i i

A Field Survey on Butterfly of Wangchuck Centennial National Park

Wangchuck Centennial National ParkDepartment of Forest and Park Services Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Bhutan

ii iiiii iii

This publication was made possible with the financial support from Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment Conservation

First Illustration Guide to Identification and Practical Use

Published by: Wangchuck Centennial National Park,Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Bhutan

Copyright: ©2016 Wangchuck Centennial National Park

Layout & design: Thinley Zangmo KUENSEL Corporation Limited

Printed @ KUENSEL Corporation Limited, 2017

ii iiiii iii

Contributors1. Mr. Tshering Dhendup, Chief Forestry Officer, Wangchuck

Centennial National Park.

2. Tashi Dorji, Deputy Chief Forestry Officer, WCNP

3. Mr. Tenzin (Sr. Ranger II), Head Species Management and Research Section

4. Mr. Karma Wangdi (Sr. Forester) UWICER,

5. Mr. Sonam Wangmo (Forester) Head, Information and Data Management Section,

6. Mr. Ngada Lham (Forester) Central Park Range, Thangbee

7. Mr. Rinzin (Forester) Western Park Range

8. Mr. Tilak Bdr. Ghalley, Eastern Park Range

9. Mr. Kabita Tamang, Eastern Park Range

iv ivv v

iv ivv v

FOREWORD

Wangchuck Centennial Park, the biggest Park in the country is bestowed with wide arrays of butterly species. The necessity was therefore felt profoundly for the timely documentation of the butterfly of Wangchuck Centennial National Park.

Over the last few years, documentation and discoveries of butterfly species has been made better progress given their roles in ecosystem maintenance and also as an attraction for the general public and tourists. Till now, Bhutan has recorded 728 species of butterfly and yet to discover more in future. During the Biodviersity of WCNP has recorded 48 species of butterfly but recent surey the park had recored 256 species of butterfly and yet to record more hereafter.

Since this is the first field guide on butterfly, I hope it will serves as useful guide for tourists, butterfly lovers, general public, Scientists and educationists.

Conservation of environment is one of the 4th pillars of Gross National Happiness and also strong commitiments from the beloved monarch, Bhutan will preserve it rich flora and fauna all times to come. I appreciate and commend the efforts put in by the Wangchuck Centennial National Park management in coming up with this informative publication on field guide on Butterfly of Wangchuck Centennial National Park.

It is in this spirit that I on behalf of management humbly dedicate this publication to as part of our efforts to commenmorate the Gyaltshen the first Birthday Celebration, 5th February,

(Phento Tshering)DIRECTOR Department of Forests and Park Services

vi vivii vii

vi vivii vii

Acknowledgement

The management of Wangchuck Centennial National Park would like to thank Mr. Karma Wangdi,UWICER for his contribution as resource person for the entire field. Nevertheless management would like also to thank all the field staffs who have made their contributions to complete the entire field survey on preliminary Butterfly study. We also would like to thank the park residences WCNP for participating in the survey and providing valuable information during the field survey and for the oral interview. Mr. Tenzin (Sr. Forest Ranger II) of Species Management and Research Section Head deserved our special appreciation in taking initiative and completing the report on time. We also would like to thank the Donor, Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment Conservation (BTFEC) for their financial support in carrying out this field study.

viii viiiix ix

viii viiiix ix

CONTENTS01Introduction

02Study Area

03Biology

04Methodology

07The status of the species as per the family

09Checklist

10Recommendations

11Reference made

12Glossary

08Description of butterfly family wise Hesperiidae Lycaenidae Nymphalidae Papilionidae Pieridae Riodinidae

x x1 1

x x1 1

Introduction1W angchuck Centennial

National Park (WCP) was declared in 2008

as tribute to the visionary, selfless leadership of the Wangchuck dynasty. Located in north- central Bhutan, it is also the country’s largest park, covering 4,914 square kilometers. The vegetation ranges from warm broadleaf forest to alpine meadows, spanning an altitudinal range from 2500 to 5100m. Over 693 species of vascular plants, 41 mammal species, and 250 bird species, 46 species of butterfly and have been recorded from the park and its buffer zone.

With the recent butterfly survey in WCNP from 1st May to 23rdJune 2015-2016, WCNP management recorded 150 species of butterfly within three ranges. The survey was conducted from 1st May till 23rd June 2016, under the support of High Altitude and Northern Areas (HANAS).The butterfly has got its roles and responsibilities in

the ecosystem such as pollination, indicator of climate change and serves as prey for the predators. They are also the indicators of a healthy environment and healthy ecosystems. They indicate a wide range of other invertebrates, which comprise over two-thirds of all species. The ecologist used butterfly as model organisms to study the impact of habitat loss and fragmentation, and climate change.

Even though, the Butterfly is being spotted in the WCNP, the detail information on various aspects of biology, ecology, status and distribution of butterfly species are yet not known and need to do more study in future.

The management had conducted butterfly survey in 2009 t0 2010 during the biodiversity survey but very little is known its existence and distributions, with the recent survey management hope that this report will serves as base line data

2 23 3

for field staff and will useful as guide book during the day to day field visits.

