World War One

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe (1800 – 1914)

a) Huge rush of nationalism in the 1800sb) Unified some countries and tore other apart c) Germany

I. 1862-1890 – Otto von Bismarck creates a powerful German empire

II. Promotes economy, aggressive foreign policy, domestic reforms

d) ItalyI. 1870 – Nationalism unified the countryII. Long history of fragmentation will cause problems

e) RussiaI. Russian czars reluctantly surrender absolute powerII. Country will swing between reform and repression

f) Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe growing restless for their own nations

g) Ottoman and Hapsburg empires feel unrest from their people and begin to fall apart

Growth of Western Democracies (1815 – 1914)

a) Britain, France, US – reformers seek democratic rights and social change

b) Reformers try to help laborersc) British suffrage is extended to all males,

making women seek the vote tood) Defeated during the Franco-Prussian War

and Civil Ware) France sets up Third Republic governmentf) By 1900, US became world industrial giantg) US is magnet for immigrants seeking

freedom and opportunity

The New Imperialism (1800 – 1914)

a) Age of Imperialism – European powers expand their empires quickly

b) Much resistance but brought a lot of the world under their control

c) Industrial Revolution gave western powers the means and motives to seek global domination

d) With little regard for tradition or native people, European powers carve up the African continent

e) Britain, France, Russia take advantage of the crumbling Ottoman empire

f) Britain takes over 60% of Indiag) China is taken over by spheres of influence by Western

powersh) China tries to resist but is overcomei) By early 1900s, leaders in colonized parts were trying

to create nationalist movements

New Global Patterns (1800 -1914)a) Imperialism results in global exchangeb) Many nations profit, some are torn apartc) Many radical changes in economies and

governmentsd) Japan transforms in to a modern nation to ward off

imperialisme) By 1900, Western powers had claimed and carved

up most of Asiaf) British colonies – Canada, Australia, New Zealand

win independenceg) Latin America struggles to modernize and set up

stable governmentsh) Europe forces people to accept western ideas

The Pursuit of Peace

i. 1896 – 1st modern Olympic Games held in Athens

ii. Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamiteiii. Regretted the use of his inventioniv. In his will, set up the Nobel Peace Prize

Aggressive nationalismi. France and Germany

1) Strong nationalist feelings2) Germans were proud of their new

military power3) France wanted to regain its

domination4) Wanted their lost land back from

Prussia

ii. Eastern Europe1) Russia – state sponsored

nationalism “Pan-Slavism”2) Austria-Hungry and the Ottoman’s

felt threatened3) By 1914, the Balkan’s called

“powder keg of Europe”

Rivalries between Nations

I. Imperialism1) Economies were growing, new factories

were mass producing products2) Europe divided by competition for colonies

II. Militarism and the Arms Race1) Militarism – glorification of the military2) “Survival of the Fittest” 3) Countries made war seem glorified4) Armies and Navies grew huge5) Britain and Germany = navy6) Military leaders gained political influence

A tangle of alliances

i. Distrust lead powers to sign treaties

ii. Pledged to help each otheriii. To create massive powers no

one would attackiv. Triple Alliance 1882 – Italy,

Germany, Austria-Hungryv. Became known as Central

Powersvi. 1894 – France and Russiavii. 1904 - France and Britain

created ententeviii.Entente – non-binding

agreement to follow common policies

ix. Became the Allies

Assassination in Sarajevo

I. Serbian Outrage1. Archduke Francis

Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry announced he would visit Sarajevo, Bosnia

2. Serbian nationalists were outraged

3. June 28th was Independence Day – felt that they were being patronized

4. Serbian group “Black Hand” vowed to take action

The fatal shots

1. Archduke ignored warnings2. June 28, 1914 road with wife, Sophie thru

Sarajevo3. Gavrilo Princip attacked car, two shots,

both dead

Harsh Ultimatum

1. Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum2. Ultimatum – final set of demands3. Serbia must end all anti-Austrian

agitation and punish Serbian’s that were involved

4. Serbia agreed, partially5. July 28th – Austria declares war

From capital to capital1. Could have been a small

war2. Alliances caused

countries to join that wouldn’t have

3. Austria-Hungry got help from Germany

4. Serbia got help from Russia

5. Mobilization – prepare military forces

6. Russia asked France to help and avenge loss

7. Germany declared war on France

The schlieffen Plan1. Italy stayed neutral2. Britain had to decide3. General Alfred von

