. zamakhshari, op. cit., ff. 72a, 72b.

2,

Cf.

Yaqut, Kitab Irshad

al-Arib

ilg Macrifat

al-Ad-ib,

Cairo

1925,

vol.

7,

P.

147.


26/548

-

14

-

his

father,

and certainly

there

was very

little

opportunity

for

them to

meet each other.

The

first

indication

of

his

education

is

that he

appears

to have

studied

in

Khwarizm

which

was well

known

as a cenize of

education

2

and

had

produced many

celebrated

scholars

He

also studied

in

Nany

remarkable scholars

who

specialised

in

various

sciences were

consulted

by

him.

Under

them

he

studied

different branches

of

science

which,

later, brought him

up

to

a position as a

famous

scholar

of

his

time*

He became

a pupil

of

Ab Mudir b. Jarl'r

al-Dabbl'

a,

-NahW14

in

Khwarizm.

According

to the

biographer

Y5qt, Ab

Mudir

was

unique

in

If

his

time,

the

acknowledged authority

in

philology, grammar

and

medicine,

who

followed

the

blultazilite doctrine

and was responsible

for bringing

it

to

Khwarizm5.

ZamakhshaT

studied

under

him-both

grammar

6

and

78

literature

,

and

at

the

same

time

he

was

sponsored

by his

teacher

1.

Cf.

Y-aq;

,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

2. Maqdisi describes Khwarizm in his Ahsan al-Taqgslv*M, Leiden 1906,

pp.

284,285

as

follows:

...

k

U

-**

-

.

A

ces\lt

Cut,

il

3-

Cf.

Ibn

Khallik3n,

op.

cit-,

Vol-

5t

P-

170.

4-

Cf. Ygq5t,

op.

cit.,

Joe.

cit.

5- Ibid.

6.

Cf.

Anbgril,

02-

cit-,

P-

391.

7.

Ygqt,

op.

ci

.,

loc.

cit.

8.

Cf. Zamakhsharl",

op.

cit.,

fo.

91,


27/548

-

15

-

On

his

way

to Mecca, in the

year

533 H., he

arrived

in

Baghdad

where

he

was warmly welcomed

by

the

leaxned4AUE Hibatull7ah

al-

Shajarl.

They

exchan'ged greeting

warmly

when

they

Met each other

While

he

was

in

Baghdad

he

consulted

Ab ManOi

al-Jawgliqll'.

According to

Qiftit Ab;

Mans;

r

al-Jawaliqll

twice

read some philology

2C

'ooks

to him

and gave

him

ijaza

.

He

also met

Abu-

Abdullgh

al-

Dgmighanil',

but it is

not clear

if he

studied

any

particular

subject

from

him. However, D3migh3nI7

had

a conversation

with

Zamakhsharli,

and asked why his leg was cut off3. This occasion gives us the

impression

that

there

must

have

been

a close

relationship

between him

and

Zamakhsharl,

and most

likely

this

was

the

relationship

between

teacher

and pupil.

I

When

he

was

in

Mecca

,

he

was a

pupil

of

cAll

b.

Wahhs

for

some

time4,

and

he,

also

became

a

pupil of

Ab7u

Bakr

b.

Talhah

b.

Mahmd

b.

000

'gAbd-ull;

h

al-Ygbirl

al-AndalUsi,

who

was

a grammarian,

an

authority

on

r

law

(usull),

and

a

jurist

(faqlh).

He

read

to

him*Kitgb

Sibawaih,

Sharh

cal;

Ris3la

Ibn

Zaid,

and

the

book.

al-Raddlala

Ibn Hazm5.

6.

Other

scholars among

his teachers

were

AbG

al-Khattabal-Bitz,

,.

r7

.

&b5

Sa

ad

al-S3fani

and

AbU

Xansr

al-E3rithi

He

studied

jurie-

1.

Cf.

YgqUt,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

2.

Cf.

-

W112 ,

op. cit., vol.

3#

p.

270.

3-

Cf.

Ibn

Kha; li0n,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

4.

Brockelmann,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.;

see

also

Qifti,

op.

cit-, Vol.

3,

p.

268.

5-

Cf. SuyUtI,

Op.

cit.,

Vol.

2,

P-

46;

AbU Hayyan,

Bahr

al-Yuh-it,

00040

Riygd-(n.

d.

),

vol,

4,

P-

372.

6.

Cf.

