A Framework for Sustainable Aviation · Sustainability Framework Communicate Iterate Improve 2005 2006 2007 SEE Mission: Research in sustainable development of aviation Understanding

EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE1

SUSTAIN: A Framework for Sustainable Aviation

Ted ElliffResearch Area Manager,

Society, Environment & Economy


SEMANTICS (1)

The Oxford English Dictionary defines sustainable as follows:

sustainable (adj):Capable of being borne or endured; supportable,

bearable

Capable of being upheld or defended; maintainable

Capable of being maintained at a certain rate or level


SEMANTICS (2)

The Indian Director of St. Joseph’s College, Darjeeling, India, Milindo Chakrabarti, pointed out that sustainable development is an oxymoron like “bright darkness” or an “honest liar”.

(development : “growth with change”)

Growth the “raison d’être” of our modern society, should be questioned in itself, mainly because of the irreversible effects on the environment. For aviation, these include gaseous emissions and oil consumption.


The Regulators:

“Time to decide” – European Transport Policy for 2010

Promoting passengers rights

Towards sustainable mobility – fair infrastructure charging, taking account of external costs

Managing globalisation – improving safety and protecting the environment


Industry

“Growth is essential for business”


• the trend in the size and number of discoveries has been declining since 1965

• OPEC has the taps wide open, and is just meeting demand

• Royal Dutch Shell had to revise downward its estimate of proven reserves by 20%

• demand continues to grow - CHINA!• the remaining conventional reserves will be more costly to

extract• non-conventional reserves are costly to extract

“This Industry doesn’t work on $38-a-barrel-oil”Gordan Bethune, Chairman and CEO, Continental Airlines, April 16, 2004

The end of Cheap Oil?


Reducing Fuelburn?


Project Definition and Objective

The objective of the Phase2 study was the definition of an initial set of indicators for trend evaluation of the social, environmental, and economic impacts of the air transport sector on society in Europe, as a step towards assessing its sustainability.

Results presented here are preliminary – and are for discussion of the concept

Feedback welcome!


Methodology Definition

Two Dimensional framework to provide a pertinent segmentation of Air Transport issues and impacts across thematic domains

ManufacturersManufacturers AirportsAirports

Civil AirspaceUsers

Civil AirspaceUsers

ANSPsANSPs

PassengersPassengers

Upstream effects

Downstreameffects

Horizontal organisation of air transport activities

Ve

rtic

al o

rga

nisa

tion

of

air

tra

nsp

ort

ac

tiviti

es

Military Airspace Users



Methodology and data sources

Literature review and web search for collecting publicly available information, definitions, and existing indicators was performed

Feasibility of trend monitoring and data (homogeneity of trafficsample, relevance of accessible data, etc.) was studied.

Stakeholder definition: At the starting point of the supply chain are “Manufacturers” (including engine and airframe), “ANSPs”, and “Airports”. These are feeding the “users”, both civil and military, with products and services. Passengers are in direct relation with civil airspace users, and in direct and indirect relation with airports. And citizens as a receiver from all other stakeholders.


Indicator Selection

The methodology relies on the construction of a generic framework covering the traditional 3 dimensions of sustainability: economic, environment and social for selected stakeholders.

Literature Review

List of Possible Indicators

Selection Criteria*Data Availability

*Relevance of the indicator forselected stakeholder

… Proposed Indicators

Data collection and trend calculations

Trend Monitoring

Stakeholder categories and relationship

For each stakeholder and each sustainability dimension:


Indicators Relevance Check List

1. Does the selected indicator support sustainability target?2. Does the indicator correspond to the selected stakeholder most significant

environmental, social, or economic aspect?3. Does this indicator indicate timely progress towards a SMART pre-

determined target(s), objective or policy?4. Is the data easily obtainable and reliable for all European stakeholders?5. Does the indicator have clearly defined methodology, data requirements

and continuity for trend monitoring?6. Is the indicator methodology validated and harmonized?7. Are they incontrollable influencing factors on the selected indicator, (Those

factors that can affect the performance; Is it possible to measure them?)8. Is the indicator consistent or supporting European or international targets

(Such as EC, ICAO, CAEP, ACI, etc…) and can be aggregated for all Europe?

