A General Idea of the Structure of the Internal Parts of Fish. Communicated by Dr. CharlesPrestonAuthor(s): Charles PrestonSource: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 19 (1695 - 1697), pp. 419-424Published by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/102341 .

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( 4Xs )

V. A 6;eteral Idca of tbe StrSure of tbeplater nalPartsofFiJb ComanisatedbyDr.Charles PrePror

17'ISH are NOtz only diSerent from other Animals' tq but likewiSe ditEer very mucll from one anotherF' rllere being fcarce a Spectes (3f them, that has not remarkable Dtierences: Not intending to tmer snto tllW Cveral paicv-l!atiiies, it ffiall fuffice to obServe rhe principal Ma£ters wherein they dffier from other Animals, of which the moft confiderable is their want of Lungsx and in- their not Breathing; whereas all other Antmals have Lungs boWh Terre- rial, Yolatil, anel-Amphlb;ous: And in InfiCEtss the Several Tracheg tlaat are (pread throughout their 8hoNe Body Werve thcm inSead of Lungs. It is-nevertheW XeSs neceffiary thac tomething lEould Fupply tizis in fies; which may have the fame effied upon thelr Blood, as the air has upon ours, by entring into our Lungs; tilat is to fay, to divide and diXolve at, and render it 6t xer Circulation ; otherwife- it we-re in danger of CoaX gulating, would become movelefs and Ragnate. Now we find no part in Filh more proper to produce this eSedr than the Bronchi:r that Iye like fo many Leaves upon eachtother under their Gi'ls ; -for they recetve thc Water- in by the Mouth-, and return it by the Gills, or receiving-it in by the they throw it out by the Mouth.

Ic may be asked, What tbisis thar dijraJZves the Blood ix tPe Brocchiz A

It is agreed upon by all, that the Water muR necels [arily contain this- Body that produces thc EXeEt ; but they differ in aXertlog what it is. 1t cannot be Weater

alore9

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( 4t° 3 alone, which is fo far from difIolving the BIcod, that it rather Coagulates it; for it is Sounda tbat if an Inje &ion of XWater be made into the Lungs, the Blood wiil be Coagulated there, and the great coldnefs thereof permits us not to doubt of it ; neither is it lilsely to be a Salt contained in the Water that may cauSe it; for t is not Marine Salt, fince Fi& live as well in Frelb Wa ter as Satt; nor is it a Nitrous Salt, fince they live in places svhere there is not a jot of it+; it may yet be rlzotaght, that this SaFt containing an Aikali, it mixes part thereof with the Blood of the Fiffies that are in the Sea, w-}l-ch -makes thelr Blood to be more diSolved and fluid than that of Frefh Water Fifh; and st is abferved tllat Sea Fih.are of a more cold Temperament than thofe in Frelh Waters are.

It feems then tO be the Air that is contained in tlle W3ter, that di-Solves the Blood in the Bronchi:z of FiSl as well as it does that in the Lungs of all other Animals. It cannot be doubted but that there is Air in all Water; tlle Experiment of that famous PerSon of tIle Academy, Monfieur MarolMe has put tbis paR difipute: t;SIe fet a VeS¢l of Water over the Fire, fo to drive -oue the Air fro^n it; for thXe Bubbles that arife from h3t Water, are only Air that breaks looSe from it, enveloped with fome swtgrs? Particleso -This Water he put in to the Air Pump, to draw out the Air from it ; anel afiter that filled a Vial with itX within Two or Three Fingers of the tp, which fpace he left full only of Air, and Ropt thc Vo1 wgll , and by ibaking It, the Water Imbibed the Air, fo as to rife up atld quite fil] the viol.

