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A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE LOWER
DANUBE-BLACK SEA BASIN. CASE-STUDIES
INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
JURMALA, MAY 11-14, 2005, LATVIA
ROMANIAN ACADEMY
INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHYMIHAELA SERBAN
CONTENT
• Environmental trends of the Romanian Danube-Black Sea Basin
• Main environmental threats to sustainable development in Romania
• Sustainable development and global environmental change
• Sustainable development in Romania - Legislative framework
• Case studies
Danube-Black Sea space
RO
GENERAL MAP OF ROMANIA
NATURAL HAZARDS
Eastern Carpathians – Seismic region Vrancea
CUCULEŞTI MUDFLOW – BUZĂU SUBCARPATHIANS
2003
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TurbureaGolesti
Mihail Kogãlniceanu
Matca
TurceniBrazi
Jurilovca
Floreº ti
Baciu
Ilba
Turþ
Iara
Abrud
Bocº a
Motru
Lonea
ª uior
BãiuþSãsar
Dorna
Veþel
Sasca
Roº ia
Zlatna
VulcanLupeni
Nistru
Teliuc
Certej
Rãzoare
Rovinari
Aninoasa
BurloaiaToroiaga
Brusturi
Ruº chita
Berbeº ti
Bãrbãteni
Gura Bãii
Altân TepeFãrc㺠eº ti
Boiþa-Haþeg
Bãiþa-Bihor
Husnicioara
Leº u Ursului
Baia de Arieº
Baia de Aramã
Valea Vinului
Roº ia Montanã
Fundu Moldovei
Oaº a
Iezer
SiriuVidra
Cireº u
Drãgan
Bereº ti
Vidraru
FrãsinetIpoteº ti
Fântânele
Strejeº ti
Rãcãciuni
Gura Apelor
Cerna
Ostrovu Mare
Porþile de Fier
Izvorul Muntelui
Stânca Costeº ti
Nãsãud
Sângeorz-Bãi
Beclean
Sebiº
Zãrneº ti
Victoria
Isaccea
Babadag
Þãndãrei
Videle
Sebeº -Petreº ti
Sovata
Sãvineº ti
Otopeni
Þicleni
Horezu
Câmpu lui Neag
Grãdiº tea
Movila
Zimnicea
Brazii de Sus
Meseº enii de Jos
Ocna-Mureº
Govora
Lunguleþu
Periº
Bragadiru
Salonta
Huedin
Azuga
8
ValeaCãlugãreascã
Boldeº ti-Scãieni
Hotarele
8
BUCUREª TIO
lt
Jijia
Argeº
Olteþ
Tisa
Bârlad
Prut
Jiu
Timiº
Siret
Mureº
Gilort
Putna
Motru
Bistriþa Moldova
Nera
Bahlui
Someº
Buzãu
Bârzava
Suceava
Zeletin
Teleorman
Taiþa
Prahova
Viºeu
Trotuº
Cãlmãþui
Criºu N
egru
Criºu Repede
Lãpuº
Someºu Mare
Hârtibaciu
Olt
Ialomiþa
Vedea
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Jijia
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Mur
eº
Târnava M
icã
Târn
ava
Mare
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Cra
sna
Dâm
boviþa
Barcãu
M A
R E
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DUNÃREA
Arad
Deva
Iaº i
Bacãu
Buzãu
Zalãu
Sibiu
Oradea
Brãila
Braº ov
Reº iþa
Tulcea
Vaslui
Galaþi
Piteº ti
Craiova
Giurgiu
Slatina
Suceava
Focº ani
Bistriþa
Botoº ani
Cãlãraº i
Slobozia
Ploieº ti
Constanþa
Târgu Jiu
Baia Mare
Satu Mare
Timiº oara
Alba Iulia
Târgoviº te
Alexandria
Cluj Napoca
Târgu Mureº
Piatra Neamþ
Miercurea Ciuc
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Sfântu Gheorghe
Drobeta Turnu Severin
Dej
Aiud
BlajBrad
Huº iTurda
Roman
Carei
Lugoj
Oneº ti
Codlea
Sãcele
Gherla
Tecuci
Orº ova
Reghin
Mediaº
Bârlad
Paº cani
Câmpina
Dorohoi
Fãgãraº
Calafat
Or㺠tie
Feteº ti
Rãdãuþi
CaracalOlteniþa
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Medgidia
Urziceni
Drãg㺠ani
Câmpulung
Hunedoara
Petroº ani
Târnãveni
Fãlticeni
Caransebeº
Sighiº oara
Râmnicu Sãrat
Câmpia Turzii
Târgu Secuiesc
Turnu Mãgurele
Curtea de Argeº
Roº iori de Vede
Sighetu Marmaþiei
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Câmpulung Moldovenesc
TIMIª
IAª I
OLT
DOLJ
ARAD
CLUJBIHOR
ALBA
TULCEA
SIBIU
GORJ
ARGEª
MUREª
BACÃU
SUCEAVA
BUZÃU
NEAMÞ
VASLUI
VÂLCEA
BRÃILA
BRAª OV
HARGHITA
SÃLAJ
GALAÞI
CONSTANÞA
HUNEDOARA
CARAª -SEVERIN
IALOMIÞA
VRANCEA
BOTOª ANI
CÃLÃRAª I
PRAHOVA
MARAMUREª
TELEORMAN
MEHEDINÞI
GIURGIU
COVASNA
SATU MARE
DÂMBOVIÞAILFOV
BISTRIÞA-NÃSÃUD
Colibaº i
Mãgurele
Koslodui
Cernavodã
DUNÃREA
Criºu Alb
Câmpeni
Nãvodari
Vama Buzãului
Ulmu
MA in case of radioactive poisoning by ingestion
MA in case of external radioactive exposure
Clearance area
Managed areas (MA) in case ofnuclear accidents:
ZPU în cazul expunerii prin ingestie
ZPU în cazul expunerii la nor
Zonã de evacuare
Zone de planificare la urgenþãîn caz de accident nuclear:
Potenþial de poluare cu petrol º i apã sãratã
Intensitatea seismicã pe scara MSK7
