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7/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
1/71
A F EA whitepaper rom Facebook, Ericsson and Qualcomm
September 16, 2013
table o contents
1 E S
22 D C I
30 Bdg M E App
42 Fk E Ph
49 Q:
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executive summary
7/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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executive summary
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7/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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Facebook.com was frst coded in PHP, which was perect or the quick iterations
that have since defned our style o product rollouts and release engineering. PHP
is a dynamically-typed programming language, allowing or greater speed than
a statically-typed language like C++. As a programming language, PHP is simple
to learn, write, read and debug. New engineers at Facebook can contribute a lotaster with PHP than with other languages, producing a aster pace o innovation.
However, it soon became clear that i Facebook were to scale exponentially, PHP
would be an obstacle to achieving this eciently. Although PHP enabled speedy
shipping o new products and changes to the service, its continued use would
require exponentially more servers. A new approach was needed.
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executive summary
o avoid having to rewrite the entire site in a new programming language, ourinrastructure team developed new ways to run PHP aster. In 2010 we built a tool
called HipHop , that
transormed PHP source code into highly optimized C++ beore it hit the servers,
allowing ewer machines to be utilized. HipHop or PHP allows 50 percent more
trac to be processed on the same machines than original PHP. Tis signifcant
perormance improvement was realized through various optimization techniques in
the HipHop compiler and the run-time system including almost-serialization-ree
APC, aster serialization and JSON encoding, less reerence counting, more com-pact binary code, improved memory allocation and aster compilation.
Although HipHop provided signifcant gains in the perormance o Facebooks
code, its reliance on static compilation made optimizing code time consuming.
Te team also developed a separate HipHop interpreter (HPHP) that required
signifcant eort to maintain. o overcome those constraints, the team soon
refned the approach underlying HipHop and determined that greater ecien-
cies could be achieved by building a virtual machine that would convert PHP
directly into native machine code. A small team was created to experiment with
d PHP d h d, d 2011 h Hp
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https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D280583813919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://github.com/facebook/hiphop-phphttps://github.com/facebook/hiphop-phphttps://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D2805838139197/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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p h wh h Op Cp Pj. Tgh h , Fk
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https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/101511425605389207/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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executive summary
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executive summary
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iversity o evices an oeratin systems
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executive summary
EDGE . Ad d p -
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k Id)
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consumin less ata
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https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D761915439197/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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d p d g w w d :
Educate engineers and equip them with necessary
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fh h . T
g w hd h d p h
: g, pw g,
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ata center inrastructure
outoor air coolin
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h . T hgh d d h
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d. T d d, d w g h w d dpg w w.
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p h gf hgg qd w w p
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Hot Aisle
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Hot Aisle
CommonReturn Air
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Relief Air
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FanWall
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FilterWall
Relief Air
Fan
Hot Aisle
ReliefAir
Hot Aisle
Return Air
100%
Outside AirIntake
CommonCold Aisle
ServerCabinets
ServerCabinets
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ata center inrastructure
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w wd h dw h w k p 2-% h g p- p , pd wh h p 10-20%.
oer manaement
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pw p, h g g pw , g
hgh g hgh h , d g hg h d
d f .
A d h p pw pp dg h gp
w pw g d h kp g kk . T L
d w, p-pdg UPS h d
g p 12%. Ad g h h gd L, w h
d kp g 0%.
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ata center inrastructure
Industry Standard
Open Compute Project
1.9PUE
1.07PUE
08:21AM.Today
Power Usage
Effectiveness
(PUE)
Water Usage
Effectiveness
(WUE)
Humidity
(Outdoors)
Temperture
(Outdoors)
1.07
9.17
77%
58o
L/kWh
/100%
F/14.2oC
Next Update:
45 seconds
2.5 hour delay
24 hour period
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ata center inrastructure
vani ty-ree serv er esin
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p z h f w dg. Wh w d w
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w , d w d. Idd d gz h
d gg d d k p gdg, d fg, dg p h h
w .
S h , p OCP pj w wkg :
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ata center inrastructure
netor sitc
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d w w d p h w h h.
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wkg Fd, d VMw pg pp.
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pd h d h h hg d d ,
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col storae
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Network
Storage
Server
Rack
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Interconnect
HDFS
Linux
Co-lo
Co-lo Greenfield Cold Storage
Open Rack
Open Stack IPMI2-socker
Intel/AMD
Group Hug +
ARM SOCs
Swift Posix Open Vault
HardwareOperating
System
Cold Storage
SDN
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ata center inrastructure
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g wh hgh p w .