It may be o bjeAed, that if the Air in the Water were ffie eauSe of this tffed, tbe Fii would live in the open Air. X ffiall only reply to this, thas Finl have their 113icod natlltaily leSs hot theg ours, fio that the natural

Heat

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( 4^t ) Heat bf ours would be a Fever -in thems and Mortal, wherefbre we needtnot wonder they canxle live in the Air; br the- Nitre of the pure Air is ia too great a quantityX and- too Xbtile, fo that ie diffiotzestIleir Blxd eoo much, and makes-it too Fluid, whereas the Nitre in the Water is more groEs and in leSer proporti- QO, whince it-gtvestheir-Blood only a Fluidity requi fite to-keep- le in itS natural- State To prove that it -is . in the Bronc that tMis dierifJon is performed , we-- need: but obServe eheir extraordinary redneX above any -other part of 7 theBody, a Proof that the Blood is there re distided * Filh are foundo to dye in YVa ter Frozenoverfi wbich happeas plainly from their Com muncatim with the outward Aira being htndred by the Tae

The Heart of PiDI is diSerent from that of o. eher Animals in its hasting but One Ventricle; for it has only the NnJ Cata and the Aortv that open into -it, haviw no Lungs; b that by the Worta the Blood comes out of the Heart, which is branched into- a Thoufand Capillaries over theBronchit, and is after reXunited, w0;tch retunton is made under the Bafs of the Cranium ; and becauSe the Blood > whert once theres has no need of being f;orced blgher up wardss they harre no occafion for a fecond Veno tricle far that purpofe, as Terrdrial Animals have.

The Reunion of thc(e Capillaries of the Bron chiz being made, they form Two large Trunks, of wliich one proceeds towtards the Head} and the other towards the lower-parts

Fiffi have a Diaphragm, but not for the fiame purF pofe as in other Animals that Breath > it iS always Strait and TenGeX and Perpendicular on the Vertebrza it hinders thc fermenting Salts that exhale from the [nteF

R r r fiines

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4^^ ) Eines fro-m comiog to the Heart, which might cauiRev fome alteration there.

Their Stomach is Membranous; for Fids fwallo^r down otller Mmaller Fifh wholeX and fomerimDs E:wrth; wherefore 'tis needful to have a power ol Contrading an-d Straitning ie felf, forceably to break tC3 pieccs t;be laard matters contained tllesein. Their InteX fines make feveral great windiog5 at)0u$, a fifln th@Fermen;ation is but Ilow therein} wi1ch istnadeup by the length of tshe InteIlines.

The Liver has much the fame Slsalatiosl as in atlier Animals, ass a-lfo the Spleen hass they are 33rovided of a- (iall Bladder, a DAtuz ChcleZochw^ and Psrea, Gr rather Tus little Bags faEned to the Ventric}e for the -Eame uSe: As tO tIle reR of the Parts, Fiffi have ufiually many Pancreas;'s, ̂{o that in fome there have tveen told Forty FCf;< they have Sid reeys} Bladdcr, Sc.

-They have the Ovary near the Vertebres Gs' the toins; the Eggs-coxne forthi at a paSsge below the Xniz, and tlae Male has a like Dudus or HoleX by w71lich- they LeEt their Seedeupon that of the -Fenwle to impregnate the- Eggs which the IZale-fiorne times changes t,e Colour ot- as he pa-is over them) when ha calis his Sted upon them after- [hey are laid

Filh hav$ on the V-ertebre of the totns a BladF der 9. very large in proportiQ, to their -}3ulk, which ferves not for their DigeRion X a-s Dr. NeedD4m was ¢)f Opini3nD*for tllere isnoDuEtusfoundEronzthz Bladder, leadingtotl3eStomach; andif Sometlmes fuch a; Duerus may be found, it permits the Liqllor Syrsn ged into it, to pars from the Stomach to the

Bliadder, but; not at all the othct wa.y froxn the Bj&2ti:

