A Kantian Approach to Recreational Drugs

8/17/2019 A Kantian Approach to Recreational Drugs

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Running Head: A KANTIAN APPROACH: THE DUTY OF SAFE DRUGS 1

A Kantian Approa!: t!e Dut" o# Sa#e Drug$

I%an &ende$

Ea$tern Na'arene Co((ege



A KANTIAN APPROACH: THE DUTY OF SAFE DRUGS 2

)o!n D* Ro+e#e((er, t!at great oi( -u$ine$$.an o# t!e 1/ t! entur", one $tated t!at 0it!

e%er" rig!t t!ere i$ an i.p(ied re$pon$i-i(it" 0it! e%er" pronouned opportunit", an o-(igation,

and 0it! e%er" po$$e$$ion, a rig!t#u( dut"* Ro+e#e((er ditate$ an e(e.entar" !u.an

under$tanding, in t!at #reedo. and o-(igation are -a(aned rat!er t!an -eing e2tre.itie$ and t!u$

$u! under$tanding i$ #ra.ed in .ode$t"* T!e indi%idua( .u$t under$tand t!e -a$i t!eore.

-e!ind dut" and #reedo.* T!e notion o# #reedo. i$ t!at 0e are 3#ree4 to do, one 0ou(d 5uip,

30!at$oe%er 0e de$ire4, and t!at 0it! .oderation, #or #reedo. 0it!out re$traint i$ anar!"* For i#

I a. #ree to o..it an at t!at de#i(e$ ." neig!-or, ." #reedo. no (onger $er%e$ .e purpo$e o#

onduting good deed$, t!at I 0i(( t!at a(( do unto .e a$ I unto t!e ot!er* For 0it!out dut", a

rig!t#u( o-(igation, #reedo., 0ou(d -e %oid o# t!e %er" $tu## t!at .a+e$ it 3#ree4* I..anue( Kant

5uipped a $i.i(ar $tate.ent, a$ unto t!e #or.er, in t!at 6not!ing an po$$i-(" -e onei%ed in t!e

0or(d, or e%en out o# it, 0!i! an -e a((ed good 0it!out qualification, e2ept a Good 7i((8

9&aKinnon ;, ita(i$ .ine<* Furt!er.ore, Kant de-a$e$ 0it, and =udge.ent, attri-ute$ one

0ou(d on$ider e2e((ent and per$e%erane, and te.pera.ent, 0!i! are, aording to Kant

6undou-ted(" good and de$ire in .an" re$pet$8, on t!e ground$ o# dut"* For Kant, t!e$e

attri-ute$ are nu((i#ied o# t!e %irtue i# t!e 0i(( 0!i! .a+e$ u$e o# t!e., or !arater, i$ not good*

Kant 5uip$ 6i# t!ere i$ not a good 0i(( to orret t!e in#(uene o# t!e$e on t!e .ind, and 0it! t!i$

a($o to reti#" t!e 0!o(e prinip(e o# ating and adapting it to it$ end8 t!en good t!ing$ -eo.e

-ad and .i$!ie%ou$ 9;<*

T!e i$$ue at !and i$ t!e unonditiona( %a(ue 9i*e* Good 7i((< o# an ation or t!ing o#

0!i! 0e %a(ue, $u! a$ gi#t$ o# #ortune, !appine$$, or inte((igene* For Kant $u! t!ing$ a$

.oderation 6in a##etion$ and pa$$ion$, $e(#>ontro( and a(. de(i-eration are not on(" good in




.an" re$pet$, -ut e%en $ee. to on$titute part o# t!e intrin$i 0ort! o# t!e per$on8 -ut, e%en

t!en, $u! %irtue$ #a(( $!ort o# -eing good 0it!out 5ua(i#iation$* 7!at 5ua(i#ie$ $e(#>ontro( to

-e good? I# t!e an$0er to $u! a 5ue$tion i$ a uni%er$a((" app(ia-(e .a2i., and a#ter #urt!er

de(i-eration i$ deter.ined to -e $o, t!en $u! an an$0er .a" gain 5ua(i#iation* Se(#>ontro(

0ou(d -e on$idered good #or it per#or.$ t!e %irtue$ o# #reedo. and dut", a$ 0e(( a$ (o%e, in t!at

t!e $ou( i$ #ree -ut i$ -roug!t under reign #or dut">$a+e* For it i$ t!e dut" o# a good !u$-and to

e2eri$e $e(#>ontro( in regard$ to e2tra.arita( re(ation$* T!u$, i$ $u! a %irtue de$irou$

uni%er$a(("? 7ou(d it -e good to do unto ot!er$ a$ I de$ire t!e" do unto .e in regard$ to $e(#>

ontro(? 7ou(d I 0i(( t!at anot!er .an !onor ." 0i#e a$ I !onor !i$? 7ou(d I 0i(( t!at a((

indi%idua($ !onor one anot!er out o# $e(#>ontro(? I# $o, t!en $u! a %irtuou$ ation i$ a good one

and o.e$ #ro. a good 0i((* For t!u$ Kant $aid, 6a good 0i(( i$ good not -eau$e o# 0!at it

per#or.$ or e##et$, not -" it$ aptne$$ #or t!e attain.ent o# $o.e propo$ed end, -ut $i.p(" -"

%irtue o# %o(ition, t!at i$, it i$ good in it$e(#, and on$idered -" it$e(# i$ to -e e$tee.ed .u!

