Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A Draft Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic
Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Vernal Pool Depressional Wetlands in Southern California Ellen T. Bauder1, Andrew J. Bohonak1, Barry Hecht2, Marie A. Simovich3, David Shaw2, David G. Jenkins4, and Mark Rains5 1San Diego State University, 2Balance Hydrologics, 3University of San Diego, 4University of Central Florida, 5University of South Florida
December 2009 Updated November 8, 2011
ABSTRACT: This Draft Guidebook is an assessment tool that focuses on the functioning of
vernal pool wetlands within the Southern Californian eco-region, specifically San Diego County.
Its purpose is to provide trained practitioners the means to achieve efficient, reproducible and
logical functional assessment results for vernal pool wetlands in San Diego County, California.
Results of these assessments can then be used in a variety of ways, such as evaluation of sites for
restoration potential, assessment of impacts from existing or proposed projects and monitoring
restoration success. Due to the high degree of variability experienced by temporary wetlands in
arid climates, we have developed both direct and indirect functional indices for four of the five
functions we identified. Direct assessments can only be made when there is sufficient
precipitation to elicit the responses that demonstrate function, and we have sought to objectively
define "sufficient." Consistent with an HGM approach, use of this Draft Guidebook should be
confined to the geographic region and hydrogeomorphic class, subclass and pool types for which it
was developed. Use of this methodology outside the boundaries of the reference domain is wholly
inappropriate. We are hopeful that our approach can be modified for other pool types within the
region, and to vernal pools in other parts of California and Oregon.
Bauder, Ellen T., Andrew J. Bohonak, Barry Hecht, Marie A. Simovich, David Shaw, David G. Jenkins, and Mark Rains. 2009. A Draft Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Vernal Pool Depressional Wetlands in Southern California. San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
106
References
Abbott, P. L. 1984. On the origin of vernal pool topography, San Diego County, California. Pages 18-29 in
Vernal Pools and Intermittent Streams. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 28, University of
California Davis, Davis, CA.
Abbott, P. L., and K. A. Fink. 1975. Clay mineralology of the Friars Formation, Tierrasanta to Fletcher Hills,
San Diego, California. Pages 65-70 in A. Ross and R. Dowlen, editors. Studies on the geology of
Camp Pendleton and western San Diego County, California: San Diego Association of Geologists
fieldtrip guidebook. San Diego Association of Geologists, San Diego, CA.
Abrams, L. 1940. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states: Washington, Oregon, and California, Vol. I. Stanford
University Press, Stanford, CA.
Abrams, L. 1944. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states: Washington, Oregon, and California, Vol. II. Stanford
University Press, Stanford, CA.
Abrams, L. 1951. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states: Washington, Oregon, and California, Vol. III. Stanford
University Press, Stanford, CA.
Abrams, L., and R. S. Ferris. 1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states: Washington, Oregon, and California,
Vol. IV. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Baker, W. S., F. E. Hayes, and E. W. Lathrop. 1992. Avian use of vernal pools at the Santa Rosa Plateau
Preserve, Santa Ana Mountains, California. The Southwestern Naturalist 37:392-403.
Balcer, M. D., N. L. Korda, and S. I. Dodson. 1984. Zooplankton of the Great Lakes: A guide to identification
and ecology of the common crustacean species. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.
Bannister, P. 1976. Introduction to physiological plant ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Barrett, S. C. H., C. G. Eckert, and B. C. Husband. 1993. Evolutionary processes in aquatic plant populations.
Aquatic Botany 44:105-145.
Baskin, C. C., and J. M. Baskin. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and
germination. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 1986. San Diego vernal pools: Recent and projected losses, their condition, and threats to their
existence, 1979-1990. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 1987a. Species assortment along a small-scale gradient in San Diego vernal pools. University of
California Davis/San Diego State University, Davis, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 1987b. Threats to San Diego vernal pools and a case study in altered pool hydrology. Pages 209-
214 in T. S. Elias, editor. Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants: Proceedings
of a California conference on the conservation and management of rare and endangered plants.
California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 1988. Vernal pool enhancement. Endangered Plant Project, California Department of Fish and
Game, Sacramento, CA.
107
Bauder, E. T. 1989. Drought stress and competition effects on the local distribution of Pogogyne abramsii.
Ecology 70:1083-1089.
