òâa áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£ · 2018-11-11 · [iii] TO ORDER WITH US SCHOOLS and TEACHERS: We are grateful for your support and patronage to ‘SURA PUBLICATIONS’ Kindly prepare

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Édh ÉilfŸ

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nkšÃiy - Kjyh« M©L

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áw¥g«r§fŸ

2018 M« M©o‰fhd òâa ghlüš gâ¥ã‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

xU kâ¥bg© Édh-ÉilfŸ ghlthÇahf ãÇ¤J ju¥g£LŸsd.

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ, ghl¥gFâ cŸ Édh¡fŸ, nj®î¡fhd K¡»a

Édh¡fŸ [BEQ], ca® tÇir áªjid Édh¡fŸ [HOTS] M»ait

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd.

Kjš gUt ïil¤ nj®î (2018-19) [First Mid-18] Édh ÉilfŸ

nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd.

2019M« M©L muR bghJ¤ nj®î¡F ga‹jU« tifÆš

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Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°

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1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš : X® m¿Kf« .............................. 1 - 8

2. Ef®î¥ gF¥ghŒî .............................................................. 8 - 17

3. c‰g¤âgF¥ghŒî..........................................................17-27

4. bryî k‰W« tUthŒ g‰¿a MŒî ............................ 28 - 33

5. m§fho mik¥ò« Éiy Ã®zaK« ........................... 34 - 40

6. g»®î g‰¿a MŒî .......................................................... 41 - 47

7. ïªâa¥bghUshjhu«..................................................47-57

8. ïªâa¥bghUshjhu«

Rjªâu¤â‰FK‹dU«ã‹dU«..............................57-63

9. ïªâahÉ‹nk«ghLmDgt§fŸ............................64-71

10. Cuf bghUshjhu« ......................................................... 71 - 78

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu« ........................................... 78 - 85

12. bghUËaY¡fhdfÂjKiwfŸ............................85-92

[iv]

bghUsl¡f«



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11-M« tF¥ò

bghUËaš

1 kâ¥bg© Édh ÉilfŸ

1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš : X® m¿Kf«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

rÇahd (mšyJ) bghU¤jkhd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¡fî«.

1. kÅjDila thœ¡ifÆ‹ m‹whl elto¡iffis g‰¿ bghUËaš MuhŒ»wJ v‹W T¿at®. [BEQ](m)Ml«°Ä¤ (M) ïyadšuhã‹°

(ï) Mš~ãu£kh®õš (<) rhKntšr‹

[Éil. (ï) Mš~ãu£ kh®õš]2. bghUshjhu¤âš eh« go¡F« mo¥gil¥ ãu¢rid

(m) v©z‰w ÉU¥g§fŸ

(M)mst‰wts§fŸ

(ï) g‰wh¡Fiw

(<) e«njitfis¥ó®¤âbrŒtj‰fhdc¤â

[Éil. (ï) g‰wh¡Fiw]3. E©Âaš bghUËaš vij cŸsl¡»aJ? [First Mid-18]

(m) x£Lbkh¤j¥bghUshjhu«

(M)bghUshjhu¤â‹gšntWJiwfŸ

(ï) jÅeg®bghUshjhuelto¡iffŸ

(<) x£Lbkh¤jbghUshjhu¤bjhl®ò

[Éil. (ï) jÅeg® bghUshjhu elto¡iffŸ]4. Ñœ¡f©lt‰¿š vJ E©Âaš bghUshjhu« rh®ªjJ?

[BEQ](m) flªj M©L c©ik cŸeh£L c‰g¤â 25%

mâfÇ¤JŸsJ.

(M)flªjM©L9.8%ciH¡F«r¡ântiyÆ‹ikÃiy¥bg‰WŸsJ.

(ï) nfhJikÆ‹Éiymj‹njitiaÃ®zÆ¡»wJ.

(<) flªjM©LbghJÉiy4%mâfÇ¤JŸsJ.

[Éil. (ï) nfhJikÆ‹ Éiy mj‹ njitia Ã®zÆ¡»wJ.]



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2 RuhÉ‹ 11 M« tF¥ò áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£ bghUËaš

5. bghUªjh x‹iw¡ f©l¿f. [BEQ; First Mid-18](m) “ehLfË‹bršt§fŸk‰W«fhuz§fis¡F¿¤jxU

Érhuiz”

(M)“bghUshjhu¡nfh£ghLfŸ”

(ï) “bghUshjhum¿ÉaÈ‹ïašò«mj‹áw¥ò«“

(<) “k‰witkhwhâU¡F«nghJ”

[Éil. (<) “k‰wit khwhâU¡F«nghJ”]6. rkÃiy Éiy v‹gJ mªj ÉiyÆš

(m) všyh«É‰f¥gL»wJ

(M)th§Fgt®fŸgz¤ijbryÉL»‹wd®

(ï) njitÆ‹msî«mË¥ã‹msî«rk«

(<) Äif¤njitó{Ía«

[Éil. (ï) njitÆ‹ msî« mË¥ã‹ msî« rk«]7. ehLfË‹ bršt« k‰W« fhuz§fis¡ F¿¤j xU

Érhuiz v‹w üÈ‹ MáÇa®

(m)Mš~ãu£kh®õš (M) Ml«°Ä¤

(ï) ïyadšuhã‹° (<) ghšmrhKntšr‹

[Éil. (M) Ml« °Ä¤]8. ÉU¥g§fnshL« »il¥gUikíŸs kh‰WtÊfËš

ga‹gl¤j¡f rhjd§fnshL« bjhl®òŸs kÅj elto¡iffis¥ g‰¿ gÆš»‹w m¿Éany bghUËayhF« v‹W ïy¡fz« tF¤jt®.

(m) ïyadšuhã‹° (M) Ml«°Ä¤

(ï) Mš~ãu£kh®õš (<) ghšmrhKntšr‹

[Éil. (m) ïyadš uhã‹°]9. bghUshjhu¤â‹ jªij ah®? [BEQ]

(m) kh¡°Kšy® (M) Ml«°Ä¤

(ï) fh®škh®¡° (<) ghšmrhKntšr‹

[Éil. (M) Ml« °Ä¤]10. bghUËaš v‹gJ xU r_fm¿Éaš v‹W TWt®. VbdÅš,

[BEQ](m) fhuz«k‰W«ÉisîfS¡»ilnacŸsbjhl®ò

(M)Éâfis cUth¡Ftj‰F bjhF¤jhŒî Kiwí«,

gF¤jhŒîKiwí«ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.

(ï) gÇnrhjidfŸ

(<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]



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RuhÉ‹ 11 M« tF¥ò bghUËaš 1 kâ¥bg© 7

nj®î¡fhd K¡»a Édh¡fŸ (BEQ)

1. òâa bghUshjhu¤â‹ jªij ah®?(m) kh®¡°Kšy® (M) Ml«°Ä¤

(ï) J.M.Ñ‹R (<) fh®škh®¡°

[Éil. (ï) J.M. Ñ‹R]2. “bghUËaš v‹gJ bršt¤ij¥ g‰¿a X® m¿Éaš” v‹W

T¿at® _______.

(m)Ml«°Ä¤ (M) ïyadšuhã‹°

(ï) Mš~ãu£kh®õš (<) rhKntšr‹

[Éil. (m) Ml«°Ä¤]3. TR = ________.

(m) P + Q (M) P – Q (ï) P ÷ Q (<) P × Q [Éil. (<) P × Q]

4. bjhF¤jhŒî Kiw _______ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.(m) gF¤j¿í«Kiw (M) fU¤âyhdKiw

(ï) bray¿Kiw (<) nk‰fhQ«mid¤J«

[Éil. (ï) bray¿ Kiw]5. bghUËaš F¿¥ãLtJ _______.

(m) g‰wh¡Fiwts§fS«F¿¥ã£lÉU¥g§fS«.

(M)kÅjÉU¥gK«ÃiwtiljY«.

(ï) bršt¤â‰F«nrÄ¥ã‰F«cŸsbjhl®ò.

(<) muRnkyh©ik.

[Éil. (M) kÅj ÉU¥gK« ÃiwtiljY«.]

ca® tÇir áªjid Édh¡fŸ (HOTS)

1. ngÇaš bghUËaš vij cŸsl¡»aJ?

(m) x£Lbkh¤j¥bghUshjhu«.

(M)bghUshjhu¤â‹gšntWJiwfŸ.

(ï) jÅeg®bghUshjhuelto¡iffŸ.

(<) Éiy¡nfh£ghL.

[Éil. (m) x£L bkh¤j¥ bghUshjhu«.]2. _______ bghUËaš vJthf ïU¡f nt©L« v‹w nfh£gh£il

tF¡F« ïaš.

(m) ïašòiu (M) be¿íiu

(ï) vâ®kiw (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (M) be¿íiu]



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3. _______ v‹gJ bršt¤ij cUth¡Fjš v‹W bghUŸgL«.(m) c‰g¤â (M) Ef®î

(ï) g»®î (<) bghJÃâ

[Éil. (m) c‰g¤â]4. muá‹ ÃWtd§fŸ, muá‹ gÂfŸ k‰W« muá‹

ïaªâu§fnshL rh®ªj Ãâ elto¡iffns _______MF«.(m) ÃâÃ®thf« (M) bghJÃâ

(ï) muR (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (M) bghJ Ãâ]5. _______ v‹gJ brašKiw bghUshjhu¤â‹ xU gFâahF«.

(m) R‰W¢NHš (M) bghUshjhu«

(ï) ts®¢ábghUshjhu« (<) Rfhjhu¥bghUshju«

[Éil. (<) Rfhjhu¥ bghUshju«]6. msÉaš bghUshjhu« _______ ghl§fis cŸsl¡»aJ MF«.

(m) fÂj«,m¿Éaš,bghUËaš.

(M)bghUËaš,tÂfÉaš,fÂj«.

(ï) òŸËÆaš,fÂj«,bghUËaš.

(<) òŸËÆaš,m¿Éaš,fÂj«.

[Éil. (ï) òŸËÆaš, fÂj«, bghUËaš.]7. ïa§FÃiy mQFKiw v‹gJ _______

(m) gÇkh‰w« (M) fhyf£l«

(ï) g©lkh‰WKiw (<) bghJÃâ

[Éil. (M) fhyf£l«]8. v¡dhbk£Ç¡° vd¥gLtJ _______ ghl§fis cŸsl¡»aJ

(m) òŸËaš (M) fÂjÉaš

(ï) bghUËaš (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«


2. Ef®î¥ gF¥ghŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. Ku©g£lij bjÇî brŒf. [BEQ; First Mid-18](m)Ml«gug©l§fŸ

(M)trâg©l§fŸ

(ï) m¤âahtáag©l§fŸ

(<) Étrha¥bghU£fŸ [Éil. (<) Étrha¥ bghU£fŸ]



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15. rkneh¡F tisnfhL v‹gJ _______(m) ïu©L g©l§fË‹ gšntW ïiz¥òfË‹ _y«

»il¡F«.

(M)ÉU¥g§fisÃiwîbrŒí«

(ï) mË¥ò«njití«rk«

(<) ït‰¿švJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) ïu©L g©l§fË‹ gšntW ïiz¥òfË‹ _y« »il¡F«.]

16. njit mâfÇ¥ig ïj‹_y« fhzyh«

(m) njittis¡nfhLïl«bga®tJ

(M)xnunjittis¡nfh£ošef®ªJbršYjš

(ï) njittis¡nfh£o‹c¢ròŸË

(<) njittis¡nfh£o‹ÑœòŸË

[Éil. (M) xnu njit tis¡nfh£oš ef®ªJ bršYjš]17. rkÃiy¡F nkš mË¥ò mâfK« njit Fiwî« V‰gLtij

_______ v‹»nwh«.

(m) Äifnjit (M) njit

(ï) rkÃiy (<) ÄifmË¥ò

[Éil. (<) Äif mË¥ò]

3. c‰g¤â gF¥ghŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. Kj‹ik c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfshtd. [BEQ](m) ciH¥òk‰W«bjhÊyik¥ò

(M)ciH¥òk‰W«_yjd«

(ï) Ãy«k‰W«_yjd«

(<) Ãy«k‰W«ciH¥ò[Éil. (<) Ãy« k‰W« ciH¥ò]2. k‰w g©l§fisí«, gÂfisí« c‰g¤â brŒa¥

ga‹gL¤j¥gL«, kÅj Ka‰áahš c‰g¤â brŒa¥g£l g©l§fŸ

(m) Ãy« (M) ciH¥ò

(ï) _yjd« (<) bjhÊyik¥ò

[Éil. (ï) _yjd«]



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27. + < 1 v‹gJ ______(m) ts®ªJbršÉ»jmsîÉisîÉâ

(M)khwhÉ»jmsîÉisîÉâ

(ï) FiwªJbršÉ»jmsîÉisîÉâ

(<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (ï) FiwªJ brš É»j msî Éisî Éâ]28. mË¥ò be»œ¢á _____ tif¥gL«.

(m) x‹W (M) ïu©L

(ï) _‹W (<) IªJ [Éil. (<) IªJ]


1. ïa‰ifÆ‹ bfhilahf fU¤j¥gL« fhuÂ____(m) Ãy« (M) mik¥ò

(ï) _yjd« (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) Ãy«]2. ïl®ghLfis V‰W Ã¢raÄ‹ik vâ®bfhŸgt®____ Mth®

(m) bjhÊšKidnth® (M) ciH¥ghs®

(ï) Kjä£lhs® (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) bjhÊš Kidnth®]3. Kj‹ik c‰g¤â fhuÂ ____

(m) ciH¥ò (M) neu«

(ï) _yjd« (<) bjhÊšKidî

[Éil. (m) ciH¥ò]4. ____ ga‹gh£il cUth¡Fjš MF«.

(m) Ef®î (M) c‰g¤â

(ï) g»®î (<) gÇkh‰w«

[Éil. (M) c‰g¤â]5. ____ I bfh©L c‰g¤â brŒa Koí«.

(m) ïašòfis

(M)vLnfhis¡

(ï) c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfis¡

(<) g»®it¡ [Éil. (ï) c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfis¡]6. Ãy« k‰W« ciH¥ò ____ c‰g¤â fhuÂ MF«.

(m) Kj‹ik (M) ïu©lh«

(ï) _‹wh« (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) Kj‹ik]



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7. _yjd« k‰W« bjhÊš Kidî v‹gJ ____c‰g¤â fhuÂahF«.

(m) Kj‹ik (M) ïu©lh«

(ï) _‹wh« (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) Kj‹ik]8. fh¥ l¡y°Ì‹ rk‹ghL _____

(m) Q = f(x1, x2…xn) (M) Q = b La Cb

(ï) MPC = ∆C∆Y (<) MRTSxy =

PxPy

[Éil. (M) Q = b La Cb] 9. rk c‰g¤â bryî¡nfhL _______________ v‹W«

miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

(m) rkc‰g¤â¡nfhL

(M)rkneh¡Fc‰g¤â¡nfhL

(ï) ïu©L«‘m’k‰W«‘M’

(<) vJîÄšiy [Éil. (ï) ïu©L« ‘m’ k‰W« ‘M]10. Éiy kh‰w¤âdhš mË¥ãš V‰gL« kh‰w É»j« ______

vd¥gL«.

(m) njitÉâ (M) mË¥òbe»œ¢á

(ï) njitbe»œ¢á (<) c‰g¤â

[Éil. (M) mË¥ò be»œ¢á]11. mË¥ò be»œ¢áia Ô®khÅ¡F« fhuÂfŸ _____

(m) gh©l§fË‹ïašò (M) c‰g¤â¢bryî

(ï) fhy¡fhuÂ (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«



1. ____g©lkhdJ xU ïl¤âÈUªJ ntbwhU ïl¤â‰F bfh©L brštjhš mj‹ ga‹ghL mâfÇ¡F«.

(m) fhy¥ga‹ghL (M) ïl¥ga‹ghL

(ï) tot¥ga‹ghL (<) clik¥ga‹ghL

[Éil. (M) ïl¥ga‹ghL]2. kÅj KjäL____

(m) gz« (M) âw‹

(ï) fodciH¥ò (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) gz«]



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3. ciH¥ò v‹gJ “xU gÂia xUt® brŒâLtjhš mtU¡F¡ »il¡F« kdÃiwnthL k£LÄ‹¿ mjid brŒtj‰fhd ifkhW vâ®gh®¤j kÅj‹ j‹ clš, m¿it KGikahf ga‹gL¤JtJ” v‹W T¿at® ____(m)Mš~ãu£kh®õš (M) uhã‹°

(ï) Ml«°Ä¤ (<) J.M.Ñ‹°

[Éil. (m) Mš~ãu£ kh®õš]4. M©L tUkhd X£l« ____

(m)M©Lbryî

(M)Fiwªjbryî

(ï)M©L¤bjhif(Annuities) (<)M©LtUkhd«

[Éil. (ï) M©L¤bjhif (Annuities)]5. TLjyhf bfh©L tU« _yjd« ____ MF«.

(m) gUkbghUŸ_yjd«

(M)gz_yjd«

(ï) ciH¥òk‰W«_yjd«

(<) kÅj_yjd« [Éil. (m) gUkbghUŸ _yjd«]6. cŸçL k‰W« btËpLfS¡F cŸs bjhl®ò ____MF«.

(m) c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfŸ

(M)c‰g¤â¢rh®ò

(ï) bjhÊšKidnth®¢rh®ò

(<) vJîÄšiy [Éil. (M) c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò]7. c‰g¤â rh®ã‹ ïu©L tiffŸ ____ k‰W«____MF«.

(m) FW»afhy/Ú©lfhy«

(M)khW«É»jÉisîÉâ/khwhÉ»jmsîÉisîÉâ

(ï) ‘m’k‰W«‘M’

(<) vJîÄšiy [Éil. (ï) ‘m’ k‰W« ‘M’]8. c‰g¤â¥ ghijÆš ____ v‹gJ kÅj ïLbghUŸ MF«.

(m) ciH¥ò (M) ntiygF¥òKiw

(ï) bjhÊšKidnth® (<) ò¤jh¡f«òidnth®

[Éil. (m) ciH¥ò]9. t§» it¥òfŸ, g¤âu§fŸ, g§F g¤âu§fŸ k‰W« ntW áy

gz Mjhu« mid¤J« ____ MF«.

(m) gz_yjd« (M) kÅj_yjd«

(ï) gUk_yjd« (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) gz _yjd«]



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4. bryî k‰W« tUthŒ

g‰¿a MŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. bryî v‹gJ(m) Éiy (M) kâ¥ò

(ï) khwh¢bryî (<) c‰g¤â

[Éil. (<) c‰g¤â]2. bryî¢ rh®òfis _______ rh®òfŸ vdyh«. [BEQ]

(m) c‰g¤â (M) KjäL

(ï) njit (<) Ef®î

[Éil. (m) c‰g¤â]3. gz¢ bryit _______ bryî v‹W« miH¡fyh«. [BEQ]

(m) btËíW (M) cŸSW

(ï) r_f (<) c©ik

[Éil. (m) btËíW]4. btËíW bryîfŸ k‰W« cŸSW bryîfË‹ TLjš _______

brythF«.(m) r_f (M) bghUshjhu

(ï) gz (<) khwh

[Éil. (M) bghUshjhu]5. btËíW bryîfŸ v‹gJ [BEQ]

(m) ifÆÈUªJbrŒí«bryîfŸ

(M)c©ik¢bryîfŸ

(ï) r_f¢bryî

(<) _œF«bryîfŸ

[Éil. (m) ifÆÈUªJ brŒí« bryîfŸ]6. jd¡F¢ brhªjkhd ts§fis ÃWtd¤â‰F brŒí« bryî

_______. (m) c©ik¢bryî (M) btËíWbryî

(ï) gz¢bryî (<) cŸSWbryî

[Éil. (<) cŸSW bryî]7. c‰g¤âÆ‹ všyh k£l§fËY« khwhj bryîfŸ _______ .

(m) khwh¢bryî (M) khW«bryî

(ï) c©ik¢bryî (<) r_f¢bryî

[Éil. (m) khwh¢ bryî]



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9. K‰WÇikÆš MR nfhL _______ nfh£o‰F ÑÊU¡F«.(m) TR (M) MC (ï) AR (<) AC

[Éil. (ï) AR]10. Ãiwî ngh£o mDkhÅ¥gJ _______. [BEQ]

(m)Ml«gug©l«

(M)c‰g¤âahs®g©l«

(ï) ntWgL¤j¥g£lg©l«

(<) x¤jj‹ikg©l« [Éil. (<) x¤j j‹ik g©l«]11. FG¢rkÃiy MuhŒtJ _______.

(m) K‰WÇikngh£o (M) K‰WÇik

(ï) ïUt®K‰WÇik (<) öangh£o

[Éil. (m) K‰WÇik ngh£o]12. K‰WÇik ngh£oÆ‹ K¡»a g©ò _______.

(m) xnuÉjkhdc‰g¤â (M) É‰gid¢bryî

(ï) xUÉ‰gidahs® (<) xUth§Fgt®

[Éil. (M) É‰gid¢ bryî]13. K‰WÇik ngh£o _______ MF«. [BEQ]

(m) ášnyh®K‰WÇik (M) ïUt®K‰WÇik

(ï) ÃiwFiwngh£o (<) K‰WÇik

[Éil. (ï) ÃiwFiw ngh£o]14. Éiy jiyik m«r« bfh©lJ _______.

(m) Ãiwîngh£o (M) K‰WÇik

(ï) ášnyh®K‰WÇik (<) K‰WÇikahs®ngh£o

[Éil. (ï) ášnyh® K‰WÇik]15. Éiyngj« fh£LjÈ‹ Éisî _______ MF«.

(m) Fiwthdc‰g¤â (M) mâfïyhg«

(ï) gšntWÉiy (<) ‘M’k‰W«‘ï’

[Éil. (<) ‘M’ k‰W« ‘ï’]16. K‰WÇik¥ ngh£oÆš ruhrÇ tUthŒ nfhL ______.

(m) K‰¿Y«be»œ¢áa‰wJ

(M)K‰¿Y«be»œ¢ácŸsJ

(ï) bgUksîbe»œ¢áíŸsJ

(<) x‹W¡F¢rkkhdbe»œ¢áíŸsJ

[Éil. (ï) bgUksî be»œ¢áíŸsJ]17. Ãiwî¥ ngh£oÆš ÃWtd¤â‹ njit¡nfhL _______. [BEQ]

(m) ÃiyahdJ (M) gL»il

(ï) vâ®kiwrÇî (<) ne®kiwrÇî

[Éil. (M) gL»il]18. vªj tif m§fhoÆš ngh£ona ïuhJ?

(m) Ãiwîngh£o (M) K‰WÇik

(ï) K‰WÇikngh£o (<) ášnyh®K‰WÇik [Éil. (M) K‰WÇik]



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19. Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vªj tif m§fhoÆš Ef®nth® mâf« Ru©l¥gL»wh®fŸ?(m) Ãiwîngh£o

(M)K‰WÇik

(ï) K‰WÇikahs®ngh£o

(<) ášnyh®K‰WÇik [Éil. (M) K‰WÇik]20. É‰gid bryÉ‰F cjhuz« _______. [BEQ]

(m) f¢rh¥bghUŸÉiy (M) ngh¡Ftu¤J¢bryî

(ï) És«gubryî (<) bfhŸKjšbryî

[Éil. (ï) És«gu bryî]

ghl¥gFâ cŸ Édh¡fŸ

1. _____ m§fhoia fhy¤â‹ mo¥gilÆš tif¥gL¤âíŸsh®.(m)Ml«°Ä¤ (M) Mš~ãu£kh®õš

(ï) rhKntšr‹ (<) E.H.nr«g®È‹

[Éil. (M) Mš~ãu£ kh®õš]2. Äf¡ FW»a fhy m§fho _____ m§fho vdî«

miH¡f¥gL»wJ.(m) Ú©lfhy« (M) FW»afhy«

(ï) m§fho¡fhy« (<) bjhiyneh¡F¡fhy«

[Éil. (ï) m§fho¡ fhy«] 3. Äf Ú©l fhy« _____ v‹W« miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

(m) Ú©lfhy« (M) FW»afhy«

(ï) m§fho¡fhy« (<) bjhiyneh¡F¡fhy«

[Éil. (<) bjhiyneh¡F¡ fhy«]4. Ú©l fhy mË¥ò¡ nfhL _____ Mf ïU¡F«.

(m) K‰¿Y«be»œ¢áa‰wit

(M)be»œ¢áa‰wit

(ï) be»œ¢áíŸs

(<) Äfî«be»œ¢áíŸs

[Éil. (<) Äfî« be»œ¢áíŸs]5. ÃiwFiw¥ ngh£oÆ‹ tiffŸ _____

(m) K‰WÇik (M) ïUt®K‰WÇik

(ï) ášnyh®K‰WÇik (<) K‰WÇik¥ngh£o

(c) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (c) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]6. TR = TC v‹gJ _____

(m) ïyhg« (M) e£l«

(ï) rkK¿î¥òŸË (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (ï) rkK¿î¥òŸË]



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16. Kjš Ãiy Éiyngj« fh£Ljš _____ vdî« miH¡f¥gL»wJ.(m) KGngj«fh£Ljš

(M)ÃiwFiwngj«fh£Ljš

(ï) ïu©L«

(<) vJîÄšiy [Éil. (m) KG ngj« fh£Ljš]17. K‰WÇik ngh£o m§fhoÆ‹ å©bryî _____ tif¥gL«.

(m) IªJ (M) eh‹F

(ï) _‹W (<) ïu©L [Éil. (m) IªJ]18. _____ïU É‰gidahs® ïU¡F« m§fhoahF«.

(m) K‰WÇik (M) ïUt®K‰WÇik

(ï) ášnyh®K‰WÇik (<) K‰WÇik¥ngh£o

[Éil. (M) ïUt® K‰WÇik]


1. cyf msÉš g©l§fŸ k‰W« gÂfis gÇkh‰w« brŒí« m§fho _____(m) cŸq®m§fho (M) khfhzm§fho

(ï) njáam§fho (<) g‹dh£Lm§fho [Éil. (<) g‹dh£L m§fho]

2. ÃWtd§fË‹ bjhF¥ò _____(m) ÃWtd« (M) bjhÊ‰rhiy

(ï) m§fho (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (M) bjhÊ‰rhiy]3. Ú©l fhy ruhrÇ bryî tis nfhL_____ tot¤âš ïU¡F«.

(m)Ñœneh¡»rÇªJbršY«

(M)nkšneh¡»¢bršY«.