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h. T p q w, d d.
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p h d - hg d
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h < hp://www.pp.g/wp/wp-/pd/2013/01/Op_C-p_Pj_Cd_Sg_Spf_0.5.pd>.
isareate rac
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Silicon photonics: Intel is contributing designs for its upcoming silicon
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Group HugFacebook is contributing a specication for a new common slot
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ata center inrastructure
New SOCs: AMD, Applied Micro, Calxeda, and Intel have all announced
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d p.
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builin more eicient as T hp p h hg dp dg
pp dgd h q d d
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d dg h
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p.
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p h h dd h qk d p, wh-
h h wd. T h pp d h d
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d.
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pp h p h gg gh
h J V Mh h gf h d p
h pp.
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aceboo users are every ere
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pp J 2013. d g p h Fk
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h wd . Dg p; h d,
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ones come in all s aes an sies
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pp dp, qg h h pp p d
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d h dp, h p h d h p
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p h , p d h Fk pp.
netor connectivity is unevenly istribute
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d . A , h q d pd
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pk , pd pk, d pk dg. T w p d
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Simulate mobile radio technologies over Wi-Fi. (e.g. 2G, EDGE, 3G, 4G)
Simulate conditions in various countries. (e.g. what the Facebook app feelsk Id)
Simulate problematic service. (e.g. slow DNS, intermittent connection,
kd p, fw)
Simulate various levels of network capacity and congestion including peak
wk h
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builin more eicient as
A C h dg h
w wk, d h wd h g hdg h -
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resolution
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builin more eicient as
h z qd, wh w h h ? U, h
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hgh h pp.
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p g h , pdg d g
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dwd d w g , wh g dwdh .
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18050p ph d w, d g g g
ph. A , w w h h g w hgh 25-30%.
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d g q.
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wh pp q, whh pp g
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Pk Sg N R (PSNR), S S (SSIM), d M-
S S S (MS-SSIM).
A Fk, w MS-SSIM g q, h
qf pp g q. I p SSIM,
MS-SSIM h g p , whh w
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builin more eicient as
d h g h d h g
w. Wh MS-SSIM d SSIM h d, h WP
p dpp p MS-SSIM h SSIM. h h
MS-SSIM , WP h h hgh SSIM g h JPEG.
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convertin to eb at scale
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d d. S ddg h WP 2/3 h h w, w
pg wh p ddg , d g h
dp h g. T wd w h w h
h, d d h h h h g.
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builin more eicient as
Mg hg p h hg. S dkp,
d hg JPEG, h h CDN
k d h JPEG h h h WP. T p
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WP h h g dwdh, w pd -
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gg h JPEG.
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d WP, w w h d 20% wk , wh-
q.
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pd, Fk g gg phg d hg g. T
h d d p ph h wh d
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g p. Ig h d g, hwh
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p p, h Fk Add d H d h
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d. T w p d d g g
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d p d d k H, d g
d d Sg -> D U d Ig Q (d
Md).
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p h wd dgd g w-d . W ddd h
wh d h d p, w j dwd d hw p
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builin more eicient as
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p w hd w h whh w
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g . W-F h pw h
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pg hgh p. T h h ddd f dg h p
pp d p d .
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builin more eicient as
T hgh wkg ph d h d wk -
h d. T kp h d hgh g fd
pd gd h z d pk d. A, h
wk p. T, h ph h d
p p d wk p. Cq,
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f h p, wh g h g h d
h UI. O w w kd h p-hg p g
h d h pd d wkg p h d p h
g h.
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d h d d pw d h . F ,
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h pw pf.
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h pp ggd wh Fk h h w wd h
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pg h p h d.
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p wh pg .
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pw p dd h Fk .
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d d wh h d Wf hgh d (g
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wd g wh dg g d---
k . A , h pg hd kgd hg p-
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builin more eicient as
p pw g h f w wh
hg w .
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d p h d d pp. W h
d w k h . hg k Bh, W-F
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p g w d d d hg h
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hpg g.
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d wh kg w pd h
hgh q h w. W d
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I dd pzg Add pp, w dg pp ph dgd
w dwdh wh Fk E Ph,
pd h Sp . Fk E Ph
g d h
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d p ph p d p,
w d h d Fk.