Bauder, E. T. 1992. Ecological monitoring of Downingia concolor ssp. brevior (Cuyamaca Lake downingia)
and Limnanthes gracilis ssp. parishii (Parish's slender meadowfoam), Cuyamaca Rancho State Park
and Cuyamaca Valley, San Diego County, California. California Department of Parks and Recreation
and California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 1994. Habitat restoration and enhancement for the Cuyamaca Lake Downingia (Downingia
concolor ssp. brevior) at Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. California Department of Fish and Game,
Sacramento, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 1997. Coastal San Diego vernal pool species list (rev 5/05). Wetlands Advisory Board, City of
San Diego, San Diego, CA.
Bauder, E. T. 2000. Inundation effects on small-scale plant distributions in San Diego, California vernal pools.
Aquatic Ecology 34:43-61.
Bauder, E. T. 2005. The effects of an unpredictable precipitation regime on vernal pool hydrology. Freshwater
Biology 50:2129-2135.
Bauder, E. T., D. A. Kreager, and S. C. McMillan. 1998. Vernal pools of Southern California: Recovery plan.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1, U. S. Department of the Interior, Portland, OR.
Bauder, E. T., and S. McMillan. 1998. Current distribution and historical extent of vernal pools in southern
California and northern Baja California, Mexico. Pages 56-70 in C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk,
and W. R. Ferren, Jr., editors. Ecology, conservation, and management of vernal pool ecosystems.
California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Bauder, E. T., J. Snapp-Cook, J. Sakrison, and P. Detweiler. 2002. A study of Agrostis avenacea in vernal pools
on Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, San Diego, California. MCAS Miramar and SWD Naval
Facilities Engineering Command, San Diego CA.
Beauchamp, R. M. 1979. San Diego regional vernal pool survey. California Department of Fish and Game,
Sacramento, CA.
Beauchamp, R. M. 1986. A flora of San Diego County. Sweetwater River Press, National City, CA.
Bedford, B. L. 1996. The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the landscape scale for freshwater wetland
mitigation. Ecological Applications 6:57-68.
Belk, D. 1975. Key to the Anostraca (Fairy Shrimps) of North America. The Southwestern Naturalist 20:91-
103.
Bolen, E. G., L. M. Smith, and H. L. Schramm. 1989. Playa lakes—prairie wetlands of the southern high plains.
Bioscience 39:615-623.
Bolger, D. T. 2007. Spatial and temporal variation in the Argentine ant edge effect: Implications for the
mechanism of edge limitation. Biological Conservation 136:295-305.
Bomkamp, T. 1995. Biological surveys of Fairview Park vernal pools, Costa Mesa, Orange County, California.
Michael Brandman Associates, Irvine, CA.
108
Boon, P. I. 2006. Biogeochemistry and bacterial ecology of hydrologically dynamic wetlands. Pages 115-176 in
D. P. Batzer and R. R. Sharitz, editors. Ecology of freshwater and estuarine wetlands. University of
California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Borst, G. 1984. Soil survey of Cuyamaca State Park. Department of Agriculture, County of San Diego,
Fallbrook, CA.
Bowman, R. H. 1973. Soil survey of the San Diego area, California: Part I and Part II. Soil Conservation
Service and Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Bramlet, D. 1996. Survey of plant species of concern on the Lovell Unit, San Jacinto Wildlife Area. Santa Ana,
CA.
Brendonck, L. 1996. Diapause, quiescence, hatching requirements: what we can learn from large freshwater
branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca). Hydrobiologia
320:85-97.
Brendonck, L., and L. De Meester. 2003. Egg banks in freshwater zooplankton: evolutionary and ecological
archives in the sediment. Hydrobiologia 491:65–84.
Brinson, M. M. 1993. A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Technical Report WRP-DE-4, Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS.
Brock, M. A., D. L. Nielsen, R. J. Shiel, J. D. Green, and J. D. Langley. 2003. Drought and aquatic community
resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands. Freshwater Biology
48:1207-1218.
Brooks, R. T., and M. Hayashi. 2002. Depth-area-volume and hydroperiod relationships of ephemeral (vernal)
forest pools in southern New England. Wetlands 22:247-255.