Suyiitir,

Librum

de

InterpTe

Tibus

Korani, Lugduni

Batavoriurii,

1839t

P.

41.


28/548

-

16

-

prudence

under

Sheikh

al-SadId

al-Kbayygtl

,

and

Ilm

al-Us7ul

under'

-2

Rukn

al-Din

Muha=ad

al-Usuli

0a

On

the

other-hand,

Ygqt

states

that

Ab'Al_

al-Hasan

b.

al-

3

Muzaffar

al-NaisbUri

was

one of

his

literature teachers

He

was

0

a

man

of

letters,

a, poet,

and

an

author,

who

died in 442 R.

4.

However, Nais5brills

death

occurredrbefore

Zamakhsharl

was

born;

this

statement

is in

doubt,

therefore.

It

was obviously

impossible

for

the

latter

to become his

pupil.

Zamakhsharils

pupils

Zamakhshazirts

intellectual

capacity

was

highly

regarded.

In the

course of

his

career

in the

academic

field he

appears

to have

given

instruction to

many

people

in

different

subjects.

Among

his

pupils-were

Ab; Y;

suf

Yasqib

b.

"Ill

b.

Muhammad

b.

6

Ja9far

al-Balldil, who was one of

the

famous figures

in literature5.

Abu

al-Hasan

b. gAli b.

Muhammad

b.

Ahmad

b.

H3run

al

I=ani7

al-

0e&

Ir

hwarzim

studied

tradition

under

him

and

Muhammad

b.

AbZ

al-Q3sim,

b,

0

Barjuk,

known

as

Zain

al-Mashavikh

learned

from him

philology,

'Ilm

7

al-Ifr9b

and

tradition

I's friends and pupilsoreover, Samgnli says that among Zamakhsharl

1.

Cf. T9shkubri-ZEdah,

op.

cit., vol.

2,

p.

100.

2.

Ibid.

Cf.

Yaqut,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

4*

Cf.

SuyZtl,

op.

cit.,

loo.

-cit.

5.

Cf.

YgqZt,

OP- cit-,

vol.

79

P-

304.

Ibid.,

vol.

5,

P-

412.

7-

Ibid.,

vol-

7,

p-

77.


29/548

-

17

-

r

were

Ab7u

al-14ah3sin

Isui

vIll

b.

4Abdull7ah

al-Tawirli of

Tabarist'gn,

Ab

al-Mah3sin

cAbdul

Rahim

al-Bazz3r

of

Aby5d, Ab-u Umax

Amir

b.

al-Hasan

al-Simr

of

Zamakhshar, Abii

Salid

Ahmad

b.

MahmUd

al-Shati of

Samarqand

and

Abu

Tahir

Sa=3n

b.

Abdul

Malik, jurist

of

Khwarizm

and others

In

addition

to these

pupils, a number

of

scholars

derived their

r

authority

(ijgza )

from him; for

example

Zainab

b,

al-ShOr,

#

Who

authoxised

Ibn Khallik5n

was given

her

authority

by

Zamakhsharl . She

was

a

learned

woman who

studied

under a group

of celebrated

scholars,

r2

among

them Zamakhshar, Also H3fiz Ab T3hir Ahmad b. Muhammnd

al-

Salafi

wrote

twice

from

Alexandria

asking

him for his

authorit,

3.

Zamakhshari

agreed

and

authorised

him4.

Among his

pupils

who

obtained

authority

from

him

were

AbU

T3hir

Khash,

115

arak3t

b.

IbighiM

al-

and

Muhammad

b. Muhammad b.

Abdul

Jal'ill b.

Abdul

Malik

b.

Muhammad

b.

Abdullh

Rashlid

al-DIn al-Watwat,

6

a man of

letters

and poet

Finally

there

were

those

who

were

both his teachers-and

pupils.

Among these

were

Rukn

al-Din

Mahmud

al-Us3ll, who studied

gIlm

al-

Ta.

sir'from

him7

and

All

b.

fIS3

b.

Wahh3s

1. Cf. SamcgniE. op. cit., p. 278.

2.

Cf.

Ibn

Khallikin,

op.

cit.,

vol.

2,

P.

344-

Ibid.,

vol.

5,

P.

170

4.

Cf. SuY-utl',

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

5.

Cf. SamarzZlip,

al-Diras3t

al-Nahwiyya

wa

al-Lughawiyya

finda

al-Zamakhsharl,

Baghd9a 1971,

p.

21.

Cf. Yikt,

02-

cit-.,

vol.

