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A digital lesson about Cubism andthe basic elements
of design in art
2005 Pearson Publishing
Cubism was a very important collection of ideas about art. It was invented by Pablo Picasso
and some of his friends in Paris, during the early years
of the 20th century.
The other main Cubists were Georges Braque, Juan Gris
and Fernand Leger.
Cubism started with two main ideas.
One idea was an attempt to find new ways to create space in a picture. These artists flattened the picture space to show very little illusion of 3D depth. They thought this was more real since paintings really are flat.
The second idea was about fragmentation, or the breaking up, of the objects in a picture. They did this because they thought that we really do see objects from different angles as we move around them. This led to a reduction of details in the pictures, to simple shapes like spheres, cones and cubes (hence ‘the Cubists’!).
Also, the Cubists were working in Europe just before and during the First World War. Perhaps they felt that life was fragmenting, and this experience made its way into their art too.
Picasso continued to play with the main ideas of Cubism long after the war ended.
By the mid 1920s, Cubism had become a different style from its angular and often grey beginnings. It was almost fruity, often highly coloured and optimistic. It celebrated good things like food, music and our simple everyday surroundings.
Picasso did this by exploring the effects of exaggerated shape, line, colour, tone and pattern. We sometimes call shape, line, colour, tone and pattern the basic elements of art, since these are some of the simplest ways to think about creating a picture.
This is the focus of this lesson, and I shall use image manipulation software to develop a Cubist picture.
This is my starting point. Bowls of fruit, jugs, flowers and simple furniture were often used by the Cubist artists as a starting point
to develop a picture.
This is a digital photograph.
My first step is to distort some key parts of the image. I want to show off the roundness of the bowl and jug.
I’ve also made the flowers and brown pot bigger.
Next, I’ve flattened the picture space by getting rid of some of the strong angles that were caused
by the effect of perspective
in the original photograph.
See how the picture
frame and table are
now square with the
edge of my picture.
This is how it’s done!
I’ve copied little pieces of the original
and pasted each one as a new layer,
on top of the original.
Then I can move, stretch or rotate the jug top, using the little control
points here …
If I select the layer with a copy
of the top of the white jug here …
Here is the original layer
at the bottom.
Next, I’ve merged the layers into one layer,
and applied a find edges filter to the
image.
This shows the shapes very clearly, but it has removed most of the colour.
This slide illustrates one
of the most powerful commands of image
manipulation software. This is the use of layers
and transparency. I’ve put the previous coloured version of the
picture behind the outline version.
But the top layer has its opacity set to 49% so I can see through it.
Now we can have the colour and the
strong outline.
Now, simply by darkening the picture and increasing the
contrast, the shapes and the colours can
become very dramatic.
Picasso often used simple pattern to
enliven some of the more plain areas of a
picture.
I’ve copied a little ‘Picasso style’ pattern
onto the wall.
Cubist pictures were often quite complex. Lines, shapes, colours and patterns interact
to create unexpected rhythms
across the picture surface.
I’ve achieved this here by using
the magic wand tool to select, copy and paste related areas
into new places within the picture.
Finally, I’ve used the crop tool
to cut down the edges to complete the composition.
This is my digital Cubist still life.
Let’s see that again without the captions.
Just watch how the picture develops.
Thank you for following this lesson.
Now it’s time for you to try out some of these ideas!