!ig!er t!an a(( t!at an -e -roug!t a-out -" it in #a%our o# an" in(ination 9#ear<, na" e%en o# t!e

$u. tota( o# a(( in(ination$8 9@, note added<* T!e 3$u. tota( o# a(( in(ination$4 i$ 0e(( put in

deter.ining a rig!t#u((" good 0i(( a$ t!e deter.inate o# a good ation* For i# in(ination$ again$t

$u! a %irtue i$ .a$$ed nu.erou$(" t!en $u! a %irtue .a" not -e %irtuou$ in $u.* Su! an at

.u$t $tand a(( -" it$e(# in =udge.ent 0it!out aid $a%e it$ %irtue and Good 7i((* 7it! t!e notion

o# a Good 7i((, t!e dut" i$ a-(e to pro.ote a 0i(( in t!e #u(#i((ing o# t!e u(ti.ate unonditiona(

%a(ue o# an at* T!at i$ t!e notion o# dut" t!at i$ .entioned in Kantian Et!i$* T!e i.p(ied notion

0it! dut" i$ t!at t!e ation or duty i$ onduted on a duti#u( in(ination, and not #ro. $e(#i$!

in(ination$, #or i# $u! i$ t!e a$e, t!en $u! dut" i$ %oid* Kant 5uip$ t!at it 6i$ .u! !arder to

.a+e t!i$ di$tintion 0!en t!e ation aord$ 0it! dut" and t!e $u-=et !a$ -e$ide$ a diret




in(ination to it8 9@<* I$ it dut" to pre$er%e one4$ (i#e 0!en peri( on#ront$ t!e $ou( or doe$ t!e

indi%idua( at #ro. $e(#i$! .oti%e$? To Kant it 0ou(d -e a diret .a2i., an at o# dut", to

pre$er%e t!e $ou(, $u-$e5uent(", t!e (i#e #or 6t!e" pre$er%e t!eir (i#e as duty requires, no dou-t,

-ut not -eau$e duty requires 9@<* T!e indi%idua( 0!o pre$er%e$ !i$ (i#e, (o%ing it or not, 0it!out

in(ination -ut #ro. $en$ation$ o# dut" at$ in a .ora((" %irtuou$ de.eanor* Su! a .a2i. i$ to

-e e.u(ated* For 0!at 0e oug!t to do and -e doing, and are a-(e to do or -e doing, $u! i$ 0!at

dut" re5uire$ o# u$, #or it i$ an u(ti.ate Good* A$ 0e(( a$ in Sripture i$ t!i$ notion $po+en o# in

t!at 6i# an"one, t!en, +no0$ t!e good t!e" oug!t to do and doe$ not do it, it i$ $in #or t!e.8, or in

ot!er 0ord$, i# indi%idua($ do not at out o# dut", $u! ation$ !a%e no .ora( 0ort! 9)a.e$ ;:1<*

&a2i.$ a$ detai(ed -" Kant, $u! a$ unonditiona( (o%e, de$ire$ t!e .ora( i.port, in t!at, $u!

ation$ are to -e done #ro. dut", and not #ro. in(ination 9or #ear<* An i.portant propo$ition i$

to -e o-$er%ed !ere, na.e(": t!at ation$ done #ro. dut" deri%e it$ .ora( 0ort!, not .ere(" #ro.

t!e purpo$e 0!i! i$ to -e attained -" it, t!u$ it$ end goa(, -ut rat!er #ro. t!e .a2i. -" 0!i! it

i$ deter.ined* Su-$e5uent(", the principle of volition, 0!i! i$ t!e ru(e upon 0!i! one

intentiona((" at$, i$ gi%en pree.inene* T!u$, t!e good ation o# unonditiona( .ora( 0ort!

deri%e$ #ro. t!e prinip(e o# t!e 0i((, and t!at 0it!out regard to t!e $u. o# it$ purpo$e$*

Anot!er propo$ition to -e on$idered, $u-$e5uent(", i$ Kant4$ t!ird propo$ition di$p(a"ed

in !i$ (and>.ar+ 0or+ Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, i$ t!at dut" 6i$ t!e

nee$$it" o# ating #ro. re$pet #or (a08 9B<* Kant argue$ t!at an ation done #ro. dut" .u$t