(ï)ne®nfhlhfïU¡F«

(<)j£il‘U’tot [Éil. (<) j£il ‘U’ tot]4. ïa‰if K‰WÇik¡F v.fh_____

(m) j§f¢Ru§f« (M) Ãy¡fÇ¢Ru§f«

(ï) Ã¡fš (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]5. bkh¤j ïyhg« (TP) = _____

(m) (ruhrÇtUthŒ+ruhrÇbryî) × bkh¤jc‰g¤â

(M)(ruhrÇtUthŒ–ruhrÇbryî) × bkh¤jc‰g¤â

(ï) (ruhrÇtUthŒ × ruhrÇbryî) × bkh¤jc‰g¤â

(<) (ruhrÇtUthŒ÷ruhrÇbryî)× ×bkh¤jc‰g¤â

[Éil. (m) (ruhrÇ tUthŒ + ruhrÇ bryî) × bkh¤j c‰g¤â]



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6. _____ v‹whš xU K‰WÇikahs® jdJ c‰g¤â g©l¤â‰F cŸq® m§fhoÆš mâf Éiyí«, btËô® m§fhoÆš Fiwªj Éiyí« Ã®zÆ¥gJ MF«.(m) ášnyh®K‰WÇik (M) FÉ¤jš

(ï) ïUt®K‰WÇik (<) K‰WÇik

[Éil. (M) FÉ¤jš]7. _____K‰WÇik vD« m§fhoÆš xU c‰g¤âahs® k‰W«

xU th§Fgt® k£L« ïU¥g®.(m) K‰WÇik (M) ïUKfK‰WÇik

(ï) ïUKfášnyh® (<) K‰WÇikngh£o [Éil. (M) ïUKfK‰WÇik]

8. K‰WÇik m§fho¡F vL¤J¡fh£L _____(m) Ä‹rhuthÇa« (M) LIC(ï) t§» (<) ábk©£Miy

[Éil. (m) Ä‹rhu thÇa«]


1. bkh¤j tUthŒ %.500 bkh¤j bryî %.600 ïyhg« mšyJ e£l« = ?(m) 100ïyhg« (M) 100 e£l«(ï) 1100ïyhg« (<) 600e£l«

[Éil. (M) 100 e£l«]2. ášnyh® K‰WÇik m§fho _____m§fhoÆ‹ xU tifahF«.

(m) Ãiwî¥ngh£o (M) K‰WÇik

(ï) K‰WÇik¥ngh£o (<) ÃiwFiw¥ngh£o

[Éil. (<) ÃiwFiw¥ ngh£o]3. _____š Éiyia kh‰whkš ïU¥gj‰F fhuz« vâuhËfË‹

ngh£o g‰¿a m«rkhF«.(m) ÃiwFiw¥ngh£o (M) ášnyh®K‰WÇik

(ï) ïUt®K‰WÇik (<) K‰WÇik

[Éil. (M) ášnyh® K‰WÇik]4. Ãiwî¥ ngh£o m§fhoÆš xU ÃWtd« Ú©lfhy¤âš _____

mil»‹wd.(m) ïašòïyhg¤ij (M) e£l¤ij

(ï) c¢rïyhg¤ij (<) mâfe£l¤ij

[Éil. (m) ïašò ïyhg¤ij]5. X® m§fhoÆ‹ ÉÇî _____ KiwÆ‹ msit Ô®khÅ¡»wJ.

(m) ntiy¥gF¥òKiw (M) c‰g¤â

(ï) Ef®î (<) ntiyÆ‹ik

[Éil. (m) ntiy¥ gF¥òKiw]



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6. rKjha kh‰w« fhQ« Kft® _____(m) c‰g¤âahs® (M) É‰gidahs®

(ï) tho¡ifahs® (<) bjhÊšKidnth®

[Éil. (<) bjhÊš Kidnth®]7. Ãiwî¥ ngh£oÆš ruhrÇ tUthŒ tisnfhL _____ Mf

ïU¡F«.(m) X-m¢R¡FïizahfïU¡F«

(M) Y-m¢R¡FïizahfïU¡F«

(ï) ó{Ía¤J¡FrkkhF«

(<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) X-m¢R¡F ïizahf ïU¡F«]8. É‰gid¢ bryÉ‹ Äf K¡»akhd tot« v‹gJ

(m) És«gu§fŸ

(M)É‰gid

(ï) xnukhâÇahdg©l§fŸ

(<) vJîÄšiy [Éil. (m) És«gu§fŸ]9. bjhÊ‰rhiy v‹whš _____

(m) c‰g¤âbrŒí«ïl«

(M)gyÃWtd§fisbfh©lJ

(ï) xUÃWtd«bfh©lJ


[Éil. (M) gy ÃWtd§fis bfh©lJ]10. _____ _y« muR K‰WÇikia¡ f£L¥gL¤J«.

(m) Ef®nth®v¢r« (M) c‰g¤â

(ï) tÇÉâ¥ò/r£lKiw (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (M) c‰g¤â]11. K‰WÇik¥ ngh£oÆ‹ K¡»akhd áw¥ãašò _____

(m) g©l§fË‹ntWghL(M) gÂÆ‹ntWghL

(ï) g©l§fË‹Éiy (<) g©l§fË‹msî

[Éil. (m) g©l§fË‹ ntWghL]12. r£lßâahd K‰WÇik¡F vL¤J¡fh£L _____

(m) bghUistotik¡F«cÇik

(M)tÂftH¡fh‰W«bga®

(ï) tÂfcÇik


[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]13. K‰WÇik¥ ngh£oÆ‹ å© bryîfŸ _____

(m) ntiyÆ‹ik (M) cgÇr¡â

(ï) És«gu« (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«




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6. g»®î g‰¿a MŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. bghUËaÈš tUkhd¥ g»®î v‹gJ vjDl‹ bjhl®òilaJ?

(m) c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfŸ (M) jÅeg®

(ï) ÃWtd§fŸ (<) tÂf®fŸ

[Éil. (m) c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfŸ]2. g»®î¡ nfh£ghL v›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ? [BEQ]

(m) c‰g¤âÉiy¡nfh£ghL

(M)fhuÂÉiy¡nfh£ghL

(ï) TÈ¡nfh£ghL

(<) t£o¡nfh£ghL[Éil. (M) fhuÂ Éiy¡ nfh£ghL]3. vjid¥ ga‹gL¤Jtj‰fhd btFkâna thu« MF«?

(m) _yjd« (M) ciH¥ghË

(ï) Ãy« (<) mik¥ò [Éil. (ï) Ãy«]4. nghÈ thu« v‹w fU¤J ahUl‹ bjhl®òilaJ? [BEQ]

(m) Ç¡fh®nlh (M) Ñ‹°

(ï) th¡f® (<) kh®õš[Éil. (<) kh®õš]5. bjh‹ik TÈ¡ nfh£gh£il vL¤Jiu¤jt® ah®?

(m) Ç¡fh®nlh (M) Ñ‹°

(ï) kh®õš (<) th¡f®

[Éil. (m) Ç¡fh®nlh]6. Ãy¤â‰F c©ikahdJ« mÊ¡f Koahjr¡âí« cŸsJ

v‹w fU¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤âat®. [BEQ](m) JSÄš (M) th¡f®

(ï) »sh®¡ (<) Ç¡fh®nlh

[Éil. (<) Ç¡fh®nlh]7. ciH¥ghsU¡fhd btFkâ _______. [BEQ]

(m) thu« (M) TÈ

(ï) ïyhg« (<) t£o [Éil. (M) TÈ]8. gz¡TÈÆ‹ ntWbga®.

(m) c©ik¡TÈ (M) bgausî¡TÈ

(ï) rÇahdTÈ (<) kh‰W¡TÈ

[Éil. (M) bgausî¡ TÈ]



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8. c¢r / Äif ïyhg« = ____(m) c©ikïyhg«-ïašòïyhg«

(M)bkh¤jïyhg«-bkh¤jbryî

(ï)bkh¤jbryî–ruhrÇïyhg«

(<) ïašòïyhg«+bkh¤jbryî.

[Éil. (m) c©ik ïyhg« - ïašò ïyhg«]


1. c‰g¤âÆ‹ nghJ tu¡Toa cgÇ tUkhdnk ____ MF«.

(m) t£o (M) TÈ (ï) ïyhg«(<) thu«

[Éil. (ï) ïyhg«]

7. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. f®ehlf¤â‹ K¡»a j§f¢ Ru§f¥ gFâ _______. [BEQ](m) nfhyh® (M) ïuhk»Ç

(ï) mdªjó® (<) bfh¢á‹

[Éil. (m) nfhyh®]2. xU eh£o‹ bghUshjhu ts®¢á msÉl¥gLtJ F¿¥ãLtJ.

(m) GNP (M) GDP(ï) NNP (<) jyhtUkhd«

[Éil. (M) GDP]3. Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ K‹nd‰w« milªj ehL?

(m) bk¡Ìnfh (M) fhdh

(ï) ãuh‹° (<) $y§fh

[Éil. (ï) ãuh‹°]4. tYthd bghUshjhu§fis¡ bfh©l ehLfŸ tÇirÆš

ïªâahÉ‹ ïl«.

(m) eh‹F (M) VG (ï) IªJ (<) g¤J

[Éil. (M) VG]



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5. fy¥ò¥bghUshjhu« v‹gJ _______.(m) jÅah®Jiwk‰W«t§»fŸ

(M)bghJk‰W«jÅah®JiwfŸnr®ªJbrašgLtJ

(ï) bghJ¤Jiwk‰W«t§»fŸ

(<) bghJ¤JiwfŸk£L«.

[Éil. (M) bghJ k‰W« jÅah® JiwfŸ nr®ªJ brašgLtJ]

6. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu« _______ fhuzkhf tÈikÆ‹ikahf ïU¡»wJ. [BEQ](m) bghUshjhu¢rkÃiyÆ‹ik

(M)fy¥ò¥bghUshjhu«

(ï) efukakhjš

(<) nghJkhdntiythŒ¥òfŸïU¥gJ

[Éil. (m) bghUshjhu¢ rkÃiyÆ‹ik]7. k¡fŸbjhifÆ‹ ïašòfis¥ g‰¿a m¿Éaš ßâahd MŒî.

[BEQ](m) ïlmik¥ãaš (M) k¡fŸbjhifÆaš

(ï) òÉÆaš (<) j¤JtÉaš

[Éil. (M) k¡fŸ bjhifÆaš]8. k¡fŸ bjhifÆš 1921-« tUl« _______ vd¥gL»wJ.

(m) á¿aãÇÉidtUl«

(M)k¡fŸbjhifbto¥òtUl«

(ï) efukakhjštUl«

(<) bgU«ãÇÉidtUl«

[Éil. (<) bgU« ãÇÉid tUl«]9. vªj M©oš ïªâa k¡fŸ bjhif üW nfhoia¤ jh©oaJ?

(m) 2000 (M) 2001 (ï) 2005 (<) 1991 [Éil. (M) 2001]

10. MÆu« k¡fS¡F ïw¥gt® v©Â¡if v‹gJ. [BEQ](m) f¢rhïw¥òåj« (M) f¢rhãw¥òåj«

(ï) f¢rháRåj« (<) kf¥ngWïw¥òåj«

[Éil. (m) f¢rh ïw¥ò åj«]11. MÆu« k¡fS¡F ãw¥gt® v©Â¡if v‹gJ.

(m) f¢rhïw¥òåj« (M) ïw¥òåj«

(ï) nrh®îåj« (<) f¢rhãw¥òåj«

[Éil. (<) f¢rh ãw¥ò åj«]12. k¡fŸ bjhif ml®¤â v‹gJ.

(m) Ãy¤â‹msî/k¡fŸbjhif

(M)Ãy¤â‹msî/ntiythŒ¥ò

(ï) k¡fŸbjhif/F¿¥ã£lÃymsî

(<) k¡fŸbjhif/ntiythŒ¥ò

[Éil. (ï) k¡fŸ bjhif / F¿¥ã£l Ãy msî]



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25. k¡fŸ bjhif ml®¤âia fz¡»L« N¤âu« = _______.

(m) eh£L tUkhd«

bkh¤j k¡fŸ bjhif (M)

bkh¤j k¡fŸ bjhif

m¥gFâÆ‹ Ãy¥gu¥ò

(ï)GDP

bkh¤j k¡fŸ bjhif (<)

GNPbkh¤j k¡fŸ bjhif

[Éil. (M) bkh¤j k¡fŸ bjhif

m¥gFâÆ‹ Ãy¥gu¥ò]

26. 1000 M©fS¡F cŸs bg©fË‹ É»j¤ij F¿¥gJ _______.(m) ghÈd«É»j« (M) thœehŸvâ®gh®¥ò

(ï) vG¤j¿îÉ»j« (<) k¡fŸbjhifml®¤â

[Éil. (m) ghÈd« É»j«]27. vG¤j¿î É»j« Fiwthf cŸs khÃy« _______.

(m) nfush (M) nfhth

(ï) Ïkh¢ryãunjr« (<) Õfh® [Éil. (<) Õfh®]28. ïªâahÉYŸs K¡»a j§f¢ Ru§f§fŸ _______.

(m) nfhyh®j§ftaš (M) Ah£oj§ftaš

(ï) uh«»Çj§ftaš (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]29. ïªâa ïuÆšnt Kjš Wi-Fi - trâ _______ š bjhl§»aJ.

(m) bg§fqÇš (M) br‹idbr‹£uš

(ï) K«ig (<) blšÈ

[Éil. (m) bg§fqÇš]30. ïªâa fšÉ Kiw _______ Kiwia¡ bfh©LŸsJ.

(m) 10+3 (M) 10+2 (ï) 11+2 (<) 9+3

[Éil. (M) 10 + 2]31. ïªâahÉ‹ Kjš ãujk® _______.

(m) mk®âahbr‹ (M) ïuh{»UZz‹

(ï) B.R. m«ng¤f® (<) #tA®yhšneU

[Éil. (<) #tA®yhš neU]32. m«ng¤f® “ïªâahÉš Fiwªj Ãyîlik k‰W« Ô®îfŸ”

v‹w f£Liuia m¿Kf¥gL¤âa M©L _______.(m) 1923 (M) 1985 (ï) 1918 (<) 1948

[Éil. (ï) 1918]33. n#hr¥ bršy¤Jiu Fku¥gh jÄœeh£oš jŠrhñÇš _______

M©L ãwªjh®.(m) 1890 (M) 1982 (ï) 1960 (<) 1892

[Éil. (<) 1892]



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1. _______ v‹gJ xU rJu »nyh Û£l® gu¥gsÉš tá¡F« k¡fË‹ v©Â¡ifia¡ F¿¡»‹wJ.(m) k¡fŸbjhifml®¤â

(M)k¡fŸbjhifbgU¡f«

(ï) Ãy¥gu¥ò

(<) MÆu«ãw¡F«FHªijfË‹v©Â¡if

[Éil. (m) k¡fŸ bjhif ml®¤â]2. nAkil£ ïU«ò¤jhJ mâfkhf _______ M»a ïl§fËš

»il¡»wJ.(m) r£O°f®,f®ehlfh (M) #h®f©£

(ï) xorhk‰W«nfhth (<) nk‰fhQ«mid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰fhQ« mid¤J«]3. Ä‹ cgfuz§fËš Ä‹ jL¥ghdhf ga‹gL¤j¥gLtJ _______

MF«.(m) mYÄÅa« (M) jhÄu«

(ï) ikfh (<) ïU«ò [Éil. (ï) ikfh]4. ghÈd åj« Fiwthf cŸs khÃy« _______.

(m)AÇahdh (M) nfush

(ï) f®ehlfh (<) k¤âaãunjZ

[Éil. (m) AÇahdh]5. ‘kÅj ts®¢á F¿p£il’ gh»°jhid¢ rh®ªj _______

m¿Kf¥gL¤âdh®.(m) kh®õš (M) kAó¥~cšA¡

(ï) J.M. Ñ‹° (<) mk®¤âahbr‹

[Éil. (M) kAó¥ ~cš A¡]6. “bkh¤j eh£L k»œ¢á¡ F¿pL” (GNHI) v‹w bjhliu

cUth¡»at® _______.(m) ólhÅ‹Kjšk‹d®-kh®õš

(M)ólhÅ‹ïu©lhtJk‹d®-J.M. Ñ‹°

(ï) ólhÅ‹_‹whtJk‹d®-õh#Ah‹

(<) ólhÅ‹eh‹fhtJk‹d®-Í¡nká§na-th§f¡

[Éil. (<) ólhÅ‹ eh‹fhtJ k‹d® - Í¡nk á§na - th§f¡]

7. fy¥ò bghUshjhu¤â‰F v.fh. _______.(m) ï§»yhªJ (M) ïªâah

(ï) ïªnjhndÎah (<) ïy§if

[Éil. (M) ïªâah]



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5. Í¡nk - á§na - th§f¡ v‹gt® “bkh¤j eh£L k»œ¢á¡ F¿pL” v‹w bjhliu m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£l M©L _______.(m) 1970 (M) 1971 (ï) 1972 (<) 1973

[Éil. (ï) 1972]6. ïªâahÉš _______ % k¡fŸ j§fŸ thœ¡if Mjhukhf

ntsh©ik k‰W« ntsh©ik rh®ªj elto¡iffËš <LgL»‹wd®.(m) 60% (M) 76% (ï) 80% (<) 50%

[Éil. (m) 60%]7. xU eh£L k¡fË‹ thœ¡if¤ ju¤â‹ msåLfŸ v‹gJ

_______ M»at‰iw¥ bghW¤jJ.(m) kÅjtsnk«gh£LF¿pL(HDI)(M)thœ¡if¤ju¡F¿pL(PQLI)(ï) bkh¤jeh£Lk»œ¢á¡F¿pL(GNHI)(<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]8. 1921 M« M©L k¡fŸ bjhif mâfÇ¡f Jt§»ajhš

m›th©L _______ M©L vd miH¡f¥gL«.(m) bgU«ãÇÉidM©L

(M)áWãsîM©L

(ï) k¡fŸbjhifbto¥òM©L

(<) k¡f£bjhifkhWjšM©L

[Éil. (m) bgU« ãÇÉid M©L]9. 1961 š ïªâa k¡fŸ bjhif ca®î åj« 1.96% mjhtJ 2%

MF«. 1961« M©il _______ M©L v‹»nwh«.(m) bgU«ãÇÉidM©L

(M)áWãsîM©L

(ï) k¡fŸbjhifbto¥òM©L

(<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (ï) k¡fŸ bjhif bto¥ò M©L]10. “jh®Ûf kâ¥òfis¥ òwªjŸS« bghUshjhu« c©ika‰w”

vd mnj e«ã¡ifia T¿at® _______ Mth®.(m) âUtŸSt® (M) kfh¤khfhªâ

(ï) #tA®yhšneU (<) B.R. m«ng¤f®

[Éil. (M) kfh¤kh fhªâ]11. bghUshjhu¤â‹ ika¥ãu¢rid _______

(m) g‰wh¡Fiw (M) tWik

(ï) ml®¤â (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) g‰wh¡Fiw]



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12. rkj®k bghUshjhu¤âš, c‰g¤â, g»®î k‰W« Ô®îfis Koî brŒtJ(m) rªij

(M)k¤âaâ£l¡FG

(ï) gH¡ftH¡fK«,kuòfS«

(<) jÅah®Jiw [Éil. (M) k¤âa â£l¡FG]13. bghJthd ntiyí«, ifô£L« Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vj‰F

fhuzkhf És§F»wJ?(m) c‰g¤ââwik¡Fiwî

(M)tUkhd«k‰W«bršt¤âšV‰w¤jhœî

(ï) bjhÊšE£gÄ‹ik

(<) ïitvJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) c‰g¤â âwik¡Fiwî]14. rkj®k¥ bghUshjhu¤â‹ K¡»a neh¡f« _______

(m) r_fey‹

(M)T£Ley«

(ï) r_fk‰W«T£Ley‹

(<) ïitvJîÄšiy

[Éil. (ï) r_f k‰W« T£L ey‹]15. fy¥ò bghUshjhu¤âš _______ c©L.

(m) â£lÄLjš (M) ïyhgneh¡f«

(ï) e£l« (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) â£lÄLjš]


Rjªâu¤â‰F K‹dU«

ã‹dU«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. ïªâahÉ‹ fŸË¡nfh£il¡F (CALICUT) th°nfhlhfhkh tUif òÇªj tUl«

(m) 1498 (M) 1948 (ï) 1489 (<) 1849

[Éil. (m) 1498]



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2. 1614- ïš jhk° nuh ahÇl« mDkâ bgWtâš bt‰¿ bg‰wh®?(m) m¡g® (M) õh#fh‹

(ï) #Ah§Ñ® (<) ü®#Ah‹

[Éil. (ï) #Ah§Ñ®]3. ïªâahit MS« cÇik »H¡»ªâa¡ f«bgÅÆlÄUªJ

M§»nya muR¡F kh‰w¥g£l M©L(m) 1885 (M) 1858 (ï) 1868 (<) 1878

[Éil. (M) 1858]4. ïua¤thÇ Kj‹KjÈš m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£l ïl« [BEQ]

(m) nfush (M) t§fhs«

(ï) jÄœehL (<) kfhuh°ouh

[Éil. (ï) jÄœehL]5. Kjyh« cyf¥ngh® bjhl§f¥g£l M©L

(m) 1914 (M) 1814 (ï) 1941 (<) 1841

[Éil. (m) 1914]6. ïªâa murh§f« jdJ Kjš bjhÊ‰bfhŸifia btËÆ£l

M©L(m) 1456 (M) 1991 (ï) 1948 (<) 2000

[Éil. (ï) 1948]7. 1956‹ bjhÊ‰bfhŸifÆ‹ neh¡f« [BEQ]

(m) bgÇaÃWtd§fisK‹nd‰WtJ

(M)ntsh©Jiwiak£L«K‹nd‰WtJ

(ï) jÅah®Jiwiak£L«K‹nd‰WtJ

(<) Foir¤bjhÊšfisk£L«K‹nd‰WtJ

[Éil. (m) bgÇa ÃWtd§fis K‹nd‰WtJ]8. 1993š K‹ gâî Ú¡f¥g£l bjhÊšJiw

(m) ïuÆšntJiw

(M)br«òk‰W«á§¡Ru§f¤bjhÊš

(ï) mQM‰wš

(<) mQfÅk§fŸ

[Éil. (M) br«ò k‰W« á§¡ Ru§f¤ bjhÊš]9. ïªâahÉ‹ gRik¥òu£áÆ‹ jªij v‹wiH¡f¥gLgt® [BEQ]

(m) M.S.RthÄehj‹ (M) fhªâ

(ï) É°nt°tiuah (<) N.R.É°tehj‹

[Éil. (m) M.S. RthÄehj‹]10. 1969-š njáa kakh¡f¥g£l t§»fË‹ v©Â¡if

(m) 10 (M) 12 (ï) 14 (<) 16

[Éil. (ï) 14]11. t§»fŸ njáa kakh¡f¥g£lj‹ K¡»a neh¡f«

(m) jÅah®r_fey« (M) r_fey«

(ï) tUthŒ<£l (<) bjhÊšK‰WÇik

[Éil. (M) r_f ey«]



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12. â£l¡FG mik¡f¥g£l M©L

(m) 1950 (M) 1955 (ï) 1960 (<) 1952

[Éil. (m) 1950]13. Kjyh« Iªjh©L¤ â£l¤â‹ Kj‹ikahd neh¡f«

(m) nrit (M) bjhÊš

(ï) ntsh©ik (<) t§» [Éil. (ï)]14. g¤jh« Iªjh©L¤ â£l fhy« [BEQ]

(m) 1992-1997 (M) 2002-2007

(ï) 2007-2012 (<) 1997-2002

[Éil. (M) 2002-2007]15. 2016-M« M©L¡fh¡fhd kÅj ts®¢á m¿¡ifÆ‹ go

188 ehLfËš ïªâahÉ‹ ju«

(m) 130 (M) 131 (ï) 135 (<) 145

[Éil. (M) 131]16. tUlhªâu¤ â£l§fŸ brašgL¤j¥g£l M©L [BEQ]

(m) 1989-1991 (M) 1990-1992

(ï) 2000-2001 (<) 1981-1983

[Éil. (M) 1990-1992]17. ïªâahÉ‹ Äf¥gHikahd bgÇa msÉyhd bjhÊš

(m) gU¤â (M) rzš (ï) ïU«ò (<) ábk©£

[Éil. (m) gU¤â]18. kÅj nk«gh£L¡ F¿p£bl©id cUth¡»at®

(m) #tf®yhšneU (M) M.K.fhªâ(ï) mk®¤âahFkh®br‹(<) jhT®

[Éil. (ï) mk®¤âah Fkh® br‹]19. gÅbu©lh« Iªjh©L¤ â£l¤â‹ K¡»a neh¡f«

(m) Éiuthdk‰W«mâfkhdxU§»izªjts®¢á

(M)r_fÚâíl‹Toats®¢á

(ï) nrhrÈrKiwÆyhdr_f«

(<) ÉiuthdcŸsl¡»ak‰W«Ãiyahdts®¢á

[Éil. (<) Éiuthd cŸsl¡»a k‰W« Ãiyahd ts®¢á]

20. thœ¡ifju¡ F¿p£bl©iz cUth¡»at® [BEQ](m) â£l¡FG (M) neU

(ï) D.nkhÇ° (<) ã°thÍ¤

[Éil. (ï) D. nkhÇ°]



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1. 1510 ÈUªJ nfhthîl‹ thÂf« brŒJ tªjt® _______.(m) ïªâa®fŸ (M) ngh®¢R¡Ñáa®fŸ

(ï) »nu¡f®fŸ (<) nuhkhÅa®fŸ

[Éil. (M) ngh®¢R¡Ñáa®fŸ]2. ãÇ£l‹ ehL, ïªâahit fhyÅ Mâ¡f¤â‹ Ñœ _______

M©LfS¡F nkyhf ÓuÊ¤jJ.

(m) 200M©LfŸ (M) 150M©LfŸ

(ï) 160M©LfŸ (<) 210M©LfŸ

[Éil. (m) 200 M©LfŸ]3. _______ M« M©L »H¡»ªâa¡ f«bgÅ jdJ muáaš

mâfhu¤ij ãÇ£oZ muál« x¥gil¤jJ.

(m) 1950 (M) 1858 (ï) 1958 (<) 1850

[Éil. (M) 1858]4. ãÇ£oZ Kjä£lhs®fŸ t§fhs¤âš _______ bjhÊ‰rhiyia

Mu«ã¤jh®.

(m)üšMiy (M) gU¤âMiy

(ï) mÇáMiy (<) rzšMiy

[Éil. (<) rzš Miy]5. ïªâa¡ ifÉid¥ bghU£fS¡F _______ msÉš ÄFªj

tunt‰ò ïUªjJ.

(m) njáamsÉš (M) khÃymsÉš

(ï) cyfmsÉš (<) cŸq®msÉš

[Éil. (ï) cyf msÉš]6. _______ Ãuªju brh¤JÇik¢ r£l¤ij m¿Kf¥gL¤âdh®.

(m) yh®Lfhu‹thÈ°

(M)yh®LÉšÈa«bg‹o¡

(ï) #Ah§Ñ®

(<) ÉZnt°tuh [Éil. (m) yh®L fhu‹ thÈ°]7. kAšthÇ Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤âa M©L _______.

(m) 1820 (M) 1800 (ï) 1993 (<) 1793

[Éil. (<) 1793]8. MáahÉ‹ _______ K¡»a¥ bghUshjhu« ïªâahthF«.

(m) Kjš (M) IªjhtJ

(ï) v£lhtJ (<) _‹whtJ

[Éil. (<) _‹whtJ]



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1. 1614š _______ v‹gt® #Ah§ÑÇlÄUªJ bjhÊ‰rhiyfŸ mik¡f mDkâ bg‰wh®.(m) yh®£ÉšÈa« (M) yh®£fhu‹thÈ°

(ï) r®jhk°k‹nwh (<) RthÄehj‹

[Éil. (ï) r® jhk° k‹nwh]2. ïªâa ifÉid¥ bghU£fshš _______ ngh£oÆl KoaÉšiy.