Lacuri de acumulare (mil. mc)
$H <100
$H 100-1000
$H >1000
%UCentrale atomo-electrice
%[Exploatãri miniere
Oil and brine pollution potential
Mining exploitations
Nuclear-electric power plants
Seismic intensity on the MSK scale
Reservoirs (mill. cm)
46o
46o
48o 48o
44oo 44o
21o
23o
23o
25o
25o
27o
27o
29o
29o
0 20 40 60 km
36. Hazarde tehnologiceTechnological hazards
Hazarde chimiceChemical hazards
Potenþial de poluare cu clor (tone)Chlorine pollution potential (tonnes)
mic (0 - 100)low
moderatemediu (100 - 1000)
mare (1000 - 10000)heavy
very heavyfoarte mare (10000 - 16000)
#
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x
x
xx
foarte mare (15000 - 31000)very heavy
heavymare (2000 - 15000)
mediu (100 - 2000)moderate
lowmic (0 - 100)
Ammonia pollution potential (tonnes)Potenþial de poluare cu amoniac (tone)
Explosion potential (tonnes)Potenþial de explozie (tone)
foarte mare (250000 - 500000)very heavy
heavymare (50000 - 250000)
mediu (1000 - 50000)moderate
lowmic (0 - 1000)
Other centres with nuclear activitiesAlte centre cu activitãþi nucleare']
Technological hazards in the lower Danube-Black Sea Basin
AGRICULTURE
Land Fund Law (No. 18/1991) – a fundamental change of property over the land
-The transition from state and collective property to private ownership
-The land was divided among a large number of owners (4.7 millions), each acquiring under 2 hectares
-the allocated piece of land is often fragmented into several parcels, over 47 million parcels emerged after the implementation of the Law
1990
2002
The main environmental issues in the Danube – Black Sea System, Romania
• extreme events (landslides, floods, storms) due to climate change;• loss of biodiversity;• desertification tendencies;• deforestation;• land degradation;• high nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorous) loads;• competition for available water;• overexploitation of surface and groundwater;• changes in river flow patterns, including transport of sediment;• contamination with hazardous substances;• accidental pollution;• degradation and loss of wetlands;• NATECH hazards (natural triggering technological hazards)
CLIMATE CHANGE
Romania – annual mean temperature evolution trends during the XX-th century
Sararu, 2003
•A slight increasing trend in the annual mean temperatures and a decrease in precipitations
The flow water (daily mean discharge) and the precipitation variations at Tinoasa (2002)
Miţă, Mătreaţă, 2004
•A tendency of precipitation concentration over short time intervals and an increase of their torrential character
•flush flood events in small catchments
• rapid snowmelting
ROMANIA: JULY - AUGUST 2002 FLOODS
IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT
Counties affected by floods in April 2005
Consequences:
-7 casualties;
- 5000 evacuated people;
-4000 affected houses;
-100 000 ha agricultural land;
-500 bridges and small bridges;
-17 km national roads and 52 km county roads
Source: Timis Online
Source: Timis Online
Source: Timis Online
DROUGHT AND FLOOD EVENTS
• desertification tendencies in the Southern Romania;
• increased frequency of springtime flooding and induced technological accidents;
• tornado events;
Source: Ministry of Waters and Environmental Protection, 2002
The lowest Danube level in the last 160 years
Zimnicea, 30 august 2003
Foto: Jeni Drăgoi
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ROMANIA – LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
• Sustainable Development Strategy, 1999• Twinning Project between Italy and
Romania on “Environment Statistics Survey”, National Institute of Statistics, 2002-2004– A study on sustainable development indicators
• Sustainable Development Strategy of Romania “Orizont 2025” (to be elaborated)
For diversity protection, Romania has ratified the Convention of Biological Diverity in 1992. In 1992 it was declared the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. For increasing forested area, the Development Strategy for Forests elaborated by MAPAM, approved by Romanian Government has 2 programmes focused on aforestation.