7,

p.

92.

Cf. Tashkubri-Zadahlop.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

Be

Qifti,

OP-

cit-,

vol,

3,

p.

268.


30/548

-

18

-

The

liteTary

outDut of

Zamakhshari

Zamakhsharils

achievement

in

Arabic

and

Islamic

literature

was

very

great.

This

is

reflected

in

his

numerous works

on

grammar,

linguistics,

lexicography, literature,

poetry, commentary

on

the Quil9n,

jurisp--udence

etc.

He devoted

most of

his

life to knowledge

and

his

interest in

it

was great.

He denied

himself

a

family

and

children

because

he

felt

1

that

it had

a

great

potential as a source

of

problems

and

difficulties

Therefore he

chose

a

priestly way of

life,

although

this

attitude

was

opposed

by his

people

2

Perhaps

the

way

of

life

which

he had

chosen

gave

him

more

opportunity

lo

produce

so many

books.

Here

is

a

survey

of

his

works;

1-

al-Kashshaf

an

haq;

3iq_al_-tanzi,

3

This

work was printed

for

the

first

time by

W.

Nassau

Lees

pnd

the

Mawlawis Khadin

Husain

and

Abdul

Hay,

Calcutta

1859,

later

it

was

published

at

Bul7ak

1291,

and

Cairo

1307,1308,1318

4

and

1948-

4

The

commentaries

on

this

work

are

variOU35;

some

of

them have

6

been

published

1,

Cf. Zamakhshar ll',

op.

cit.,

fo. 26.

2. Ibid., fo.

9.

3- Ibn

KhalliOn,

op.

cit., Vol--59 p.

168.

4.

Brockelmann,

Op-

cit-,

vol-

4,

p.

1205-

5. The detailed commentaries

on

this

work

have been mentioned by II; jI

Khalfa;

in

his Kashf

al-Zun;

n,

Leipzig

1835-58,

Vol-

5,

PP-

155-157,

0

182-198.

r


31/548

.-

19

-

al-Mbfassal

The

above work

was published

by

J.

B.

Broch, Christiania

1859,

1879,

with glosses

and

appendices

by

Mawlawi

Muhammad YalIkub

Rasburi,

Delhi

1891, by

Hamzah

Fathallgh, Alexandria

1291,

Ca7iTO

1323

with

Shawahid

commentary

by

Muhammad

Badr

al-Din

Ab FirEs

al-NaOZnj

al-

-2

alabi

Several

commentaries

-,

jjj:

jq'_.:

written

on

the

work3;

some of

them

have

been

printed4.

3-

al-Umdhaj

f

al-nahW5

0

This

work was

autographed

by

Broch,

Christiania

1867,

printed

in

6

Tehran

1269,

Tabriz

1275,

Cairo

1289

and

Stambul

1299

7

Different

commentaries

on

this

work

have

been

mentioned

The

best known of them were written by Muhammadb.

c

Abdul Ghani al-Aidabillir,

printed

Bul3k

1269,

in

a

Persian MajZPa

1279,

on.

the

margin of

the

main

work,

Kazan

1901,

and

another

two

commentaries'are

al-Fairgdhaj

fi

ShaTh

al-Anm7udhaj

by

Muha=ad

cIsg 'Askar,

Cairo

1289,

and

tUmdat

1. Ibn Khallikan, op. cit., loc. cit.

2.

Bxockelmanno

OP.

cit., vol.

4,

P.

1206.

The

detailed

commentaxies

on

this

work

are

mentioned

by Hajil

0

Rhalfaain

op.

cit., vol.

6,,

PP.

37-40-

The

best

known

commentary

by

Ibn Ya5i'sh

was

printed

by

Go

Jahn,

Leipzig 1882,

and

Cairo

(n.

d.

).

Ibn Khallikan,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

Brockelmann,

op. cit.,

loc.,

cit,

Cf.

the

commentaries

mentioned

in

Brockelmann,

op.

cit.,

loo.

cit.


32/548

-

20

-

al-S;

rl

by

Ibiahlm b.

Savad

al-Khususi,

Bulak

1312

al-Muhgj3t wa mptammim maham arVa*b al-h-Wt fl

i-2

al-ahaji

wa

al-gh3z

Tne

work was edited

by

Dr. Bahijah

al-Hasan

and

published

by

0

University

of

Baghd9d, Baghd3d

1973-

Mar-'ala fl'

kalimat

al-shah;

da3

This

work

also

was edited

by Dr. Bah1jah

al-HasanI7 and

published

4

by

Majm

al-$ilml

al-5Ir9ql*,

in 19674.