Butterwick, M. 1998. The hydrogeomorphic approach and its use in vernal pool functional assessment. Pages
50-55 in Ecology, conservation, and management of vernal pool ecosystems: Proceedings from a 1996
conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Calhoun, A. J. K., and P. G. deMaynadier, editors. 2008. Science and conservation of vernal pools in
Northeastern North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
City of San Diego. 1998. Final Multiple Species Conservation Program: MSCP Plan. City of San Diego, San
Diego, CA.
Clairain, E. J. 2002. Hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland Functions: Guidelines for developing
regional guidebooks: Chapter 1, Introduction and overview of the hydrogeomorphic approach.
ERDC/EL TR-02-3, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Cohen, A. C. 1982. Ostracoda. Pages 181-202 in S. Parker, editor. Synopsis and classification of living
organisms. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
Colburn, E. A. 2004. Vernal pools: Natural history and conservation. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing
Company, Blacksburg, VA.
109
Cole, R. C., K. D. Gardner, K. D. Gowans, E. L. Begg, G. L. Huntington, and L. C. Liefer. 1958. Soil survey of
the Santa Barbara area, California. U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service,
Washington, D. C. in cooperation with the University of California Experiment Station.
Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater
habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological
Services, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Crawford, R. M. M., ed. 1987. Plant life in aquatic and amphibious habitats: Special publication Number 5 of
the British Ecological Society produced as a tribute to D. H. N. Spence. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Crawford, R. M. M. 1989. Studies in plant survival: Ecological case histories of plant adaptation to adversity.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Crawley, M. J. 1986a. The structure of plant communities. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Crawley, M. J. 1986b. Life history and environment. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Cronk, J. K., and M. S. Fennessy. 2001. Wetland plants: biology and ecology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton,
FL.
Deschamp, P. A., and T. J. Cooke. 1983. Leaf dimorphism in aquatic angiosperms: significance of turgor
pressure and cell expansion. Science 219:505-507.
Deschamp, P. A., and T. J. Cooke. 1984. Causal mechanisms of leaf dimorphism in the aquatic angiosperm
Callitriche heterophylla. American Journal of Botany 71:319-329.
Ebert, T. A., and M. L. Balko. 1987. Temporary pools as islands in space and time: the biota of vernal pools in
San Diego, southern California, USA. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 110:103-123.
Edwards, R. D., D. F. Rabey, and R. W. Kover. 1970. Soil survey Ventura Area, California. U. S. Department
of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Washington D. C. in cooperation with the University of
California Agricultural Experiment Station, Davis, CA.
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Technical Report Y-87-1,
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Ferren, W. R., Jr., P. L. Fiedler, and R. A. Leidy. 1996. Wetlands of California. Part I. History of wetland
habitat. Madroño 32:105-124.
Ferren, W. R., Jr., P. L. Fiedler, R. A. Leidy, K. D. Lafferty, and L. A. K. Mertes. 1996a. Wetlands of
California. Part II. Classification and description of wetlands of the central California and southern
California coast and coastal watershed. Madroño 32:125-182.
Ferren, W. R., Jr., P. L. Fiedler, R. A. Leidy, K. D. Lafferty, and L. A. K. Mertes. 1996b. Wetlands of
California. Part III. Key to the catalogue of wetlands of the central California and southern California
coast and coastal watershed. Madroño 32:183-223.
110
Ferren, W. R., Jr., and D. A. Pritchett. 1988. Enhancement, restoration and creation of vernal pools at Del Sol
Open Space and Vernal Pool Reserve, Santa Barbara County, California. The Herbarium,
Environmental Report 13, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, CA.
Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National List of plant species that occur in wetlands: California (Region 0).
Biological Report 88(26.10), U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands:
Introduction. U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Fogg, G. E. 1977. Excretion of organic matter by phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 22:576-577.
Fugate, M. L. 1993. Branchinecta sandiegonensis, a new species of fairy shrimp (Crustacea: Anostraca).
Proceedings of the Biological Society Washington 106:296-304.
Gary, M., R. McAfee, Jr., and C. I. Wolf, editors. 1972. A glossary of geology. American Geological Institute,
Washington, D. C.