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(4z3 ) Btadder to the Stomach, which Ihews that OpinF on not right. 'rhere is more reafon to believe its uSe is by dilating it Self, to render the Fi& lighter, as occaXion ferves, fior S5stimming: So that when this Bladder is dilated, or-the Air contained therein weigh-s leEs than an equal quantity of Water g if it be dilated a little, the Filh weighs as much as fo vnuch Water; and if it be comprelied, the Fl{)i- weighs more than an cqual quane¢y- of Waw ter; for the Air Compreiedt weigis more than when'tis lZilated. 'ris a R-ule in HydroItaticks, that a SBody that weighs more than its equal Bulk af Water muflc fink to the bottom; if it weighs leSs it will rife to the top; if it weighs exadEly equal to fO much Water, it will {tay where-ever 'tis plaZ ced. Now the Air of the Bladder, by being Comw preIEed or Dilated, by means of the Muicles of tlle Filh, cauSes the Fifh tO be more or leSs hea vy. Thar it is this Bladder that n3akes the Filh Swim is plain; for *if it be by any m-eans burft, fo that it cannot be Extended, the Filh can no nzore raifie it Welf in the Water, but keeps conti- nually at the bottom. The Fins and Tail afliR them- in thexr pa{Eage through the Water, whether they wzill 7 but the Dilatation of the Air in the Bladder makes them capable of Swimming after the fime manner, as the Dilating of the Lungs and Thorax of a Man bears him up in the Water Flat Fi(h, fuch - as Soles , have none of this Bladder; for they are able, by reafon of their Breadth X to keep themSelves up in the Water Cray fi{h, and other - Shell-fiM want it likesvife,

R r r X for

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( 4^4 ) -for the moR part, for theyt creep only at ffie bettom of -the Water; there are many Fifh have them double.

-

VI. De Ratione Temporis quo grave labitur per reAam dats duo- pundia conjungen- tem, -ad T-empus breviElmum quo, vi gravitatis, trantit ab horum uno 4 a1* telum-per arQm Cyc10idis

_s

Theorema.

Cz I ig teloiMe -AVD sgg ais AD aR horzzonti o warFllela, M¢rticc v F¢orfgm wawte, ex A d. saTgr SXXXB#e reAa AS gvloxdi o¢¢wrrexs ias 13, as ggo dgsatgr rda B C ¢rv c-yclwxds B D in B gor rnaAxs, ad afwam a A J¢"ittatgr perwewdilis rtE - A C * Dio Nerdpes f#O grave- # fWxete ad¢s ex A, tt r g,ratitatis d¢sf¢rrit reEam A B, je ad Mcntpgs qgo ptrsgorit Cgrvam AV B, XtrtAa A B al rt#am A C.

Ptr B ^att BL peratX

/ Aela sysloidis asi V E ; / &S BA, bah A D saralw

. :_&, 3 klaX ocxrrens axt ig G,

4 /r / trgm E V J;

v 75 F @ H, C¢ZoiJi denie

k Y txK. D#atxr reNfa EF, v acxtsloidisnatra paw

ralZeMa

( 4^4 ) -for the moR part, for theyt creep only at ffie bettom of -the Water; there are many Fifh have them double.

-

VI. De Ratione Temporis quo grave labitur per reAam dats duo- pundia conjungen- tem, -ad T-empus breviElmum quo, vi gravitatis, trantit ab horum uno 4 a1* telum-per arQm Cyc10idis

_s

Theorema.

Cz I ig teloiMe -AVD sgg ais AD aR horzzonti o warFllela, M¢rticc v F¢orfgm wawte, ex A d. saTgr SXXXB#e reAa AS gvloxdi o¢¢wrrexs ias 13, as ggo dgsatgr rda B C ¢rv c-yclwxds B D in B gor rnaAxs, ad afwam a A J¢"ittatgr perwewdilis rtE - A C * Dio Nerdpes f#O grave- # fWxete ad¢s ex A, tt r g,ratitatis d¢sf¢rrit reEam A B, je ad Mcntpgs qgo ptrsgorit Cgrvam AV B, XtrtAa A B al rt#am A C.

Ptr B ^att BL peratX

/ Aela sysloidis asi V E ; / &S BA, bah A D saralw

. :_&, 3 klaX ocxrrens axt ig G,

4 /r / trgm E V J;

v 75 F @ H, C¢ZoiJi denie

k Y txK. D#atxr reNfa EF, v acxtsloidisnatra paw

ralZeMa

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