In WCNP, it inhabits temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests, with vegetation ranging from deciduous woodlands to alpine meadows. It was observed that less species of butterfly is recorded in alpine, coniferous forests comparing to temperate forests. The area extends from Kazhi, Dangchu and Sephu in the west to Kurtoe and Gangzur in the east and as far as Gomthang, Tsampa in the north and Tang and Choekhor in the south of the park.

The main food and its host’s plants for butterfly the WCNP need to so further research in the future to ensure that its species and

habitat conserved. During the survey the team observed that it feeds on dead animal’s remains, fecal, flowering plants, herbs, grasses, shrubs, vines and trees.

The main objective of publishing this hand book is not only to share scientific information with the conservationists, but also want to share it with the general public to understand the status of the butterfly and possible protection schemes for the future. The park authorities strongly believe that since this is the first hand book on butterfly in WCNP,follow-up studies based on this report will improve the knowledge about the existence of Butterfly and its distribution and behavior in Wangchuck Centennial National Park.

2 23 3

2Study Area

Fig. I: Map of Wangchuck Centennial National Park showing survey sites

4 45 5

3Biology

Let’s explore a butterfly’s life cycle in detail, including all four stages of life. All butterflies have “complete metamorphosis.” To grow into an adult they go through 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Each stage has a different goal - for instance, caterpillars need to eat a lot, and adults need to reproduce.

Depending on the type of butterfly, the life cycle of a butterfly may take anywhere from one month to a whole year. You can print out this Butterfly Life Cycle coloring page to follow along as we talk about the 4 stages.  - See more at: http://www.thebutterflysite.com/life-cycle.shtml#sthash.8zXL61to.dpuf3.

Butterfly Life Cycle

4 45 5

4Methodology

Our survey follow the transact walk within the WCNP areas and recorded the direct sighting with GPS coordinates and elevations against each species. This methodologies is named after Ernie Pollard who helped design and pilot the methodology with colleagues, these transect walks provide the highest quality data within the UKBMS as they are walked weekly during a 26-week period between 1st April and 29th September each year. In case of our survey we have started from 1st May till 30th May 2016. Since we do not have enough time for the survey, we might have missed the species. The team would like to recommend detail field survey on butterfly in future to add the present lists.

As per the Pollard Walks the Butterflies are recorded in a fixed width band (typically 5m wide) along the transect each week from

the beginning of April until the end of September yielding, ideally, 26 counts per year. Transect walks are undertaken between 10.45am and 3.45pm and only when weather conditions are suitable for butterfly activity. Weather conditions have a considerable effect on the numbers of butterflies seen. To ensure that the counts are standardised as much as possible:- Transects are not walked

when the temperature is below 13°C (in northern upland areas this may be reduced to 11°C)

Between 13-17°C, a transect may be walked providing there is at least 60% sun

Above 17°C, a transect may be walked in any conditions, providing it is not actually raining

When wind speeds are above 5 on the Beaufort scale, transects should not be walked

Fixed-route transects (Pollard Walks):

6 67 7

Due to the vagaries of the British and Irish weather, it is rare in practice to achieve a full set of 26 weekly counts. However, a small

number of missing values can be estimated using other counts during the season.

6 67 7

SL.No Family Common Un-com-

mon Rare Very common

Total species

1 HESPERIIDAE 14 1 2 0 17

2 LYCAENIDAE 24 1 0 0 25

3 NYMPHALIDAE 50 10 0 6 66

4 PAPILIONIDAE 17 0 0 1 18

5 PIERIDAE 20 1 0 1 22

6 RIODINIDAE 8 0 0 0 8

  Total 133 13 2 8 156

5 The status of the

species as per the family

During the survey we have recorded 6 family and 156 species of butterfly, 133 common, 13

Un-common, 2 rare and 8 very common.

8 89 9

Common Name: Grey Scrub HopperScientific Name: AeromachusjhoraStatus : Un-commonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Hespiriidae Family

Common Name: Bevan's SwiftScientific Name: BorbobevaniStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Blue-spotted HopperScientific Name: Aeromachus kaliStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Grass DartScientific Name: TaractroceramaeviusStatus : CommonRegion : ThangbiDzongkhag : Bumthang

8 89 9

Common Name: Garhwal AceScientific Name: ThoressaainaStatus : CommonRegion : DugkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Grass DemonScientific Name: UdaspesfolusStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Green AwletScientific Name: BuraravasutanaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Hairy AngleScientific Name: DharpahanriaStatus : RareRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

10 1011 11

Common Name: Himalayan DarterScientific Name: Ochlodes brahmaStatus : CommonRegion : DunkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Indian AwlkingScientific Name: ChoaspesxanthopogonStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Lucas AceScientific Name: SolvialucasiiStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Mussoorie Bush Bob Scientific Name: PedestamasuriensisStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

10 1011 11

Common Name: Northern Chequered SkipperScientific Name: CartercephalussilvicolaStatus : RareRegion :NganglakhaDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Spotted DemonScientific Name: NotocryptafeisthameliStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Straight SwiftScientific Name: ParnaraguttatusStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Yellow -spot SwiftScientific Name: PolytremiseltolaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