Gilbert, M. C., P. M. Whited, E. J. Clairain, Jr., and R. D. Smith. 2006. A Regional Guidebook for Applying the
Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Prairie Potholes. U.S. Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Goldman, S. J., K. Jackson, and T. A. Bursztnynsky. 1986. Erosion and sediment control handbook. McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, NY
Golet, F. C., and J. S. Larson. 1974. Classification of freshwater wetlands in the glaciated Northeast. Resource
Publication No. 116, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Gosselink, J. G., and R. E. Turner. 1978. The role of hydrology in freshwater wetland ecosystems. Pages 63-78
in R. E. Good, D. F. Whigham, and R. L. Simpson, editors. Freshwater wetlands: ecological processes
and management potential. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Greenwood, N. P. 1984. The physical environment of Series H, vernal pools in San Diego County, California.
Pages 30-36 in S. Jain and P. Moyle, editors. Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of
Ecology, Davis, CA.
Greenwood, N. P., and P. L. Abbott. 1980. The physical environment of H series vernal pools, Del Mar Mesa,
San Diego County. California Department of Transportation, San Diego, CA.
Griggs, F. T. 1976. Life history strategies of the genus Orcuttia (Gramineae). Pages 57-62 in Vernal pools:
Their ecology and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 9, University of California Davis,
Davis, CA.
Griggs, F. T., and S. K. Jain. 1983. Conservation of vernal pool plants in California, II: Population biology of a
rare and unique grass genus Orcuttia. Biological Conservation 27:171-193.
Hanes, W. T., and L. Stromberg. 1998. Hydrology of vernal pools on non-volcanic soils in the Sacramento
Valley. in C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology,
conservation, and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant Society,
Sacramento, CA.
111
Hanski, I. 1996. Metapopulation ecology. Pages 13-43 in O. E. Rhodes, Jr., R. K. Chesser, and M. H. Smith,
editors. Population dynamics in ecological space and time. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Hansson, L., L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam, editors. 1995. Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes. Chapman
and Hall, London.
Harper, J. L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London.
Hauer, F. R., B. J. Cook, M. C. Gilbert, E. J. Clairain, and R. D. Smith. 2002. A regional guidebook for
applying the hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland functions of intermontane prairie pothole
wetlands in the northern Rocky Mountains. ERDC/EL TR-02-7, U. S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Hecht, B., and M. B. Napolitano. 1993. Hydrologic and soil-geomorphic conditions associated with Baker's
meadowfoam in Little Lake Valley, Mendocino County, California. Balance Hydrologics, Inc.,
Berkeley, CA.
Hecht, B., J. Owens, M. Woyshner, and C. White. 1998. Maintaining ponding and water quality in the Lennar
vernal pool, Moorpark, California. Balance Hydrologics, Berkeley, CA.
Helm, B. P. 1998. Biogeography of eight large branchiopods endemic to central California. Pages 124-139 in C.
W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology, conservation
and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Hickman, J. C., editor 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. University of California Press,
Berkeley, CA.
Hickson, L., and B. Hecht. 1991. Allometric analysis of natural drainage nets in the formation of design criteria
for wetland mitigation swales, Yosemite Lake, Merced County, California. Balance Hydrologics, Inc.,
Berkeley, CA.
Holland, R. F. 1976. The vegetation of vernal pools: A survey. Pages 11-15 in Vernal pools: their ecology and
conservation. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 9, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
Holland, R. F. 1978. The geographic and edaphic distribution of vernal pools in the Great Central Valley,
California. Special Publication 4, California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Holland, R. F. 1986. Preliminary description of the terrestrial natural communities of California. Department of
Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Holland, R. F., and V. I. Dains. 1990. The edaphic factor in vernal pool vegetation. Pages 31-48 in D. H. Ikeda
and R. A. Schlising, editors. Vernal pool plants: their habitat and biology. Studies from the Herbarium,
California State University, Chico, CA.
Holland, R. F., and S. K. Jain. 1981. Insular biogeography of vernal pools in the central valley of California.
American Naturalist 117:24-37.
Holland, R. F., and S. K. Jain. 1988. Vernal Pools. Pages 515-533 in M. G. Barbour and J. Major, editors.
Terrestrial vegetation of California, new expanded edition, 1988. California Native Plant Society,
Sacramento, CA.
112
Holloway, J. M., and R. A. Dahlgren. 2001. Seasonal and event-scale variations in solute chemistry for four
Sierra Nevada catchments. Journal of Hydrology 250:106-121.
Hook, D. D. 1984. Adaptations to flooding with fresh water. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.