(m) Ef®î¥bghU£fSl‹

(M)ïilÃiy¥g©l§fSl‹

(ï) ïaªâujahÇ¡f¥g£lbghU£fSl‹

(<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (ï) ïaªâu jahÇ¡f¥g£l bghU£fSl‹]3. kAšthÇ Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤âat® _______.



(ï) r®jhk°k‹nwh

(<) nf¥l‹mby¡rh‹l®ß£

[Éil. (M) yh®L ÉšÈa« bg‹o¡]4. ïua¤JthÇ Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤âat® _______.



(ï) r®jhk°k‹nwhk‰W«mby¡rh©l®ß£


[Éil. (ï) r® jhk° k‹nwh k‰W« mby¡rh©l® ß£]5. gz¥ gÆU¡F vL¤J¡fh£L _______.

(m) fU«ò

(M)gU¤âk‰W«rzš

(ï) v©bzŒÉ¤J¡fŸk‰W«cUis¡»H§F


[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]6. ïªâahÉš Kjš bgÇa msÉshd ïU«ò v~F bjhÊ‰rhiy

_______.(m) TISCO (M) IISCO(ï) SAIL (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) TISCO]



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7. _______ t§»fËš muá‹ g§F 50 rjåj¤â‰F« mâfkhf ïU¡F«.

(m) bghJ¤Jiw (M) jÅah®Jiw

(ï) T£Lg§FÃWtd« (<) khefuh£á

[Éil. (m) bghJ¤ Jiw]


1. _______ v‹gJ ïu©L ehLfS¡»ilnaahd r_f k‰W« bghUshjhu bjhl®òfËš xU ehL mâfhu« brY¤J« ÃiyÆY« k‰bwhU ehL moikahf ïU¥gijí« F¿¡F«.(m) fhyÅ¤Jt« (M) rk¤Jt«

(ï) KjyhË¤Jt« (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (m) fhyÅ¤Jt«]2. Ãy¡fÇ c‰g¤âÆš M©L¡F _______ l‹dhf ca®ªjJ.

(m) 6ÄšÈa‹l‹dhf (M) 5ÄšÈa‹l‹dhf

(ï) 3ÄšÈa‹l‹dhf (<) 8ÄšÈa‹l‹dhf

[Éil. (m) 6 ÄšÈa‹ l‹dhf]3. _______ ü‰wh©o‹ ïWâÆš 36 rzš MiyfS«, 194 gU¤â

MiyfS« mâf v©Â¡ifÆyhd bjhÊš ó§fh¡fS« ïUªjd.(m) 18M«ü‰wh©L (M) 19M«ü‰wh©L

(ï) 20M«ü‰wh©L (<) 21M«ü‰wh©L

[Éil. (M) 19M« ü‰wh©L]4. 20M« ü‰wh©o‹ Kj‰gFâÆš Rnjá ïa¡f« ïªâahÉš

_______ C¡FÉ¤jJ.(m) jhuhskakh¡fš (M) jÅah®kakh¡fš

(ï) bjhÊškakh¡fš (<) vJÉÄšiy

[Éil. (ï) bjhÊš kakh¡fš]5. Kj‹ KjÈš ÃWt¥g£l bghJ¤Jiw ÃWtd« g¤uhtâÆš

cŸs _______ ïU«ò v~F bjhÊš MF«.(m) TISCO (M) IISCO(ï) SAIL (<) É°nt°tuŒah

[Éil. (<) É°nt°tuŒah]6. ‘r®tá¡õh mãah‹’ v¤â£l¤âš m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£lJ

_______.(m) KjšIªjh©L¤â£l«

(M)g¤jh«Iªjh©L¤â£l«

(ï) _‹wh«Iªjh©L¤â£l«

(<) x‹gjhtJIªjh©L¤â£l«

[Éil. (M) g¤jh« Iªjh©L¤ â£l«]



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9. ïªâahÉ‹ nk«ghL mDgt§fŸ

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ jÅah® kakhjiy¡ F¿¡F«.

(m) Kjä£ilâU«g¥bgWjš

(M)njáaka«Ú¡fš

(ï) bjhl®ÃWtdkh¡fš

(<) ïitmid¤J«. [Éil. (<) ïit mid¤J«.]2. ï‹iwa eh£fËš ts®¢á¡fhf x›bthU ehL« _______

ïU¡f nt©L«.

(m) rh®ªJ

(M)x‹iwbah‹Wrh®ªJ

(ï) jilÆšyhthÂg«

(<) KjyhË¤Jtmik¥ò

[Éil. (M) x‹iwbah‹W rh®ªJ]3. LPG ¡F vâuhd thj« _______. [BEQ]

(m) bghUshjhuts®¢á

(M)mâfKjäL

(ï) k¡fŸk‰W«k©ly§fËilnaV‰w¤jhœî

(<) eådkakh¡fš

[Éil. (ï) k¡fŸ k‰W« k©ly§fËilna

V‰w¤jhœî]4. FPI v‹gj‹ ÉÇth¡f«

(m) btËeh£LjÅah®KjäL

(M)btËeh£LbjhF¥òKjäL

(ï) btËeh£LneuoKjäL

(<) btËeh£LbryhtÂjÅah®KjäL

[Éil. (ï) btËeh£L neuo KjäL]



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6. _______ nfhL tUkhd« (m) Ef®nthL bjhl®òŸsJ.

(m) tWik (M) bršt«

(ï) ntiythŒ¥ò (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) tWik]7. _______ bghUshjhu bjhl®òŸs ãu¢rid MF«.

(m) ntiyÆ‹ik (M) tWik

(ï) rk¤JtÄ‹ik (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]8. áW bjhÊšfŸ _______ ika§fS¡F mU»nyna

mikªJŸsd.

(m) ef®òw (M) »uhkòw

(ï) Foir¤bjhÊš (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (m) ef®òw]9. njáa Cuf ey mik¥ò (NKHM) Mu«ã¡f¥g£l M©L _______.

(m) 15tJMf°L2004 (M) 12tJV¥uš2005

(ï) 16tJ#&iy2006 (<) 14tJet«g®2008

[Éil. (M) 12tJ V¥uš 2005]10. _______ ï‹¿aikahj njitahF«.

(m) j§f« (M) btŸË

(ï) åL (<) itu« [Éil. (ï) åL]11. FW, áW k‰W« eL¤ju ÃWtd§fŸ njh‰WÉ¡f¥g£l M©L

_______.(m) 8tJV¥uš2015 (M) 16tJkh®¢2015

(ï) 18tJ#&‹2013 (<) 4tJV¥uš2014

[Éil. (m) 8tJ V¥uš 2015]12. Cuf gFâfS¡F Ä‹ mD¥òifÆš V‰gL« ïH¥ghdJ

_______ MF«.

(m) 10% (M) 20% (ï) 15% (<) 25% [Éil. (<) 25%]

13. NSSO ‹ ÉÇth¡f« _______.(m) National Statistical Survey Observation(M) National Sample Survey Organisation(ï) National Simple Survey Organisation(<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (M) National Sample Survey Organisation]



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14. tWik _______ tif¥gL«.

(m) x‹W (M) ïu©L

(ï) _‹W (<) eh‹F

[Éil. (M) ïu©L] 15. Cuf k¡fŸ rªâ¡F« ãu¢ridfŸ _______.

(m) ntsh©ik (M) cŸf£lik¥ò

(ï) r_ff£lik¥ò (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (<) nk‰T¿a mid¤J«]16. 2017š ïªâahÉš _______ »uhk§fŸ KGikahf Ä‹

bjhl®ig¥ bg‰¿Uªjd.

(m) 95% (M) 87% (ï) 99.25% (<) 80.25%

[Éil. (ï) 99.25%]17. áwªj thœÉid thœtj‰F _______ Äf K¡»a«.

(m) clšey« (M) bjhÊšE£g«

(ï) bršt« (<) nk‰fhQ«mid¤J«

[Éil. (m) clšey«]18. gÂ¡fhd go¥ò v‹W MŒÉ‰fhf _______ bghUËaš

m¿P®fŸ 2010 « M©oš nehgš gÇáid bg‰wd®.

(m) Õ£l®lak©£ (M) nlškh®o‹fŸ

(ï) »¿°nlh®ãrhÇ£° (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«



1. â£l¡FGÉ‹ fz¡Ñ£o‹ go 2009-2010š Cuf gFÆš

tWikÆš cŸs k¡fŸ _______ % khf ïUªjJ.

(m) 65.10% (M) 54.10%

(ï) 78.20% (<) 34.30%

[Éil. (M) 54.10%]2. SSI v‹gJ _______ ÃWtd§fŸ (MSMES) MF«.

(m) FW (M) áW

(ï) eL¤ju (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«




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2. ïªâahÉš Vw¡Fiwa _______ gFâ Cuf FL«g§fŸ flÅš

_œ» cŸsd®.

(m) 1/4š (M) 2/3š (ï) 3/4š (<) 1/3š

[Éil. (ï) 3/4 š]3. 2011-2012 ‹ kâ¥ã‹go Cuf¥ gFâfËš Rkh® _______ nfho

k¡fŸ ViHahfî«, tWik¡nfh£o‰F ÑG« thœ»‹wd®.

(m) 12nfho (M) 22nfho

(ï) 33nfho (<) 42nfho

[Éil. (M) 22 nfho]4. xUòw« »uhk§fŸ fhÈahfî« kWòw« efu§fŸ beÇryhfî«

ïU¥gij “ïu£il eŠrh¡fš” v‹W T¿at® _______.

(m) Rkhr® (M) Õ£l®lak©£

(ï) nlškh®o‹f‹ (<) »Ç°nlh®ãrhÇ£°

[Éil. (m) Rkhr®]

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. Rfhjhu¡ F¿p£oš jÄœehL nkyhf cŸsJ

(m) nfush (M) gŠrh¥

(ï) F#uh¤ (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (ï) F#uh¤]2. ghÈd É»j¤âš jÄœeh£o‹ ju«

(m) Kjš (M) ïu©lhtJ

(ï) _‹whtJ (<) eh‹fhtJ

[Éil. (ï) _‹whtJ]3. jÄœehL vâš tskhdJ? [BEQ]

(m) tdts« (M) kÅjts«

(ï) fÅkts« (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (M) kÅj ts«]



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4. Ú®ghrd¤â‹ K¡»a Mjhu«

(m) nfush (M) gŠrh¥

(ï) F#uh¤ (<) nk‰T¿amid¤J«

[Éil. (ï) F#uh¤]5. ã‹dyhil c‰g¤â mâf« cŸs ïl« [BEQ]

(m) nfha«ò¤ö® (M) âU¥ó®

(ï) <nuhL (<) f%® [Éil. (M) âU¥ó®]6. Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ jtwhd ïiz vJ? [BEQ]

(m) jÄœeh£o‹EiHthÆš-ö¤J¡Fo

(M)å£L#îËjahÇ¥ò-<nuhL

(ï) v~Fefu«-nry«

(<) g«¥efu«-nfha«ò¤ö®

[Éil. (M) å£L #îË jahÇ¥ò - <nuhL]7. ÑGŸs efu§fËš vâš r®tnjr Ékhd Ãiya« ïšiy?

(m) kJiu (M) âU¢á

(ï) ö¤J¡Fo (<) nfha«ò¤ö®

[Éil. (ï) ö¤J¡Fo]8. gÆ® c‰g¤âÆš vªj¥ gÆiu¤ jÉu jÄœehL K‹dÂÆš

cŸsJ?

(m) thiH¥gH« (M) nj§fhŒ

(ï) njh£l¥gÆ®fŸ (<) Vy¡fhŒ

[Éil. (<) Vy¡fhŒ]9. vªj gÆ® c‰g¤â¡fhf mâf¥ gu¥ò Ãy« ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ?

(m) beš (M) fU«ò

(ï) Ãy¡fliy (<) nj§fhŒ [Éil. (m) beš]10. vG¤j¿î åj¤âš jÄœeh£o‹ ju«

(m) ïu©L (M) eh‹F

(ï) MW (<) v£L [Éil. (<) v£L]11. FW áW eL¤ju ÃWtd§fS¡fhd Kjä£oš jÄœeh£o‹

ju«

(m) I (M) II (ï) III (<) IV

[Éil. (m) I]



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11. Oriy mo¥gilahf¡bfh©L mdšÄ‹ c‰g¤âÆš jÄœehL njáa c‰g¤âÆš ______ ¡F« nkyhf c‰g¤â brŒJ KjÈl« t»¡»wJ.

(m) 24% (M) 30% (ï) 34% (<) 40%

[Éil. (ï) 34%]

12. bghUËaY¡fhd fÂj

KiwfŸ

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. _______ ït‰¿‹ xU§»iz¥ng fÂjÉaš bghUshjhu« vd¥gL«.

(m) fÂj«k‰W«bghUshjhu«

(M)bghUshjhu«k‰W«òŸËÆaš

(ï) bghUshjhu«k‰W«rk‹ghLfŸ

(<) tiugl§fŸk‰W«bghUshjhu«

[Éil. (m) fÂj« k‰W« bghUshjhu«]2. njit¡nfhL mšyJ mË¥ò¡ nfhL tiutâš _______

ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wJ. [BEQ](m) mÂfŸ (M) E©fÂj«

(ï) ïa‰fÂj« (<) gFKiwtoÉaš

[Éil. (<) gFKiw toÉaš]3. bghUËaÈš fÂj¤ij Kj‹Kjyhf ga‹gL¤âat®

_______ .

(m) r®ÉšÈa«bg£o (M) ÍnahthÅbrth

(ï) Ml«°Ä¤ (<) ï®É§ãõ®

[Éil. (M) ÍnahthÅ brth]4. xU rhuhj kh¿íl‹ Toa rh®ò _______ vd¥gL»‹wJ. [BEQ]

(m) gykh¿¢rh®ò (M) ïUkh¿¢rh®ò

(ï) xUkh¿¢rh®ò (<) gšYW¥ò¢rh®ò

[Éil. (ï) xU kh¿¢ rh®ò]



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13. _____ braÈ brŒâfisí«, òŸË Étu§fisí« cUth¡f

xG§Fw mik¡f, m¢ál k‰W« jftšfis Mtzkhf

ghJfh¡f cjî»wJ.

(m) MS Excel (M) MS Word

(ï) MS Power Point (<) MS Document [Éil. (M) MS Word]

14. ÃiufS«, ÃušfS« x‹iwbah‹W bt£o¡ bfhŸS« áW

my»yhd miwfŸ ___ vd¥gL»wJ.

(m) Table (M) Bar (ï) Cell (<) Square

[Éil. (ï) Cell]15. ____ fÂÅ thÆyhf jftšfis tH§»l cjî« xU

bk‹bghUŸ MF«.

(m) MS Word (M) MS Excel

(ï) MS Power Point (<) MS Document

[Éil. (ï) MS Power Point]16. ppp - ‹ ÉÇth¡f« _____

(m) People Per Policy

(M) Power Point Presentation

(ï) Programme Point Presentation

(<) Public Programme Presentation

[Éil. (M) Power Point Presentation]17. ïWâÃiy tUthia fz¡»L« N¤âu« ____

(m) ηd = − pxdxdp

(M) xnv‹gJxn

cn+1

+1+

(ï)dqdp

(<) Qd = Qs

[Éil. (m) ηd = − pxdxdp

]

18. Qd = Qs v‹gJ _____

(m) rkÃiyÆ‹ik (M) rkÃiy

(ï) FiwªjòŸË (<) ca®ªjòŸË

[Éil. (M) rkÃiy]



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19. M =

12 1

2 1

−

−

y

x x bfhL¥gJ _____

(m) rÇî (M) ne®¡nfhL

(ï) khW« (<) khwhJ [Éil. (m) rÇî]

20. x + y = 10 k‰W« x – y = 6 vÅš y ï‹ kâ¥ò = ?

(m) 2 (M) 3 (ï) 16 (<) 8

[Éil. (m) 2]


1. ____v‹w bghUËayhs® muáaš k‰W« bghUshjhu fU¤J¡fis v©fŸ, vil k‰W« msîfËš RU¡» mik¡f nt©L« v‹W fUâdh®.

(m) r®.ÉšÈa«bg£o (M) G.»uhk®

(ï) J.M. Ñ‹R (<) kh®õš

[Éil. (m) r®.ÉšÈa« bg£o]2. E©fÂj¤â‹ mo¥gil braÈ ____ MF«.

(m)mÂ¡nfhit (M)tifpL

(ï)ne®¡nfh£L¢rk‹ghL (<)rh®ò

[Éil. (M) tifpL]3. ICT ‹ ÉÇth¡f« _____

(m) Information and Communication Technology.(M) Indian Council for Technology.(ï) International Communication Technology.(<) Information course for Technique. [Éil. (m) Information and Communication

Technology.]4. òâa gok« (new slide) v‹w F¿pL (Icon)

mšyJ ______ v‹w bgh¤jhid mK¡Ftj‹ _y« òâa gok¤ij EiH¡fyh«.

(m) Ctrl + N (M) Ctrl + Z(ï) Ctrl + S (<) Ctrl + C [Éil. (m) Ctrl + N]



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5. x + y = 10 k‰W« x – y = 6 vÅš x ‹ kâ¥ò = ____(m) 4 (M) 3 (ï) 16 (<) 8

[Éil. (<) 8]


1. x‹W¡F nk‰g£l rhuhj kh¿fis¡ bfh©l rh®òfŸ ___ rh®ò

vd¥gL»‹wd.

(m) vËarh®òfŸ (M) gykh¿¢rh®òfŸ

(ï) (m)k‰W«(M) (<) vJîÄšiy

[Éil. (M) gykh¿¢ rh®òfŸ]2. 110 – 20p = 50 + 10p vÅš p = ?

(m) p = 25 (M) p = 3 (ï) p = 2 (<)p = 1

[Éil. (ï) p = 2]3. ____ 2007 tot« (version) 10 ïy£r« ÃiufŸ k‰W« 16 MÆu«

Ãušfis¡ bfh©l gÂ¤jhËš Étu§fŸ gâa Koí«.

(m) MS Word (M) MS Excel – 2004

(ï) MS Excel 2007 (<) MS Excel – 2008

[Éil. (ï) MS Excel 2007]4. D = 200 − 40p ïâš D v‹gJ ‘O’ khf ïU¥ã‹, p = ?

(m) p = 10 (M) p = 5 (ï) p=−5 (<) p=−10

[Éil. (M) p = 5]5. D = 150 − 25p vÅš rÇî = ?

(m) −5 (M) 50 (ï) 5 (<) –25

[Éil. (<) –25]



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Édh ÉilfŸ

2&3kâ¥bg©fŸ



áw¥g«r§fŸ

2018 M« M©o‰fhd òâa ghlüš gâ¥ã‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

2 k‰W« 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ Édh-ÉilfŸ ghlthÇahf ãÇ¤J ju¥g£LŸsd.



bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd.

Kjš gUt ïil¤ nj®î (2018-19) [First Mid-18] Édh ÉilfŸ

nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd.


bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°

br‹id

bghUËaš


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[ii]




ISBN : 978-93-81650-83-7F¿p£L v© : SG-195

jiyik mYtyf«:


br‹id-600 040. 91-44-26161088, 26161099



ò¤jf¤âš cŸs rªnjf§fS¡F : [email protected] ò¤jf§fŸ th§f : [email protected] bjhl®ò¡F: 96001 75757 / 8124301000 th£°m¥: 8124201000 / 9840926027 M‹iy‹ tiyjs« : www.surabooks.com

ghl¡ F¿¥òfË‹ bjhF¡f¥g£l gFâfis vkJ http://tnkalvi.in ïizajs¤âÈUªJ ïytrkhf gâÉw¡»¡bfhŸsyh«


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[iii]




DIRECT DEPOSIT







letterhead.



Chennai - 600 040.Phones : 044-26161088, 26161099.



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www.sura

book

s.com1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš : X® m¿Kf« ............................ 1 - 11

2. Ef®î¥ gF¥ghŒî ........................................................... 12 - 21

3. c‰g¤âgF¥ghŒî..........................................................22-32



6. g»®î g‰¿a MŒî .......................................................... 52 - 61

7. ïªâa¥bghUshjhu«..................................................62-71


Rjªâu¤â‰FK‹dU«ã‹dU«..............................72-80

9. ïªâahÉ‹nk«ghLmDgt§fŸ............................81-89

10. Cuf bghUshjhu« ......................................................... 90 - 99

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu« ........................................ 100 - 107

12. bghUËaY¡fhdfÂjKiwfŸ........................108-124

[iv]

bghUsl¡f«


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[1]

11-M« tF¥ò

bghUËaš

2 k‰W« 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ Édh ÉilfŸ

1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš :

X® m¿Kf«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. bghUËaš v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]Éil. (i) ‘bghUËaš’ v‹whš ïšy§fË‹ Ã®thf« v‹W

bghUŸgL«.

(ii) bghUËaš v‹w brhš MŒ¡fndhÄ¡° v‹D«

gHikahd »nu¡f brhšÈÈUªJ tªjJ.

(iii) Mu«g¤âšmuáaš bghUshjhu« v‹WmiH¡f¥g£l

ï›Éaš, ã‰gFâÆš ‘bghUËaš’ v‹W Mš~ãu£

kh®õyhšbga®kh‰w¥g£lJ.

2. E© bghUËaš v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) jÅ¥g£l kÅj®fŸ, ïšy§fŸ k‰W« ÃWtd§fŸ

mšyJ bjhÊšfË‹ bghUshjhu elto¡iffis

E©Âaš bghUËaš v‹»nwh«.

(ii) gšntWg£l rªij NHÈš bjhÊš ÃWtd§fŸ,

th§Fgt®fŸ, É‰gt®fŸ ïizªJ bt›ntW

Éiyia¤Ô®khÅ¡F«braÈš<LgL»wh®fŸv‹gij

E©ÂabghUËašbjËîgL¤J»wJ.

3. g©l§fŸ v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) kÅjÉU¥g¤ij Ãiwî brŒí« vJî« bghUËaÈš

g©l§fshffUj¥gL»‹wd.

(ii) bghUËaÈš g©l§fŸ v‹gJ F¿¥ã£L

brhšy¥glhjtiu, gÂfisí« nr®¤nj “g©l§fŸ”

v‹wbrhšF¿¡F«.


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RuhÉ‹ 11 M« tF¥ò bghUËaš 2&3 kâ¥bg©fŸ 9

(iii) g‰wh¡Fiwahd ts§fŸ kh‰W tÊfËš

ga‹ju¡ToaitahfcŸsd.

(iv) vdnt ïuhã‹° T‰W¥go bghUËaš v‹gJ

njitfisnj®îbrŒí«m¿ÉayhF«.

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. kh®õš ey ïy¡fz tiuaiwÆ‹ áw¥g«r§fis ÉtÇ.

Éil. (i) mid¤J bghUshjhu elto¡iffS¡F« KjY«,

Koîkhfbrštnkv‹WfUj¥glÉšiy,khwhfkÅj

ey¤ijnk«gL¤jKaš»wh‹.

(ii) bghUËaš rhjhuzkÅjÅ‹el¤ijia¥ g‰¿anj,

mt®fŸ rhjhuz m‹ãdhš f£L¥g£lt®fnsa‹¿,

c¢rg£rgz«bgWtijneh¡»¢bršgt®fŸmšy®.

(iii) bghUËašX®r_fm¿ÉayhF«.mJrKjha¤âšxUt®

k‰bwhUt®ÛJbrY¤J«Mâ¡f¤ij¥g‰¿¥go¡»wJ.



1. Ml« °Ä¤â‹ bršt ïy¡fz¤ij Fiw T¿at®fŸ ah®?

Éil. (i) ‘ïu°»‹ k‰W« fh®iyš’ ngh‹nwh®, Úâbe¿¡Fòw«ghd Raey¤ij¡ f‰W¤ jUtjhf bghUËaiyt®Â¡»‹wd®.

(ii) vdnt bghUËaiy X® “ïU©l m¿Éaš” (Dismal Science) vd¡ T¿íŸsd®.

2. ïytr¥ g©l§fŸ k‰W« bghUshjhu¥ g©l§fis ntWgL¤Jf.

Éil. t.

v©ïytr¥ g©l§fŸ

bghUshjhu¥ g©l§fŸ

1 ïa‰ifÆ‹e‹bfhilahf»il¡F«g©l«ïytrg©l«.

gz«bfhL¤JbgW«g©l«bghUshjhu¥g©l«.

2 g‰wh¡Fiwa‰wit, nkY«rªijÆšÉiyïšiy.

g‰wh¡Fiwahdit nkY«rªijÆšÉiyc©L.

3 (v.fh.)fh‰W,NÇaxË. (v.fh.)nkir,eh‰fhÈ.


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[12]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. ga‹gh£il tiuaW. [BEQ]Éil. (i) g©l§fŸk‰W«gÂfisEfU«nghJEf®nthU¡F

»il¥gjhfEf®nth®fUJtJ.

(ii) ÉU¥g¤ijÃiwîbrŒí«M‰wš.

2. ÉU¥g§fis tif¥gL¤J.

Éil.ÉU¥g§fË‹tiffŸ_‹W.

(i) ï‹¿aikahjÉU¥g«.

(ii) trâ¡fhdÉU¥g«.

(iii) Ml«gu¤â‰fhdÉU¥g«.

3. Ef®nth® el¤ijÆ‹ mo¥gil mQFKiwfis F¿¥ãLf.

Éil. (i) Ef®îxUK¡»akhdbghUshjhuelto¡ifahF«.

(ii) Ef®É‹j‹ikk‰W«msÉ‹mo¥gilÆšk¡fË‹

thœ¡if¤ju«Ô®khÅ¡f¥gL»wJ.

(iii) xUtÇ‹ ÉU¥g§fis Ãiwî brŒí« r¡â Ef®î¡F

c©L.

4. Éiy¤ njit be»œ¢áÆ‹ msit ÉtÇ.

Éil.ÉiyÆš V‰gL« ãuâgÈ¥ã‹ fhuzkhf njit V‰gL«

kh‰w«Éiy¤njitbe»œ¢áahF«.

(i) K‰¿Y«be»œ¢áíŸsnjit(EP = )(ii) K‰¿Y«be»œ¢áí‰wnjit (EP = 0)(iii) Äifnjitbe»œ¢á (EP > 1)(iv) Fiwthdbe»œ¢áíŸsnjit/Fiw¤njitbe»œ¢á

(EP < 1)(v) myF¤njitbe»œ¢á (EP = 1)

5. rkneh¡F tisnfhLfŸ v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ; First Mid-18]Éil. xU tisnfh£oš cŸs ïU g©l§fË‹ mid¤J

fyití«Ef®nthU¡FrkmsîâU¥âia¤jUkhÆ‹mJ

rkneh¡FtisnfhlhF«.


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6. Ef®nth® v¢r« fhQ« Kiwia vGJf.

Éil. (i) xUbghUS¡FEf®nth®bfhL¡fÉU«ò«Éiy¡F«

c©ikÆnynabfhL¡F«Éiy¡F«cŸsÉ¤âahrnk

Ef®nth®v¢r«.

(ii) Ef®nth®v¢r«= TU – (P × Q)mšyJ

(iii) Ef®nth®v¢r« = jFÉiy –– c©ikÉiy.