12 1213 13

Common Name: Blue TitScientific Name: Chliaria kinaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Bright SunbeamScientific Name: CuretiabulisStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Chapman’s cupidScientific Name: EveresargiadesStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Common CeruleanScientific Name: JamidescelenoStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

Lycaenidae family

12 1213 13

Common Name: Common CopperScientific Name: LycaenaphlaeasStatus : CommonRegion :ThangbiDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common Hedge BlueScientific Name: AcytolepsispuspaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Forget-me-not BlueScientific Name: CatochrysopsstraboStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Golden SapphireScientific Name: Heliophorus brahmaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Lycaenidae family

14 1415 15

Common Name: Gram BlueScientific Name: EuchrysopscnejusStatus : CommonRegion : DunkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Green SapphireScientific Name:HeliophorusandroclesStatus : CommonRegion : SephuDzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Indian CupidScientific Name: Lethe sidonisStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Large Hedge BlueScientific Name: CelastrinahuegeliiStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

14 1415 15

Common Name: Large-4-LineblueScientific Name: NacadubapactolusStatus : CommonRegion : TampetshoDzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Metallic CaeruleanScientific Name: : JamidesalectoStatus : CommonRegion : ChokhortoeDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Pale Grass BlueScientific Name: PseudozizeeriamahaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Pale Hedge BlueScientific Name: UdaradilectaStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

16 1617 17

Common Name: PeablueScientific Name: LampidesboeticusStatus : CommonRegion : DunkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Powdery Green SapphireScientific Name: HeliophorustamuStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Purple SapphireScientific Name: HeliophorusepiclesStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Tailless LineblueScientific Name: ProsotasdubiosaStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

16 1617 17

Common Name: Transparent 6-LineblueScientific Name: NacadubakuravaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Zebra BlueScientific Name: LeptotespliniusStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

18 1819 19

Common Name: Autumn LeafScientific Name: DoleschalliabisaltideStatus : Un-commonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Banded Tree brownScientific Name: Lethe ConfusaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Bhutan SergeantScientific Name: Athyma jinaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Blue PansyScientific Name:Junonia orithyaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Nymphalidae family

18 1819 19

Common Name: Blue-Tail JesterScientific Name: Symbrenthia niphandaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Broad-banded SailerScientific Name: Neptis sankaraStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Camber wall BeautyScientific Name: Nymphalis antiopaStatus : CommonRegion : TangDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Chestnut TigerScientific Name: Parantica sitaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Nymphalidae family

20 2021 21

Common Name: Chinese NawabScientific Name: Charaxes narcausStatus : Un-commonRegion : DunkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Chocolate PansyScientific Name: Junonia iphitaStatus : Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name:Chocolate TigerScientific Name: Parantica melaneusStatus : Un-commonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: CirceScientific Name:Hestina namaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

20 2021 21

Common Name: CommodoreScientific Name: Auzakia danavaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common BushbrownScientific Name: Mycalesis perseusStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Five-ringScientific Name: Ypthima baldusStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common ForesterScientific Name: Lethe insanaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

22 2223 23

Common Name: Common GliderScientific Name: Neptis sapphoStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common JesterScientific Name: Symbrenthia lilaeaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common LeopardScientific Name: Phalanta phalanthaStatus : Un-commonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common mapScientific Name: Cyrestis thyodamasStatus : Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

22 2223 23

Common Name: Common SailerScientific Name: Neptis hylasStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common TigerScientific Name: Danaus genutiaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common WoodbrownScientific Name: Lethe sidonisStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Dark Blue TigerScientific Name: Tirumala septentrionisStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

24 2425 25

Common Name: Dusky LabyrinthScientific Name: Neope yamaStatus : Un-commonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Eastern CourtierScientific Name: Sephisa chandraStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: French DukeScientific Name: Euthalia franciaeStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Great SatyrScientific Name: Aulocera padmaStatus : CommonRegion : TangDzongkhag :Bumthang

24 2425 25

Common Name: Great Yellow SailerScientific Name: Neptis radhaStatus : CommonRegion : RabungDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Himalayan Five-ringScientific Name: Ypthima sakraStatus : Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Himalayan Pale ForesterScientific Name: Lethe latiarisStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Indian FritillaryScientific Name: Argyreus hyperbiusStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

26 2627 27

Common Name: Indian Purple EmperorScientific Name: Apatura ambicaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name:Indian Red AdmiralScientific Name: Vanessa indicaStatus : Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Indian TortoiseshellScientific Name: Aglais cashmirensisStatus :Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Large Silver stripeScientific Name: Childrena childreniStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

26 2627 27

Common Name: Large Three-ringScientific Name: Ypthima naredaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Leopard LacewingScientific Name: Cethosia cyaneStatus : Very CommonRegion : JongthangDzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Lilacine BushbrownScientific Name: Mycalesis franciscaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Long-branded Bush brownScientific Name: Mycalesis visalaStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