Horton, R. F. 1992. Submergence-promoted growth of petioles of Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Aquatic Botany
44:23-30.
Hubbard, D. E. 1988. Glacial prairie wetland functions and values: a synthesis of the literature. Biological
Report 88, 43, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Jackson, M. B., and M. C. Drew. 1984. Effects of flooding on growth and metabolism of herbaceous plants.
Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.
Jocqué, M., T. Graham, and L. Brendonck. 2007. Local structuring factors of invertebrate communities in
ephemeral freshwater rock pools and the influence of more permanent water bodies in the region.
Hydrobiologia 592:271-280.
Kantrud, J. A., G. L. Krapu, and G. A. Swanson. 1989. Prairie basin wetlands of the Dakotas: A community
profile. Biological Report 85 (7.28), Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.
Keeler-Wolf, T., D. R. Elam, K. Lewis, and S. A. Flint. 1998. California vernal pool assessment: Preliminary
report. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Keeley, J. E. 1999. Photosynthetic pathway diversity in a seasonal pool community. Functional Ecology
13:106-118.
Keeley, J. E., R. P. Mathews, and C. M. Walker. 1983. Diurnal acid metabolism in Isoetes howellii from a
temporary pool and a permanent lake. American Journal of Botany 70:854-857.
Keeley, J. E., and B. A. Morton. 1982. Distribution of diurnal acid metabolism in submerged aquatic plants
outside the genus Isoetes. Photosynthetica 16:546-553.
Keeley, J. E., and P. H. Zedler. 1998. Characterization and global distribution of vernal pools. Pages 1-14 in C.
W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology, conservation
and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Kennedy, M. P. 1975. Section A, Western San Diego metropolitan area: Geology of the San Diego metropolitan
area. California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, CA.
Killham, K. 1994. Soil Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
King, J. L. 1998. Loss of diversity as a consequence of habitat destruction in California vernal pools. Pages
119-123 in Ecology, conservation and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant
Society, Sacramento, CA.
Knecht, A. A., F. G. Stephens, C. R. Simonson, P. I. Vlasoff, J. L. Koster, and R. W. Kover. 1971. Soil survey
western Riverside Area. Soil Conservation Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs, U. S. Department of
Agriculture and U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Knudsen, K., B. Hecht, and M. Napolitano. 1991. Hydrologic processes affecting vernal pools at Yosemite
Lake, Merced County, California. Balance Hydrologics, Inc., Berkeley, CA.
113
Kurz, H., and K. A. Wagner. 1953. Factors in cypress dome development. Ecology 34:157-164.
Lathrop, E. W. 1976. Vernal pools of the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Pages 22-27 in S.
Jain, editor. Vernal pools: their ecology and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 9,
University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
Lathrop, E. W., and R. F. Thorne. 1976. Vernal pools of Mesa de Burro on the Santa Rosa Plateau of the Santa
Ana Mountains, California. Aliso 8:433-446.
Le Houérou, H. N. 1984. Rain use efficiency: a unifying concept in arid-land ecology. Journal of Arid
Environments 7:213-247.
Leck, M. A., V. T. Parker, and R. L. Simpson, editors. 1989. Ecology of soil seed banks. Academic Press, Inc.,
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, CA.
Leibowitz, S. G., and J. B. Hyman. 1997. Use of scale invariance in assessing the quality of judgement
indicators. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.
Leibowitz, S. G., and K. C. Vining. 2003. Temporal connectivity in a prairie pothole complex. Wetlands 23:13-
25.
Little, J. R., and C. E. Jones. 1980. A dictionary of botany. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY.
MacKay, W. P., S. J. Loring, T. M. Frost, and W. G. Whitford. 1990. Population dynamics of a playa
community in the Chihuahuan Desert. The Southwestern Naturalist 35:393-402.
Mason, H. L. 1969. A flora of the marshes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
McMaster, G. S., W. M. Jow, and J. Kummerow. 1982. Response of Adenostoma fasciculatum and Ceanothus
greggii chaparral to nutrient additions. Journal of Ecology 70:745-756.
Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 2000. Wetlands, Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
Mooney, H. A., and D. J. Parsons. 1973. Structure and function of the California chaparral—an example from
San Dimas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & sons,
New York, NY.
Munz, P. A. 1974. A flora of southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. 1968. A California flora with supplement. University of California Press,
Berkeley, CA.