6-

al-V53iq

f

gharib

al-hadith5

6

It

was published

for

the first

time in Haiderabad 1324 Later

it

was edited

by

'All

al-Bij3W71 and

Muhammad

Ab5

al-Fadl

Ibrah-im,

published

by

Iir

ihyg-lal-kutub

al-'Arabiyya,

Cairo

1945.

7

7-

al-Mustaqsa

fi

amthal al-r'Arab

-

The

work

was published

by

Majlis

dalirat

al-malarif,

Haiderabad,

in

1962.

Brockelmarn,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

2o

Ygqt,

op.

dit-,

vol.

7s

P.

151;

but

Ibn Khallikan,

op.

cit.,

vol-

5t

P.

168

mentions

al-Muhajat

bi

al-masalil al-nahwiyya.

3-

Cf.

Majalla

Maimagal-1,

ilm"I

al-rIraqi,

Baghdad

19679

vol.

15,

p.

1210

but

'-'.

ZaiCanpTZrIkh

al-adab al-vArabl,

vol-

3,

P.

50

mentions

Ris3la

Al

kalimat

al-shah3da.

4- See MaJalla Majmac al-cilm al-vIraq_i, vol. 15, p. 121.

5-

Y5qt,

OP-

cit-,

vol.

7,

P-

150,

but

Ibn Xhallik3n,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

mentions

al-P33iq

fl-tafs1ral-Had"Eth.

6.

Brockelmann,

o]2.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

7.

Ibn

Khallik3n,


33/548

21

-

A

selection

from

it

entitled

Zubdat

al-amthal was made

by

Ibrahim

al-Gallipoli

in 999

with

Persian

commentary

and

Turkish

glosses

2

8-

Kit3b

al-mufmad

wa

al-mulall-a-f

fi

al-nahw

It

was edited

by-Dr.

Bahijah

al-Hasani, published

by

Majmal

al-

3.

ilmi

al Irgqi,

in

1967

Asas

al-Bal;

gha

The

above work

was

published

in

Cairo

1299,

Lucknow

13115

9

Cairo

1972*

10

-

Aljab

al-tujub

sharh

lgmiyyat

al-Arsb

6

This

work

was published

with

a

commentary

by

Mub7arak

n Istanbul

7

(JaZlib)

1300,

'Cairo

1'324,1328

,

Damascus

1966,

with

notes

by

Abdul

Mut'J[n

al-Maluhil.

8

Kitab

al-amkina

wa

al-j

b3l

wa ai-miyah

It

was published

by'M.

Salverda

De

Grave

(auspice

T. G. Juy-nboll),

Leiden 1859

9.

1.13mockelmarm, op. cit., loc. cit.

2. Ibn

Qutlubugha,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.,

but Ygqt,

Vol,

P-

151

mentions

al-Mufrad

wa

al-muTakka_b__fi

al-tArabi37a.

3-

Cf.

Muialla

Majmagal-tilml

al-tlriql,

Vol-

15,

P-

100-

4- Ibn

Khallik3n,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

5-

BTockelmann,

op. cit.,

loc'.

cit.

6.

Ygq5t,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit..

7.

Brockelmam,

op.

cit.

loc.

cit.

80

But

Yaq-ut,

OT).

cit.,

loc.

cit.

states

Kitab

al-jibal

wa

al-amkina


34/548

-

22

-

12

-

Atwaq

al-dhahab

fl

al-mawagiz

According to

C.

Barbier

de

Meynard,

the

-2

al-NasPih al-sighar

,

by

which name

it is

m,

the

phrase

mentioned

could

be found

in Atwaq

This

work was

translated,

and published;

above woTk

also

known

as

entioned

in

al-Kashsli5f3;

al-dhahab4.

Atwaq

al-dhahab,

(Samach

scharis

Goldene

Halsbander

als

Keujahrsgeschenk

arabisch

und

deutsch

von

J.

V. Hammer,

Vienna

1835), translated

by

H.

L.

Fleischer,

Leipzig

1835,

by

G.

Weil,

Stuttgart

1863,

translated

and

edited

by

C.

Barbier

de Meynard, Paris 1876. Printed. in Beirut 1314, Istanbul with Turkish

translation

in

1286,

Beirut

1293,1322

and

Cairo

1321

with commentary

Qalglid

al-adab

by Mirza

Ysuf Khan

Asix5.