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p wh h . Fk qd h
p d -ppd hg k
Fk .
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h p wh dpg Fk
E Ph, d h d hpg d
p pp
dpg .
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ph w p -ph, h h
qk. d h hg d -ph,
d h h h wd w h h -ph k-
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p ( d-) 2015. E h k- p, h
d -ph k .
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ph h h, . T ,
w p h w d - Fk
E Ph pf dp h d gdg h -
z pp dgph.
Design Goals and PhilosophyT pd h pp d h hgh- dg g h
Fk E Ph .
Size MattersT w g dgd p wh hd:
1. A w d wk pp (2G wk).
2. Ph wh d pg pw ( q 500k R AM).
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p d. S k h
.
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pd pd hd:
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aceboo or every one
{Screen resolutions} {Color depths} {Portrait | Landscape}
{Input: T9 / Qwerty / Touch /... } x {Vendors} x {Generation}
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w d p:
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Application Serverthis component hosts the application-level logic, which
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pf d p, d h
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g-d w ddg h h -d, wh g
w qg pgd. P pd w qk
fd wh h d g pd.
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aceboo or every one
ArchitectureT wg dg z hw h Sp g dpd Fk:
A d , h Gw h p h p d
dp d z. T App S h pp-
g. T g h d g h C
d. T App S FB k-d d h I.
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p z w h d h , d z
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FB APIs
Camera
Contacts
...
Infrastructure
Internet
RPC Layer
Image Server
SnaptuApp Server
Gateway
Client
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aceboo or every one
p. Bg z d d , h d h
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p p g h f p. T h h d
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g wh h d d h.
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pz d hg/pd h w . W
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whh h h d wh f h .
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g. T d p, d d.
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hg p h hg gh h d
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.
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aceboo or every one
Font RenderingW dd whh h d w. T p d h pph, h d g d-
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h , d wh p w h d g pd
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Understanding and Meeting CustomerExpectations Will Reward Operators withSuperior Mobile Broadband Networks
smart mobile evices rive ne user beaviors an exectations
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ericsson:
y su erior ne torerormance matters
Figure 1. Global Smartphones, Mobile PCs and Tablets Subscriptions
Source: Ericsson trafc and market report, 2012
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Figure 2. Key Drivers for Smartphone Usage
Source: Ericsson consumerLab, 2012
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Figure 3. Non-Voice usage of Smartphones
Source: Ericsson consumerLab, 2011
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Do you experience issues with your smartphone?Ag h p d, h g -
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at is netor ualit y
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Convenienceusers want to carry out tasks with little eort or diculty.
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a su erior ne tor r ives cust omer satisaction
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rom Superior Networkselstra, AustraliaHg hgh-q d p wk
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suerior erormance
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sit imlementation
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tunin to maximie current assets
p p wk p d d- p
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service assurance
j kg p-
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Figure 5. A Superior Network makes a Difference for Operators
Source: Ericsson, 2012
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.2
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
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Typical Network
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Prob
ability
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8 h d-dw p dd . T
g g d gh kg pf wh g
pzd d p p h d
dd h .
ConclusionM dd gd h , d h
dpd g w wh h pd pk -
ph, wh h d d pp ddd
d wh. g g phd, wh gp wh h w w h h p
, ppg p p g pg h
p.
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q ddg h p h p: , pp d
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wh h d , wk p d z h ,
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d p p.
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d hgh pd d h g d dd
. g w hgh fd
d h khd wh h pdd h
p d h h. wk wh p p
g h p , p d
w d, php p, kp g hpp.
I p d wd, the network is one o the key diferentiators.
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hgh-d d -k d, d g d
h d wk h , p, d wh
p p, w k d, h
d p.