TU = bkh¤j¥ga‹ghLP = ÉiyQ = g©lmsî

7. »~g‹ bghUŸfŸ vit? mit V‹ m›thW miH¡f¥gL»‹wd? [BEQ; First Mid-18]

Éil. (i) »~g‹ g©l§fŸmšyJ jhœªjuf g©l§fŸ njit

ÉâÆ‹ÉâÉy¡fhF«.

(ii) jhœªjuf g©l§fË‹ Éiy Fiwí«nghJ ViHfŸ

mt‰iw¡Fiwthfî«nkY«ÉiyTL«nghJmâf«

th§Ft®.


1. kÅj ÉU¥g§fË‹ ïašig¡ TWf.

Éil. (i) ÉU¥g§fŸv©z‰wit.

(ii) ÉU¥g§fŸgH¡ftH¡f§fshfkhW«.

(iii) ÉU¥g§fŸÃiwntw¡Toait.

(iv) ÉU¥g§fŸkh‰W¥bghUshšÃiwîbgWgit.

(v) ÉU¥g§fŸngh£oÆLgit.

(vi) ÉU¥g§fŸx‹iwx‹Wrh®ªJŸsd.

(vii)ÉU¥g§fŸÛs¤njh‹Wgit.

2. bkh¤j¥ ga‹gh£o‰F« ïWâÃiy ga‹gh£o‰F« cŸs

cwit És¡Ff. [BEQ; First Mid-18]

Éil. (i) xUg©l¤â‹všyhmyFfisí«Ef®tjhš»il¡F«

ga‹gh£o‹TLjnybkh¤j¥ga‹ghLMF«.

(ii) TLjyhf X® myF g©l¤ij Ef®tjhš, bkh¤j¥

ga‹gh£ošV‰gL«TLjšmšyJkh‰wnkïWâÃiy¥

ga‹ghL MF«.


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ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfis tif¥gL¤J. [BEQ]Éil. c‰g¤âfhuÂfŸeh‹Ftif¥gL«.mit,

(i) Ãy«

(ii) ciH¥ò

(iii) _yjd«k‰W«

(iv) mik¥òmšyJbjhÊšKidjš.

2. ciH¥ò - tiuaW.Éil. kh®õÈ‹ T‰W¥go, ciH¥ò v‹gJ c‰g¤â fhuÂahd

ciH¥ghs®tUkhd«<£Ltj‰fhfjdJciH¥ò¢r¡âia¥ga‹gL¤JtjhF«.

3. c‰g¤â rh®ãid F¿¥ãLf.Éil. gštifcŸçLfË‹msîfS¡F«btËp£LbghUŸfË‹

msîfS¡F«ïilnacŸsbjhl®ngc‰g¤ârh®òMF«.

4. fhuÂÆ‹ ïWâÃiy c‰g¤âia tiuaW.Éil. (i) X® c‰g¤â fhuÂÆ‹ msÉš xU mâfÇ¥ò

brŒí«nghJbkh¤jc‰g¤âÆšV‰gL«TL»‹wÃfumsîc‰g¤ânaïWâÃiyc‰g¤âMF«.

(ii) ntW tifÆš T¿dhš ïWâ Ãiy M¡f« v‹gJbkh¤j c‰g¤âÆš V‰gL« kh‰w¤âid cŸçLfËšV‰gL«kh‰w¤âdhštF¥gjhF«.

(iii) MP = DTP / DN (m) MP = TPn – TP (n–1).5. rk c‰g¤â bryî nfhL v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]Éil. (i) xUÃWtd«F¿¥ã£lmsîgz¢bryÉšth§f¡Toa

ïUfhuÂfË‹gštifïiz¥òfis¡fh£L«nfhL.

(ii) rk msî c‰g¤â nfhL v‹gij ‘rk c‰g¤â¡ nfhL’‘g©lkh‰W¡nfhL’v‹W«miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

6. c‰g¤âahs® rkÃiyia mila Ãgªjid ahJ?Éil.c‰g¤âahs® rkÃiyia mila ïu©L Ãgªjidfis¡

fU¤âšbfhŸsnt©L«.

(i) rk msî bryî¡ nfhL rk c‰g¤â tisnfh£o‰FbjhLnfhlhfmikant©L«.

(ii) mªjbjhLòŸËÆšrkc‰g¤âtisnfhLnjh‰WthŒneh¡» FÉªJ fhz¥gL« mšyJ MRTS FiwªJ

bršY«.

[22]


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7. mË¥ò nfhL nkšneh¡» brštj‹ fhuz« v‹d?Éil. (i) xU g©l¤â‹ Éiy ca®thš mË¥ò mâfÇ¡F«,

ÉiyFiwªjhšmË¥ò«Fiwí«.

(ii) Mfnt, mË¥ò nfhlhdJ ÑÊÈUªJ nkš neh¡»bršY«.


1. Ãy¤â‹ áw¥ãašòfŸ ahit? [BEQ]Éil. (i) Ãy«v‹gJKj‹ikc‰g¤â¡fhuÂahF«.

(ii) Ãy«v‹gJïa‰ifÆ‹bfhil.

(iii) Ãy¤â‰Fc‰g¤âbryîïšiy.

(iv) Ãy¤â‹mË¥òkhwhjJ.

(v) Ãy«ÃiyahdJk‰W«mirt‰wJ.

(vi) Ãy«v‹gJbrGikÆid¥bghW¤Jgytif¥gL«.

2. mË¥ò be»œ¢áia Ã®zÆ¡F« fhuÂfŸ ahit?Éil. (i) bghU£fË‹ j‹ik :

Ãiy¤J Úo¡f Toa bghU£fis Ú©lfhy« tiughJfh¡fyh«.

(ii) c‰g¤â¢ bryî :

xU ÃWtd« FiwªJ brš Éisî ÃiyÆšbrašg£lhš c‰g¤âmâfÇ¡F« nghJ c‰g¤â bryîntfkhfmâfÇ¡F«.

(iii) bjhÊšE£g Ãiy :

bjhÊšE£g¤ij ga‹gL¤J«nghJ mË¥ò mâfbe»œ¢áíilajhfïU¡fthŒ¥òcŸsJ.

(iv) fhy msî :

Äf¡ FW»a fhy¤âš gy ÃWtd§fS¡F mË¥ã‹msitmâfÇ¡fïayhJ.

3. bjhÊš KidnthÇ‹ gÂfŸ ahit? [BEQ]Éil. (i) bjhÊš Kidnth® bjhÊiy bjhl§», j‹Ål«

cŸs ts§fŸ k‰W« NœÃiy¡nf‰wthW â£lÄ£Lc‰g¤âiank‰bfhŸt®.

(ii) bt‰¿fukhd bjhÊš Kidnth® ò¤jh¡f« òidt®k‰W«c‰g¤âÆšòâabjhÊšE£g§fisòF¤Jgt®.

(iii) bjhÊš Kidnth® rÇahd c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfË‹fyitiaga‹gL¤âc‰g¤âiank‰bfhŸgt®.

(iv) f£L¥gL¤Jjš,tÊfh£Ljšk‰W«nk‰gh®itÆLjš.

(v) ïl®ghLfis V‰wš k‰W« Ã¢rak‰w j‹ikiank‰bfhŸSjš.

(vi) c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfshd Ãy«, ciH¥ò, _yjd«M»at‰iw xU§»iz¤J, c‰g¤âÆš ïyhg« bgwKašt®.


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t.

v©mf¢á¡fd§fŸ òw¢á¡fd§fŸ

(ii) Ú©lfhyruhrÇ

bryî Fiwthf

ïU¡F«.

e‹ikfŸ

bgU«gh‹ikahd

mid¤JÃWtd¤â‰F«

»il¡F«.

(iii) ÃWtd¤â‹

ngusÉdhš

c‰g¤â¤âw‹

nk«g£LïU¡F«.

xU§»izªjá¡fd§fŸ

»il¡F«.

(iv) mf¢á¡fd§fŸ

v.fh.bjhÊšE£g«

k‰W«Ãâ

á¡fd§fŸïU¡F«.

efu§fË‹mântfts®¢á

g‰¿És¡f¥ga‹gL»wJ.

3. Ú©l fhy c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò¡F«, FW»a fhy c‰g¤â¢

rh®ò¡F« cŸs ntWghL jUf.

Éil.

khW« É»j msî Éisî

Éâ (m) FW»a fhy

c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò

khwh É»j msî

Éisî Éâ (m) Ú©l

fhy c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò

FW»afhyc‰g¤â¢rh®ò. Ú©lfhyc‰g¤â¢rh®ò.

všyh fhuÂfS«

khwhâU¡F«nghJxnuxU

fhuÂk£L«khw¡ToaJ.

mid¤J¡fhuÂfS«

khw¡Toad.

c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfË‹

É»j§fŸkhw¡ToaJ.

c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfË‹

É»j§fŸkhw¡Toaj‹W,

mj‹msîkhW«.

c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfŸ

XUF¿¥ã£lÉ»j¤âš

xUc‰g¤â¥bghUis

c‰g¤âbrŒtj‰Fï›Éâ

bghUªjhJ.

c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfŸ

xUF¿¥ã£lÉ»j¤âš

c‰g¤âbrŒtj‰Fï›Éâ

bghUªJ«.


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[33]

4. bryî k‰W« tUthŒ

g‰¿a MŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. bryit tiuaW. [BEQ]

Éil. (i) bryîv‹gJc‰g¤â¢bryit¡F¿¡F«.

(ii) xUbghUisc‰g¤âbrŒí«nghJV‰gL»‹wgšntW

tifahdbryÉd§fŸc‰g¤â¢bryîMF«.

(iii) c‰g¤â bryÉid MŒî brŒí« nghJ mjDl‹

bjhl®òila gšntW fhuÂfis m¿ªJ

bfhŸsnt©L«.

(iv) (v.fh.)ÃWtd¤â‹msî.

2. bryî¢ rh®ig tiuaW.

Éil. (i) bryî¢rh®òv‹gJbkh¤jbryÉ‰F«k‰W«c‰g¤â¡F«

ïilnacŸsbjhl®ãidbtË¥gL¤J»wJ.

(ii) bryî¢ rh®ig, C = f (Q) v‹W vGjyh« ïâš

C = bryî, Q = c‰g¤âmsî.

(iii) bryî¢rh®òv‹gJbgw¥g£lrh®òMF«.

3. khwh¢ bryî v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) khwh¢ bryîfŸ c‰g¤â kh‰w¤â‰F V‰g

khWgLtâšiy.

(ii) khwh¡ fhuÂfS¡fhf brŒa¥gL« bryîfŸ khwhkš

Ãiyahf ïU¡F«.

4. tUthia tiuaW.

Éil. (i) xU É‰gidahs® j‹ g©l gÇkh‰w¤â‹ _y«

<£L»‹wgznktUthŒvd¥gL«.

(ii) c‰g¤âahs®jh‹c‰g¤âbrŒjg©l¤ijxUF¿¥ã£l

ÉiyÆš,rªijÆšÉ‰gidbrŒtj‹_y«bgW»‹w

tUkhdnkmªÃWtd¤â‹tUthŒvd¥gL«.


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5. btËíW bryî - tiuaW.

Éil. (i) c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfis th§f k‰wt®fS¡F brY¤J«

brY¤JifnabtË¥gilahdbryîvd¥gL«.

(ii) btË¥gilahd bryî v‹gJ fz¡»aš bryî (m)

btË¢bryî(m)gz¢bryîv‹W«miH¡f¥gL«.

6. c©ik¢ bryî - ïy¡fz« jUf. [BEQ]

Éil. “Ml« °Ä¤ fU¤J¥go, ciH¥ghs®fË‹ J‹g§fS«,

âahf§fSnkc©ikahdbryîv‹WTW»wh®.”

7. _œF« bryîfŸ v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) Û£LvL¡fKoahjflªjfhy¢bryîfŸmÄœ¤j¥g£l

(m)_œF«bryîfŸMF«.

(ii) vâ®fhy Éahghu¤ij Ô®khÅ¥gâš ï¡flªj fhy¢

bryîfŸbghU¤jk‰wjhfïU¡F«.


1. khwh¢ bryit - khW« bryÉÈUªJ ntWgL¤Jf.

Éil.

t. v©

khwh¢ bryîfŸ

(Fixed Cost)khW« bryîfŸ

(Variable Cost)1 khwh¢bryîfŸ

c‰g¤âkh‰w¤â‰FV‰gkhWgLtâšiy.

khW«bryîfŸc‰g¤âkhWgLtj‰nf‰g bryîfŸ khWgL«.

2 khwh¡ fhuÂfS¡fhf brŒa¥gL«bryîfŸkhwh¢bryîfŸvd¥gL«.

khW« fhuÂfS¡fhf brŒa¥gL«bryîfŸkhW« bryîfŸ MF«.

3 c‰g¤âmâfÇ¤jhY«,FiwªjhY«,c‰g¤âó{ÍakhfïUªjhY«Tlï¢bryîfŸkhwhkš Ãiyahf ïU¡F«.

c‰g¤âbryîmâfÇ¤jhšï¢bryîmâfÇ¡F«,FiwªjhšFiwí«,ó{ÍakhfïUªjhš khW« bryî« ó{ÍakhfïU¡F«.

4 (v.fh.)ÃWtd¤â‹thlif

(v.fh.)gÂahs®fË‹TÈ


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(vi) m¡F¿¥ã£l òŸËia¤ jh©o c‰g¤â mâfÇ¡F«

nghJruhrÇbryî«mâfÇ¡F«.

(vii) khW« Éisî Éâ brašgh£o‹ fhuzkhf ruhrÇ

bryî¡ nfhL ‘U’tot¤âšcŸsJ



1. Äj¡F« bryî g‰¿ áWF¿¥ò tiuf.

Éil. (i) Éahghu elto¡iffS¡F neuoahf bjhl®òila

bryîfŸmid¤J«Äj¡F«bryîfŸvd¥gL«.

(ii) xU ÃWtd¤â‹ m‹whl elto¡iffS¡F Äf

mtáakhdbryîfŸÄj¡F«bryîfŸvd¥gL«.

2. rkK¿î¥ òŸË v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) xUÃWtd¤â‹bkh¤jtUthahdJbkh¤jbryÉ‰F

rkkhf ïU¡F« (TR = TC).(ii) ï¥òŸËfËšÃWtd¤â‰FïyhgK«ïšiy,eZlK«

ïšiy.

(iii) ïªjòŸËrkK¿î¥òŸËv‹WmiH¡f¥gL»‹wd.


1. AC k‰W« MC tisnfh£oš cŸs bjhl®òfis tiugl« tiuªJ És¡Ff.

Éil. ruhrÇbryÉ‰F«ïWâÃiy¢bryÉ‰F«jÅ¤j‹ikahd

bjhl®òcŸsJ.

(i) AC Fiwí«nghJ MC

mj‰FÑnHFiw»wJ.

(ii) AC Æ‹ mok£l¥

òŸËÆš MC rkkhf

ïU¡»wJ.

(iii) AC mâfÇ¡F« nghJ

mijÉl ntfkhf MC

mâfÇ¡»wJ. vdnt

AC nfh£o‰F nkny

MC cŸsJ.

(iv) AC nfh£o‹ Äf¤

jhœthdòŸËia MC

nfhLÑÊUªJnkšneh¡»bt£o¢brš»wJ.

200300

450

650

900

1200

0 1 2 3 4 5

AC

MC

Y

X

bry

î

btËpL


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[43]

5. m§fho mik¥ò« Éiy Ã®zaK«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. “m§fho” tiuaW.

Éil. (i) bghJthf‘m§fho’v‹gJbghUŸfŸk‰W«gÂfis

th§Fjšk‰W«É‰gidbrŒí«ïl¤ijF¿¡F«.

(ii) bghUshjhu¤âš ‘m§fho’ v‹gJ xU bghUis

th§Fgt®fŸ k‰W« É‰gt®fŸ M»a ïUtU¡F«

ïilnacŸsgÇkh‰wKiwiana¡F¿¡F«.

2. Éiyia V‰gt® ah®? [BEQ]

Éil. (i) xUÃWtd«bjhÊ‰rhiyÃ®zÆ¡F«ÉiyiaV‰wš

ÉiyiaV‰gt®vd¥gL«.

(ii) Ãiwîngh£om§fhoÆšxUÃWtd«ÉiyV‰gtuhf

cŸsh®.

3. öa ngh£oÆ‹ ï‹¿aikahj g©ig F¿¥ãL.

Éil. Ãiwî¥ngh£oiaöangh£ov‹W«miH¡fyh«.mt‰¿‹

g©òfshtd.

(i) v©z‰wth§Fgt®k‰W«É‰ngh®ïU¥g®.

(ii) XÇašghd g©l§fŸ k‰W« xnu khâÇahd Éiy

ïU¡F«.

(iii) c£òFjšk‰W«btËnaWjÈšjilÆšiy.

(iv) ngh¡Ftu¤Jbryîïšiy.

(v) m§fhoÃiyg‰¿m¿ªâU¥g®.

4. É‰gid bryî v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]

Éil. (i) K‰WÇik¥ngh£oÆšx›bthUÃWtdK«j‹c‰g¤â

g©l¤â‹ É‰gidia mâfÇ¡f mâf É‰gid

bryit nk‰bfhŸ»wJ.

(ii) ïJntÉ‰gidbryîvd¥gL«.


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5. Ñœ¡f©l ÃWtd¤â‹ njitnfhL tiuf.

(m) Ãiwî ngh£o M) K‰WÇik

Éil. Ãiwî¥ngh£o ÃWtd¤â‹ njit¡ nfhL

Y

X

P AR / MR / D

c‰g¤âO

ml¡

f É

iy

k‰W

«t

Ut

hŒ

K‰WÇik ÃWtd¤â‹ njit¡ nfhL

Y

X

AR / D

c‰g¤âO

bry

î k

‰W«

tU

thŒ

6. Éiy ngj« fh£LjÈ‹ ïu©L j‹ikfis TWf. [BEQ]Éil. (i) Éiyia¥ g‰¿¡ f©L¡bfhŸshj Ef®nthÇl«mâf

ÉiytNÈ¡f¥gL«.

(ii) Éiyia¥ g‰¿ ftdkhf ïU¡F« Ef®nthU¡F

FiwthdÉiyÃ®zÆ¡f¥gL«.

7. cgÇ r¡â - És¡Ff.

Éil.cgÇ r¡â v‹gJ c¤jk msî c‰g¤â¡F«, c©ik

c‰g¤â¡F«cŸsntWghlhF«.


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[52]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. g»®î v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]

Éil. g»®î v‹gJ eh‹F c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfS¡F tUthia

g»®ªjË¥gij¡F¿¡F«.

2. g»®É‹ tiffŸ ahit?

Éil. (i) jÅeg®g»®î

(ii) gÂrh® g»®î

3. thu« tiuaW.

Éil. bghUËaÈš thu« v‹gJ Ãy¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤Jtj‰fhf

k£Lnk F¤jif¡fhu® Ãy¢brhªj¡fhuU¡F tH§F«

gFâ¤bjhifMF«.

4. gz¡TÈ k‰W« c©ik¡ TÈia ntWgL¤Jf. [BEQ]

Éil.

gz¡TÈ c©ik¡TÈ

1. gz¡TÈv‹gJbgausîTÈv‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ.

c©ik¡TÈv‹gJgz¤jhšbgw¡Toag©l§fŸk‰W«gÂfis¡F¿¡F«.

2. gz¤â‹th§F«r¡âiabghU¤Jmikí«.

bjhÊyhs®fË‹thœ¡if¤ju«mt®fŸc©ik¡TÈiabghW¤Jmikí«.

5. t£o g‰¿ Ú m¿tJ ahJ?

Éil.Kjiy¥ ga‹gL¤â¡ bfhŸs mij¥bg‰wt®fŸ mij

tH§»at®¡FtH§F«btFkânat£oahF«.

6. ïyhg« v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. bjhÊšKidnthÇ‹ bjhÊš âwikia¥ ga‹gL¤J

tj‰fhdbtFkâïyhg«MF«.


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7. Ú®ik ÉU¥g¤â‹ bghUŸ ahJ?

Éil. Ú®ik ÉU¥g« v‹gJ k¡fŸ, g¤âu§fŸ, g§FfŸ,

kh‰W¢Ó£LfŸ, Ãy«, f£ol«, j§f« ngh‹witfshf

mšyhkšbuh¡fgzkhfifÆšit¤âU¥gnjMF«.


1. gz¤njit¡fhd neh¡f§fŸ ahit? [BEQ]Éil. Ñ‹° T‰W¥go, Ú®ik ÉU¥g¤â‰F _‹W neh¡f§fŸ

cŸsd.mit,

gÇkh‰w neh¡f« :

(i) k¡fŸ m‹whl gÇt®¤jid¡fhf gz¤ij buh¡fkhf

it¤âU¥gj‹ÉU¥gnkgÇkh‰wneh¡fkhF«.

(ii) ïªj neh¡f¤â‰fhf gz« nrÄ¡F« msî tUkhd

msit¢rh®ªJŸsJ.

(iii) Mt = f(y)

K‹bd¢rÇ¡if neh¡f«

(i) nehŒthŒ¥gLjš, Ég¤J, Ô¥g‰Wjš, âU£L

ngh‹w vâ®ghuhj bryîfis rªâ¥gj‰fhf k¡fŸ

gz¤ij buh¡fkhf it¤âU¥gj‰fhd ïªj neh¡f«

K‹bd¢rÇ¡ifneh¡f«vd¥gL«

(ii) Mp = f(y)

Cf neh¡f«

(i) Kjä£LrªijÆšg§FfŸk‰W«g¤âu§fË‹vâ®fhy

Éiy kh‰w¤â‰nf‰g mjDila e‹ikfis¥ bgw

g§FfŸk‰W«g¤âu§fisth§fnjitahdgz¤ij

k¡fŸbuh¡fkhfit¤âU¡fnt©oíŸsJ.ïJntCf

neh¡fkhF«

(ii) ïªj neh¡f¤â‰fhf ifÆš nrÄ¥ghf it¤âU¡F«

bjhifÆ‹msît£oÉ»j¤ij¥bghU¤Jmikí«.

(iii) Ms = f(i)

2. TÈÆ‹ tiffis¥ g£oaÈLf?Éil.TÈeh‹Ftiffshf¥ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ

(i) bgausî¡ TÈ mšyJ gz¡TÈ :

bgausî¡TÈ v‹gJ buh¡fkhf (gzkhf) tH§f¥gL«

TÈia¡F¿¡F«.


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(ii) ï›thWvâ®fhy¤â‰fhdbuh¡fkhfit¤âU¥gijCf

neh¡fkhF«.

(iii) ïªj neh¡f¤â‰fhf ifÆš nrÄ¥ghf it¤âU¡F«

bjhifÆ‹msît£oåj¤ij¥bg‰W¤jU«.

Ms = f(i)

(iv) ï§FÚ®ikÉU¥g¤â‰F«t£oåj¤â‰F«vâ®kiwahd

cwîïU¡F«.



1. Ãiwî¥ ngh£oÆš - ïWâ Ãiy c‰g¤â¤ âw‹ nfh£gh£o‹ tiugl« tiuf.

Éil.

Q

N XO

MFC = AFC

YP

fhuÂ myFfŸ

ARP

MRPfhuÂ

Éi

yk‰

W«

tU

thŒ

c‰g

¤â

2. Çfh®nlh thu¡ nfh£gh£o‹ tiugl« tiuf.

Éil.

40

30

20

10

0 A B C X

bghUshjhu thu«

thuÄšyh Ãy«

Ãy¤â‹ ju«

Y

V¡fU

¡fhd

Éi

s¢r

š(_

£ilf

Ëš

)


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[62]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. bghUshjhu ts®¢áÆ‹ bghUŸ vGJf.

Éil. xUeh£o‹bghUshjhuts®¢áv‹gJbghJthfmªeh£o‹

tUkhd¤jhš msÉl¥g£lhY«, mJ bkh¤j cŸeh£L

c‰g¤âahnyna(GDP) F¿¥ãl¥gL»wJ.

2. K‹nd¿a bghUshjhu¤â‹ ïu©L ïašòfis¡ TWf. [BEQ]

Éil. (i) ts®ªj bghUshjhu ehLfŸ v‹git bjhÊškakhd,

ts§fisKGikahf ga‹gL¤JtJkhd ehLfis¡

F¿¡F«.

(ii) mâfjyhtUthia¡bfh©oU¥gJMF«.

3. ïa‰if ts§fis¥ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.

Éil. (i) xU eh£o‹ ïa‰ifÆÈUªJ bgw¥gL« ts§fŸ

ïa‰ifts§fŸvd¥gL«.

(ii) cjhuz« : fhL, Ú®, fÅk ts§fŸ k‰W« M‰wš

r¡âfŸM»aitahF«.

4. ïªâa bghUshjhu¤â‹ VnjD« xU ïašãid¡ TW.

Éil.ïªâa¥bghUshjhu¤â‹K¡»aïašòntsh©ikahF«.

5. òJ¥ã¡f¥gl ïayhj M‰wš ts§fŸ jUf.

Éil. (i) Û©L« cUth¡f¥gl Koahj Ãiy¤J ïU¡f

KoahjitfŸ òJ¥ã¡f¥gl ïayhj M‰wš ts§fŸ

MF«.

(ii) (v.fh) Ãy¡fÇ, bg£nuhÈa«, fÅk§fŸ, gok

vÇbghU£fŸ

6. ‘bjhÊšE£g¤ bjÇî’ g‰¿ ‘br‹’ TWtJ v‹d? [BEQ]Éil._yjdbr¿itE£gkhdKiwÆš,ciH¥ghs®fŸcgÇahf

cŸs bghUshjhu¤âš ntiy thŒ¥òfis mâfÇ¥gJ

fod« v‹W ‘bjhÊš E£g¤ bjÇî’ v‹w ò¤jf¤âš br‹

F¿¥ãL»wh®.


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7. Fiwªj jyh tUkhd« ïU¡f fhuz§fshf uh› TWtij¥ g£oaÈLf? [BEQ]

Éil. (i) Kiwa‰wÃyîilikk‰W«Ãy«J©lhfãÇ¤jš.

(ii) gÆ®fS¡FFiwthdÚ®ghrdtrâ»il¤jš.

(iii) ngusîbjhÊšJiwï‹ik.

(iv) ntsh©ikÆšmâfk¡fŸbjhifmG¤j«.

(v) Kjä£o‹ik.

(vi) ehza¤âš Rah£á bfhŸifÆ‹ik k‰W« gz«g‰¿afU¤J¡fËšj§f¤ijcilikahf¡bfhŸtijC¡FÉ¤jJ.


1. bghUshjhu K‹nd‰w« - tiuaW.Éil. (i) xUeh£o‹bghUshjhuK‹nd‰w«v‹gJbghJthf

mªeh£o‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âahš k£L«F¿¥ãl¥gLtj‹¿ mªeh£L k¡fË‹ ca®ªjthœ¡if¤ju« mšyJ k¡fË‹ ešthœití«cŸsl¡»ajhF«.

(ii) xUeh£Lk¡fË‹thœ¡ifju¤â‹msåLfŸv‹gJ.

(1) kÅjtsnk«gh£LF¿pL

(2) thœ¡if¤ju¡F¿pL

(3) bkh¤jeh£Lk»œ¢áF¿pLM»at‰iwbghW¤jJ.