-Increasing forest area from 27% to 35% until 2040
- Increasing the protected surface from 2,56% (1990) to 10% (2015)
S
R
1.Total forest area:
-Forest area dynamics;-Aforestation dynamics.
2. Total protected areas
Protection of biodiversity; desertification prevention and reduction;
Nature and biodiversity
National Commission for Climate Change, implementing the issues specified by UN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeRomania has ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2001.
Reduction GHG emissions with 8% during 2008 – 2012.
S
S
P
1.GHG emissions;
2. Total annual CO2
emissions/loc;
3. Total annual energy consumption.
Improving the efficiency of thermo-electrical equipments;
Climate change and
energy
ActivitiesTargetsDPSIRIndicatorsSpecific
objectivesLevel I:
Thematic areas
National Institute of Statistics, 2004
List of indicators, according to thematic areas and DPSIR model
CASE STUDIES
• Two tailings dam failures in Maramures county resulted in the release of 200 000 m³ of contaminated water and 40 000 tonnes of tailings into tributaries of the Tisa River, a major tributary of the Danube.
• Following these accidents, Institute of Geography in collaboration with the University of Wales, UK initiated a research programme in northwest Romania to establish metal levels in rivers affected by the present and historic mining activities.
BAIA MARE - TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENT AND TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION
JANUARY AND MARCH 2000
2000-2005
> 1100 SAMPLES, 350 SITES
2000
1971
River systems categories:
• with historical mining activity, presently inactive;
•with historical and present mining activity;
• with opportunities for the opening of new exploitations
• with tailings dam accidents
“Aurul” tailings pond
“Bozânta 1” tailings pond (inactive)
2001
33 sites
828 km
Zn concentrations in the River Sasar
2000 2001 2002 2003 target value imperative value
ZnBioavailable < target
Bioavailable > intervention
Bioavailable > target
Use of private supply groundwater in Maramureş
Samples taken from 96 households
Zn concentrations in domestic wells vs. distance from river channel in the Someş catchment
10
100
1000
10000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Distance from channel (m)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/l)
Zn concentrations in domestic wells vs distance from contaminant point source in the Someş catchment
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Distance from mining point-source (m)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/l)
1971 accident site
active tailings dam
inactive tailings dam
Certej river basin:
a mining affected basin
• 78 km2 catchment containing the 40.05 km2 Certej-Coranda mining concession.
• Mining history dating back to the Roman period.
• Current open-cast exploitation at Coranda with ore processed in Certeju de Sus.
• Two tailings ponds in the catchment: Miresului (inactive) and Mialu (active).
• Historical tailings dam failure in 1971.
• 70 samples taken from 30 sample sites.
River Certej: Cd in surface waters and river channel sediments
Channel distance (km)
0 5 10 15 20
Con
cent
ratio
n (
g l-1
)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Valea Mialu
Channel distance (km)
0 5 10 15 20
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g kg
-1)
0.1
1
10
100
Valea Mialu
Aries river: 51 sample sections (2002 – 2003)
Rosia river, a mining affected tributary
Rosia Poieni quarry
Aries river: Cu concentration in surface water (2002-2003)
Aries river: Cu concentration in channel sediments (2002-2003)