I

13

-

Nawabigh

al-kalim

This

work

has

been

edited

and

illustrated

by

H.

A. Schultensq

Leiden

1772;

Nmiabigh

al-kalim

(Anthologia

sententiamum

arabicarum

cum

scholiis

op

Zamachsjaxii

ed.,

vertit,

llustravit

H.

A.

Schultens);

Les

Pensees

de

Z,,

text

arabe,

par

C. Barbier

de Meynard,

in J.

A.

ser.,

vii., vol.

Vi-,

P.

3Usqq.;

of.

de

Goege,

in Z. D,

M. G.,

569

sqq.;

lith.

Stambul

1866.

Printed

in

Cairo

1287,1305

.-

Beirut

13067

and

Cairo

1960

-

1961.

1.

Ygqt,

op. cit.,

Joe.

cit.

2,

Brockelmann,

op.

cit.,

Vol-

4t

p.

1207.

3-

Zamakhsharil,

al-Keshsh-af, vol.

1,

P-

368.

Zamakhsharl',

Kit9b

atwaq al-dhahab

fl

al-mawa?

iz

wa

al-khitab,

Paris

1876,

P.

176.

5a,

B:

ockelmann, op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

6.

Zamakhshax"l,

al-Kashsh-af,

vol.

1,

p.

297;

but

YgqZt,

op. cit'.,

loc.

cit., mentions al-Kalim

al-naw7a-bigh

f

al-mawaciz.


35/548

-

23

-

1

The

commentaries

on

this

work

are various

14

-

Mcjaddimat

al-adab

2

This

work

was

edited

by J.

G.

Sipaphansalar

and

'published

in Leipzig

1844

3,

Tehran

1342.

According-to

information

given

by*Ab

j4US*t*,

there

is

another

volume

of

this

work

in

HS

form

which

is

preserved

in

Dgr

al-Kutub

al-Misriyya,

under majmat

al-lugha,

no.

272

and

58

4.

It

was

also

edited

by

Mohammad

Kazem

Emam

and

published

in Tehran

1963

-

1965-

15

-

KhasPis

al-fasharatal-kir3m al-baTaTa5

It

was

edited

by

Dr.

Bah-ijah

al-Hasan'll, and

published

in

Baghd5d

1968.

16

-

al-QistZs al-mustaq

m_fl'

film

al-ar;

J

The above work was edited by Dr. Bahijah al-HaSanl and published

in

Baghdad

1969

8

Brookelmann,

op.

cit.,

Joe.

cit.

2. Ibn

Khallik9n,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.;

but Y;

qt, op. cit.,

loc.

cit.,

states

Muqaddimat

al-adab

f

al-lugha.

3-

Brockeimann,

op.

cit.

loc.

cit.

4-

Cf.

AbU

14-usg,

al-Bal;

ghat

al-qurGniyya

fi

tafsl'r

al-Zamakhshari,

Cairo

(nd,.

),

P.

47.

5.

Brockelmann,

oj2.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

6. cf. asani

,

Khasg3is al. asharat al-kirgm al-barara li

al-Zamakhsharl,

salsila

kutub

al-turath,

Baghdad

1968,

rio.

10.

7- Ibn

Khallik9n,

o_p.

cit.,

loc.

cit.


36/548

-

24

-

17

al-Durar

al-dPir al-muntakhab

Ci

kinayat

wa

istV;

r;

t

wa

tashbih3t

al-gArab

1

This

work

was edited

by

Dr.

Bgh-ijah

al-Hasan'l, and

published

in

Baghdad

1968

2

18

-

Maq;

mt

f

al-mawa-ciz3

The

work

was

published

in

Cairo

1313,1325-

It

was

translated

by

0.

Rescher,

Beitr'ge

zux

Maqamenliteratur,

fasc.

6,

Greifswald

1913.

This

work

is

also

known

as

al-Nas;

lih

al-kibaT4.

19

-

Sharh

al-maqmgt

It

was published

on

the

margin of al-Maqama

,

Cairo

edition

1313,

13255.

6

20

-

Sharh

abyat

kitab

Sibawaih

0

The

M

of

this

work

is

preserved

in

Ahmad

37,

Istanbul.

Dr.

Bahijah

states

that

the

work

is being

edited

by

Dr.

4Abdull7ah

Darwish

8

1.