28 2829 29

Common Name: Moore’s Bush brownScientific Name: Mycalesis heriStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Orange -Backed FreakScientific Name: Calinaga buddhaStatus Un-commonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Orange Oak leafScientific Name: Kallima inachusStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Orange Staff SergeantScientific Name: Athyma camaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

28 2829 29

Common Name: Painted LadyScientific Name: Vanessa carduiStatus : Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Pale Hockey-stick SailorScientific Name: Neptis manasa Status : Un-commonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Pallid ArgusScientific Name: CallerebiascandaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: PantherScientific Name: Neurosigma sivaStatus : Un-commonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

30 3031 31

Common Name: PopinjayScientific Name: StibochionaniceaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Red LacewingScientific Name: CethosiabiblisStatus: CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Small Silver forkScientific Name: Lethe jalauridaStatus : Un-commonRegion : Tampei TshoDzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Small Tawny WallScientific Name: RaphiceramooreiStatus : CommonRegion : SephuDzongkhag : Wangdue

30 3031 31

Common Name: Stately nawabScientific Name: PolyuradolonStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Straight-banded Tree brownScientific Name: Lethe verma Status : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Striated SatyrScientific Name: Aulocera saraswattiStatus : CommonRegion : JongthangDzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Striped Blue CrowScientific Name: Euploea mulciberStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

32 3233 33

Common Name: TabbyScientific Name: PseudergoliswedahStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Tailed LabyrinthScientific Name: Neope bhadraStatus: CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Treble SilverstripeScientific Name: Neptis zaidaStatus : Un-commonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Variable SailorScientific Name: Neptis zaidaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

32 3233 33

Common Name: Veined LabyrinthScientific Name: Neope pulahaStatus : CommonRegion : ChutiDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: White CommodoreScientific Name: Parasarpa dudu Status : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Wood-Mason’s BushbrownScientific Name: MycalesissuaveolensStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Yellow CosterScientific Name: AcraeaissoriaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

34 3435 35

Common Name: Yellow PansyScientific Name: JunoniahiertaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Yellow WoodbrownScientific Name: Lethe nicetasStatus: CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

34 3435 35

Common Name: Blue PeacockScientific Name: PapilioarcturusStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Chinese WindmillScientific Name: ByasaalcinousStatus : CommonRegion :SephuDzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Common Blue ApolloScientific Name:ParnassiushardwickiiStatus : CommonRegion : TangDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common BluebottleScientific Name: GraphiumsarpedonStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Papilonidae Family

36 3637 37

Common Name: PunchinelloScientific Name: ZemerosflegyasStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common PeacockScientific Name: PapiliobianorStatus: Very CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common WindmillScientific Name: ByasapolyeuctesStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common Yellow SwallowtailScientific Name: PapiliomachaonStatus : CommonRegion : KhagtangDzongkhag : Bumthang

36 3637 37

Common Name: Glassy BluebottleScientific Name: GraphiumcloanthusStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Great MormonScientific Name: Papiliomemnor Status : CommonRegion : TangDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Great WindmillScientific Name: ByasadasaradaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Paris PeacockScientific Name: PapilioparisStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

38 3839 39

Common Name: Queen of Spain FritillaryScientific Name: oriaisaeaStatus : CommonRegion : ThangbeDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: RedbreastScientific Name: PapilioalcmenorStatus: CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Red HelenScientific Name: PapiliohelenusStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: SpangleSwallowtailScientific Name: PapilioprotenorStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

38 3839 39

Common Name: Tailed JayScientific Name: GraphiumagamemnonStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailed RedbreastScientific Name: PapiliobootesStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Rose WindmillScientific Name: ByasalatreilleiStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailless LineblueScientific Name: ProsotasdubiosaStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuntse

40 4041 41

Common Name: Transparent 6-LineblueScientific Name: NacadubakuravaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailless LineblueScientific Name: ProsotasdubiosaStatus: CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuntse

40 4041 41

Common Name: Asian Green-veined WhiteScientific Name: PieriserutaeStatus : Localily CommonRegion : DhurDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Bhutan BlackveinScientific Name: AporiaharrietaeStatus : Un-commonRegion : NasiphelDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common Grass YellowScientific Name: EuremahecabeStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common EmigrantScientific Name: CatopsiliapomonaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Peridae Family

42 4243 43

Common Name: Common BrimstoneScientific Name: GonepteryxrhamniStatus : CommonRegion : ThangbeDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common GullScientific Name: CeporanerissaStatus: CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Dark Clouded YellowScientific Name: ColiasfieldiiStatus : CommonRegion : JasabiDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Dark JezebelScientific Name: DeliasberindaStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuntse

42 4243 43

Common Name: Great Orange TipScientific Name: HebomoiaglaucippeStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Hill JezebelScientific Name: Delias belladonnaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Indian Cabbage WhiteScientific Name: PieriscanidiaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Large Cabbage WhiteScientific Name: PierisbrassicaeStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