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Reerences1. E 2012, d k p, J 2012, d 10 J 2012,
2. E CL 2012, Sd Sph g p
3. E CL p 2012
. E L p 2011
5. J.D.pw d , h Gw-h p, 2012, 2012
W Nwk Q Sd, d 10 J 2012,
6. Cp Ld 2012, N G Nwk Wk B
p, d 10 J 2012,
. I & d 2012, d: V wk g
d q d
8. E 2012, E p , d 30 J 2012,
http://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-reporthttp://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.ericsson.com/%20ourportfolio/products/customer-experience-assurancehttp://www.ericsson.com/%20ourportfolio/products/customer-experience-assurancehttp://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-report7/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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Further Reading
consumerlab researc
F App Ed S
hp://www..//d/2011/__h_.pd
Egg App C
hp://www..//d/2012/_gg_pp_.pd
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ericsson traic an maret reort
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hp://www..//d/2011/11101_ph_h.pd
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/silicon_valley_brochure_letter.pdf%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-report%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/region_raSo/docs/2012/ericsson_prepaid_paper_june.pdf%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/111014_smartphone_brochure.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/111014_smartphone_brochure.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/region_raSo/docs/2012/ericsson_prepaid_paper_june.pdf%20http://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-report%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/silicon_valley_brochure_letter.pdf%207/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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conclusion Mkg d I h pp dpd h d hg
d p h
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h d k h gh q d w d g h
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sources
Ad:
hp://www.k.//k-gg/d-h-hd-h-
dp-dd-f--wh-d-d--
/1015088859153920
C:
hp://www.k.//k-gg/d-h-hd-hd-
g-pd-j---wh-/1015112560538920
Gph:
hp://www.k.//k-gg/g-ph-gph----dg/1015161006153920
HpHp:
hp://www.k.//k-gg/hphp--php--p-
z---/1015012138198920
HHVM:
hp://www.k./.php?_d=10150151928920
HHVM:
hp://www.k.//k-gg/pdg-p-php-d-
dp-wh-hphp-/101511060698920
OCP/D
W :
hp://www.pp.g/2012/08/09/w----
k-p-d-/
OCP S IV:
hp://www.pp.g/2013/01/16/p---kg-p-h--
h/Cg:
hp://www.pp.g/2012/11/1/g--p-d----h-d-
hd-/
o7
https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-hadoop-distributed-filesystem-reliability-with-namenode-and-avata/10150888759153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-hadoop-distributed-filesystem-reliability-with-namenode-and-avata/10150888759153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-hadoop-distributed-filesystem-reliability-with-namenode-and-avata/10150888759153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scaling-apache-giraph-to-a-trillion-edges/10151617006153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scaling-apache-giraph-to-a-trillion-edges/10151617006153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/hiphop-for-php-more-optimizations-for-efficient-servers/10150121348198920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/hiphop-for-php-more-optimizations-for-efficient-servers/10150121348198920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/speeding-up-php-based-development-with-hiphop-vm/10151170460698920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/speeding-up-php-based-development-with-hiphop-vm/10151170460698920http://www.opencompute.org/2012/08/09/water-efficiency-at-facebooks-prineville-data-center/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/08/09/water-efficiency-at-facebooks-prineville-data-center/http://www.opencompute.org/2013/01/16/ocp-summit-iv-breaking-up-the-monolith/http://www.opencompute.org/2013/01/16/ocp-summit-iv-breaking-up-the-monolith/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/11/14/cooling-an-ocp-data-center-in-a-hot-and-humid-climate/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/11/14/cooling-an-ocp-data-center-in-a-hot-and-humid-climate/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/11/14/cooling-an-ocp-data-center-in-a-hot-and-humid-climate/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/11/14/cooling-an-ocp-data-center-in-a-hot-and-humid-climate/http://www.opencompute.org/2013/01/16/ocp-summit-iv-breaking-up-the-monolith/http://www.opencompute.org/2013/01/16/ocp-summit-iv-breaking-up-the-monolith/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/08/09/water-efficiency-at-facebooks-prineville-data-center/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/08/09/water-efficiency-at-facebooks-prineville-data-center/https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/speeding-up-php-based-development-with-hiphop-vm/10151170460698920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/speeding-up-php-based-development-with-hiphop-vm/10151170460698920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/hiphop-for-php-more-optimizations-for-efficient-servers/10150121348198920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/hiphop-for-php-more-optimizations-for-efficient-servers/10150121348198920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scaling-apache-giraph-to-a-trillion-edges/10151617006153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scaling-apache-giraph-to-a-trillion-edges/10151617006153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-hadoop-distributed-filesystem-reliability-with-namenode-and-avata/10150888759153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-hadoop-distributed-filesystem-reliability-with-namenode-and-avata/10150888759153920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-hadoop-distributed-filesystem-reliability-with-namenode-and-avata/101508887591539207/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper
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http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/