-Brockelmann,

Geschichte'der-Arabischen

Litteratur,

Leiden

1937-42,

suPPl-

1,

P-

511.

2.

See 14aialla

Majmat

al-tilml al-EIT3q ,

1968,

vol.

16.

yaqut,

-P-P.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

Brockelmann,

al-Zamakhsharil

in

Encylopaedia

of

Islam,

vol-

4p

1207.

5. Ibid.

6.

Ibn

Khallik3n,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

7.

See

YAjalla

Ylajma

sl-ilm'

31Trg

al, Vol.

15,

P-

91.


37/548

-

25

-

21

-

Nukt

al-j'crib

fi-

gharib

al-itT9b

(fi

gharlib,

al

QuT35n)-l

Dr. Bahijah

also

mentions

that

the

above

work

is being

edited

by

-2

Mr. ,Abdull7ah DarwIsh

22

-

Rabirt

al-abr;

r3

This

work was

edited

by

Dr.

Bahijah

al-Hasan

for

the degree

of

Ph.

D.,

Cambxidge4.

23

-

Kit;

b

nuzhat

ol-mutalannis

wa nuzhat al-

6

The

M

of

this

work

is

preserved

in

the

Ayb Sofia

q

no.

4331

1

24

-

Mlw-an

al-shitj

The

above

work

remains

in

MS

form

which

is

preserved

in

DFr

al-

kutub al-Masriyya, no, 529 (adab). The M consists of 120 folios, in

clear

naskhi writing.

25

-

Ru)s

al-masglil

The

work

which

is

pTesented

in this thesis.

1.

Ygqt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

2.

See Majalla

YajmaO

al-film-i al-11raqi,

vol.

15,

P-

94-

3-

Ibn

Qutlubugha,

op.

cit.

',

loc.

cit.;

but Ygqt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.,

mentions

Rabl$

al-abrgr

f3i

al-adab va

al-muh5dar;

t.

4-

Cf.

Paterson,

Index

to

theses

Vol.

15,

p.

23.

5- Brookelmann, op. cit., loc. cit.; but Yaq; t, op. cit., loc. cit.

states

Fuzhatal-m-usta-Inis.

6.

Ibid.


38/548

-

26

-

11

6

-

al-minhgj

fl

al-us9l

2

Brockelmann

states

that

the

above

work

is in

Lundb

27

-

Mukhtasar

al-muw-afaqa

baina

ahl

al-bait

wa

al-salaba3

This

work remains

in

MS

form

which

is

preserved

in the Library

of

Ahmad

Timor4.

5

28

-

al-Qasidat

al-batudiyya.

6

is

Preserved

in

Berlin

29

-

MasPil

al-Ghaz;,,:,

7

The

work

also

is

preserved

in

Berlin

8.

30

-

al-Kashf

fl

al-qir;

';

t9

The

above

work

is

preserved

in

Medina,

Maktaba Rib9t

Sayyid

'UtImign .

1,

Ibn Khallik3n,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.;

but

Brockelmann, Geschichte

der

Arabischen

Litteratur,

supp.

1,

P.

513t

mentions

el-Ifinhaj

fi

us;

1

al-din.

2.

Brockelmann,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

3- Ygqt,

ot-

cit.,

loc.

cit.

Brockelmann,

al-Zamakhsharl

in

Encycloppedia

of

Islam,

vol,

4,

p.

1207.

5. AbU MsE, OP- cit-, P. 56.

6.

Ibid.

7.

Ibid.

B.


39/548

-

27

-

31

-

Jawahir

al-lugha

Unknown

2.

32

-

al-Am;

11:

Unkno,

m4.

33

-

Hashiya

falg

al-mufassal

6

Unknown

v

34

-

Kit; b

al-ainas7

Unknown

8.

35

-

Kitab

mutashabih

Casm3l

al-=wgt9-

Unknown

10

.

36.

-

al-Ra Jid

fl

tilm

al-farglid

Unknown

12

.

1.

Yaqut,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

2*

Ab 115s3t

OP. cit.,

P.

49-

3. Ibn

Q41abughajj2p,

cit.,

Joe.

cit.;

but

Ibn

khallik9n,

op. cit.

Vol-

5,

p.

169,

states

al-Amall

f, kul

fan; YgqUt,

013. cit.,

loc.

cite mentions al-Amall

fI

al-nahw.

4-

Ab5

Musa,

OP- cit-,

P-

50-

5-

Ygqt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

6.