60!o((" e2(ude t!e in#(uene o# in(ination, and 0it! it$ e%er" o-=et o# t!e 0i((, $o t!at not!ing

re.ain$ 0!i! an deter.ine t!e 0i(( e2ept o-=eti%e(" t!e law, and $u-=eti%e(" pure respect

#or t!i$ pratia( (a08 9<* For Kant, i# a %irtuou$ dut" an -e -roug!t a-out 0it!out 6t!e 0i(( o#

a rationa( -eing8 -ut rat!er t!roug! anot!er au$e, $u! a$ a .ora( (a0, or natura( (a0, t!en $u!




a dut" an -e 6a(one $upre.e and unonditiona( good an -e #ound8 9<* T!u$ Kant4$ t!ree

propo$ition$: t!e Good 7i((, ation$ onduted out o# dut", and t!e .ora( or natura( (a0 i$

entra( to !i$ et!ia( t!eore., and $u-$e5uent(" #ind$ it$e(# a$ t!e pre.i$e o# t!i$ underta+ing*

T!e topi o# di$u$$ion i$ one t!at !a$ -eo.e e%er>inrea$ing in popu(arit" in toda"4$

0or(d, na.e(", t!e u$e o# i((iit drug$ #or rereationa( purpo$e$* Furt!er.ore, t!e $oieta( and

.ora( ra.i#iation$ o# i((iit drug$ are di$u$$ed in regard$ to a Kantian %ie0 on et!i$ and .ora(

(a0 a$ re(ating to -u$ine$$ %enture$ t!at pro.ote$ t!e $a#e u$age o# drug$* T!e 5ue$tion i$

0!et!er or not t!e ation$ o# t!e -u$ine$$ pro.ote a .a2i. t!at .a" -e pro.pted -" t!e

prinip(e o# %o(ition* Seondari(", i# t!e -u$ine$$ i$ #ound to -e in on=untion 0it! Kant4$ #ir$t

propo$ition 9Good 7i((<, 0i(( it (i+e0i$e -e in on=untion 0it! t!e $eond and t!ird propo$ition$

9Dut" and &ora( a0<? T!u$, t!e i$$ue$ e%o(%e into t!e 5ue$tion: I$ t!e dut" -e!ind t!e initiati%e

appropriate or are t!e ation$ o# t!e -u$ine$$ $e(#i$! and dri%en -" gain? Furt!er.ore, doe$ t!e

e2i$tene o# t!e -u$ine$$ $upport t!e .ora( (a0? Su-$e5uent(" doe$ t!e .a2i. pro.ote t!e

notion o# #reedo. and dut", 0!i! 0ere #ir$t .entioned in t!e opening $tate.ent$? T!e$e and

$u! 5ue$tion$ 0i(( -e -roug!t under 0eig!t" $u-=etion #or t!e re.ainder o# t!e paper* T!e

-u$ine$$ %enture in 5ue$tion i$ t!at o# DanceSafe*

In 1//, E.anue( S#erio$, #ounded, in t!e San Frani$o a" area, a non>pro#it

organi'ation 0!o$e $o(e purpo$e 0a$ to eduate and te$t drug$ t!at "oung adu(t$ a5uired at

ra%e$* Sine it$ ineption, DaneSa#e !a$ atte.pted to #u(#i(( t0o ore operationa( prinip(e$:

6!ar. redution and peer>-a$ed, popular eduation8 9DaneSa#e, A-out, ita(i$ .ine<*

DaneSa#e4$ .i$$ion $tate.ent, aording to t!eir 0e-$ite, i$ to -ring 6adu(terant $reening

9a*+*a*, 6pi(( te$ting8, 6drug !e+ing8< to t!e ra%e and nig!t(i#e o..unit" in t!e U*S*, and #or

di$tri-uting un-ia$ed eduationa( (iterature de$ri-ing t!e e##et$ and ri$+$ a$$oiated 0it! t!e




u$e o# %ariou$ drug$8 9DaneSa#e, A-out<* In addition to -ringing 6adu(terant $reening8 into t!e

nig!t (i#e o..unit", t!e o.pan" pro%ide$, at a #ee, t!e produt$ u$ed #or $reening at t!e

on$u.er (e%e(* A$ 0e((, t!e organi'ation, pro%ide$ a 6non>=udg.enta( per$peti%e to !e(p

$upport peop(e 0!o u$e drug$ in .a+ing in#or.ed dei$ion$ a-out t!eir !ea(t! and $a#et"8

9DaneSa#e, Prinip(e$<* In addition to te$ting potentia((" adu(terant drug$, t!e organi'ation

pro%ide$ $a#er a(ternati%e$ in on$u.ption o# drug$* For e2a.p(e, in a reent arti(e, t!e

organi'ation pro%ided $norting $tra0$ #or ra%er$ to u$e a$ an a(ternati%e to .onetar" -i(($, 0!i!

