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A timeline of key developments in CRISPR research.
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1987
2013
• Ishino et al. first describe a pattern of short, palindromic repeats of DNA interspersed with short, non-repetitive “spacers” of DNA in E. coli bacteria.
2002
2007
2010
2012
• Jansen et al. name the pattern CRISPR, short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”
• Barrangou et al. show that CRISPR, mediated by Cas proteins, provides bacterial immunity against viruses by matching DNA in spacer sequences with DNA from viruses.
• Garneau et al. show that the CRISPR/Cas system can acquire new spacers from foreign DNA.
• Jinek, Doudna, Charpentier et al. develop CRISPR/Cas9, which can be programmed to recognize and target any DNA sequence.
2014
2015
• Cong, Zhang et al. show that CRISPR/Cas9 can precisely edit DNA in human & mouse cells, and that a single CRISPR/Cas9 array can be programmed to edit several sites at once.
• Tan et al. use CRISPR/Cas9 in pig, goat, and cattle cells.• Ran, Zhang et al. report that a technique called “double nicking,” which breaks both strands of
........... DNA, can reduce CRISPR/Cas9 off-targeting by 50- to 1,500-fold.
• Scientists use CRISPR/Cas9 to modify the genome of silkworm and frog embryos.
• Fu, Sander et al. report that using truncated guide RNAS can reduce CRISPR/Cas9 off-targeting by 5,000-fold or more.
• Shalem, Zhang et al. use CRISPR/Cas9 for genome-scale screening of cancer-related genes in human cells.
• Niu et al. report the birth of twin monkeys that have been genetically engineered with CRISPR/Cas9.
• Hu, Khalili et al. use CRISPR/Cas9 to eradicate HIV from human immune cell lines.
• Wu et al. use CRISPR/Cas9 to correct genetic disease in mice germ cells.
• Scientists publish editorials in Nature and Science calling for a pause on researching clinical applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in human reproductive cells.
• Hilton et al. create a CRISPR/Cas9-based system that can edit the epigenome, a set of chemical “switches” that can turn genes on and off.
• Liang et al. report that they have used CRISPR/Cas9 to gene-edit non-viable human embryos with limited success.
Images by Maurizio Fausillo, Mister Pixel, Olivier Guin, Stewart Lamb Cromar, b mijnlieff, and Mike Ashley for the Noun Project.
A HISTORY OF CRISPR