44 4445 45

Common Name: Lesser BrimstoneScientific Name: GonepteryxmahaguruStatus : KhagtangRegion : ChokhorDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Lesser GullScientific Name: GonepteryxmahaguruStatus: CommonRegion : KhagtangDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Mottled EmigrantScientific Name: CatopsiliapyrantheStatus : CommonRegion : TangDzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Pale JezebelScientific Name: DeliassanacaStatus : CommonRegion : NeyDzongkhag : Lhuntse

44 4445 45

Common Name: Plain PuffinScientific Name: AppiasindraStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Plain SulphurScientific Name: DercaslycoriasStatus : CommonRegion : NubiDzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Spot PuffinScientific Name: AppiaslalageStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Spotted SawtoothScientific Name: PrioneristhestylisStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

46 4647 47

Common Name: Yellow Orange TipScientific Name: Yellow Orange TipStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuntse

46 4647 47

Common Name: Dark Judy Scientific Name: AbisarafyllaStatus : Localily CommonRegion : JasabeDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Lesser PunchScientific Name: Dodona dipoeaStatus : CommonRegion : GangzurDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Mixed PunchScientific Name: Dodona ouidaStatus : CommonRegion : JasabeDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Orange PunchScientific Name: Dodona egeonStatus : CommonRegion : JasabeDzongkhag : Lhuentse

Riodinidae Family

48 4849 49

Common Name: PunchinelloScientific Name: ZemerosflegyasStatus : CommonRegion : JasabeDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Striped PunchScientific Name: Dodona adoniraStatus: CommonRegion : RabangDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailed JudyScientific Name: AbisaraneophtronStatus : CommonRegion : JasabeDzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailed PunchScientific Name: Dodona eugenesStatus : CommonRegion : DungkarDzongkhag : Lhuntse

48 4849 49

An annotated Checklist of Butterflies from Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bumthang

a) HESPERIIDAE Family:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Aeromachus jhora Grey Scrub Hop-per

Un-com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Aeromachus kali Blue-spotted Hopper Common Nye Lhuntse

Borbo bevani Bevan’s Swift Common Ney LhuntseBurara vasutana Green Awlet Common Dungkar LhuntseCartercephalus silvicola

Northern Che-quered Skipper Rare Ngang

Lakha Bumthang

Choaspes xantho-pogon Indian Awlking Common Dungkar Lhuntse

Dharpa hanria Hairy Angle Rare Dungkar LhuntseNotocrypta feist-hamelii Spotted Demon Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Ochlodes brahma Himalayan Darter Common Dungkar Lhuntse

Parnara guttatus Straight Swift Common Dungkar LhuntsePedesta masur-iensis

Mussoorie Bush Bob Common Nubi Trongsa

Polygonia agnicula Nepal Comma Common Ngangl-hakhang Bumthang

Polytremis eltola Yellow -spot Swift Common Dungkar LhuntseSolvia lucasii Lucas Ace Common Dungkar Lhuntse

6Checklist of

Butterflies

50 5051 51

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality DzongkhagTaractrocera mae-vius

Common Grass Dart Common Thangbi Lhuntse

Thoressa aina Garhwal Ace Common Dungkar LhuntseUdaspes folus Grass Demon Common Nye Lhuntse

b) LYCAENIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Acytolepsis puspa Common Hedge Blue Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Ancema ctesia Bi-Spot Royal Un-Com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Catochrysops strabo Forget-me-not Blue Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Celastrina huegelii Large Hedge Blue Common Gangzur LhuntseChliaria kina Blue Tit Common Dungkar LhuntseCuretia bulis Bright Sunbeam Common Gangzur LhuntseEuchrysops cnejus Gram Blue Common Dungkar LhuntseEveres argiades Chapman’s cupid Common Nubi TrongsaEveres lacturnus Indian Cupid Common Ney LhuntseHeliophorus an-drocles Green Sapphire Common Sephu Bumthang

Heliophorus brahma Golden Sapphire Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Heliophorus epicles Purple Sapphire Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Heliophorus tamu Powdery Green Sapphire Common Nubi Trongsa

Jamides alecto Metallic Caeru-lean Common Chokortoe Bumthang

Jamides celeno Common Ceru-lean Common Nubi Wangdue

Lampides boeticus Peablue Common Dungkar LhuntseLeptotes plinius Zebra Blue Common Nubi TrongsaLibythea lepita Common Beak Common Gangzur LhuntseLycaena phlaeas Common Copper Common Thangbi Lhuntse

50 5051 51

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Nacaduba kurava Transparent 6-Lineblue Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Nacaduba pactolus Large-4-Lineblue Common Tampi tsho TrongsaProsotas dubiosa Tailless Lineblue Common Ney LhuntsePseudozizeeria maha Pale Grass Blue Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Udara dilecta Pale Hedge Blue Common Nubi Trongsa

c) NYMPHALIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality DzongkhagAcraea issoria Yellow Coster Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Aglais cashmirensis Indian Tortoise-shell