2. ntsh©ik bghUshjhu« g‰¿ m«ng¤f® bghUshjhu fU¤J¡fis TWf.

Éil. m«ng¤fÇ‹ bghUshjhu áªjid :

(i) Ãâ¥bghUshjhu«.

(ii) ntsh©ikbghUshjhu«.

(iii) kj¥bghUshjhu«.

(iv) rkj®kbghUshjhu«.

ntsh©ik bghUshjhu« g‰¿ fU¤J :

(i) 1918š m«ng¤f® “ïªâahÉš Fiwªj Ãyîilikk‰W«Ô®îfŸ”v‹wf£LiuiavGâdh®.

(ii) Ml«°Ä¤â‹ ehLfË‹ bršt¤ijnghš ÃyîilikxU§»iz¥ò k‰W« Ãyîilik ÉÇth¡f«ït‰¿‰»ilnaahdntWgh£oid¡TW»wh®.

3. »uhk r®nthja« - áWF¿¥ò tiuf. [BEQ]Éil. (i) “c©ikahd ïªâah thœtJ efu§fËnyh,

òwefu§fËnyh ïšiy »uhk§fËš jh‹” v‹WTW»wh®.

(ii) »uhk§fŸ j‹Åiwî bg‰witfshfî« Rarh®òbg‰witfshfî«ïU¡fnt©L«v‹wh®.


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[72]


Rjªâu¤â‰F

K‹dU« ã‹dU«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. ïªâahÉ‹ fhyÅ¤Jt Ru©lÈ‹ ÃiyfŸ ahit?Éil.ïªâahÚ©lfhykhffhyÅMâ¡f¤â‹ÑœïUªjJ.ïj‹

Ru©lšÃiyfŸÑœ¡f©lthWïU¡F«.

(i) mâfhu«brY¤J«ÃiyÆšcŸsehLjh‹mâfhu«brY¤J« eh£o‹ÛJmuáaš f£L¥ghL k£LÄšyhkšbghUshjhubfhŸiffisí«Ô®khÅ¡»wJ.

(ii) moikeh£L k¡fŸ j§fŸ eh£o‹ ts§fisí«ga‹gL¤JtâY« K¡»a bghUshjhu elto¡iffisnk‰bfhŸtâY«j‹Å¢irahdKoîfisnk‰bfhŸsKoahkšïU¥g®.

2. Rjªâu« miltj‰F K‹ ïªâahÉš fhz¥g£l gšntW tifahd Ãy cilik KiwfŸ ahit? [BEQ]

Éil. ̀Rjªâu« miltj‰F K‹ ïªâahÉš fhz¥g£l _‹WtifahdÃycilikKiwfshtd:

(1) #Û‹jhÇKiw(m)Ãy¢Rth‹jhuhKiw

(2) kAšthÇKiw(m)ïdthÇKiw

(3) ïua¤JthÇKiw(m)brhªjrhFgoKiw

3. k‰w KiwfËÈUªJ Ãy cilik Kiwia ntWgL¤Jtj‰fhd m«r§fis¡ TW.

Éil. k‰w KiwfËš tNÈ¤j ÃytUthia m¥gona muR¡FbrY¤jnt©L«.MdhšÃycilikKiwÆštNÈ¤jâš10/11 g§F muR¡F¢ brY¤j¥g£L 1 g§F #Û‹jhU¡F CâakhftH§f¥gL»wJ.

4. gRik¥òu£áÆ‹ gyåd§fis¥ g£oaÈLf.Éil. gRik¥òu£áÆ‹ gyåd§fshtd :

(i) gUtkiHiae«ãÆU¥gJ.

(ii) ÉijfŸ, ó¢á¡bfhšÈfŸ, j©Ù® ngh‹wcŸçLfS¡fhfngusî_yjd«njit¥gLtJ.


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(iii) bgU, áW k‰W« FW ÉtrhÆfS¡»ilna tUkhdïilbtËmâfÇ¤âU¥gJ.

(iv) g©izfŸ ïaªâukakh¡f¥gLjš M»a ïitmid¤J«gRik¥òu£áÆ‹gyåd§fshF«.

5. g¤jh« Iªjh©L â£l¤â‹ neh¡f§fŸ ahit?

Éil. (i) ï¤â£l« mL¤j g¤jh©LfËš jyh tUthia ïU

kl§fhfca®¤jïy¡FÃ®zÆ¤jJ.

(ii) 2012M«M©oštWikÉ»j¤ij15% Mf Fiw¡F«

F¿¡nfhŸfisbfh©oUªjJ.

6. kÅj nk«gh£L¡ F¿p£bl© (HDI) k‰W« thœ¡if¤ ju¡F¿p£bl© (PQLI) M»at‰iw ntWgL¤Jf. [BEQ]

Éil.

t.

v©.

kÅjnk«gh£L¡

F¿p£bl©(HDI)thœ¡if¤

ju¡F¿p£bl©(PQLI)

1 I¡»aehLfŸ

K‹ndwâ£l«(UNDP)

btËÆl¥g£lJ.

xUeh£o‹

thœ¡if¤ju¤âid

msÉl¥ga‹gL»wJ.

2 ïJvâ®gh®¡f¥gL«

thœehŸF¿pL,

fšÉ¡F¿pLk‰W«

bkh¤jcŸeh£L

c‰g¤âmo¥gilÆš

mik¡f¥g£lJ.

ïâšvâ®gh®gh®¥ò

Mí£fhy«,FHªij

ïw¥òåj«,k‰W«

vG¤j¿îåj«ngh‹w

_‹WF¿pLfis¥

ga‹gL¤âdh®.

3 gh»°jhÅ‹bghUËÆš

m¿P®kAó¥

cšA¡v‹gtU«

ïªâahit¢rh®ªj

mk®¤âahFkh®br‹

v‹gtU«ï¡nfh£gh£il

nk«gL¤âd®

nkhÇ°o nkhÇ°

v‹gtuhš

cUth¡f¥g£lJ.

7. kÅj ts®¢á¡ F¿p£bl©iz¡ fz¡»l cjî« F¿pLfis¡ TWf.

Éil. (i) HDI1(I¡»aehLfŸnk«gh£Lâ£l¤â‹kÅjnk«gh£L

m¿¡ifÆidbghU¤JŸsJ).

(ii) HDI2(thœ¡ifju«)

(iii) HDI3 (tWik xÊ¥ò) k‰W« HDI4 (efukakhjš) M»a

eh‹F«kÅjnk«gh£L¡F¿pLfshF«.


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[81]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu¤âš f£lik¥ò Ó®âU¤j¤ij braš gL¤j fhuz« v‹d?

Éil.tWikí«, ntiyí‹ikí« bghUshjhu¤â‹ f£lik¥òÓ®âU¤j¤ijbrašgL¤j¡fhuz§fshfïUªjJ.

2. LPG bfhŸifia brašgL¤j fhuz« v‹d?

Éil. (i) ïªâahÉšbghUshjhuelto¡ifJt§ff£L¥ghLfŸïUªjd.

(ii) muR cÇik¡bfhŸiffis r‰nw js®¤JtJmtáakhfïUªjJ.

(iii) bghUshjhu tŸu¢áÆš jÅah®Jiw¡F¥ nghJkhdthŒ¥òfis tH§f¥glÉšiy v‹W fUj¥g£ljhšjÅah®kakh¡fšmtáakhdJ.

(iv) ts®¢á F‹¿a ehLfË‹ cjÉÆ‹¿ ts®ªjehLfŸ nkY« tsu KoahJ. ïj‰F cyfkakh¡fšmtáakhdJ.

3. jÅah® kakh¡fš v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]Éil. jÅah® kakh¡fš v‹gJ bghJ¤JiwÆ‹ Ã®thf« k‰W«

cÇikiajÅahU¡Fkh‰Wtij¡F¿¡F«.

4. Kjä£il âU«g¥ bgWjš-(Disinvestment) tiuaW. [BEQ]Éil.Kjä£L Éy¡fš v‹gJ bghJ¤Jiw ÃWtd§fË‹

g§Ffis ãw jÅah® ÃWtd§fŸ mšyJ t§»fS¡FÉ‰gJ MF«.

5. Ãâ¢ rkÃiyÆ‹ikia¡ f£L¥gL¤j 1991-92š V‰gL¤j¥g£l bfhŸif Ka‰áfŸ _‹¿id¡ TWf.

Éil. (i) SLR É»j¤ij38.5% ÈUªJ 25%Mf¡Fiw¡fKa‰á

nk‰bfhŸs¥g£lJ.

(ii) CRRÉ»j¤ijí«eh‹FM©LfËš3.5% Mf Fiw¡f

Ka‰ábk‰bfhŸs¥g£lJ.

(iii) it¥òfS¡fhdt£oåj«k‰W«t§»¡fl‹fS¡fhd

t£ongh‹wt‰iwf£L¥gL¤âaJ.


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6. áw¥ò¥ bghUshjhu k©ly« v‹gj‹ bghUŸ v‹d?

Éil. áw¥ò bghUshjhu k©ly« v‹gJ mDkâ tH§Ftâš

bgU»ÆUªj f£L¥ghLfŸ, cŸf£lik¥ò trâÆ‹ik,

Fiwthd Ãâ ngh‹w FiwghLfis¢ rkhË¡fî«,neuo

Kjä£il<®¡fî«cUth¡f¥g£lJ.

7. k¤âa k‰W« khÃy muRfŸ mWtil¡F¥ ã‹ nk‰bfhŸS« elto¡iffË‹ c£TWfis¡ TWf.

Éil. (i) Étrha Éis bghU£fË‹ Éua§fis¡

Fiw¥gj‰fhfî« k‰W« mWtil¡F¥ã‹ V‰gL«

ïH¥òfis¡ Fiw¥gj‰F« czî gj¥gL¤J«

bjhÊ‰rhiyfË‹ mik¢rf« (MOFPI) k¤âa khÃy

muRfshšV‰gL¤j¥g£lJ.

(ii) bgÇa czî¥ó§fh, xU§»izªj FË® ïiz¥ò

mWtil ïl¤âÈUªJ ghJfh¥ò bg£lf« tU« tiu

FË®gjd trâ, kâ¥ò T£o ghJfh¡F« f£lik¥ò

M»aitÃWt¥g£ld.


1. jÅah® kakh¡fÈ‹ e‹ikfis v›thW Ãaha¥gL¤jyh«? [BEQ]

Éil. (i) muá‹eh£Lilikah¡FjÈ‹,muRKjäLfŸFiw¥ò.

(ii) ïªâahÉš bghUshjhu elto¡iffis vËjhf¤

Jt§fïayhjmsî¡f£L¥ghLfŸïUªjd.

(iii) muR cÇik¡bfhŸiffis¢ r‰nw js®¤JtJ

mtáakhfïUªjJ.

(iv) bghUshjhu ts®¢áÆš jÅah® Jiw¡F¥ nghJkhd

thŒ¥òfis tH§f¥glÉšiy v‹W fUj¥g£ljhš

jÅah®kakhjšmtáakhdJ.

2. cyf kakh¡fš bjhl®ghf vL¡f¥g£l elto¡iffis ÉtÇ.

Éil. (i) R§f tÇ¡Fiw¥ò k‰W« R§ftÇ¤ jÉ®¥ò ngh‹w

brašghLfË‹_y«ïw¡FkâiavËik¥gL¤Jjš.

(ii) mašeh£LneuoKjäL(FDI) k‰W«mašeh£LbjhF¥ò

KjäLfS¡fhd(FPI)fjîfis¤âwªJit¥gJngh‹w

xU áy eltoiffŸ cyfkakh¡FjÈ‹ msåLfŸ

MF«.

3. btËeh£L Kjä£L¡ bfhŸif g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf

Éil. (i) bghUshjhu Ó®âU¤j¤â‹ k‰bwhU K¡»a m«r«

btËeh£L Kjä£o‰F« k‰W« btËeh£L bjhÊš

E£g¤â‰F«át¥òf«gstunt‰òjUtjhF«.


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1. LPG ¡F vâuhd fU¤J¡fŸ ahit?

Éil. (i) jhuhskakh¡F« bfhŸif btËeh£oš cŸs bgÇa

ÃWtd§fS¡Ftrâah»É£lJ.

(ii) jÅah®kakh¡Fjš,bgÇaÃWtd§fS¡FK‰WÇik

r¡âÆid V‰gL¤J« ïâš r_f Úâia vâ®gh®¡f

KoahJ.

(iii) V‰fdnt ts®ªj ehLfŸ nkY« tsu rhjfkhfî«,

ts®¢áFiwªjehLfË‹ey‹fŸòw¡fÂ¡f¥g£ld.

2. ïªâahÉš khR¡f£L¥gh£o‹ _y« R‰W¢NHiy ghJfh¡f vL¡f¥g£l elto¡iffŸ g‰¿ vGJf.

Éil. (i) eh£o‹R‰W¢NHšbfhŸifx‹iwV‰gL¤Jjš.

(ii) »ah£nlh (Kyoto protocol) Kiwia¥ ã‹g‰¿ njáa

R¤j«rh®ªjts®¢áfUÉ(Clean Development Mechanism - CDM) mâfhu¡FGx‹iwV‰gL¤Jjš.

(iii) kWbgh¿ÆašR‰W¢NHšR¤jKiwiank‰bfhŸsš.

(iv) flnyhu f£L¥gh£L gFâia (Coastal Regulation Zone - CRZ)

(v) eh£o‹ njáa ïurhad Ã®thf mik¥ò x‹iw

ts®¢áíw¢brŒjš.

3. mašeh£L thÂg¢ brY¤J rkÃiy k‰W« mašeh£L thÂg¢ rkÃiy ntWgL¤Jf.

Éil.

t.

v©

mašeh£L thÂg¢

brY¤J rkÃiy

mašeh£L thÂg¢

rkÃiy

1. “xUeh£o‹mid¤J

tifahdmašeh£L

tuî bryîfË‹

gâîfŸmid¤ijí«

fh©ã¡F«m¿¡if

mšyJfz¡nf”

mašeh£LthÂg¢

brY¤J¢rkÃiyahF«

mašeh£LthÂg¢

rkÃiy v‹gJ

“òydhF«bghUŸfË‹

thÂg¤ijk£Lnk”

F¿¥gjhF«.


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t.

v©

mašeh£L thÂg¢

brY¤J rkÃiy

mašeh£L thÂg¢

rkÃiy

2. òydhF« bghUŸfŸ

v‹gJg©l§fŸ

V‰Wkâk‰W«

ïw¡Fkâia¡

F¿¥gjhF«.

òydhF« bghUŸfŸ

v‹gJV‰Wkâk‰W«

ïw¡FkâÆ‹msî,

thÂg«, j§f«,

btŸËk‰W«ïju¥

g©l§fŸM»at‰iw¡

F¿¥gjhF«.

3 òydhfh¥bghUŸfŸ

v‹gJ gÂfŸ

mašeh£L¥gÇt®jid

k‰W«mašeh£L

elto¡iffŸ

ïitaid¤â‹V‰Wkâ

k‰W«ïw¡Fkâia¡

F¿¥gjhF«.

òydhfhj bghUŸfŸ

v‹gJgÂfŸgu°gu«

brY¤j¥gLjš,mjhtJ

flšthÂf«,fh¥ÕL

k‰W«t§»Æaš

ÃWtd§fŸ,t£o

brY¤Jjš,g§F,

R‰Wyh¥gaÂfË‹

bryî k‰W« ïij

ngh‹w ãwt‰iw¡

F¿¥gjhF«.


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7. Cuf bjhÊ‰rhiyfŸ v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) Cuf gFâfËš,Cuf k¡fshš el¤j¥gL«mid¤J

bjhÊ‰rhiyfS«CufbjhÊ‰rhiyfŸMF«.

(ii) cŸqÇš»il¡F« f¢rhg bghU£fŸ, âw‹fŸk‰W«

á¿a msÉyhd KjäL M»at‰iw mo¥gilahf

bfh©LmikªJŸsd.

8. ntsh© rh®ªj bjhÊ‰rhiyfŸ g‰¿ vGJf.

Éil. (i) ntsh©c‰g¤âg©l§fisEf®î¡FÇabghU£fshf

kh‰W»‹wgÂÆšntsh©ikrh®ªjbjhÊ‰rhiyfŸ

<LgL»‹wd.

(ii) ntsh©rh®ªjbjhÊšfŸFoir¤bjhÊš,áWbjhÊš

k‰W«Miy¤bjhÊyhfî«cŸsd.

9. Cuf ntiyÆ‹ik¡fhd fhuz§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.

Éil. (i) ntsh©ikgUtfhy«rh®ªjJ.

(ii) JizbjhÊšfË‹ik.

(iii) _yjdbr¿îbjhÊšE£g«.

10. Cuf m§fho v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) Cuf¥ gFâfËš c‰g¤â brŒa¥g£l g©l§fŸ

th§fnth mšyJ É‰fnth V‰gL¤j¥g£l f£lik¥ò

Cufm§fhoahF«.

(ii) ef®òw«k‰W«ïjugFâfËšc‰g¤âbrŒa¥g£lïju

bghU£fŸ M»at‰iw th§fî« Cuf m§fhofŸ

ga‹gL»‹wd.

11. Cuf rhiy ngh¡Ftu¤J v›thW ga‹gL»wJ?

Éil.Cuf ÉtrhÆfË‹ c‰g¤âia ef®òw m§fhofËš

rªij¥gL¤Jtj‰F«bjhiyöum§fhofS¡Fbrštj‰F«

ãwgÂfisga‹gL¤â¡bfhŸtj‰F«cjî»wJ.


1. Cuf fl‹ RikfË‹ ïašòfŸ ahit?

Éil. (i) ïªâahÉš Vw¡Fiwa 4š 3 gFâ Cuf FL«g§fŸ

flÅš_œ»cŸsd®.

(ii) áWÉtrhÆfS¡Ffl‹Rikmâf«.

(iii) ÉtrhabjhÊyhs®fŸk‰wbjhÊyhs®fis¡fh£oY«

ÄFªjfldhËfshfcŸsd®.

(iv) bgU«ghyhd fl‹fŸ FW»a fhy fl‹fŸ k‰W«

c‰g¤âïašg‰wit.


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(v) mâft£o¡Ffl‹th§Fgt®fË‹rjÉ»jnkmâfkhf

cŸsJ.

(vi) bgU«gh‹ikahd »uhk k¡fŸ jÅah®

ÃWtd§fËlÄUªJ«, mâf t£o¡F gz«

bfhL¥gt®fËlÄUªJ«fl‹bgW»wh®fŸ.

2. á¿a myF K‹nd‰w« g‰¿ vGJf.

Éil. (i) ïJxUbghJ¤Jiwrh®ªjÃâÃWtd«MF«.

(ii) ïJ áW, FW Ãâ ÃWtd§fS¡F«, t§» rhuh Ãâ

ÃWtd§fS¡F«k‰W«eL¤juÃWtd§fS¡F«fl‹

tH§F»wJ.

(iii) ïJV¥uš8,2015M«M©LJt¡f¥g£lJ.

(iv) FWmyFfŸts®¢ák‰W«kWÃâah¡f«ÃWtd«.

(v) FW Ãâ ÃWtd§fis xG§FgL¤jî« kW Ãâah¡f«

brŒaî«V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ.

3. njáa Cuf ey mik¥ò g‰¿ És¡Ff?

Éil. (i) njáa,Cufeymik¥ò(NRHM) 12,V¥uš2005M«

M©LMu«ã¡f¥g£lJ.

(ii) eÈtilªjCufk¡fS¡fhfFiwªjÉiyÆšvËâš

bgw¡ToajukhdMnuh¡»atrâfisV‰gL¤âjUtJ

ïj‹neh¡f«MF«.

(iii) clšey¤ijÔ®khÅ¡F«fhuÂfshdFoÚ®,Rfhjhu«,

fšÉ, C£l¢r¤J, r_f k‰W« ghÈd rk¤Jt«

ngh‹wt‰iwmiltj‰fhfáw¥ghfbrašgL«.

(iv) r_f¤ij gutyh¡f¥gl, ey ÉÃnahf Kiwia

V‰gL¤Jtnj ïªj mik¥ã‹ Äf K¡»akhd

neh¡fkhF«.

(v) ïd¥bgU¡f«,jhŒik¥ngW,áRk‰W«FHªijk‰W«

ts®ïs«gUt¤âdÇ‹eyD¡fhfgšntWgÂfis

nk‰bfhŸ»wJ.

(vi) kf¥ngW k‰W« FHªij ey‹ M»at‰¿‰F

K¡»a¤Jt«tH§F»wJ.

4. ïªâahÉ‹ rhiyngh¡Ftu¤J g‰¿ ÉtÇ?

Éil. (i) ïªâahÉ‹ Cuf rhiy gFâ 26.50 ïy£r« ».Û

MF« ïâš 13.5 rjÉj« gFâfËš k£Lnk rhiyfŸ

nghl¥g£LŸsJ.


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1. Cuf fl‹fis Ô®¥gj‰F vL¡f¥g£l elto¡iffŸ ahit?Éil. (i) Cuf fl‹fis¤ Ô®¥gj‰F gšntW tÊKiwfŸ

m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£LŸsd.

(ii) t£o¡F fl‹ bfhL¥gt®fis xG§FgL¤Jjš,

Cuf t§»fis nk«gL¤Jjš, t£lhu Cuf t§»fŸ

bjhl§Fjš, K‹fl‹fŸ tH§Fjš, RacjÉ¡

FG¡fismik¤jš,bjhl¡fT£Lwît§»fŸk‰W«

Ãyt§»fŸbjhl§Fjš.

(iii) gÆ® fl‹ tH§Fjš K‹ndho t§»¤â£l§fŸ á¿a

myF K‹nd‰w k‰W« kW ÃâaË¥ò Kft® t§»

bjhl§Fjš, Jiz bjhÊšfis cUth¡Fjš, âw‹

nk«ghLgÆ‰áfŸmË¤jš.

(iv) ViHfŸ k‰W« Ra cjÉ¡FGÉdU¡F t£oåj§fŸ

k‰W« ngh¡Ftu¤J bryÉd§fŸ trâÄ¡ft®fS¡F

»il¥gijfh£oY«mâfkhfcŸsJ.

(v) vL¤J¡fh£lhf : k»GªJ¡fhd flidÉl fšÉ¡fl‹

t£omâfkhfcŸsJ.


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[100]

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. rhjfkhd ghÈd É»j« bfh©l ïu©L kht£l§fis¡ TW? É»j§fisí« F¿¥ãL?

Éil. (i) Úy»Çkht£l«(1041 bg©fŸ, 1000 M©fS¡F).

(ii) jŠrhñ® kht£l« (1031 bg©fŸ, 1000 M©fS¡F)

rhjfkhd ghÈd« bg©fŸ.

2. bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤â (GSDP) tiuaW. [BEQ]

Éil. bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤â v‹gJ xU khÃy¤â‹ X®

M©oš c‰g¤â brŒa¥gL« g©l§fŸ k‰W« gÂfË‹

bkh¤jkâ¥ghF«.

3. jÄœeh£L¡nf‰w eh‹F czî¥ gÆ®fis¡ F¿¥ãLf.

Éil. k¡fh¢nrhs«,f«ò,Ãy¡fliy,v©bzŒÉ¤J¡fŸk‰W«

gU¤âM»aitjÄœeh£L¡nf‰wczî¥gÆ®fŸMF«.

4. jÄœeh£o‹ K¡»a¤ JiwKf§fŸ ahit?

Éil. v©û®k‰W«ö¤J¡FoM»aitjÄœeh£o‹Äf¥bgÇa

JiwKf§fshF«.ehf¥g£od«eL¤juJiwKfkhF«.

5. ghu«gÇa R‰Wyh v‹gJ v‹d? [BEQ]

Éil. kJiu Ûdh£á m«k‹nfhÉÈš (kJiu), $u§fehjh

RthÄ nfhÆš ($u§f«), ãufÔ°tu® Mya« (jŠrhñ®)

k‰W« kfhgÈòu á‰g¡nfhÆšfŸ M»ait ghu«gÇa

R‰Wyh¤jy§fŸMF«.

6. jÄœeh£o‹ mQÄ‹ Ãiya§fŸ ahit?

Éil. fšgh¡f«, Tl§Fs« M»ait jÄœeh£o‹ cŸs K¡»a

mQÄ‹Ãiya§fshF«.

7. FW ÃWtd§fŸ tiuaW.

Éil. 25ïy£r¤â‰FFiwªjKjäLbrŒJel¤J«ÃWtd§fŸ

FW ÃWtd§fŸ.


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1. jÄœeh£o‹ fÅk ts§fŸ F¿¥ò tiuf.

Éil. (i) il£lhÅa«, È¡id£, nk¡dir£, »uhig£

iy«°nlh‹, »uhid£, gh¡ir£ ngh‹w Ru§f¤

â£l§fŸjÄHf¤âšcŸsd.

(ii) beŒntÈ gG¥ò Ãy¡fÇ fHf« xU K‹ndho â£l«

vdyh«.

(iii) ïj‹ts®¢áahšmdšÄ‹Ãiya«,cubjhÊ‰rhiy,

fh®g‹rh®ªjbjhÊšfŸts®ªJtU»‹wd.

(iv) nry¤âš kh§fÜR - Ru§fK«, fŠrkiyÆš

ïU«ò¤jhJRu§fK«mikªJŸsd.

(v) khÈ¥od«vD«ïurhad¤jhJïªâahÉnynakJiu

kht£l¤âšfuo¡F£l«v‹D«CÇšk£Lnk»il¡»wJ.

2. jÄœeh£o‹ bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤âia (GSDP) És¡Ff. [BEQ]

Éil. (i) bkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤âia¥ngh‹wnjkhÃycŸeh£L

c‰g¤âahF«.

(ii) bkh¤jkhÃycŸeh£Lc‰g¤â v‹gJxUkhÃy¤âš

x® M©oš c‰g¤â brŒa¥gL« g©l§fŸ k‰W«

gÂfË‹bkh¤jgzkâ¥ghF«.

(iii) jÄœehL bghUshjhu k‰W« òŸËÆaš ïa¡f¤â‹

MŒÉ‹go, e«khÃybkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤âahdJ

(GSDP) 2016-2017 Ãâah©oš 207.8ãšÈa‹ lhyuhf

cŸsJ.

(iv) e«khÃybkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤âahdJcyfmsÉš

Fit¤eh£o‹bkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤â¡FrkkhF«.

(v) th§F« r¡âÆ‹ mo¥gilÆš I¡»a muR vÄnu£

ehLfË‹ (UAE)bkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤â¡F¢rkkhF«.

(vi) ãw ehLfSl‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âia

x¥ãL«nghJ jÄœeh£o‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤â

mâfkhfîŸsJ.

3. jÄœeh£o‹ #îË¤Jiw K‹nd‰w« g‰¿ ÉtÇ.

Éil. (i) jÄœehL ïªâahÉ‹ Äf¥bgÇa #îË¤Jiu c‰g¤â

ikakhF«.

(ii) jÄœehLïªâahÉ‹üš»©z«vdmiH¡f¥gL»wJ.


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(iii) ïªâa msÉš bkh¤j c‰g¤âÆš 41% rjåj üš

jÄœeh£ošc‰g¤âbrŒa¥gL»wJ.