Napolitano, M. B., and B. Hecht. 1991. Hydrologic processes affecting vernal pools at Ellwood Beach,
California and suggested approaches to mitigation. Balance Hydrologics, Inc., Berkeley, CA.
National Interagency Implementation Team. 1997. National action plan to implement the hydrogeomorphic
approach to assessing wetland functions. Pages 33607-33620. Federal Register, Washington, D. C.
Natural Diversity Data Base. 2007. Special vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens list. California Department
of Fish and Game, The Resources Agency, State of California, Sacramento, CA.
Natural Diversity Data Base. 2007 Guidelines for assessing the effects of proposed projects on rare, threatened,
and endangered plants and natural communities. Department of Fish and Game, The Resources
Agency, State of California, Sacramento, CA.
114
Nikiforoff, C. C. 1941. Hardpan and microrelief in certain soil complexes of California. Technical Bulletin No.
745, Division of Soil Survey, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C.
Norwick, S. A. 1991. Vernal pools and other seasonal bodies of standing water. Fremontia 19:8-19.
O'Geen, A. T., W. A. Hobson, R. A. Dahlgren, and D. B. Kelley. 2008. Evaluation of soil properties and hydric
soil indicators for vernal pool catenas in California. Soil Science Society of America Journal 72:727-
740.
Ornduff, R. 1976. Sympatry, allopatry, and interspecific competition in Lasthenia. Pages 46-50 in Vernal pools:
their ecology and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 9, University of California Davis,
Davis, CA.
Pennak, R. W. 1989. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. Protozoa to Mollusca. Third edition. John
Wiley (Interscience), New York, NY.
Philippi, T. E., M. A. Simovich, E. T. Bauder, and J. A. Moorad. 2001. Habitat ephemerality and hatching
fractions of a diapausing anostracan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Israel Journal of Zoology 47:387-395.
Platenkamp, G. A. J. 1998. Patterns of vernal pool biodiversity at Beale Air Force Base. Pages 151-160 in C.
W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology, conservation,
and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24:29-96.
Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1984. Effects of flooding on soils. Pages 10-45 in T. T. Kozlowski, editor. Flooding and
plant growth. Academic Pres, Inc., Orlando, FL.
Purer, E. A. 1939. Ecological study of vernal pools, San Diego County, California. Ecology 20:217-229. Rains, M. C., R. A. Dahlgren, G. E. Fogg, T. Harter, and R. J. Williamson. 2008. Geological control of physical
and chemical hydrology in California vernal pools. Wetlands 28:347-362.
Rains, M. C., G. E. Fogg, T. Harter, R. A. Dahlgren, and R. J. Williamson. 2006. The role of perched aquifers
in hydrological connectivity and biogeochemical processes in vernal pool landscapes, Central Valley,
California. Hydrological Processes 20:1157-1175.
Ramaley, F. 1919. Vegetation of undrained depressions on the Sacramento plains. Botanical Gazette 68:380-387.
Ratliff, R. D. 1982. A meadow site classification for the Sierra Nevada. USDA General Technical Report PSW-
60, Forest Service, Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
RECON. 1995. The distribution, status, and conservation of vernal pool and alkali playa wetlands of the upper
Salt Creek drainage, Hemet, California. Regional Environmental Consultants (RECON), San Diego,
CA.
Rheinhardt, R. D., M. M. Brinson, and P. M. Farley. 1997. A preliminary reference data set for wet forested
flats in North Carolina and its application to wetland functional assessment, mitigation, and restoration.
Wetlands 17:195-215.
115
Rheinhardt, R. D., and G. G. Hollands. 2008. Classification of vernal pools: Geomorphic setting and
distribution. Pages 11-29 in A. J. K. Calhoun and P. G. deMaynadier, editors. Science and
conservation of vernal pools in Northeastern North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Riefner, R. E., Jr., and D. R. Pryor. 1996. New locations and interpretation of vernal pools in southern
California. Phytologica 80:296-327.
Roe, J. H., and A. Georges. 2008. Maintenance of variable responses for coping with wetland drying in freshwater turtles. Ecology 89:485-494.
Rogers, D. C. 1998. Aquatic macroinvertebrate occurrences and population trends in constructed and natural
vernal pools in Folsom, California. Pages 224-235 in C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R.
Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology, conservation and management of vernal pool ecosystems.
California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
Rundel, P. W., and J. L. Vankat. 1989. Chaparral communities and ecosystems. Pages 127-139 in S. C. Keeley,
editor. The California chaparral: Paradigms reexamined. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles
County, Los Angeles, CA.
Russell, R. S. 1977. Plant root systems: their function and interaction with the soil. McGraw-Hill Book
Company (UK) Limited, London.
Salisbury, E. 1970. The pioneer vegetation of exposed muds and its biological features. Philos. Trans. R. Soc.
London, Ser. B 259:207-255.
Schiller, J. R., P. H. Zedler, and C. H. Black. 2000. The effect of density-dependent insect visits, flowering
phenology, and plant size on seed set of the endangered vernal pool plant Pogogyne abramsii
(Lamiaceae) in natural compared to created vernal pools. Wetlands 20:386-396.
Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative ecology: Spatial and temporal scaling. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Shafer, D. J., and D. J. Yozzo. 1998. National guidebook for application of hydrogeomorphic assessment to
tidal fringe wetlands. Technical Report WRP-DE-16, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Shaw, D., S. Anderson, J. Levine, K. Tollefson, B. Hecht, and E. Bauder. 2006. Characterizing the morphology
and function of San Diego vernal pools. Southern California Coast Wetlands Restoration Project.
Unpublished poster, Santa Barbara, CA.
Sheikh, M. Y. 1978. A systematic study of west North American genus Eryngium (Umbelliferae-Apioideae).
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
Shipman, G. E. 1981. Soil Survey of Santa Barbara County, South Coastal Part. Page 144. U. S. Department of
Agriculture Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service in cooperation with the University of
California Agricultural Experiment Station.
Silveira, J. G. 2000. Alkali vernal pools at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge. Fremontia 27, 28:10-18.
116
Simovich, M. A. 1998. Crustacean biodiversity and endemism in California's ephemeral wetlands. Pages 107-
118 in Ecology, conservation and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant
Society, Sacramento, CA.
Simovich, M. A., and S. A. Hathaway. 1997. Diversified bet-hedging as a reproductive strategy of some
ephemeral pool anostracans (Branchiopoda). Journal of Crustacean Biology 17:38-44.
Smith, D. W., and W. L. Verrill. 1998. Vernal pool-soil-landform relationships in the Central Valley,
California. Pages 15-23 in C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff,
editors. Ecology, conservation and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant
Society, Sacramento, CA.
Smith, R. D. 2001. Hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland functions: Guidelines for developing
regional guidebooks: Chapter 3, developing a reference wetland system. ERDC/EL TR-01-29, U. S.
Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Smith, R. D., A. Ammann, C. Bartoldus, and M. M. Brinson. 1995. An approach for assessing wetland
functions using hydrogeomorphic classification, reference wetlands, and functional indices. Technical
Report WRP-DE-9, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Smith, R. D., and J. S. Wakeley. 2001. Hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland functions: Guidelines
for developing regional guidebooks: Chapter 4, developing assessment models. ERDC/EL TR-01-30,
U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Handbook No. 18, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, DC.
Soil Survey Laboratory. 1996. Primary characterization data, Pedon No. 40A2884. National Soil Survey
Center, National Resources Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE.
Solomeshch, A. L., M. G. Barbour, and R. F. Holland. 2007. Vernal Pools. Pages 394-424 in M. G. Barbour, T.
Keeler-Wolf, and A. A. Schoenherr, editors. Terrestrial vegetation of California, Third Edition.
University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Soule, M. E., A. C. Alberts, and D. T. Bolger. 1992. The effects of habitat fragmentation on chaparral plants
and vertebrates. Oikos 63:39-47.
Stebbins, G. L. 1976. Ecological islands and vernal pools of California. Pages 1-4 in Vernal pools: their ecology
and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 9, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
Stewart, R. E., and H. A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of natural ponds and lakes in the glaciated prairie
region. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Suarez, A. V., D. T. Bolger, and T. J. Case. 1998. Effects of fragmentation and invasion on native ant
communities in coastal southern California. Ecology 79:2041-2056.
Sutter, G., and R. Francisco. 1998. Vernal pool creation in the Sacramento Valley: a review of the issues
surrounding its role as a conservation tool. Pages 190-194 in C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W.