Very com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Apatura ambica Indian Purple Emperor Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Argyreus hyperbius Indian Fritillary Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Athyma cama Orange Staff Sergeant Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Athyma jina Bhutan Sergeant Common Gangzur LhuntseAulocera padma Great Satyr Common Tang BumthangAulocera saraswatti Striated Satyr Common Jongthang TrongsaAuzakia danava Commodore Common Dungkar Lhuntse

Calinaga buddha Orange -Backed Freak

un-com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Callerebia scanda Pallid Argus Common Dungkar LhuntseCethosia biblis Red Lacewing Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Cethosia cyane Leopard Lace-wing Common Jongthang Trongsa

Charaxes narcaus Chinese Nawab un-com-mon Dungkar Lhuntse

Childrena childreni Large Silverstripe Common Dungkar Lhuntse

Cyrestis thyodamas Common map Very com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Danaus genutia Common Tiger Common Gangzur Lhuntse

52 5253 53

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality DzongkhagDoleschallia bisaltide Autumn Leaf un-com-

mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Euploea mulciber Striped Blue Crow Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Euthalia franciae Franch Duke Common Ney LhuntseHestina nama Circe Common Gangzur LhuntseJunonia hierta Yellow Pansy Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Junonia iphita Chocolate Pansy Very com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Junonia orithya Blue Pansy Common Jasabi LhuntseKallima inachus Orange Oakleaf Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Lethe baladeva Treble Silver-stripe Common Tang Bumthang

Lethe Confusa Banded Tree-brown Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Lethe insana Common For-ester Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Lethe jalaurida Small Silverfork un-com-mon Tampi tsho Wangdue

Lethe latiaris Himalayan Pale Forester Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Lethe nicetas Yellow Wood-brown Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Lethe sidonis Common Wood-brown Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Lethe verma Straight-banded Treebrown Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Mycalesis francisca sanatana

Lilacine Bush-brown Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Mycalesis heri Moore’s Bush-brown Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Mycalesis perseus Common Bush-brown Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Mycalesis suaveolens Wood-Mason’s Bushbrown

un-com-mon Jasabi Lhuntse

Mycalesis visala Long-branded Bushbrown Common Ney Lhuntse

52 5253 53

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Neope pulaha Veined Laby-rinth Common Chuti Bumthang

Neope bhadra Tailed Labyrinth Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Neope yama Dusky Labyrinth un-com-mon Jasabi Lhuntse

Neptis hylas Common Sailer Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Neptis manasa Pale Hockey-stick Sailor

un-com-mon Jasabi Lhuntse

Neptis radha Great Yellow Sailer Common Rabung Lhuntse

Neptis sankara Broad-banded Sailer Common Dungkar Lhuntse

Neptis sappho Common Glider Common Jasabi LhuntseNeptis zaida Variable Sailor Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Neurosigma siva Panther un-com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Nymphalis antiopa Camberwall Beauty Common Tang Bumthang

Parantica melaneus Chocolate Tiger un-com-mon Jasabi Lhuntse

Parantica sita Chestnut Tiger Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Parasarpa dudu White Commo-dore Common Ney Lhuntse

Phalanta phalantha Common Leop-ard

un-com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Polyura dolon Stately nawab Common Gangzur LhuntsePseudergolis wedah Tabby Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Raphicera moorei Small Tawny Wall Common Sephu Wangdue

Sephisa chandra Eastern Courtier Common Ney LhuntseStibochiona nicea Popinjay Common Jasabi LhuntseSymbrenthia lilaea Common Jester Common Dungkar LhuntseSymbrenthia niph-anda Blue-Tail Jester Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Tirumala septen-trionis Dark Blue Tiger Common Gangzur Lhuntse

54 5455 55

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Vanessa cardui Painted Lady Very com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Vanessa indica Indian Red Ad-miral

Very com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

Ypthima baldus Common Five-ring Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Ypthima nareda Large Three-ring Common Dungkar Lhuntse

Ypthima sakra Himalayan Five-ring

Very com-mon Gangzur Lhuntse

d) PAPILIONIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Byasa alcinous Chinese Wind-mill Common Sephu Wangdue

Byasa dasarada Great Windmill Common Gangzur LhuntseByasa latreillei Rose Windmill Common Ney Lhuntse

Byasa polyeuctes Common Wind-mill Common Ney Lhuntse

Graphium agamem-non Tailed Jay Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Graphium cloanthus Glassy Bluebottle Common Nubi Trongsa

Graphium sarpedon Common Blue-bottle Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Issoria isaea Queen of Spain Fritillary Common Thangbi Bumthang

Papilio alcmenor Rebreast Common Gangzur LhuntsePapilio arcturus Blue Peacock Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Papilio bianor Common Pea-cock

Very common Gangzur Lhuntse

Papilio bootes Tailed Redbreast Common Nubi TrongsaPapilio helenus Red Helen Common Gangzur Lhuntse

papilio machaon Common Yellow Swallowtail Common Khaktang Bumthang

Papilio memnon Great Mormon Common Tang Bumthang

54 5455 55

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality DzongkhagPapilio paris Paris Peacck Common Gangzur LhuntsePapilio protenor Spangle Common Ney LhuntseParnassius hard-wickii