(iv) 35ÄšÈa‹k¡fS¡FneuontiythŒ¥igtH§Ftj‹

_y«bkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤âÆš 4% g§fË¥igí«,

bkh¤j V‰Wkâ tUthŒ 35% #îË¤JiwÆÈUªJ

»il¡»wJ.

(v) c‰g¤â JiwÆš 14% g§fË¥ò #îË¤Jiw

_ykhf»il¡f¥bgW»wJ.

(vi) nfha«ò¤ö®, âU¥ó®, <nuhL, â©L¡fš k‰W«

f%® ngh‹w kht£l§fŸ @#îËMiyfS¡F òfœ

thŒªjit.

(vii) ã‹dyhilfË‹ efu« vd miH¡f¥gL« âU¥ó®

3-ÄšÈa‹mbkÇ¡flhy®kâ¥gsÉšã‹dyhilfis

V‰WkâbrŒ»wJ.

(viii)cŸeh£L#îËjahÇ¥òfŸk‰W«V‰WkâÆšKjÈl«

t»¡»wJ.

(ix)<nuhLkht£l«bj‹ÅªâahÉ‹bkh¤jk‰W«ášyiw

Ma¤jMiyfS¡fhdK¡»a#îËrªijahfcŸsJ.

4. jÄœehL k‰W« ïªâahÉš VnjD« ïu©L czî¥ gÆ®fË‹ c‰g¤â¤âw‹fis x¥ãLf.

Éil. (i) czîjhÅac‰g¤âÆšbešc‰g¤â79.49ïy£r«l‹

c‰g¤ânahLKjÈl¤âšcŸsJ.

(ii) ïªâahÉšnfsuhÉ‹K¡»agÆšVy¡fhŒ.

jÄœeh£o‹ beš c‰g¤âiaí«, nfushÉ‹ Vy¡fhŒ

c‰g¤âiaí«x¥ãLnth«.

t. v© beš Vy¡fhŒ

1 jÄœeh£oš

bešc‰g¤âÆš

KjÈl¤âšcŸsJ

ïa‰ifÆnynaVy¡fhŒ

nfushÉšmâfmsÉš

»il¡»wJ.

2 ïJK¡»a

czî¥gÆuhf

cŸsJ.

ïJK¡»atÂf¥gÆuhf

cŸsJ.

3 79.49ïy£r«

l‹bešc‰g¤â

brŒJ,c‰g¤âÆš

KjÈl¤âšcŸsJ.

20.27%c‰g¤âbrŒ»wJ.


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(mšyJ)

dqdp

= –3

R = pq

= 150p – 3p2

MR = ddqR

= 150 dpdq

–6p dpdq

= 150 13

6 13

50

1

2−

− −

p

= –50 + 2p

= –50 + 2 150

3−

q

= –50 + 100 −2

3q

= 50 – 23q

= 50 – 23

(150 – 3p)

= 50 – 100 + 2p

MR = 2p – 50

3. bkh¤j bryî¢rh®ò TC = 60 + 10x + 15x2 v‹whš ruhrÇ bryî¢

rh®ò fh© [BEQ]

Éil.

TC = 60 + 10x + 15x2

N¤âu« = TCx

ruhrÇbryî¢rh®ò = 60 +10 + 15x

xx x

x 2

= 60 +10 + 15x

x

∴ruhrÇbryî¢rh®ò = 60 +10 + 15x

x


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4. njit¢ rh®ò¢ rk‹ghL x = 20 − 2p − p2 ïš P Éiyiaí«,

x msití« F¿¥ãL« v‹whš p=2.5 v‹w kâ¥ãš njit

be»œ¢á bfG kâ¥ò fh©.

Éil.

ηd p

xdxdp

=

dxdp

p

d p

p p

pp p

p p

= − −

= − −( )

=+( )

−− −

− −

2 2

202 1

20

2

2

2

2

η 2 2

ïâš p = 2.5 vÅš,

=2 2 1+ 2.5

20

=5 3.5

20

= 17.515

52 2.5 2.5

5 6.25

6.25

2

.( )( )

( )( ) ( )− −

− −

−

== 17.58.75

= 2

∴njitbe»œ¢ábfGkâ¥ò = 2

5. xU bghUË‹ Éiy p í« msî q î«, q = 30 – 4p – p2 v‹w

rk‹gh£lhš ïiz¡f¥g£lhš.

(i) p = 2v‹wkâ¥ãšnjitbe»œ¢ábfGkâ¥òk‰W«

(ii)ïWâÃiytUthŒkâ¥òfh©.

Éil.

ed =

ïWâÃiy¢ rh®ò

ruhrÇ rh®ò

ïWâÃiy¢rh®ò = ddp

p p30 4 4− − 2( )

= 4 8p = -1− −ddxx nxn n( )


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6. mË¥ò¢ rh®ò bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsnghJ mË¥ò be»œ¢á bfG

fhz N¤âu« v‹d?

Éil.

mË¥òbeÊ¢ábfGÉ‹N¤âu«

mË¥òbe»œ¢ábfG = pqdqdp

7. MS Word - ‹ K¡»a m«r§fŸ ahit? [BEQ]

Éil. th®¤ij braÈ (Word Processor) Æ‹ m«r§fŸ :

(i) Mtz¤ij cUth¡f efbyL¡f âU¤âaik¡f,

totik¡fKoí«.

(ii) th®¤ijfŸ k‰W« th¡»a§fis ïilÆš nr®¤âl,

kh‰¿l(m)Ú¡»lKoí«.

(iii) totik¥ãidga‹gL¤jKoí«.

(iv) g¡f§fË‹msîk‰W«ÉË«òmsîfisrÇbrŒJ

bfhŸsKoí«.

(v) ãiHâU¤j«brŒí«trâíŸsJ.

(vi) gy Mtz§fŸ k‰W« nfh¥òfis x‹whf ïiz¡f

Ko»wJ.


1. fÂj KiwÆ‹ bghUshjhu¥ ga‹ghLfis És¡Ff.

Éil. bghUËaÈš fÂj KiwÆ‹ ga‹fŸ :

(i) bghUËaš ãu¢ridfis Äfî« RU¡fkhd toÉš

tH§»lfÂjKiwfŸJizòÇ»‹wd.

(ii) bghUËaš fU¤J¡fis És¡»l fÂj KiwfŸ

cjî»‹wd.

(iii) bghUËašMŒÉšmâfv©Â¡ifÆyhdkh¿fis

cgnah»¡ffÂjKiwfŸcjî»‹wd.

(iv) murh§fnkh(m)vªjxUmik¥ngheilKiw¥gL¤J«

bghUËaš brašghLfË‹ jh¡f« (m) Éisîfis

msÉlfÂjKiwfŸga‹gL»‹wd.


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2. 16x − 4 = 68 + 7x v‹whš njitasî x kâ¥ãid Ô®¡f. [BEQ]

Éil. 16x − 4 = 68 + 7x ⇒ 16x − 7x = 68 + 4

9x = 72

x = 729

∴ x = 8

3. xU ÃWtd¤â‹ tUthŒ rh®ò R = 600q − 0.03q2 k‰W« bryî¢

rh®ò C = 150q + 60,000 v‹whš mªj ÃWtd¤â‹ ruhrÇ

tUthŒ¢rh®ò , ruhrÇ bryî¢ rh®ò, ïWâÃiy tUthŒ¢

rh®ò k‰W« ïWâÃiy¢ rh®ò M»at‰iw¡ fh©.

Éil.

MR = ïWâÃiytUthŒ = Rq1

R = 600q − 0.03q2

R'= 600 − (0.03) 2(q)

= 600 − 0.06q

ruhrÇtUthŒ (AR) = Rq

=−

= −

600 0 03

600 0 03

2

2

q qq

qq

qq

q

.

.

∴ AR = 600 − 0.03q

)AC( = bkh¤j bryîruhrÇ bryî

c‰g¤â

=+

= +

150 60000

150 60000

qq

qq q


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∆ = −− −

x2

1 2 11 0 11 6 1

= 1 (0 + 6) −2(−1−1) + 1 (6 − 0) = 1 (6) − 2 (−2) + 1 (6) = 6 + 4 + 6

∴∆x2 = 16

∆ =−

− −x3

1 1 21 1 01 1 6

= 1 (6 − 0) + 1 (6 − 0) + 2 (−1 +1) = 1 (6) + 1 (6) 2 (0) = 6 + 6 + 0 = 12

∴∆x3 = 12

x x

x x

x x

11

22

4

1

33

3

1

44

1

164

4

124

3

=∆∆

=−−

=

=∆∆

=−

= −

=∆∆

=−

= −

∴ x1, x2, x3 = (1, −4, −3)

5. xU ÃWtd¤â‹ bkh¤j¢ bryî¢ rh®ò

(TC) = 5 + x2 MF« x =10 v‹w msÉš bkh¤j¢ bryÉid¡

fh©.

Éil. bkh¤jbryî(TC) = 5 + x2 x =10 vÅš,

= 5 + (10)2

= 5 + 100

∴ TC = 105

6. TC = 2.5q3 − 13q2 + 50q + 12 v‹whš ïWâÃiy bryî¢ rh®ò,

ruhrÇ bryî¢ rh®ò M»at‰iw¡ fh©.

Éil.

ïWâÃiybryî (MC) = dcdq


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2. p = 70 − 4x − x2 Mfî« njit x0 v‹gJ 6 vdî« mikíbkÅš

Ef®nth® cgÇ v‹d?

Éil.

ju¥g£lnjit¢rh®ò,

p = 70 − 4x − x2

x = 6 vÅš,

p = 70 − 4 (6) − (6)2

= 70 − 24 − (36) = 70 − 24 − 36 = 70 − 60 p = 10

vdnt

cs = (njit tis¡nfh£o‹ 0 Kjš 6 tiuÆyhdtis¡nfh£o‰F ÑGŸs gFâÆ‹ gu¥ò)- br›tf¤â‹

gu¥ò(10 × 6 = 60)

Cs = (70 4 ) 10×6

= 70 42

33

60

= 70 6

2

0

6

2 3

− − −

− − −

−

x x dx

x x

( )

( )

∫

44 (6)21

2731

60

= 420 = 420 141

2 29

− −

− − −−

72 9 60

= 279 myFfŸ



1. 124 = 68 + 8x v‹whš x ‹ kâ¥ò fh©.

Éil.

124 = 68 + 8124 68 = 8

56 = 8

568

=

7

xxx

x

x

−

=

7

∴


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2. TR = 20Q − 2Q2 vd ju¥g£LŸsJ. Q = 3 vÅš ïWâÃiy tUthia¡ fh©f (MR).

Éil.

ïâšQ = 3 vÅš

MR = 20 4Q= 20 4 3= 20 12

−−−

( )

∴ = MR 8


1. A=6 8 144 2 614 4 2

v‹w mÂÆ‹ mÂ¡nfhit kâ¥ò fh©f.

Éil.

ju¥g£lmÂÆ‹mÂ¡nfhitkâ¥ghdJ

A =6 8 44 2 6

14 4 2= 6

2 34 2

84 6

14 2+14

4 214 4

−

= 6 (4 −12) − 8 (8 − 84) + 14 (16 − 28)

= 6 (−8) −8 (−76) + 14 (−12) = −48 + 608 − 168 = 608 − 216 Éil = 392

2. »uhk® Éâia¥ ga‹gL¤â rk‹ghLfŸ x k‰W« y kâ¥òfis¡ fh©f. x + 3y = 2 k‰W« 3x − 2y = 28

Éil.

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsrk‹ghLfŸ

x + 3y = 2

3x − 2y = 28 MF«.

rk‹ghLfismÂtoÉšmik¤âl

Q0 = 1TR = 20Q 2QMR = 20 1 Q 2 2 Q

= 20 Q 4Q= 20 1

2

1 1 2 1

0 1

−−

−

( ) ( )

( )

− −

4Q= 20 4Q

−−


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1 33 2

=228

=1 33 2

= 2 9= 11

−

∆−

− −−

xy

F¿¥ò :mÂ¡nfhitkâ¥ò∆≠ 0,vÅš,Ô®î»ilahJ.

∆≠ 0,Ô®îc©L

∆−

− −−

∆

−

∆∆

−−

x

y

x x y

=2 328 2

= 4 84= 88

=1 23 28

= 28 6= 22

= 8811

=8

1 , 22211

= 8 , 2

2

1−−x y =

Ô®itrÇgh®¤jš

rk‹gh£il(1)šãuâÆl

x + 3y = 2

1(8) + 3 (−2) = 2

8 − 6 = 2

2 = 2


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lh®bf£

Édh ÉilfŸ

5kâ¥bg©fŸ



áw¥g«r§fŸ

2018-19 M« M©o‰fhd òâa ghl¤â£l¤â‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

5 kâ¥bg©fŸ Édh-ÉilfŸ ghlthÇahf ãÇ¤J ju¥g£LŸsd.



bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd.

Kjš gUt ïil¤ nj®î (2018-19) [First Mid-2018], fhyh©L¤ nj®î

[QY-2018], muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ [Govt. MQP-2018] Édh ÉilfŸ

nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd.


bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°

br‹id

bghUËaš

This material only for sample

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[ii]




ISBN : 978-93-88023-81-8F¿p£L v© : SG-247

jiyik mYtyf«:


br‹id-600 040. 91-44-26161088, 26161099



ò¤jf¤âšcŸsrªnjf§fS¡F : [email protected] ò¤jf§fŸth§f : [email protected] bjhl®ò¡F: 96001 75757 / 8124301000 th£°m¥: 8124201000 / 9840926027 M‹iy‹ tiyjs« : www.surabooks.comghl¡F¿¥òfË‹bjhF¡f¥g£lgFâfisvkJhttp://tnkalvi.in ïizajs¤âÈUªJ

ïytrkhfgâÉw¡»¡bfhŸsyh«



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[iii]




DIRECT DEPOSIT







letterhead.



Chennai - 600 040.Phones : 044-26161088, 26161099.




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1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš : X® m¿Kf« ............................ 1 - 15

2. Ef®î¥ gF¥ghŒî ........................................................... 16 - 32

3. c‰g¤âgF¥ghŒî.......................................................33-44



6. g»®î g‰¿a MŒî .......................................................... 65 - 75

7. ïªâa¥bghUshjhu«..................................................76-89


Rjªâu¤â‰FK‹dU«ã‹dU«...........................90-99

9. ïªâahÉ‹nk«ghLmDgt§fŸ..........................100-103

10. Cuf bghUshjhu« ...................................................... 104 - 113

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu« ........................................ 114 - 117

12. bghUËaY¡fhdfÂjKiwfŸ........................118-124

[iv]

bghUsl¡f«



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11-M« tF¥ò

bghUËaš

5 kâ¥bg©fŸ Édh ÉilfŸ

1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš : X® m¿Kf«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¡f msÉš ÉilaË.

1. bghUËaiy¥ g‰¿a gšntW ïy¡fz§fis x¥ã£L ntWgL¤Jf.� [QY-2018; Govt. MQP-2018]

Éil. (1) Ml«°Ä¤â‹brštïy¡fz«:

(i) bghUËašv‹gJbršt¤ij¥g‰¿aX®m¿Éaš

v‹WtiuaW¤JŸsh®.

(ii) rKjha¤âš cŸs x›bthU egU« jdJ Ra

e‹ik¡fhfî«, ïyhg¤ij K‹nd‰wî«

ciH¡»‹wh‹v‹WTW»wh®.

(2) eyïy¡fz«:Mš~ãu£kh®õš:

(i) bghUËašv‹gJkÅjÅ‹m‹whlelto¡ifia

go¥gJ«, bghUŸrh® eyid miltâ‹ bghU£L

jÅkÅj‹k‰W«rKjha¤â‹brašgh£ilF¿¤J

MuhŒtJ«MF«.

(ii) bghUËaš, xUòw« bršt¤ij g‰¿í« kWòw«

kÅjid¥g‰¿í«MuhŒ»wJ.

(3) g‰wh¡Fiwïy¡fz«:ïyadšïuhã‹°:

(i) bghUËaš v‹gJ ÉU¥g§fnshL«

»il¥gUikíŸs kh‰W tÊfËš ga‹gl¡Toa

g‰wh¡Fiwahd rhjd§fnshL« bjhl®òila

kÅjelto¡iffis¥g‰¿go¡F«X®m¿Éany

MF«.

(ii) kÅj®fË‹všiya‰wnjitfisó®¤âbrŒí«

ts§fË‹ mË¥òfŸ g‰wh¡Fiwahf cŸsd

v‹gijïªjïy¡fz«TW»wJ.

[1]



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2 RuhÉ‹ bghUËaš - 11 M« tF¥ò áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£

(4) ts®¢áïy¡fz«:rhKntšr‹:

bghUËaš v‹gJ “kÅjD«, rKjhaK« gz¤ijga‹gL¤ânah mšyJ ga‹gL¤jhknyh, kh‰WtÊfËš ga‹gl¡Toa g‰wh¡Fiwahd ts§fis¡bfh©LgšntWg©l§fisc‰g¤âbrŒJ,mt‰iwj‰fhy¤âY«, vâ®fhy¤âY« k¡fS¡»ilnaí«rKjha¡ FG¡fS¡»ilnaí« Ef®É‰fhf v›thWg»®ªjË¥gJ v‹gij bjÇî brŒí« ïayhF«”. vdtiuaiwbrŒ»wh®.

2. bghUËaÈ‹ gšntW ãÇîfis És¡Ff. [BEQ; First Mid-2018]

Éil. bghUËaš, Ef®î, c‰g¤â, gÇkh‰w«, g»®î M»ac£ãÇîfis¡bfh©LŸsJ.

(1) Ef®î:

(i) kÅj ÉU¥g§fis Ãiwî brŒí« Ef®î,bghUshjhu elto¡ifÆ‹ Jt¡f òŸËahfÉs§F»wJ.

(ii) kÅj ÉU¥g§fË‹ ïašòfË‹ mo¥gilÆš,Ef®nthÇ‹ el¤ij FiwªJbrš ga‹ghL,Ef®nthÇ‹ cgÇ ngh‹w gy ÉâfŸÉs¡f¥g£LŸsd.

(2) c‰g¤â:

(i) cŸçLfis btËpLfshf kh‰W« brašghnlc‰g¤âvd¥gL«.

(ii) Ãy«, ciH¥ò, _yjd«, bjhÊš mik¥ònkY« cŸçL, btËpLfS¡»ilnaahd cwîM»aitahF«.

(3) gÇkh‰w«:

(i) gÇkh‰w« v‹gJ gšntW m§fho mik¥òfË‹_y«ÉiyÔ®khÅ¡f¥gLtnjhLbjhl®òilaJ.

(ii) c‰g¤â brŒa¥g£l g©l§fŸ Ef®nthÇ‹iffS¡F »il¡»‹wnghJjh‹ gÇkh‰w«rh¤âakh»wJ.

(4) g»®î:

(i) g»®îv‹gJc‰g¤â¡fhuÂfË‹g§fË¥ò_y«»il¡F«ÉisthF«.

(ii) g»®îv‹D«gFâc‰g¤âfhuÂfË‹ÉiyfŸÃ®zÆ¡f¥gLtijÉs¡F»wJ.

3. bghUËaÈ‹ j‹ik k‰W« všiyia ÉtÇ.Éil. bghUËaÈ‹j‹ikfŸ:

bghUËaÈ‹ j‹ikÆid, F¿¥ã£l áy bghUËašm¿P®fË‹gšntWtiuaiwfis¥go¥gj‹_y«òÇªJbfhŸsyh«.



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[16]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. njit�Éâia�tiugl¤Jl‹�ÉtÇ.� [BEQ, First Mid-2018]

Éil. njitÉâ:

njit Éâia KjÈš 1838š mf°o‹ T®dh£

És¡F»wh® ã‹ Mš~¥u£ kh®õš ïij¢ Ó®gL¤â

ÉtÇ¡»wh®.

ïy¡fz«:

‘k‰wit khwhkš ïU¡F«nghJ xU bghUS¡fhd

Éiy Fiwí«nghJ k¡fŸ m¥bghUis mâf«

th§Ft®, Éiy VW«nghJ Fiwthf th§Ft®’

-rhKntšr‹.

njitÉâÆ‹vLnfhŸfŸ:

(i) tUkhd¤âškh‰wÄšiy.

(ii) RitÆY« nj®ªbjL¤j k‰W« gH¡f¤âY«

kh‰wÄšiy.

(iii) ãwbghU£fË‹ÉiyÆškh‰wÄšiy.

(iv) ãwgâÈfŸïšiy.

(v) g©l¤â‹ju¤âšv›Éjkh‰wK«ïšiy.

bfhL¡f¥g£lmDkhd§fËšVnjD«x‹¿škh‰w«

V‰g£lhY«ï›ÉâbrašglhJ.

njitm£ltiz

Éiy(%ghŒ) njitmsî

5 14 23 32 41 5



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RuhÉ‹ bghUËaš áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£ -5 kâ¥bg©fŸ 17

tiuglÉs¡f«:

(i) X m¢ášg©l«msî«,

Y m¢áš Éiyí«

F¿¥ãl¥gL»‹wd.

(ii) D v‹gJ njit¡

nfhlhF«.

(iii) njitmsîÑœneh¡»¢rÇªJbrš»wJ.mjhtJïlÄUªJ tykhf Ñœ

neh¡»¢rÇ»wJ.

g©l¤â‰fhdm§fho¤njit:

A v‹gtuJnjit B v‹gtuJnjit

201234

A

D(A)X

Y

4 6 8njit msî

Éi

y

201234

X

Y

4 6 8njit msî

Éi

y

C v‹gtuJnjit bkh¤jnjit

201238 C

D(C)

X

Y

4 6 8njit msî

Éi

y

501234 D

DX

Y

8 15 22 25

Éi

y

njit msî

m§fhoÆš cŸs mid¤J jÅ eg®fË‹ njitmsÉid x‹W T£odhš g©l¤â‰fhd m§fho¤njittisnfh£oid¥bgwyh«.

njitÉâÆ‹ÉâÉy¡FfŸ:

O

E

D

DY

Xmsî

Éi

y

1Q 2Q

1E2P

1P

1

1 2 3 4 5

2

3

4

5

0njit msî (myFfËš)

D

X D

Y

Éi

y



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áy tâÉy¡F njit¡ nfhLfŸ ïªj Éâ¡F f£L¥glhkškh¿¢ brašgL«. ÉiyFiwî njit RU¡f¤ijí«Éiyca®înjitÉÇití«V‰gL¤J«.

2. FiwªJ� brš� ïWâÃiy� ga‹gh£L� Éâia� tiugl¤Jl‹�ÉtÇ. [Govt. MQP-2018]

Éil. m¿Kf«:(i) M°âÇa bghUËaš tšYduhd H.H. fhr‹ (Gossen)

v‹gt®ï›Éâia1854šbghUËaÈšKj‹KjyhfcUth¡»d®.

(ii) b#th‹° ï›Éâia fhrÅ‹ Kjš Ef®î Éâ vdmiH¤jh®.

ïy¡fz«:

‘xUtÇl«cŸsxUg©l¤â‹ïU¥òTL»‹wbghGJx›bthU TLjš my»ÈUªJ« »il¡F« ga‹ghLFiw»wJ’v‹Wkh®õšï›ÉâiatiuaiwbrŒ»wh®.

vLnfhŸfŸ:

(i) ga‹ghLv©zsitÆšmsÉlnt©L«.

(ii) gz¤â‹ïWâÃiy¥ga‹ghLkhwhJïU¡fnt©L«.

(iii) Ef®nth® gF¤j¿thsuhf ïU¥gjhš bryitFiw¥gtuhfî«âU¥âiamâf¥gL¤Jgtuhfî«ïU¡fnt©L«.

(iv) Efu¥gL«g©lmsîxnuÓuhdjhfïU¡fnt©L«.

(v) Efu¥gL« g©l¤â‹ všyh msîfS« x¤j j‹ikbfh©lit(c.«.)vil,ju«,Rit,Ãw«ngh‹wit.

(vi) g©l§fisEfU«nghJfyïilbtËÆ‹¿bjhl®ªJEfunt©L«.

(vii) EfU« fhy¤âš Ef®nthuJ Rit¡F« gh§F, gH¡ftH¡f§fŸ, bjÇîfŸ, ehfÇf§fŸ, tUkhd« k‰W«Ef®nthÇ‹Fzhâra§fŸkhwhJïU¡fnt©L«.

És¡f«:

xUEf®nth®xnug©l¤ijbjhl®ªJfhyïilbtËÆ‹¿bjhl®¢áahf EfU«nghJ x›bthU TLjš bghUËÈUªJ»il¡»w ga‹ghL (ïWâÃiy¥ ga‹ghL) FiwªJ bršY«v‹Wï›ÉâÉs¡F»wJ.

m£ltizïWâÃiyga‹ghL

M¥ãŸmyFfŸ

bkh¤j¥ga‹ghL

ïWâÃiy¥ga‹ghL

1 20 202 35 15 (35 –20)3 45 10 (45 – 35)4 50 5 (50 – 45)5 50 0 (50 – 50)6 45 –5 (45 – 50)7 35 –10 (35 – 45)



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[33]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¡f msÉš ÉilaË.1. khW«�É»j�Éisî�Éâia�tiugl¤Jl‹�És¡Ff.Éil. (i) khW«É»jÉisîÉâ:

xnu xU cŸç£oid k£L« mâf¥gL¤â, ãwcŸçLfiskh‰whkš,c‰g¤âia¥bgU¡fKa‹whšbkh¤jc‰g¤âts®É»j¤âšca®ªJã‹òF¿¥ã£lòŸËÆšÃiyahdã‹FiwªJbršY«.

(ii) ïy¡fz«:

°o¡yÇ‹ T‰W¥go, “c‰g¤â gÂfS¡Fga‹gL¤j¥gL« ãw fhuÂfË‹ msî ÃiyahfïU¡F« nghJ, X® c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂ rk ca®thfmâfÇ¡F«nghJxUF¿¥ã£lòŸË¡FãwFc‰g¤âÆ‹msîFiwí«,mjhtJïWâÃiyc‰g¤âFiwí«.”

(iii) vLnfhŸfŸ:

(1) xnu xU c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂÆ‹ msî k£L«ca®¤j¥g£L,Vidac‰g¤â¡fhuÂfË‹msîkhwhkšïU¡»wJ.

(2) khW«c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfŸxnuj‹ikíilait.

(3) c‰g¤â¥ bghUshdJ gUk myFfshšmsÉl¥gL»wJ.

(4) bjhÊšE£gÃiyÆškh‰w«ïšiy.

(5) bghUË‹ÉiyÆškh‰w«ïšiy.

(iv) m£ltiz:

khW«

cŸçLfË‹

(L)myFfŸ

bkh¤j

c‰g¤â

(TPL)

ïWâÃiy

c‰g¤â

(MPL)

ruhrÇ

c‰g¤â

(APL)ÃiyfŸ

123

2612

246

234

I

45

1618

42

43.6 II

67

1816

0–2

32.28 III



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(1) m£ltizÆ‹go c‰g¤â _‹W Ãiyfisbfh©lJ.

(2) TP KjÈš mâfÇ¤J, ã‹ò Ãiyah», ã‹òFiw»wJ.