R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology, conservation, and management of vernal pool
ecosystems. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.
117
Tate, K. W., R. A. Dahlgren, M. J. Singer, B. Allen-Diaz, and E. R. Atwill. 1999. Timing, frequency of
sampling affect accuracy of water-quality monitoring. California Agriculture 53:44-48.
Thien, S. J. 1979. A flow diagram for teaching texture-by-feel analysis. Journal of Agronomic Education 8:54-
55.
Thorne. 1976. The vascular plant communities of California. Pages 1-30 in J. Latting, editor. Plant communities
of southern California. California Native Plant Society, Berkeley, CA.
Thorne, R. F. 1984. Are California's vernal pools unique? Pages 1-8 in Vernal pools and intermittent streams.
Institute of Ecology Publication No. 28, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
Thorp, R. W., and J. M. Leong. 1998. Specialist bee pollinators of showy vernal pool flowers. Pages 169-179 in
C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff, editors. Ecology,
conservation, and management of vernal pool ecosystems. California Native Plant Society,
Sacramento, CA.
Thorpe, J. H., and P. Covich. 1991. Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates.
Academic Press, New York, NY.
Toy, S. J., and B. C. Willingham. 1966. Effect of temperature on seed germination of ten species and varieties
of Limnanthes. Economic Botany 20:71-75.
Toy, S. J., and B. C. Willingham. 1967. Some studies on secondary dormancy in Limnanthes seed. Economic
Botany 21:363-366.
van der Sman, A. J. M., N. N. Joosten, and C. W. P. M. Blom. 1993. Flooding regimes and life-history
characteristics of short-lived species in river forelands. Journal of Ecology 81:121-130.
van der Valk, A. G., and C. B. Davis. 1978. The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial
marshes. Ecology 59:322-335.
Venable, D. L., and A. Burquez M. 1989. Quantitative genetics of size, shape, life-history, and fruit
characteristics of the seed-heteromorphic composite Heterosperma pinnatum. I. Variation within and
among populations. Evolution 43:113-124.
Villasenor, R., Jr., and R. B. Riggan, Jr. 1979. Kearny Mesa vernal pool survey. Regional Environmental
Consultants (RECON) San Diego, CA.
Vinson, M. R., and E. C. Dinger. 2008. Aquatic invertebrates of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National
Monument, Utah. The Southwestern Naturalist 53:374-384.
Wachtell, J. K. 1978. Soil survey of Orange County and western part of Riverside County, California. U. S.
Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service, Washington, D. C. in
cooperation with the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station.
Wakeley, J. S., and R. D. Smith. 2001. Hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland functions: Guidelines
for developing regional guidebooks: Chapter 7, Verifying, field testing, and validating assessment
models. ERDC/EL TR-01-31, U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg,
MS.
118
Wallace, R. L., E. Walsh, J., M. l. Arroyo, and P. L. Starkweather. 2005. Life on the edge: rotifers from springs
and ephemeral waters in the Chihuahuan Desert, Big Bend National Park (Texas, USA).
Hydrobiologica 546:147-157.
Weitkamp, W. A., R. C. Graham, M. A. Anderson, and C. Amrhein. 1996. Pedogenesis of a vernal pool Entisol-
Alfisol-Vertisol catena in southern California. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60:316-323.
Wharton, C. H., W. M. Kitchens, E. C. Pendleton, and T. W. Sipe. 1982. The ecology of bottomland hardwood
swamps of the Southeast: A community profile. Report FWS/OBS-81/37, Office of Biological Service,
Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
White, C., and B. Hecht. 1994. Powers House mitigation project. Balance Hydrologics, Berkeley, CA.
Wiggins, I. L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Williams, D. D. 1998. The role of dormancy in the evolution and structure of temporary water invertebrate
communities. Archiv für Hydrobiologie: Ergebnisse der Limnologie 52: 109-124
Winter, T. C., and J. W. LaBaugh. 2003. Hydrologic considerations in defining isolated wetlands. Wetlands
23:532-540.
Witham, C. W., E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, and W. R. Ferren, Jr., editors. 1998. Ecology, conservation, and
management of vernal pool ecosystems: Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant
Society, Sacramento, CA.
Zedler, P. H. 1987. The ecology of Southern California vernal pools: A community profile. Biological Report
85 (7.11) Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.