Common Blue Apollo Common Tang Bumthang

e) PIERIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Aporia harrietae Bhutan Blackvein Un-Com-mon Nasphel Bumthang

Appias indra Plain Puffin Common Gangzur LhuntseAppias lalage Spot Puffin Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Emigrant Common Tang BumthangCepora nadina Lesser Gull Common Nye LhuntseCepora nerissa Common Gull Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Colias fieldii Dark Cluded Yellow Common Jasabi Lhuntse

Delias belladonna Hill Jezebel Common Gangzur LhuntseDelias berinda Dark Jezebel Common Dungkar LhuntseDelias sanaca Pale Jezebel Common Nye LhuntseDercas lycorias Plain Sulphur Common Nubi Lhuntse

Eurema hecabe Common Grass Yellow Common Gangzur Bumthang

Gonepteryx mah-aguru Lesser Brimstone Common Khagtang Trongsa

Gonepteryx rhamni Common Brim-stone Common Thangbi Bumthang

Hebomoia glaucippe Great Orange Tip Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Ixias pyrene Yellow Orange Tip Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Pieris brassicae Large Cabbage White Common Gangzur Lhuntse

56 5657 57

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag

Pieris canidia Indian Cabbage White Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Pieris erutae Asian Green-veined White

Very common Dhur Bumthang

Pieris napi Green-Veined White Common Gangzur Lhuntse

Prioneris thestylis Spotted Sawtooth Common Gangzur Lhuntse

f) RIODINIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality DzongkhagAbisara fylla Dark Judy Common Jasabee LhuntseAbisara neophtron Tailed Judy Common Jasabee LhuntseDodona adonira Striped Punch Common Rubang LhuntseDodona dipoea Lesser Punch Common Gangzur LhuntseDodona egeon Orange Punch Common Jasabee LhuntseDodona eugenes Tailed Punch Common Dungkar LhuntseDodona ouida Mixed Punch Common Jasabee LhuntseZemeros flegyas Punchinello Common Jasabee Lhuntse

56 5657 57

Transect survey on Butterfly is one of the recommended methodology use by all the butterfly expertise so far. Area inhabited by butterfly should be identified, mapped and declared as important habitat for particulars butterfly species.

The study on habitat use pattern of bears and other flagship species is required. The availability of suitable habitats can therefore be mapped on general land use maps so that necessary steps can be taken to protect and restore such habitats for conservation of bear and other mammal population.

Patrolling and monitoring entire protected areas is currently an ambitious and unrealistic task. To make this problem more manageable, the zoning should be done and the core zonesshould be established. Patrolling efforts of field staffs could

7Recommendation

then be focused on these zones.

Crop raiding, livestock predating and bear attack on human are a serious problem. Further, the expansion of cultivated areas and increasing numbers of livestock are leading to an increasing use of forest areas, which probably increases the frequency of such conflicts. Park management should therefore distinguish the area used by bears and by corn farmers; potentially park zoning should be done. Cattle grazing, illicit cutting and lopping of trees should be completely banned in bear areas.

In order to reduce crop depredation by bears, protection measures such as co-operative crop guarding, proper fencing, scaring sounds or frightening devices such as fire sticks or crackers should be encouraged.

58 5859 59

A systematic survey (e.g. camera trapping) should be carried out across the protected area to gather further information onwhich carnivore species are occurring in this area and what their distribution patterns are.

Bears being the largest- bodied seed dispersers in the forest areas, howeverdetails of their roles in this crucial process are little known (Japan Bear Network, 2006). So the research on role of bears in seed dispersal has to be carried out.

Poaching of bears for trade of bear parts is affecting the bear populations. Therefore, the people should be discouraged from using the bear bile as medicine, meat for consumption, skull and bones as trophies, and other body parts for religious belief.

Public understanding and support for Butterfly conservation are also important factors for effective conservation. Education and other outreach program can increase the effect of Butterfly conservation in future.

58 5859 59

1. Ek-Amnuay,P.(2012) Butterflies of Thailand 2nd Revised edition.Bangkok:Baan:Baan LaeSuan Amarin Printing and Publishing.

2. Haibal,M.(1992) The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History. Thomson Press (India) Ltd.Faridabad, Hariyana

3. Japan Butterfly Conservation Society (Ed) (2011) Field Guide to the Butterflies of Japan.Seibun do-Shinkosha, Tokyo.

4. Kehimkar, I.(2008) The book of Indian Butterflies. Bombay Natural History Society. Oxford University Press, India.

5. Khamal, B.and Smith.(1996) Butterflies of Kathmandu valley (Nepal).Know Nepal series No.3.Tecpress Books,Bangkok,Thailand

6. Osad,S.,Uemura,Y.and Uehara,J.Edited by Nishiyama,Y.(1999) An Illustrated checklist of the Butterflies of Laos P.D.R.Mokuyo,Thiland.

7. Smith, C. (1989) Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalaya).Tecpress service L.P., Pratunam, and Bangkok, Thailand.

8. Smith, C., (1998) Butterflies of Annapurna Conservation Area project, National Trust for Nature Conservation,Kathmandu, Nepal.