(3) MPKjÈšFiwªjã‹òó{Íakh»ã‹òvâ®fzabrš»wJ.

khW«É»jÉisîÉâÆ‹tiugl«

0

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Y

-2x

Ãiy - IIÃiy - I Ãiy - III

MPL

TPL

TPL

APL

MPL

APL

khW« fhuÂfË‹ myFfŸ

2

tiuglÉs¡f«:

ciH¥ghs®fË‹ v©Â¡if X – m¢áY«, TP, AP k‰W«MP Y – m¢áY«F¿¡f¥g£LŸsd.

KjšÃiy (I):(i) ïWâÃiy c‰g¤â (MP) 3 ciH¥ghs®fis

ga‹gL¤J«tiumâfÇ¡»wJ.

(ii) MP > AP(iii) bkh¤jc‰g¤âts®É»j¤âšmâfÇ¡»wJ.ï§F

A – v‹wòŸË“tisîkh‰w¥òŸË”MF«.

ïu©lh«Ãiy (II):(i) ïWâÃiyc‰g¤â FiwªJ 6 -myFciH¥ig

ga‹gL¤J«nghJó{Íakh»wJ.

(ii) eh‹fhtJciH¥ig ga‹gL¤J« nghJ MP = AP ïâšMP tisnfhlhdJAP tisnfh£ilÉl Ñœmikí«.

(iii) TPFiwªJbršåj¤âšmâfÇ¡F«.

_‹wh«Ãiy (III):(i) 7 myF ciH¥ghs®fis ga‹gL¤J« nghJ MP

vâ®fÂakh»wJ.

(ii) AP FiwªJ br‹whY« ne®kiw kâ¥ghfntïU¡F«. 1 myF ciH¥ò ga‹gL¤J«nghJ TP Fiwa¤bjhl§F«.



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2. rk� msî� c‰g¤â� nfh£o‹� g©òfis� tiugl¤Jl‹� ÉtÇ. [BEQ; Govt. MQP-2018]

Éil. rkmsîc‰g¤â¡nfh£o‹g©òfŸ:

(i) rkc‰g¤â¡nfhLvâ®kiw¢rÇit¡bfh©lJ.

(ii) njh‰WthŒneh¡»FÉªJfhz¥gL«.

(iii) rkc‰g¤â¡nfhLx‹iwbah‹Wbt£o¡bfhŸshJ.

(iv) ca®rkc‰g¤â¡nfhLca®c‰g¤âmsitF¿¡»wJ.

(v) rkc‰g¤â¡nfhLX m¢áidnah (m)Y m¢áidnah

bjhlhJ.

rkc‰g¤â¡nfhLfŸvâ®kiw¢rÇit¡bfh©lJ:

(i) rk c‰g¤â¡ nfhLfŸ ïlÄUªJ tykhf nkÈUªJ

Ñœneh¡»rÇªJbrš»wJ.

(ii) rkc‰g¤â¡nfhLrÇtj‰Ffhuz«(MRTS)ïWâÃiy

bjhÊšE£ggâä£Låj«MF«.

(iii) xUfhuÂia(K5)mâfkhfga‹gL¤J«nghJk‰bwhU

fhuÂ(L2)Fiw»wJ.

K5

K4

K3

K2

L2 L3L4 L5

_y

jd«

ciH¥ò

Iq

CD

B

A

O

Y

X

njh‰WthŒneh¡»FÉªJfhz¥gL«:

(i) ïWâÃiygâä£Låj«mâfÇ¡F«nghJrkc‰g¤â¡

nfhLfŸnjh‰WthŒneh¡»FÊahfî«k‰W«Ãiyahd

ïWâÃiy gâä£Låj« ïUªjhš ne®nfhlhfî«

mikí«.

(ii) ïJrkc‰g¤â¡nfh£o‹ïašãidbghW¤jJ.

(iii) Fiwªj msî ciH¥ã‹ myFfŸ _yjd¤â‰F

gâälhf ga‹gL¤j¥gL« nghJ rk c‰g¤â¡ nfhLfŸ

njh‰WthŒneh¡»FÉªJmikí«.



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[45]

4. bryî k‰W« tUthŒ g‰¿a MŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. bkh¤j¢� bryî� = 10 + Q3, Q = 5� vÅš� AC, AVC, TFC, AFC M»at‰iw¡�f©Lão.� [Govt. MQP-2018]

Éil. TC = bkh¤j¢bryî,TFC = bkh¤jkhwh¢bryî,

TVC =bkh¤jkhW«bryî

AVC = TVC

Q

AFC = TFC

Q

AC = TCQ

bkh¤jbryî = 10 + Q3, Q = 5 vÅš

bkh¤j¢bryî = 10 + (5)3

= 10 + 125

∴bkh¤j¢bryî = 135

(i) bkh¤j¢ bryÉš ïu©L bryîfŸ cŸsl§»íŸsJ.

mit,

(ii) bkh¤jkhW«bryîk‰W«bkh¤jkhwh¢bryîMF«.

(iii) bkh¤jkhwh¢bryîc‰g¤âmâfÇ¤jhY«FiwªjhY«,

ó{ÍakhfïUªjhY«khwhJ.vdnt,

TC = 10 + Q3

(iv) ï§Fbkh¤jkhwh¢bryî10MF«.

TC = 135, TFC = 10 vÅšTVC = ? 135 = 10 + TVC 135 – 10 = TVC

∴ 125 = TVC bkh¤jkhW«bryî

AVC = ruhrÇkhW«bryî

Q = c‰g¤â

AFC = ruhrÇkhwh¢bryî

AC = ruhrÇbryî



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(iv) MR tisnfhlhdJARtisnfh£o‰FÑnHcŸsJ.

(v) Ñœ neh¡» rÇªJ bršY« tUthŒ nfhLfŸne®nfhLfshfïU¡fnt©L«v‹gJmtáaÄšiy.

(vi) áyrka§fËštUthŒnfhLfŸika¤ijneh¡»FÉîtisthfnth(m)FÊahdtisthfnthïU¡F«.

É‰gidbrŒa¥g£lmyFfŸ

(Q)

Éiy

(P)

bkh¤jtUthŒ

(TR)

ïWâÃiytUthŒ

(MR)

1 10 10 102 9 18 83 8 24 64 7 28 45 6 30 26 5 30 07 4 28 –28 3 24 –49 2 18 –6

10 1 10 –8

Éiy¡Fiwí«nghJ-ARk‰W«MR

02

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-2-4

-6

-8

AR

Y

XMR

Éi

y

msî


1. bkh¤j�tUthia�tiugl¤Jl‹�És¡Ff.

Éil. (i) bkh¤jtUthŒ (Total Revenue - TR) v‹gJ,xUÃWtd«j‹c‰g¤âg©l§fisÉ‰gidbrŒtjhš»il¡F«

bkh¤jtUkhdnk,bkh¤jtUthŒvd¥gL»wJ.



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1. xU� ÃWtd«� nk‰bfhŸS«� gšntW� bryîfSŸ� VnjD«�M¿id�És¡Ff.

Éil. 1. gz¢bryî:

gz¢bryîbgausî¢bryîv‹WmiH¡f¥gL»‹wd.

xU bjhÊš ÃWtd« xU bghUis c‰g¤â brŒa

gzkhf¢ bryÉL« mid¤J¤ bjhifiaínk

gz¢bryîv‹WmiH¡»nwh«.

(v.fh.) (i) _y¥bghUS¡fhd¢bryî

(ii) ciH¥ã‰fhdTÈk‰W«r«gs«

2. c©ik¢bryî:

c©ik¢ bryî v‹gJ j‹ cŸSz®î rh®ªj

fU¤jhF«. xU bghUis c‰g¤â brŒtâš V‰gL«

J‹g« k‰W« âahf¤ij ïJ F¿¡F«. Câa§fË‹

bkh¤j«gz¢bryîvd¥gL«.

3. ãwthŒ¥ò¢bryî:

xU g©l¤â‹ áwªj ga‹ghL nj®ªbjL¡f¥gLtjhš

mjDila mL¤j áwªj ga‹ghL É£L¡bfhL¡f¥gl

nt©oíŸsJ.

(v.fh.) nfhJikia gÆÇL« cHt® j‹ÅlKŸs

mnj c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfis¥ ga‹gL¤â

cUis¡»H§ifrhFgobrŒayh«.

4. ngnu£Lbryî/btËíW¢bryî:

xU g©l¤ij c‰g¤â brŒa xU bjhÊšKidnth®

c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfS¡F mË¡F« Câa§fŸ k‰W«

f£lz§fSnkbtËíWbryîfŸvd¥gL«.

5. jÅah®¢bryî:

jÅah®JiwÃWtd¤âšc‰g¤â¡fhF«bryîjÅah®

bryî MF«. btËíW bryîfŸ k‰W« cŸsh®ªj

bryîfË‹T£L¤bjhifnajÅah®brythF«.

6. r_f¢bryî:

r_f¢ bryî v‹gJ c‰g¤â ÃWtd¤â‹ c‰g¤â¢

bryîm‹W.mJrKjha¤âšïU¡F«k‰wk¡fS¡F

V‰g£lbrythF«.

(v.fh.) xU v©bzŒ R¤âfÇ¥ò Miy btËna‰W«

fÊî¥ bghU£fŸ M‰W ÚUl‹ fyªJ mâš

öŒik¡nfL V‰gL¤Jtj‹ _y« V‰gL«

bryîMF«.



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[56]

5. m§fho mik¥ò« Éiy Ã®zaK«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. Ãiwî�ngh£oÆ‹�ïašòfis�És¡Ff.� [BEQ]Éil. m) v©z‰wth§Fgt®k‰W«É‰ngh®:

(i) v©z‰w th§Fnth® v‹gJ m§fhoÆš cŸsc‰g¤â bghU£fis x¥ãL«nghJ xU jÅ eg®th§F« msî Äf Äf Fiwthf ïU¥gij¡F¿¡F«.

(ii) v©z‰wÉ‰gt®v‹gJx›bthUÉ‰gidahsÇ‹c‰g¤âí« ÄfÄf¡ Fiwthf ïU¡F« v‹gij¡F¿¡F«.

M) XÇašghdg©l§fŸk‰W«xnukhâÇahdÉiy:

th§F« k‰W« É‰F« g©l§fŸ x¤jj‹ikíilaitahfî« K‰¿Y« gâä£Lg©l§fshfî«ïU¡F«.

ï) c£òFjšk‰W«btËnaWjÈšjilÆšiy:

(i) FW»a fhy¤âš xU âwikahd c‰g¤âahs®FiwªjbryÉšc‰g¤âbrŒJÄfmâfïyhg«bgWth®.

(ii) ïjdhš mâf v©Â¡ifÆš c‰g¤âahs®bjhÊ‰rhiyÆš EiHaî«, btËnawî« thŒ¥òcŸsJ.

<) ngh¡Ftu¤Jbryîïšiy:

ngh¡Ftu¤J bryî ïšyhjjhš xnu khâÇahdÉiyÃyî»wJ.

c) c‰g¤âfhuÂfŸïl«bgaU«:

xUbjhÊÈÈUªJk‰bwhUbjhÊY¡FkhWtj‰FKGRjªâu«bg‰WŸsjhšÉiyrÇbrŒa¥gL»wJ.

C) m§fhoÃiyg‰¿m¿ªâU¥gh®:

m§fhok‰W«g©l¤â‹ju« g‰¿th§FgtU«,É‰gtU«e‹Fm¿t®.

v) muá‹jiypLïšiy:

_y¥bghUË‹ mË¥ò k‰W« Éiy Ã®za«ngh‹wt‰¿šmuá‹jiypLïšiy.



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1. Ãiwî¥ngh£o,�K‰WÇik�ntWgL¤Jf.Éil.

t.v©.

Ãiwî¥ngh£o K‰WÇik

1. ruhrÇtUthŒtis¡nfhL(AR) X m¢R¡FïizahdgL¡if¡nfhlhfmikªJŸsJ.ï§FïWâÃiytUthí«(MR) ruhrÇtUthí«Éiy¡FrkkhfïU¡F«.MR = AR = P

ruhrÇtUthŒtis¡nfhL«ïWâÃiytUthŒtis¡nfhL«Ñœneh¡»rÇªJbrš»‹wd.ïWâÃiytUthŒ,ruhrÇtUthŒk‰W«ÉiyiaÉlÑœk£l¤âšcŸsJ.

2. rkÃiyÆ‹nghJ,ïWâÃiybryî,ïWâÃiytUthŒ¡Frkkhfî«,nkY«mJruhrÇtUthah»aÉiy¡Frkkhfî«mikªJŸsJ.

rkÃiyÆšïWâÃiybryî,ïWâÃiytUthŒ¡FrkkhfcŸsJ.MdhšïWâÃiytUthŒ,ruhrÇtUthah»aÉiyiaÉlFiwthfcŸsJ.

3. Ãiwî¥ngh£oÆšxUÃWtd«Ú©lfhy¤âšrkÃiyiamilaÚ©lfhyruhrÇbryîtis¡nfh£o‹mok£l¤âšmikí«.

K‰WÇikÆšxUÃWtd«Ú©lfhyrkÃiyÆšTlca®thdruhrÇbryÉidnk‰bfhŸS«.

4. Ãiwî¥ngh£oÆšrkÃiyahdJc‰g¤âbryîmâfÇ¡F«nghJk£LnkmilaKoínkm‹¿bryîFiwí«nghnjhÃiyahdjhfïU¡F«nghnjhmšy.

rkÃiy,ÃiybryîmâfÇ¡F«nghJ«,Fiwí«nghJ«,ÃiyahdjhfïU¡F«nghJ«milayh«.

5. Ãiwî¥ngh£oÆšÃWtd«ïašòïyhg¤ijÚ©lfhy¤âšmilí«.c¢rïyhg¤ijFW»afhy¤âšmilí«.

c¢rïyhgkhdJ,FW»afhy¤âY«k‰W«Ú©lfhy¤âY«milí«.

6. c‰g¤âasîmâfkhfî«ÉiyFiwthfî«ïU¡F«.

c‰g¤âFiwthfî«Éiymâfkhfî«ïU¡F«.



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[65]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. ïWâÃiy�c‰g¤â¤âw‹�g»®î¡�nfh£gh£il�És¡Ff.

Éil. ïWâÃiyc‰g¤âg»®înfh£ghL:

(i) ïWâÃiyc‰g¤ââw‹g»®înfh£gh£ilts®¢áíw¢

brŒjt®fŸ.»sh®¡,É¡ÓLk‰W«thšu°Mth®.

(ii) ï¡nfh£ghL gšntW c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfS¡F v›thW

ÉiyfisÃ®zÆ¥gJvdÉs¡F»wJ.

(iii) fhuÂ tUthahd thu«, TÈ, t£o k‰W« ïyhg«,

ngh‹wt‰¿‰Fv›thWÉiyiaÔ®khÅ¡f¥gL»‹wd

v‹gijÉs¡F»wJ.

(iv) ï¡nfh£ghL“fhuÂfË‹bghJg»®înfh£ghL”mšyJ

“njáa <î¤bjhif g»®î nfh£ghL” v‹W«

miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

vLnfhŸfŸ:

(i) fhuÂfŸmid¤J«xUÄ¤jj‹ikbfh©lit.

(ii) ï§FÃiwî¥ngh£oÃyî»wJ.

(iii) c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfŸKGikahfïl«bgau¡Toait

(iv) KGntiyÃiyÃyî»wJ.

(v) Ú©lfhy¤â‰Fk£Lnkï›ÉâbghUªJ«.

(vi) fhuÂfË‹ÉiyÃ®za¤âšmuá‹jiypLïšiy.

(vii) bjhÊšE£g¤âškh‰wÄšiy.

ï¡nfh£gh£o‹És¡f«:

ïWâÃiy c‰g¤ââw‹ g»®î¡nfh£gh£o‹go vªj xU

c‰g¤â fhuÂ¡F« mj‹ ïWâÃiy c‰g¤â âwD¡F¢

rkkhfÉiynahmšyJbtFkânahtH§f¥glnt©L«.

ïWâÃiyc‰g¤â:

c‰g¤â fhuÂfË‹ ïWâÃiy c‰g¤â v‹gJ X® myF

TLjšfhuÂiagÂÆšmk®¤Jtjhšbkh¤jc‰g¤âÆš

V‰gL»wTLjškh‰wnkMF«.

ïWâÃiygU¥bghUŸc‰g¤â (MPP) :xUmyFTLjšfhuÂiagÂÆšmk®¤Jtjhšbkh¤j

c‰g¤âÆšbgW«ca®ntfhuÂÆ‹ïWâÃiygU¥bghUŸ

c‰g¤âv‹WmiH¡f¥gL»wJ.



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(i) nrÄ¥ò(Savings) S nrÄ¥ãÈUªJ fl‹ÃâfŸ bgw¥gL»‹w nrÄ¥ò ïU

tif¥gL«.mit,

(1) jÅeg®fË‹â£lÄ£lnrÄ¥ò“Ex-ante”nrÄ¥òv‹WmiH¡f¥gL»wJ.

(v.fh) LICãÇÄa«

(2) â£lÄl¥glhj nrÄ¥ig “Expost” ã‹dhš nrÄ¥òv‹WmiH¡f¥gL»wJ.

(ii) t§»¡fl‹(Bank Credit) BC tÂft§»fŸfl‹cUth¡»,Kjä£lhs®fS¡F

fl‹ÃâfismË¡»‹wd.

(iii) gJ¡»aijÛ£lš(Dishoarding) DH(1) gJ¡»a gz¤ij btË¡bfhz®ªJ ga‹gL¤JtJ

fl‹ÃâfË‹mË¥ã‹k‰bwhU_ykhF«.

(2) ïªâahÉš 1991š bghJ¤Jiw ÃWtd¤ijjÅah® Jiw¡F kh‰¿ajhš, jÅahÇlÄUªJ Ãâïl«bga®ªjJ.

(iv) KjäLbrŒahâU¤jš(Disinvestment) DI(1) Kjä£o‰Fne®vâuhdjhF«.

(2) cgfuz§fŸ njŒkhd« milí«nghJ mj‰F¥nghJkhd Ãâ xJ¡fhkš ïU¤jš, KjäLbrŒahâU¤jšvd¥gL«.

Koîiu:

nk‰T¿aeh‹F_y§fisfl‹ÃâfË‹mË¥ò,t£oÉ»j¤Jl‹neuobjhl®òbfh©lJ.


1. ïWâÃiy�c‰g¤â¤âw‹�nfh£gh£il�ÃiwFiw¥�ngh£oÆ‹�mo¥gilÆš És¡Ff.

Éil. ÃiwFiw¥ ngh£oÆš ïWâÃiy c‰g¤â¤âw‹nfh£ghL.

Ã i w F i w ¥ngh£oÆš fhuÂÆ‹Éiy Ô®khd«É s ¡ f ¥ g £ L Ÿ s J .ïjid Ñœ¡f©ltiugl«És¡F»wJ.

tiuglÉs¡f«:

(i) AFC v‹gJfhuÂÆ‹ ruhrÇb r y î ¡ n f h L ,f h u Â f S ¡ FtH§f¥g£lÉiyiaF¿¡»wJ.

Q

R

N XfhuÂ myFfŸ

MFC

AFC

ARP

MRP

S

P

O

Y

fhuÂ

Éi

y k

‰W«

tU

thŒ

c‰g

¤â



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[76]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. ïªâa¥�bghUshjhu¤â‹�tYthd�m«r§fis�ÉtÇ.� [Govt. MQP-2018]

Éil. (i) ïªâa¥bghUshjhu«xUfy¥òbghUshjhu«:

(1) ïªâa¥bghUshjhu«fy¥òbghUshjhu¤â‰FxU

áwªjvL¤J¡fh£lhF«.

(2) ïj‹ bghUŸ jÅah® Jiwí« bghJ¤Jiwí«ïizªJ ÓÇa KiwÆš brašgLtJ. xU òw«ÄfK¡»akhdmo¥gilk‰W«fdufbjhÊšfŸ

bghJ¤JiwahšÃ®t»¡f¥gL»‹wd.

(ii) ntsh©ikK¡»ag§Ft»¡»wJ:

(1) ïªâahÉš mâfkhndh® ntsh© bjhÊš brŒJtUtjhš mJ bghUshjhu¤âš K¡»a g§Ft»¡»wJ.

(2) ïªâahÉš 60% k¡fŸ j§fŸ thœ¡ifMjhukhf ntsh©ikk‰W«ntsh©ikrh®ªj

elto¡iffËš<LgL»wh®fŸ.

(3) ïªâahÉš17% bkh¤jcŸeh£Lc‰g¤ântsh©

JiwÆÈUªnj»il¡»wJ.

(iii) ts®ªJtU«rªij:

(1) K‹nd¿¡ bfh©oU¡F« ehLfS¡»ilnaïªâahÉ‹ rªij ãw ehLfS¡F gšntWthŒ¥òfistH§»tU»‹wJ.

(2) ïªâah Fiwªj Kjä£oš Fiwthd ïl®gh£LfhuÂfËdhš mâfkhd ts®¢á rh¤âa§fis¡bfh©LŸsjhš e« ehL ntfkhf ts®ªJrªijahfkh¿ïU¡»wJ.

(iv) ts®ªJtU«bghUshjhu«:

Éiuthd bghUshjhu ts®¢áÆ‹Éisthf ïªâa¥

bghUshjhu«G20ehLfËšïl«bg‰WŸsJ.

(v) ntfkhftsU«bghUshjhu«:

ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu« mâf Ãiyahd ts®¢áÆidbfh©lJ.



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3. nrÄ¥ò«KjäL«Fiwjš:

mântf k¡fŸbjhif ts®¢á nrÄ¥igí« k‰W«

Kjä£o‹âwidí«Fiw¡»wJv‹gJÄfMg¤jhd

ÉisthF«. ïªj k¡fŸbjhifÆ‹ÉÇthd ts®¢á,

c¢r c‰g¤â âwidí«, eh£o‹ tUkhd¤ijí«

Ô®khÅ¡F« fhuÂahd nrÄ¥ò ts®¢á åj¤ij

ghâ¡»wJ.

4. ntiyÆ‹ik(k‰W«)Fiwntiyíilik:

tsU«k¡fŸbjhifntiyÆšyhâ©lh£l¤ijnkY«

mâfÇ¡»wJ. k¡fŸ bjhif tsU« nghJ, ciH¥ò«

mâfÇ¡»wJ. ïªj mâfÇ¡F« ciH¥ò r¡âia

Ãyî« g‰wh¡Fiwahd ntiy thŒ¥òfŸKGikahf

<®¤J¡bfhŸs ïayÉšiy. ïj‹ Éisthf Ãiwa

k¡fŸ ntiyÆš mk®¤j¥glhkY«, Fiwthd

ntiyÆšmk®¤j¥g£L«ïU¡»wh®fŸ.

5. ts®¢áa‰wbjhÊšÃiyfŸ:

k¡fŸbjhif ts®¢á ntf«, bjhÊšJiw ts®¢áia

mâfkhf ghâ¡»‹wJ. ïj‹ fhuzkhf Foir k‰W«

áW¤bjhÊšfS«nkY«bgU«bjhÊšfS«nghJkhd

msÉšts®rámilaÉšiy.e«eh£o‹bjhÊšJiw

ts®¢á¡F xJ¡ÑL brŒa bghJKjäL nghJkhdjhf

ïšiy.

6. muRÛJÃâ¢Rik:

mântfk¡fŸbjhifmâfÇ¥ò,Ãâ¢RikahfmuR¡F

mik»wJ. k¡fŸ bjhifÆ‹ mântf ts®¢á åj«,

bghUshjhu K‹nd‰w¤ij Äfî« nkhrkhd msî

ghâ¡»wJ.

3. k¡fŸbjhif�bto¥ã‰fhd�fhuz§fis�És¡Ff.

Éil. k¡fŸbjhif bto¥ghdJ m¢Rw¤j¡Toa, mântfkhd

k¡fŸbjhifÆ‹ts®¢áåj¤ijnaF¿¡F«.

bto¥ã‰fhdfhuz§fŸ:

(i) mâfãw¥òåj«:

mâf ãw¥ò åjkhdJ k¡fŸ bjhif bgU¡f¤â‰F

Äf K¡»akhd bghW¥òŸs fhuzkhF«. ïªâahÉš

1891-1900š 1000 ngU¡F 45.8åjK« k‰W« 2001-

š 1000 ngU¡F 25.8 rjåjKkhf FiwªâUªjhY«

ï‹D«k¡fŸbjhifmâfÇ¤njfhz¥gL»wJ.FL«g

ey« g‰¿a És«gu§fŸ, FL«g eythœî â£l§fŸ,

k¡fŸ bjhif g‰¿a fU¤ju§FfŸ _ynk ï¥ãw¥ò

åj¤ijFiw¡fKoí«.



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[90]


Rjªâu¤â‰F

K‹dU« ã‹dU«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¡f msÉš ÉilaË.1. M§»nya®� M£á¡fhy¤âš� ïªâa¥� bghUshjhu«� g‰¿�

Éthâ¡f.Éil. (i) ãÇ£l‹ehL,ïªâahit¡fhyÅMâ¡f¤â‹Ñœ200

M©LfS¡F«nkyhfÓuÊ¤JtªjJ.

(ii) fhyÅMâ¡f«áij¥ã‹mo¥gilÆšKGfhy¤ijí«tuyh‰W¥ bghUËaš tšYe®fŸ_‹W f£l§fshf¥ãÇ¤jd®.mit,

(1) tÂf_yjd¡fhy«.

(2) bjhÊš_yjd¡fhy«.

(3) Ãâ_yjd¡fhy«.

(1) tÂf_yjd¡fhy«:

(i) 1757ÈUªJ1813tiuÆyhdfhy«tÂf_yjdfhy«MF«.

(ii) »H¡»ªâaf«bgÅÆ‹K¡»aneh¡f«ïªâak‰W«»H¡»ªâa¥ bghU£fis xUt® K‰WÇikahfthÂg«brŒJïyhg«<£LtnjahF«.

(iii) ãÇ£lÅšbjhÊš_yjd¤ijK‹nd‰w,ïªâahxUÄfK¡»akhdRu©lšãunjrkhf»H¡»ªâa¡f«bgÅfUj¥g£lJ.

(iv) 1750k‰W«1760fËšt§fhsK«bj‹Åªâahî«»H¡»ªâa¡ f«bgÅÆ‹ muáaš beU¡fo¡FcŸshd nghJ K‰WÇik tÂf¤â‹ (mšyJ)thÂg¤â‹neh¡f«Ãiwnt¿aJ.

(v) všyht‰¿‰F«nkyhfï¡f«bgÅÆ‹mYty®fŸmidtU« ne®ika‰W, CHš Ãiwªjt®fshfïUªjd®.

(2) bjhÊš_yjd¡fhy«:

(i) 1813Kjš1858tiuÆyhdfhy«bjhÊš_yjd¡fhykhF«.

(ii) ãÇ£oZ JÂkÂfË‹ rªijahf ïªâahÉs§»aJ.



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(iii) ïªâahÉÈUªJ kÈîÉiyÆš bgw¥g£l f¢rh¥bghU£fŸ ï§»yhªâ‰F V‰Wkâ brŒa¥g£LKGik bg‰w bghU£fŸ ïªâahÉ‰F mâfÉiyÆšïw¡FkâbrŒa¥g£ld.

(iv) ïªâahÉ‹ ghu«gÇaifÉid¥ bghU£fŸö¡»v¿a¥g£ld.

