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A Hyper-Cellular Architecture for 5G and Beyond
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
June 01, 2018 @ Waseda
Zhisheng Niu
1
“People always over-estimate things for
3 years scope, but under-estimate
things for 10 year scope” – Bill Gates
2
• not just about data rate (throughput or spectrum-efficiency )
– Not a simple extension of 4G, as from 1G to 4G
• but more about connectivity, reliability (latency & security),
and energy-efficiency
5G for a Hyper-connected Society
3
eMBB
mMTC uRLLC
5G for Personalized Service
• Personal Comm Personalized Service (mG: my Generation)
• Diversified traffic requests personalized services & smart
networking
• From 3A to 3R: Right time, Right place, and Right service
Au
ton
om
ou
s C
on
tro
l
Understanding of Situation
Mobile/IM (2004)
Location
Presence
Self-X Infrastructure (2020)Self-Managing
Self-Configuring
Self-Organizing
Self-Optimizing
Self-Protecting
Self-Healing
Self-Adapting
X-Aware Service(2010)Location-Aware
Context-Aware
Power-Aware
Situation-Aware
Autonomous Infrastructure
4
• What’s 5G?
In addition to SE, more about connectivity, latency, reliability, and EE
It’s EVERYTHING, like ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)!
5G: A Networking Hype?
5G4G3G2G1G
5G
5G
SE (data-rate)
EE
Latency
Reliability
Connectivity
Everything that 4G couldn’t provide
“Everything should be made as simple as
possible, but not simpler” (Albert Einstein)
5
Everything is Nothing
• Nothing is Everything
5G (whatever can be done by 2020) can probably only be eMBB and MTC
mMTC/uRLLC and higher EE need a paradigm shift
1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G
Zhisheng NIU / Tsinghua University 6Super-Duper(eMBB, uRLLC)
Down-dirty(mMTC)
Probability of Success
Stuck in the middle(e.g., ATM)
6
Capacity-oriented
2000Coverage-oriented
Tra
ffic V
olu
me o
r En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tion
Time
2G
Energy Efficiency-oriented
2010
3G3G+
4G
Traffic
Volume
2020
Energy
Consumpti
on
5G5G+
?
Can we really SMILE?
(Send More Information bits with Less Energy)
Aren’t we too ambitious?
Can we have cake and eat it?
Looking back: What made today’s success?
• Cooper’s Law: “The data rate available to a wireless device
doubles roughly every 30 months” (Martin Cooper)
– This has held for over 50 yrs, leading to 1,000,000x increase
25x 5x 5x
1600x
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
wider spectrum dividing thespectrum intosmaller slices
bettermodulation
scheme
reduced cellsizes
Wireless Capacity…
Source: William Webb, Ofcom
(Spectrum Reuse,
Cell Densification)(Multiplexing)
7
Cellular was invented for spectrum-efficiency
But, is it really energy-efficient? Is it smart enough to support massive M2M connections and uRLLC?
8
Energy Waste in Existing Cellular
Traffic data from 319 HSPA cells in a European capital
city measured from Jan. 1-22 2009 (Ericsson)
80% of the BSs are quite lightly loaded for 80% of the
time, but still consume (waste) a lot of energy
P. Frenger and M. Ericson, “Assessment of alternatives for
reducing energy consumption in multi-RAT scenarios,” IEEE
VTC Spring, Seoul, Korea, May 2014
Existing cellular is neither smart nor green9
Hyper Cellular: Deal with the Dilemma
? Smaller cellsLarger cells
Less signaling overhead
Global optimization
Smart Coverage-on-demandDensely deployed
Green
decouple
C-plane Larger
D-plane Smaller
Hyper Cellular Architecture
Capacity-hungry Apps (e.g., mobile videos)
Higher SE
Higher EE
GREEN
Control-intensive Apps (e.g., M2M, IoT)
Faster Connectivity
Higher ReliabilitySMART
U-shape Traffic
Datarate
Vo
lum
e
11
Hyper Cellular for Green and Smart
Data BS
UE with High-Rate
Requirement
Control Network Layer
Synchronization/Broadcast of System Information/Paging/Multicast
Data Network Layer
Syn./Unicast
Data Signaling, e.g. user data packet
Control Signaling, e.g. paging, system info., high-layer control info., etc.
Control
BS
Layered
RAN
Data BS
UE with Low-Rate
Requirement
For ubiquitours network
access provision
Dedicated for high-rate user
data transmission
12
– 1G (’80s): Analog, Voice, FDMA, Macro (Coverage-oriented)
– 2G (’90s): Digital, Voice, TDMA, Macro (Coverage-oriented)
– 3G (’00s): Digital, Data, CDMA, Macro/Micro (SE-oriented)
– 4G (’10s): Digital, Video, OFDMA, Micro/Femto (SE-oriented)
– 5G (’20s): Digital, Video, OFDMA, Hyper (SE/EE-oriented)
13
5G: A Paradigm Shift of Cellular Architecture
BDMA
SCMAM2M
Z. Niu, S. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhong, J. Wang, “A Hyper-Cellular Paradigm for Globally Resource-
optimized and Energy-Efficient Networks (GREEN)”, Science in China, Sep. 2012 (in Chinese)
13
From Dr. Wen Tong’s Talk at IEEE ICCC’16
14
Highlights of the Research Progress
17
National “973 Project” on GREEN (2012-16)- Tsinghua University (PI)- BUPT/UESTC/SEU/BUAA/ZJU/USTC- China Telecom- Huawei