See

Majalla

Yajmal

al-9ilmTal-Ijr9j,

Vol.

15,

P.

94-

7.

YgqUt,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

8.

AbU

Isg,

OP* cite,

P.

49.

9.

YaqUt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

10.

Ab MUsg,

OP-

cit-,

P-

57.

11.

YZqUt,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.


40/548

-

28

-

17

1

37

-

Sarnim

l--farabiyya

Unknown

2.

38

-

Mulljam

al-hudUd3

Unknown4.

39

-

191lat

al-nashid

Unknown

6.

40

-D-I:

wan

rasali17

Unknown

8.

41

-

Biwan

khitab

Unknown10

.

42

-

Diwan

al-tamthil

Unknown

12

.

1. Ygq5t

op.

cit.

loc.

cit.

2

AbU IlUsE

op.

cit.

loc.

cit.

3-

ygq5t

OP-

cit-

loc-

cit-

4-

AbU

Ms3

oj2. cit.

loc.

cit.

5.. Y;

qt

o12.

cit.

loc.

cit.

6.

AbU

M5s3

OP.

cit. P.

50.

7. YaqUt

op. cit.

loc.

cit.

8.

Abu

Mus;

op.

cit-9

P.

56.

g.

Ygqt

op. cit.

loc.

cit.


41/548

-

29

-

43

-

Tasliat

al-dariTr

.0

UnImown

.

44

-

Ris3lat

a_asr;

r3

Unknown4.

45

-

al-Risalat al-n3siha5

Unknown

0

46

-,

Sawa-lir

aj_amtj-aj7

I-8

Unknown

47

-

Ris;

lat

al-maslama9

Unknown

10

.

48

-

Ritab

takl

al-kul

Unknown

12

1.

y9qutj

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

2. AbU Iu sg, op. cit., loc., cit.

3* Ygq5t,

OP-

cit-,

loc-

cit-

4-

AbU

MUsg,

op. cit.,

loc.

cit.

5-

YaqUt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

6.

Abu

Musa,

OP- cit-,

P.

56.

7.

YaqUt,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.

8.

AbU

Mgsg,

op.

cito,

loc.

cit.

90

Y_aqUt,

op.

cito,

loc.

cit.

10.

AbU 1,

:usg,

op.

cit.,

loc,

cit.


42/548

-

30

-

49

-

Shaq;

liq

al-nucm-an

fl haq;

liq

al-nufm3n

fi

manaqib

Abi

Han

fa

2

Unknown

q3

50

-

Shgfi4

al-av mi,

kalam

al-Shafil i.

Unknown4.

Zamakhsharllp

travels

Zamakhsharil.

was

under

instruction

of

AbU Iludir

when

he

was

in

0

Khwarizm.

It

seems

that

he had

studied

various

subjects

which

brought

him

confidence

and

skill, so

that

eventually-he

become

proud

of

his

intellectual

abilitY5.

He

felt that

he

was

being

slighted

when

he

looked

at contemporary

scholars who had been given good positions in the goverment and

material

rewards.

He

was

eager

to

be

in

the

same position

as

they

were.

In

order

to

attain

this

he

tried

to

ingratiate himself

with

kingg-and

some notable members

of-the

government

by

celebrating

them

in

poems.

Among

those

who

were praised

by him

was

vizier

Nizam

al-Mulk,

0

who was given absolute

power

by Malik Shah

to

run

the

country

6

Yaq5t,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit.;

but Ibn

Rhallik5n,

oR. cit.,

loc.

cit., mentions

ShaqPiq

al-nugmanfl

haq;

3iq

al-nulman.

2.

Ab;

ITRsg,

op.

cit.,

loc.

cit,

3-- Zemakhsharir, al-Rashsh3f, vol. 1, P. 376.

4.

Ab

M58;,

OP.

Cit.,

loc.

cit.

This

attitude

can

be

found

in

what

he

says

in his

elw3n,

ff.

8a,


43/548

-

31

-

1

He

praised

him

and was rewarded

The

material

reward

which

he

got

could not satisfy

him, because

his

aim

in doing

it

was

not only

to

obtain a reward

but

a

position as

well.

As he

realised

that

the

Vizier

was not much

interested in

him,

he

made

a

complaint

to

him,

hoping

it

would

help him to

attain

his

purpose,

by

accusing

those

who

2

had

gained posts

in

goverment

of

being less

capable

than he

was

Unfortunately his

efforts

to

obtain a

position

in

Kharizm

failed.