Schlieffen 4. Plan to avoid two

front war5. Defeat France then

Russia6. Germany invaded

Belgium to get to France

7. Britain declares war on Germany

A New kind of conflict

i. Called “The Great War”ii. Largest conflict in historyiii. 40 million men mobilizediv. 1 in 4 died, ones who lived,

maimed, blind, mad v. War moved quicklyvi. By September 1914, battle lines were

drawnvii. Winter brought stalemateviii. Stalemate – deadlock in which neither

side is able to defeat the other

The western front

i. Deep trenches across Europeii. No Man’s Land – space

between trenchesiii. Covered in shell holes, barbed

wire, dead bodies, land minesiv. Only gained in small amounts

Technology of modern warfare

i. New weapons developedii. Could shell from 10 miles awayiii. 1915, German’s started using poison gas – blinded,

blistered, burnsiv. Gas masks to counteractv. Airplanes – 1,2 seat with machine gunsvi. Automatic machine guns – rapid continuous bullet

streamvii. Submarines – U-Boats, sunk ships without warningviii.Zeppelins – large gas filled balloons used to bombix. Convoys – groups of merchant ships protected by

warships

Global conflict

i. Eastern Europe1) Russia pushed though Germany2) Tannenberg – Russia defeated and retreated3) Couldn’t fight new weapons

ii. Southern Europe1) Bulgaria and Italy joined 2) Italy has secret alliance to get Austrian land

iii. War and the Colonies1) European colonies were drawn into the struggle2) Allies took over colonies3) Some forced in to service, others served to get

independence

Winning the war

a) Total Wari. Nations channeled all resources in to war

effortii. Conscription – The Draft, all young men had

to be ready

b) Propaganda Wari. Propaganda – spreading of ideas to promote

cause damaging to other sideii. Wanted to keep bad news quiet and raise

nationalism

Winning the war

c) Impact of Womeni. As men left to fight, women took jobsii. Some women became nurses in the wariii. Most women had to give up jobs when men returned

d) Collapsing Moraleiv. By 1917, troops were depressedv. Germany was sending 15 year olds in to battlevi. Many casualties, food shortages, failure to win –

upset people

Winning the war

E. Russian Revolutioni. Russia hit hard by warii. Food riots lead people to revoltiii. Monarchy fell apart, Allies were happy czar

felliv. V.I. Lenin came to powerv. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany –

ended war for Russia

F. Impact on Warvi. With Russia gone, Germany concentrated

on Western Front

The us declares war

i. 1917 – US joins warii. Germany was using U-Boats and sinking

American shipsiii. Killed many civilians especially on the

Lusitaniaiv. Americans supported the Allies since they

came from Allied countries

B. Zimmerman Notei. US intercepted note

from German ministerii. Promised Mexico land

they lost if they helped Germany

iii. Published, Americans got mad

C. Declaring Wariv. April 1917 Pres Wilson

asked congress to declare war

v. Took year to Europe

D. Fourteen Pointsi. January 1918, Fourteen Points Speechii. Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of

armsiii. Wanted great association of nations

E. Campaign to Victoryiv. Early 1918 – final battles foughtv. German’s overthrew governmentvi. Other countries were getting tiredvii. Armistice – Agreement to end fightingviii.Germany and Allies at 11am on November

11, 1918

Cost of war

i. 8.5 million people were deadii. Influenza pandemic killed 20 million around

the worldiii. Most of Europe had to be rebuilt from

shelling damageiv. Countries had huge war debtv. Reparations – payment for war damagevi. Governments collapsed, revolutionaries

took overvii. Colonies fought back against imperialism

for independence

Paris Peace Conferencei. Big Three

1. US President Woodrow Wilson2. British PM George3. French Pres Clemenceau4. No one likes it Wilson’s points

ii. Difficult Issues1. Countries wanted land back that

was taken from them2. Wilson got his international

peace group, League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

i. June 1919 – met with new German Republic to sign treaty

ii. Read document with horroriii. Forced Germany to pay for the whole war

($30 billion)iv. Reduce army and return landsv. Forced to sign treaty – would cause

resentment for years

Summary

Write a 4-5 sentence summary about World War I. What is nationalism? What event started the war? What were new technology developed

during the war? How did the war end?