9. Smith, C. (2006) Illustrated Checklist of Nepal’s Butterflies. Walden Book House, Kathmandu, Nepal.

10. Smith, C. (2011) A Photographic Pocket Guide to Butterflies of Nepal: In Natural Environment Himalayan Map House Pvt.Ltd.

11. Sbordoni,V.,Bozano,G.C.,Wangdi,K.,Sherub,Marta.,S.and Cesaroni,D. (2015) Towards a georeferanced Checklist of the Butterflies of Bhutan:A preliminary Account (Insect:Lepidoptera).Hartmann & Weipert:Biodiversity and Naturausstatungim Himalaya V.-Erfurt 2015

8Reference

60 6061 61

12. Sondhu, S. and Kunte,K. (2014) Butterflies and Moths of Pakke Tiger Reserve.India: Titli Trust and Foundation for Butterflies (Bengaluru).

13. Sondhi,S.,Kunte.,K.,Agavekar,G.,Lovalekar,R.and Tokekar,K.(2013) Butterflies of the GaroHilla.Samrakshan Trust (New Delhi), Titli Trust (Dehradun) and Indian Foundation for Butterflies (Bengaluru).

14. Van der Poel,P. and Wangchuk,T. (2007) Butterflies of Bhutan,Mountains,Hills and valleys between 800-3000m.Royal Society for Protection of Nature ,Thimphu.

60 6061 61

Aestivation: Dormancy during hot,dry periods

Anal Fold: Portion of the hind wing that folds against the abdomen when at rest

Androconium: Specialized scale that produces pheromones

Antennae: Sensory appendages (feelers) on apex of Butterfly’s head

Brood: A generation of young from a common female camouflage

Catepillar: Also called “Larva”(pl.larvae),the second stage of a Butterfly’s life

Cell: Area of wing encircled by veins

Chitin: The liquid produced by the insect’s body which hardens to form the exoskeleton,the chrysalis,and the wing membrance

Chrysalis: The resting stage of butterfly between the larval and adult stages

Claspers: Appendages at the end of the abdomen of males to secure the female during mating

Cline: Sligh change in physical appearance from one geographical region to another

Cocoon: The resting stage of a moth between larva and adult

Compound Eye: An eye made up of many light-sensitive facets

Control: To test or verify a scientific experiment by a parallel experiment or other standard of comparison

Costa: Upper edge of wings

9Glossary

62 6263 63

Cremaster: Hook-bearing structure which attaches the pupa to a twig when becoming a chrysalis

Crochets: Tiny hooks on prologs of caterpillars

Diapause: Period of inactivity caused by environmental factors

Dimorphism: The presence of two distinct forms within a species

Disk: Central portion of wing

Dormant: In a sleeping position;state of minimal activity

Dorsal: Upper side of the wing

Endemic: Limited to a specific geographic area

Exoskeleton: Hard external shell covering the pupa or adult

Frass: Caterpillar poop

Frenate: Bristles on hind wing that lock into hairs of forewing

Girdle: Silken harness spun by some caterpillars to suspend itself from a vertical surface

Gynandromorph: Having both male and female characteristics

Hair pencil: Cluster of hairlike scale utilized during courtship

Hemolymph: Body fluids of Lepidoptera (butterfly blood)

Host Plant: Larval food plant

Instar: Period between molts (shedding of old exoskeleton)

Larva: The caterpillar stage of a butterfly’s life;the young stage of an insect

Lens: One part of an insect’s eye which focuses light

Lepidoptera: Order of insects in which butterflies and moths are classified;the meaning is “scaled wings”

Lipid: Fats internally retained for fuel during migratory flights

Lunule: Crescent-shaped spot on wing

Margin: Edge of wing

Mimicry: Imitating a harmful insect or plant to escape predators

62 6263 63

Molt: Shedding of old exoskeleton to allow a new period of growth

Nectar: Liquid produced by plants that is ingested by butterflies and some moths

Ocelli: Cosmetic eyespots used for protection or the simple eyes of caterpillars

Oviposit: To lay eggs

Ovipositor: Structrure at tip of female abdomen which deposits eggs

Osmeterium: Fleshy organ that can be extended from behind the head by swallowtail caterpillars that emits an unfavorable odor to fend off predators

Palpi: Pair of furry facial appendages to clean and protect the proboscis

Pheromones: Scent produced to initiate sexual activity pollination: The moving of pollen from the male to the female parts of a flower

Polymorphism: Serveral forms occurring within the same species

Predators: Animals that kill and eat others

Proboscis: Long, slender sucking tube used for feeding pupa: The resting form before emeringing as an adult pupate:The act of becoming a pupa (change from a caterpillars to a chrysalis)

Race: Subaspecies; a distinctive population

Roost: Gathering spot to spend the night or the winter

Scales: The millions of modified hairs forming shingle like plates covering moth’s and butterflie’s wings

Sex Patch: Pad of scent scales on wings

Shelter: Place, home, or dwelling to be safefrom the elements

Spiracles: Breathing holes positioned along the abdomen

Spinneret: Gland beneath the caterpillar’s head used for prududing silk