3

He

was

frustrated

and

decided

to

leave

the

country

for

ever

; although

he felt that

it

was

very

difficult

for

him4

,

inevitably he

had to

accept

it

because

he

had

no position

in

his

country.

He

left Khwarizm

in

frustration,

but

his desire to

obtain a

position,

if there

were

any opportunity,

remained

in his

mind.

When

he

arrived

in

Khur;

*san

he

praised

some members

of

the

govermentgamong*

'1 '5

hom were Mujir al-Daulah

Ab

al-Fath

Malik

Shah al-Ardastnl and

6

MLfayyid

al-Mulk Ubaidul27ah

b.

Nizam

al-Mulk

As

he

was not

succes-

sful-in

Khui-as-an

either,

he

eventually

decided to

leave

Khurgbn

for

Isfahan,

where

he honouxed in

verse

theZaljuk Muhammad

Abli

al-Fath

Malik

Shah

for his'good

service

to Islam,

but

appeared

not

to

ask

for

anything

from

him7.

1.

Cf.

Za

2.

Ibid.

3.

Ibid.

4-

Ibid.,

5- Ibid.,

6.

Ibid.

,

7.

Ibid.

9

makh

-ff.

fo.

fo.

fo.

fo.

ff

.

shari,

Diwan,

fo- 13b.

95a,

95b.

37b.

13b.

23b.

97b.

86a.,

86b.

t


44/548

-

32

-

In the

year

512

H. he

suffered

severely

from

a

kind

of

disease

which.

he

called al-mundhira

(-warning).

This

suffering caused

him

to

understand his own behaviour during his previous career.

Remembering this,

indeed, he felt

guilty about

his

greed

for

position and

material

reward

as

a result of

praising

kings

and

some

members of

the

goverment.

He

realised

that

so

far he

had

co=itted

sin and

needed

to be

cleaned,

so

he

repented

and

promised not

to

repeat

his

sin

if he

were

2

released

from his

suffering

After

his

discovery

about

himself,

he

decided to

go

to Mecca,

where

he

could

stay

quietly

devoting

himself

in

worship and repentance

1

3.

to

God

He

met

Ibn

Wahh;

s

in

Mecca,

was

given

hospitality by him,

and

was

under

his

protection

while

he

lived

there4. Ibn

wahh3s

was

one

of the members, of noble families and Amirs of Mecca who had composed

several valuable compositions

in,

poetry

and

prose5.

He

stayed

two

years

in

Mecca,

and within

this

period

he had

the

opportunity

to

visit

several places

in Arabia,

as

he

said,

01 have

6

stepped

in

all

the dust

of

ArabiaO

After

spending

some years

in

Mecca,

he

was

so

affected

by

the

memory

of

his birthplace7that

he

did

not

have

the

patience

to

stay

1,

Cf. Zamakhshaxi,

14aq;

m;

tt

p.

6.

2,

Ibid.

3-

Cf. Zamakhsharl s

blw3n,

ff.

42a, 42b.

4- Ibid., fo. Ia.

5-

Cf- Yqt,

OP.

cit.,

vol.

5,

p.

287.

0.

Cf. Zamakhsharip,

Asgs

al-balgha,

Cairo

1972t

vol.

1,

P-

78-


45/548

-

33

-

much

longer;

therefore he

made

up

his

mind

to

leave the

place.

His

old

dream

of

getting a

high

position

struck

him

again

when

he

had

returned

to

Khwarizm. In

ordet

to

reach

his

aim

he

started

to

praise

Muhammad Khwarizm

Shah

the

governor of

Khwarizm

at

that

time

0

for his

concern

for literature

and

science

After

the

governor

died

he

was

replaced

by

his

son

Atsiz

who

later

was also

consulted and cele-

brated by

Zamakhsharl

for

his interest in literature

and

science and

his

respect

for

scholars

2.

He

also

wrote

a

book

Muqaddimat

al-adab at

the

comnnnd of

Atsij.

It

appears

that

during

the

reign

of

Xhwarizm

Shah

and

his

son

Atsiz

Zamakhsharl

did

get

a

position

in

Khwarizm

even

though

he

was

not satisfied

with

what

he

had

gained and

regarded

it

as nothing4.

So

he

bitterly

blamed

himself

for

leaving

Mecca

for

the

sake

Documents

A Critical edition of Ru'us al-Masa'il by Zamakhshari