All candidate indicators are reviewed with the supporting checklist of criteria:


Society

People exposed above

55 Lden

Number of Destinations &

Total flights

Number of Jobs

Delays due to military

activities

TotalQuota Count

of a fleet

Number of jobs

ANSPs

Citizens

Manufacturers Civil Airspace Users


PassengersAirports GLOBAL VIEW

Accidents

Total flights


Environment

ANSPs

Citizens




Flight Efficiency

Average fuelflow for

aircraft familyTotal Fuel burn Total Fuel Sold

Local Air Pollution

(NOx)

CO2 per Passengerkilometre

Share of aviation CO2In total CO2 Emissions


Economic

ANSPs

Citizens




Total cost Per km

Controlled

Operating Profit Margin



Air Transport price index

Wage Bill (employment

x salaries)

Fuel cost in defence budget


Trend example: Manufacturers - SOC

200'000

250'000

300'000

350'000

400'000

450'000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

nu

mb

er

of

job

sAircraft and Engine manufacturersNumber of employeesSources: - ‘AECMA Facts and Figures ‘ 1999 to 2003


Trend example: Passengers - ENV

CO2 per passenger kilometre

Sources:

- TRENDS workbook

- TRENDS_EU15_data_Sep03.xls

Data:

- Air Transport Data: It includes all domestic, intra EU15 and international flights in EU15 countries

-Data extracted from the database are Total CO2 and total Passenger Km

Eurostat air transport CO2 per passenger km Data

125

130

135

140

145

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

CO

2(t)

/ P

KM


Trend example: ANSP - ECO

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

20032002200120001999

€ /

KM

ANS Cost ATFM Delay cost

Definition: En-route ANS + cost of ATFM delays


Summary

People exposed above

65 Lden

Number of Destinations x

frequency

Number of Jobs

Volume of Airspace x time

Number of Jobsor QC

of the fleetNumber of jobs

ANSPs (civil + military)

Citizens

Manufacturers (engine + aircraft)

Civil Airspace Users (airlines + gen. aviation)


PassengersAirports GLOBAL VIEWSynthesis of stakeholders

Accidents per km flown

Total cost Per km

Controlled (including delay

Flight Efficiency



Operating Profit

Margin, orShare of fuel cost

in total cost

Trip cost (ticket +

charges + Delay)

Wage Bill

?Fuel cost in

defence budget

Average fuelflow

Fuel burn Fuel burn

Local Air Pollution

(NOx per LTO)

CO2 per Passengerkilometre

Share of aviation CO2In total CO2 Emissions

MACROSCOPIC VIEW

Contribution to GDP

Total employment

Non ren. resources

consumption


Framework for Sustainability


Stakeholder Social Environmental Economic

ANSPs

Accidents per total number of flights

☺

Flight efficiency (extra distance flown)

Total cost per kilometre controlled (capacity + delay)

☺

Engine Aircraft Manufacturers

Number of jobs

Average fuel flow for a selected aircraft family

☺

Operating profit margin

☺

Civil airspace users

Noise: Total QC of the EU fleet

Total fuel burn

☺


Military airspace users

Percentage of en route delays due to military activities

☺

Total fuel sold to military aircraft operations

?

Military fuel cost in defence budget

?

Airport

Number of jobs

☺

(SOPHOS Airport Energy Indicator can replace this)

?


☺

Passengers

Number of destinations & total number of flights

☺

CO2 per passenger kilometer

☺

Ticket fares (Air Transport Price Index)

☺

Citizens

People exposed above 55 Lden

☺

Share of aviation CO2 in total CO2

Wage bill

?

Results


Modelling&

Assessingscenarios

Sustainability Framework

CommunicateIterateImprove

2005 2006 2007

SEE Mission:

Research in sustainable development of aviation

Understanding

Assessing

Improving

SEE Strategy:

To develop a framework to understand, assess and improve the management of the sustainable development of aviation

EEC Strategy

Documents

A Framework for Sustainable Aviation · Sustainability Framework Communicate Iterate Improve 2005 2006 2007 SEE Mission: Research in sustainable development of aviation Understanding