(3) Ãâ_yjd¡fhy«:(i) 19 M« ü‰wh©o‹ ïWâ tUl§fËÈUªJ

Rjªâu« milªjJ tiuÆyhd fhy« _‹whtJf£lkhdÃâ_yjd¡fhykhF«.

(ii) ï¡fhyf£l¤âšÉahghuÃWtd§fŸ,bryhtÂ,V‰Wkâ ïw¡Fkâ, ÃWtd§fŸ kh‰W t§»fŸk‰W« áy_yjd V‰WkâfËš Ãâ Vfhâg¤âa«j‹DilaMâ¡f¤ijbrY¤j¤bjhl§»aJ.

(iii) ïªâa _yjd¤ij bfhŸisao¤J ïªâahÉšïU¥ò¥ ghij, rhiy trâfŸ, mŠryf¤Jiw,ghrd«, Inuh¥ãa t§» Kiw k‰W« fšÉÆšF¿¥ã£l gFâfËš bgÇa msÉš KjäL brŒaãÇ£l‹KoîbrŒjJ.

(iv) ãÇ£l‹ ïuÆšnt f£lik¥ò bfhŸifahdJf‰gid brŒa Koahj bghUshjhu¥ gaÅšyh¡bfhŸifahF«.

(v) 1858 M« M©L »H¡»ªâa¡ f«bgÅ jdJmuáašmâfhu¤ijãÇ£oZmuál«x¥gil¤jJ.

ïªâaifÉid¥bghU£fŸeáî¡fhy«:(i) ïªâa¡ ifÉid¥ bghU£fS¡F cyf msÉš

ÄFªjtunt‰òïUªjJ.(ii) ghFghlhdR§ftÇ¡bfhŸif_y«ãÇ£oZmuR

nt©Lbk‹nw ïªâa¡ ifÉid¥ bghUŸfismÊ¤jJ.

2. bghUshjhu� K‹nd‰w¤âš� áW� bjhÊš� ÃWtd§fË‹�g§»id�ÉtÇ.

Éil. (1) áWbjhÊšfŸ_y«ntiythŒ¥ò:(i) áWbjhÊšfŸmâfbjhÊyhs®fisga‹gL¤J«

JiwahfcŸsd.(ii) mâfntiythŒ¥òbfhL¡F«JiwahfcŸsJ.(iii) áWbjhÊšJiwÆšciH¥òKjä£LÉ»j«mâf«.

(2) áWbjhÊšjU«rkkhdk©lyts®¢á:(i) áWbjhÊšfŸbgU«ghY«ã‹j§»agFâfËY«

»uhkòw¥gFâfËY«miktjhšït‰¿‹jh¡f«guªJg£lts®¢áiamË¡»wJ.

(ii) »uhk«k‰W«ã‹j§»agFâfËšbjhÊšts®¢ánt‰WikfisfisacjÉbrŒ»wJ.

(3) cŸq® ts§fis ga‹gL¤j áWbjhÊš cjÉbrŒ»wJ:(i) áW nrÄ¥ò, bjhÊš Kidnth® âwik ngh‹w

cŸq® rh®ªj ts§fŸ ga‹ghl‰W åzhfhkšmJbtË¥glî«,gyU¡F«ga‹glî«áWbjhÊšfhuzkh»wJ.



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3. bgU, áW k‰W« FW ÉtrhÆfS¡F ïilnaahd

tUkhdïilbtËmâfÇ¤jJÚ®¥ghrd«k‰W«kiH¥

bghÊite«ãÆU¡F«gFâfS¡FïilnaV‰w¤jhœî

mâfÇ¤jJï¡fU¤J¡Fkh‰WfU¤J«cŸsJ.

4. g©izfŸ ïaªâukakh¡f¥g£ljhš gŠrh¥ k‰W«

AÇahdhÉ‹áygFâfis¤jÉuãw»uhk¥òw§fËš

Étrha¤ bjhÊyhs®fS¡fhd ntiyÆ‹ik

mâfÇ¤jJ.


1. ikat§»¡F«,�tÂf�t§»¡F«�ïilna�cŸs�ntWghLfis�vGJf.

Éil.

t.

v©ikat§» tÂft§»

1. eh£o‹gz«k‰W«

t§»ÆašKiw¡F

‘ikat§»’jiyik

t§»ahF«.

tÂft§»ahdJ

t§»aik¥òKiw

r£lßâahdxUmyF

k£LÄ‹¿ikat§»¡F

ïJf£L¥g£ljhF«.

2. ‘ikat§»’vz«

m¢ro¤JtH§f

K‰WÇik¥bg‰WŸsJ.

tÂt§»fS¡F

ï›îÇikïšiy.

3. ‘ikat§»’ïyhg

neh¡»šbrašglhJ.

ïj‹neh¡f«

eh£o‹bghUshjhu¡

bfhŸiffis

ts¥gL¤JtjhF«.

tÂft§»fË‹

K¡»akhdneh¡f«

jdJg§Fjhu®fS¡F

ïyhg¤ij<£o¤

jUtnjahF«.

4. ikat§»eh£o‹

mašeh£LbryhtÂ

ïU¥igÃ®t»¤J

tU»wJ.

ikat§»Æ‹

be¿¥gL¤jY¡nf‰g

tÂft§»fŸ‘maš

eh£L¢bryhtÂia’

nk‰bfhŸ»wJ.

5. ikat§»muá‹

cW¥ghfî«,

t§»ahfî«,Ãâ

Mnyhrfuhfî«

brašgL»wJ.

tÂft§»fŸ

k¡fS¡F

Mnyhrfuhfî«,

t§»ahsuhfî«

brašgL»wJ.



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[100]


ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¡f msÉš ÉilaË.1. bjhÊ‰bfhŸif� bjhl®ghf� ïªâa� muR� nk‰bfh©l�

Ka‰áfis�És¡Ff.Éil. bjhÊ‰bfhŸifã‹tU«kh‰w§fisbjhÊšf£L¥gh£oš

bfh©LtªjJ.(i) bjhÊšcÇk«Éy¡fË¤jš.

(ii) bjhÊ‰JiwÆšcŸsxJ¡Ñ£ilÚ¡Fjš.

(iii) bghJ¤Jiwbjhl®ghdÓ®âU¤j§fŸ.

(iv) MRTP-r£l«xÊ¥ò.

(v) btËeh£LKjä£L¡bfhŸif.

(i) bjhÊšcÇk«Éy¡fË¤jš:

1991-‹ òâa bjhÊ‰bfhŸifÆ‹ Äf K¡»a m«r«v‹dbtÅš, bjhÊY¡F cÇk« bgWtâÈUªJÉy¡fË¤jš.

(ii) bjhÊ‰JiwÆšcŸsxJ¡Ñ£ilÚ¡Fjš:

òâabjhÊ‰bfhŸifÆ‹ÑœmQr¡â,Ru§f«k‰W«ïuÆšntM»a_‹WJiwfŸk£LnkbghJ¤Jiw¡FxJ¡ÑL brŒa¥g£lJ. ïªj _‹W Jiw jÉu VidaJiwfŸjÅah®Jiw¡FâwªJÉl¥g£lJ.

(iii) bghJ¤Jiwbjhl®ghdÓ®âU¤j§fŸ:

jdJ Kjä£L Fiw¥ò¡ bfhŸif _y«bghJ¤Jiwia kh‰¿aik¡»wJ. e£l¤âš ïa§F«bghJ¤Jiw ÃWtd§fis jÅahÇl« x¥gil¡ftÊtF¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

(iv) K‰WÇikthÂff£L¥gh£Lr£l¤ijxÊ¤jš:

1991-« M©o‹ òâa bjhÊ‰bfhŸif K‰WÇikthÂf f£L¥gh£L r£l¤ij mf‰¿aJ. ï¡bfhŸifjÅah®JiwÆš ngh£oia V‰gL¤jî«, F¿¤jv©Â¡ifÆyhd btËeh£L ÃWtd§fis <®¡fî«brŒjJ.

(v) btËeh£LKjä£LbfhŸif:

nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l gFâfËš neuo btËeh£L KjäLbrŒa g‹dh£L ÃWtd§fSl‹ bjhl®òbfhŸsî«,btËeh£LKjä£ilC¡FÉ¡fî«,btËeh£LKjä£LC¡FÉ¥òthÇa«mik¡f¥g£lJ.



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2. áw¥ò� � bghUshjhu� k©ly§fË‹� neh¡f§fisí«�g©òfisí«�És¡Ff.� [BEQ]

Éil. neh¡f§fŸ:(i) mªÃa Kjä£il mâfÇ¡f K¡»akhf mªÃa neuo

Kjä£il <®¤J, e« eh£oš bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤â(GDP)iamâfÇ¤jš.

(ii) g‹dh£LÉahghu¤âš/cyfV‰WkâÆšekJg§»idmâfÇ¤jš.

(iii) TLjšbghUshjhuelto¡iffiscUth¡Fjš.(iv) ntiythŒ¥òfiscUth¡Fjš.(v) f£lik¥òtrâfiscUth¡Fjš.(vi) cyfm§fho¤bjhÊšE£g§fisg»®ªJbfhŸSjš.SEZ-‹K¡»ag©òfŸ:(i) ghJfh¥òl‹ToaÃy¥gFâfŸ.(ii) jÅmik¥ghšÃ®t»¡f¥gLtJ.(iii) be¿Kiw¥gL¤j¥g£leilKiwfŸ.(iv) jÅ¥g£lÉU¥g¥gFâia¡bfh©lJ.(v) jhuhskabghUshjhur£l¤jhšÃ®t»¡f¥gL»wJ.(vi) ïâšmika¥bg‰wÃWtd§fS¡FmâfmsîRjªâu«

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ vdnt muá‹ r£lâ£l§fisí«,f£L¥ghLfisí«fil¥ão¡f¤njitÆšiy.ïjdhšr_fk‰W«R‰W¥òw¢NHšfŸghâ¡f¥gL»‹wd.

3. 2015-2020«� M©o‰fhd� V‰Wkâ-ïw¡Fkâ� bfhŸifÆ‹�áw¥ãašòfis�És¡Ff.� [BEQ; Govt. MQP-2018]

Éil. V‰Wkâïw¡Fkâ¡bfhŸif(2015-2020):V‰Wkâ NHšfis nk«gL¤Jjš, c‰g¤â mâfÇ¥ò k‰W«“ïªâahÉš jahÇ¥ò” k‰W« “Ä‹dD ïªâah” ngh‹wâ£l§fS¡FMjutË¤jnyï¡bfhŸifÆ‹Kj‹ikahdneh¡fkhF«.

áw¥ãašòfŸ:(i) V‰Wkâ cjÉfis 25% msî Fiw¡fî« ïªâa¥

bghU£fis C¡FÉ¡fî« “ïªâa¤ jahÇ¥ò” v‹wfU¤JcUth¡f¥g£lJ.

(ii) V‰Wkâahs® / ïw¡Fkâahs® RaÉtuMtz§fË‹mrš efšfis Û©L« Û©L« rk®¥ã¡f nt©oamtáaÄšiy.

(iii) oÍ£lš ïªâah Kiw¥go, tÇjh¡fš, K¤âiu¤ jhŸf£lz« brY¤Jjš ngh‹wt‰¿‰fhd ifngá braÈk‰W«g£la¡fz¡fhs®,fz¡F¡fhrhs®ngh‹nwhuhšÄ‹dD KiwÆš ifbah¥gÄl¥g£l Mtz§fŸjahÇ¡f¥gL»‹wJ.

(iv) ghJfh¥ò ïuhQt¡»l§FÉ©btË k‰W«mQr¡ângh‹witbjhl®ghdV‰Wkâ¡ nfhÇ¡iffS¡Ffhymsî24khj§fshF«.

(v) j‰nghJcyft®¤jf¤âš 3%MfïU¡»‹wïªâahÉ‹g§if 2020 ¡FŸ, V‰Wkâ ïw¡Fkâ¡ bfhŸifïUkl§FmâfÇ¡F«v‹Wvâ®gh®¡f¥gL»wJ.



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[104]

10. Cuf bghUshjhu«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. Cuf�bghUshjhu¤â‹�g©òfŸ�Éá¤âukhdit:�Éthâ.Éil. (1) Cuf«xUÃWtd«: [BEQ; Govt. MQP-2018]

»uhk« v‹gJ Kj‹ik ÃWtdkhf brašg£L CufrKjha¤â‹mid¤Jnjitfisí«ó®¤âbrŒ»wJ.

(2) ntsh©ikiarh®ªâU¤jš:

Cuf bghUshjhu« ïa‰ifiaí« ntsh©elto¡iffisí«rh®ªJŸsJ.

(3) Cufk¡fË‹thœ¡ifKiw:

Cuf k¡fË‹ thœ¡if Kiw Äf vËikahdJ.bghJ gÂfshd fšÉ, å£L trâ, clšey« k‰W«Rfhjhu«,ngh¡Ftu¤J,jftšbjhl®ò,t§»brašghL,rhiyfŸk‰W«m§fhotrâfŸFiwthfnthmšyJïšyhknyhïU¡»wJ.

(4) k¡fŸbjhifml®¤â:

xUrJu».Û.Ãy¥gu¥ãšthG«k¡fË‹v©Â¡ifk¡fŸbjhifml®¤âÄfî«Fiwthfî«åLfŸ»uhk«KG¡fguÉ¡fhz¥gL»‹wd.

(5) ntiythŒ¥ò:

(i) ntiyÆ‹ik, gUtfhy ntiyÆ‹ik k‰W«Fiw ntiyíilik M»ad »uhk¥òw§fËšÃyî»‹wd.

(ii) ntiyÆ‹ikv‹gJbjhÊyhs®fŸ,ntiybrŒajFâí« ÉU¥gK« ïUªJ« ntiy »il¡fhkšïU¥gJMF«.

(6) tWik:

tWik v‹gJ mo¥gil¤ njitfshf czî, cil,ïU¥ãl«ngh‹wt‰iwó®¤âbrŒaKoahjÃiyahF«.

(7) fl‹RikfŸ:

(i) Cuf k¡fË‹mâf fl‹ Rik¡fhd fhuz§fŸtWikí«, Fiwntiyíilikí«, Étrha Ãy«rh®ªj k‰W« Ãy« rhuh ntiythŒ¥òfËš nj¡fÃiy, Fiw Câa ntiy, gUtfhy c‰g¤â,Fiwªjm§fhotrâfŸngh‹witfshF«.

(ii) X®ïªâacHt‹flÅnyãwªJ,flÅnythœªJ,flÅnynaïwªJmt‹rªjâ¡F«flidnaÉ£Lbrš»‹wh‹.



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(8) CuftUkhd«:

Cuf bghUshjhu« Cuf k¡fS¡F nghJkhdtUkhd¤ij <£o¤jU« ntiythŒòfisnah, RantiythŒ¥òfisnahjuïayÉšiy.

(9) rh®ªâU¤jš:

Cuf¥gFâfËštá¥gt®fŸefu¤âšntiybrŒajkJFL«geg®fË‹tUthŒk‰W«r_fÃâcjÉfisí«bgUksîrh®ªJŸsd®.

(10) ïu£il¤j‹ik:

vâÇilahdïu©Lm«r§fŸÃyîtnjïu£ilj‹ikMF«.

2. Cuf�bghUshjhu¥�ãu¢ridfis�MuhŒf.� [BEQ]Éil. CufbghUshjhu¤âšcŸsãu¢ridfŸ:

mo¥gil

njitfŸ

rh®ªj

ãu¢rid

bghUshjhu

ãu¢rid

r_f

k‰W«

fyh¢rhu

ãu¢rid

jiyik

bjhl®ghd

ãu¢rid

Ã®thf¥

ãu¢rid

k¡fŸ

rh®ªj

ãu¢rid

ntsh©ik

rh®ªj

ãu¢rid

Cuf

bghUshjhu¤â‹

ãu¢rid

(1) k¡fŸbjhl®òilaãu¢rid: vG¤j¿É‹ik, nghâa bjhÊšE£g m¿É‹ik,

e«ã¡ifFiwî,g‰WfŸk‰W«e«ã¡iffŸït‰iwrh®ªJthœ¡if¤ju«mikjšM»adCufk¡fË‹ãu¢ridfŸ.

(2) ntsh©ikrh®ªjãu¢ridfŸ:(i) vâ®gh®¤j msÉš ÉÊ¥òz®î, ntsh© m¿î,

âw‹k‰W«kd¥ngh¡Fngh‹witï‹ik.(ii) cŸçLfŸ»il¡f¥bgwhik.(iii) m§fho¥gL¤J«trâfŸFiwî.(iv) g‰wh¡FiwahdgÂahs®fŸk‰W«nritfŸ.



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(v) g‹Kfâw‹bfh©lgÂahs®fŸï‹ik.(vi) Ãy§fŸJ©lhl¥g£Lá¿Já¿jhfïU¤jš.(vii)gHikahd bjhÊšE£g KiwfŸ k‰W« eåd

bjhÊšE£g§fisFiwthfga‹gL¤Jjš.(viii)FiwthdmuRKjäLk‰W«ÉtrhÆfŸjh§fŸ

c‰g¤â brŒj ÉisbghU£fS¡F ÉiyiaÃ®za«brŒaïayhik.

(3) cŸf£lik¥òrh®ªjãu¢ridfŸ: CufgFâfËšcŸf£lik¥òtrâfshdÚ®,Ä‹rhu«,

ngh¡Ftu¤J, fšÉ, ÃWtd§fŸ, jftš bjhl®ò,kU¤Jttrâ,ntiythŒ¥ò,g©lfnrÄ¥òtrâ,t§»k‰W«fh¥ÕLngh‹wtrâfŸnghJkhdjhfïšiy.

(4) bghUshjhu«rh®ªjãu¢ridfŸ: mâf¢ bryî ão¡F« bjhÊš E£g§fŸ k‰W«

cŸçLfis ga‹gL¤j ïayhik, eÈtilªj CufbjhÊ‰rhiyfŸ Fiwthd tUkhd«, fl‹ Rik,Ãyîilik k‰W« brh¤JfËš cŸs V‰w¤jhœîM»ait Cuf gFâfËš fhz¥gL« bghUshjhu«rh®ªjãu¢ridfshfcŸsJ.

(5) jiyikrh®ªjãu¢ridfŸ:(i) Cuf gFâfËš jiyik bjhl®ghd ãu¢ridfŸ

cŸsd.(ii) jFâa‰w k‰W« brašglhj eg®fŸ jiyik

bghW¥igt»¥òngh‹witMF«.

(6) Ã®thf«rh®ªjãu¢ridfŸ:(i) muáaš jiypL C¡fÄ‹ik, M®tÄ‹ik,

Fiwªj TÈ, tuî bryîfis rÇtu Kiwahfga‹gL¤jhik.

(ii) »uhk¥òw tWik, »uhk¥òw ntiyÆ‹ik,»uhk¥òw bjhÊ‰rhiyfŸ, áW Ãâ, Cuf ey«k‰W«Rfhjhu«k‰W«CufcŸf£lik¥òtrâfŸbjhl®ghd ãu¢ridfŸ ÉÇthd Éthj¤â‰FvL¤J¡bfhŸs¥gL»wJ.

3. Cuf¡�fl‹fS¡fhd�fhuz§fis�MuhŒf.Éil. Cuf¡fl‹Rik:

Cuffl‹Rikv‹gJ»uhkk¡fŸF¿¥ã£lfhy¤âšth§»aflidâU¥ã¢brY¤jïayhkšflÅ‹msîmâfÇ¤J¡bfh©nlbrš»wJ.Cuffl‹fS¡fhdfhuz§fŸ:(1) ÉtrhÆfË‹VœikÃiy: tWik¡nfhL« NHyhdJ Ef®É‰fhfî«, Étrha¤

bjhÊiy nk‰bfhŸtj‰fhfî« k‰W« FL«gÉHh¡fS¡fhfî«, ÉtrhÆfË‹ fl‹ bgw¤ö©L»wJ.

(2) gUtkiHbghŒ¤jš:(i) mo¡fogUtkiHbghŒ¤J¥nghtJÉtrhÆfS¡F

rhgkhfmik»wJ.



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(4) gzå¡f«:

bghU£fË‹ÉiymâfÇ¥gjhšCufk¡fË‹th§F«r¡âFiwªJCuftWik¡FtÊtF¡»wJ.

(5) Fiwªjc‰g¤â¤âw‹:

Cuf bjhÊyhs®fŸ k‰W« g©izfË‹ Fiwªjc‰g¤â¤âw‹,tWik¡FfhuzkhfmikªjJ.

(6) ts®¢áÆ‹e‹ikfËšcŸsrkd‰wÃiy:

bghUshjhuts®¢áÆdhšV‰gL«e‹ikfisef®òwgz¡fhu®fnsmDgÉ¥gjhšbrh¤J¡fŸmt®fËlnkFÉªJcŸsd.

(7) FiwªjbghUshjhuts®¢áåj«:

ïªâabghUshjhuts®¢ágz¡fhu®fS¡FrhjfkhfntcŸsJ.

(8) bgÇabjhÊ‰rhiyfS¡nfK¡»a¤Jt«:

ïªâahÉš bgÇa bjhÊ‰rhiyfËš brŒa¥gL«mâfKjäLef®òw¤â‹eL¤ju k‰W«ca®tUkhdãÇÉdÇ‹njitfisnaó®¤âbrŒ»wJ.

(9) r_fFiwghLfŸ:

rKjha¤âš Ãyî« gH¡f tH¡f§fŸ e«ã¡iffŸngh‹witM¡fk‰wc‰g¤âbryitmâfÇ¡»wJ.


1. Cuf�ntiyÆ‹ik¡fhd�fhuz§fŸ�ahit?�És¡Ff.

Éil. ïªâahÉšCufntiyÆ‹ik¡fhdgšntWfhuz§fisÉthâ¡fyh«.

(1) âw‹nk«gh£L gÆ‰á k‰W« ntiythŒ¥òcUth¡f«ï‹ik:

Cuf gFâfËš ntiythŒ¥ò ïšyhkš ïU¥gj‰FmuR nghâa gÆ‰áfŸ k‰W« ntiythŒ¥òfiscUth¡fhkšïU¥gnjK¡»afhuzkhF«.

(2) ntsh©ikgUtfhy«rh®ªjJ:

ntsh©brašghLfŸgUtfhykh‰w§fshdïa‰ifk‰W«kiHasîM»at‰iwrh®ªJŸsJ.gUtfhy«m‰wneu§fËšciH¥ã‰fhdnjitÄfî«FiwthfcŸsJ. vdnt ntsh© rhuh ntiythŒ¥òfŸcUth¡f¥glnt©L«.

(3) JizbjhÊšfË‹ik:

nghâa Kjä£L Ãâtrâ k‰W« m§fho trâfŸïšyhjjhš,Cuf k¡fŸ nfhÊts®¥ò, fÆW âÇ¤jšk‰W« g‹¿ ts®¤jš ngh‹w Jiz¤bjhÊšfisnk‰bfhŸs ïayÉšiy. ïit Cuf ntiythŒ¥òk‰W«FL«gtUkhd¤ij¡Fiw¡»wJ.



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[118]

12. bghUËaY¡fhd fÂj KiwfŸ

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ


1. gj¥gL¤j¥glhj� ghÈ‹� m§fhoia� MŒî� brŒí«� xU�MuhŒ¢áahs®� Qt=f (Pt, Y, A, N,Pc)� v‹w� rh®ãid�vL¤J¡bfh©lh®.� ïâš� Qt� � v‹gJ� gj¥gL¤j¥glhj�ghÈ‹ njit. Pt� � v‹gJ� gj¥gL¤j¥glhj� ghÈ‹� Éiy, Y� v‹gJ� xU� FL«g¤â‹� ruhrÇ� tUkhd«,� A� v‹gJ�gj¥gL¤j¥g£l� ghY¡F� brŒa¥gL«� És«gu¢� bryî,� N� v‹gJ� m§fhoÆYŸs� k¡fË‹� v©Â¡if� k‰W«� Pc v‹gJ�gj¥gL¤j¥g£l�ghÈ‹�Éiyiaí«�F¿¡F«�vÅš

m) Qt = f (Pt, Y, A, N, Pc) v‹gij�th®¤ijfshš�És¡Ff.

M)� ï«kh¿fËš�rh®g‰w�kh¿fis¡�F¿¥ãLf.

ï)�� ï¢rh®ã‰F�F¿¥ã£l�tot«�jUf,

� (bghUËaš� m¿it¥� ga‹gL¤â� rh®g‰w� kh¿fË‹�Fzf«�neÇil�mšyJ�vâÇil�vd¡�F¿¥ãLf)

Ô®î:

(m) (i) njit¢rh®òv‹gJ

Qt = f (Pt, Y, A, N, Pc) (ii) njitÔ®khÅ¡F«fhuÂfshtd.

Y = FL«g¤â‹ruhrÇtUkhd«

A =gj¥gL¤j¥g£l ghY¡F brŒa¥gL« És«gu¢bryî.

N =m§fhoÆYŸsk¡fË‹v©Â¡if

Pc =gj¥gL¤j¥g£lghÈ‹Éiy

(M)ï«kh¿fËš rh®g‰w kh¿fŸ = A k‰W« N. A v‹gJÉs«gu¢bryîN v‹gJk¡fË‹v©Â¡if

(ï) FL«g¤â‹ ruhrÇ tUkhd« TL«bghGJgj¥gL¤j¥glhjghÈ‹njitmâfÇ¡F«.

(i) gj¥gL¤j¥glhj ghÈ‹ÉiycaU«nghJ ghÈ‹njitÆ‹msîFiwí«.

(ii) Pc-gj¥gL¤j¥glhj ghÈ‹ És«gu¢bryîmâfÇ¤jhšm¥ghÈ‹njitFiwí«.

(iii) m§fhoÆYŸsk¡fË‹v©Â¡ifmâfÇ¤jhšghÈ‹njitmâfÇ¡F«



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(iv) gj¥gL¤j¥g£l ghÈ‹ njit mâfÇ¤jhšgj¥gL¤j¥glhjghÈ‹njitFiwí«.

(v) MifahšQt = − a pt + bY − cA + dN − e Pc vdnt ïjid ne®nfh£L rh®ò vdyh«. ï§F

rhŒÉ‹kâ¥ò vâ®kiwahfïU¥gjhšïªj rh®ònjit¢rh®ghfmikí«.

2. tif¡�bfG�fÂj�Kiwia¥�ga‹gL¤â�njitÆ‹�rk‹ghL��p = 60 − 0.2 Q�Mf�ïU¡F«�nghJ�(i) p = 0 (ii) p = 20 (iii) p = 40 v‹whš�njit�be»œ¢á¡�bfG�kâ¥ò�fh©.� [Govt. MQP-2018]Ô®î

njitbe»œ¢á¡bfG = η

ηd dpdq

=

p = 60 −0.2Q

dpdq

dpdpdq

q

= −

=−

0.2

η

ηd q

qqq

=+

+( )

=

−

−

600

0 20 2

60 0 2

..

.

. 2

ïâš q = 0 vÅš

= ( )− ( ) =0 2 0

60 0 2 00

..

q = 20 vÅš

η

η

d

d

= ( )− ( )

=−

= =

=

0 2 2060 0 2 204 0

60 4

456

114

114

2

28 14

..

.

ïâš q = 40 vÅš



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