.a" !a%e trae$ o# ot!er drug$ on t!e., 0!i! .ig!t negati%e(" re#(et upon t!e u$er* T!e

organi'ation neit!er ondone$ nor onde.n$ t!e u$age o# drug$*

T!e i((iit drug t!at i$ pri.ari(" te$ted -" DaneSa#e i$ 3,4-methylenedioxy-

methamphetamine 9&D&A, or -etter +no0n a$ &o((", 0!i! i$ $!ort>#or. #or 3.o(eu(ar4<,

0!i! i$ +no0n to a(ter .ood and pereption, $i.i(ar(" to ot!er $ti.u(ant$ and !a((uinogen$*

T!e $"nt!eti drug4$ purpo$e i$ to produe #ee(ing$ o# 6inrea$ed energ", p(ea$ure, e.otiona(

0ar.t!, and di$torted $en$or" and ti.e pereption8 9Nationa( In$titute on Drug A-u$e, &D&A<*

T!e Drug En#ore.ent Agen"4$ 9DEA< drug S!edu(e, 0!i! range$ #ro. one to #i%e, 0it! one

-eing drug$ 0it! 6no urrent(" aepted .edia( u$e and a !ig! potentia( #or a-u$e8 and #i%e

-eing drug$ t!at pro%ide 6(o0er potentia( #or a-u$eand on$i$t o# preparation$ ontaining

(i.ited 5uantitie$ o# ertain naroti$, ran+$ E$ta$" 9&D&A< a$ a S!edu(e One drug 9DEA,

Drug S!edu(ing<* Su! a (a$$i#iation $!ou(d rai$e et!ia(, .ora( and (ega( 5ue$tion$ #or

DaneSa#e a##i(iate$ and ad%oate$* T!e ritia( i$$ue regarding DaneSa#e, #ro. a Kantian

Et!i$ %ie0point i$ 0!et!er or not t!e organi'ation i$ 9a< ation out o# (egiti.ate dut", 9-< and i#

$o, i$ t!at dut" #ro. a good 0i((, and 9< i# $o, doe$ t!at good 0i(( $upport and agree 0it! t!e

.ora( (a0 depited -" Kant?




T!e prinip(e in(ination i$ t!at &D&A, a$ a on$u.a-(e $u-$tane i$ e2p(iit(" i((ega(

-eau$e it da.age$ t!e indi%idua( and a(ter$ t!e ognition o# t!e .ind* T!e on$u.ption o#

&D&A, 0!et!er in it$ pure$t #or. or adu(terated, 0!i! t!e organi'ation atte.pt$ to a%oid, .a"

produe #ee(ing$ o# 3inrea$ed energ", p(ea$ure 9and< e.otiona( 0ar.t!4 -ut $u! on$e5uene$

are not $i.p(" good -eau$e o# t!e 3#ee(ing$4 deri%ed t!ereo#* T!e true .ea$ure o# t!e %irtue o#

$u! on$e5uene$ i$ 0!et!er or not one de$ire$ t!at a(( $!ou(d #ee( #ee(ing$ o# 3inrea$ed energ",

p(ea$ure 9and< e.otiona( 0ar.t!4* I# $u! 0ere t!e a$e t!an an e2tre.it" 0ou(d -e reated, in

0!i! a 0or(d o# !app" 3"uppie$4 i$ reated, t!u$ .oderation i$ (o$t in #reedo. and dut"* It i$

#reedo. to ta+e $u! $u-$tane$ -ut dut" to pre%ent t!e ta+ing t!ereo# to in#ringe upon anot!er,

t!e $e(#, and t!e natura( (a0, and i# $u! in#ringe.ent$ our, $u! an at !a$ no .ora( 0ort!*

Regarding $u! t!ing$ Kant $tate$, 6#or 0it!out t!e prinip(e$ o# a good 0i((, t!e" .a" -eo.e

e2tre.e(" -ad, and t!e oo(ne$$ o# a %i((ain not on(" .a+e$ !i. #ar .ore dangerou$, -ut a($o

i..ediate(" .a+e$ !i. .ore a-o.ina-(e in our e"e$ t!an !e 0ou(d !a%e -een 0it!out it8 9@<*

T!e in(ination o# a 3'ero>=udge.ent4 approa! (e%e($ a #ear o# 3(a+ o# =udg.ent4, e$peia((" t!e

rig!teou$ +ind t!at .a" our #or t!e #urt!erane o# %irtuou$ ation$, #u(( o# Good 7i((* Doe$ one

0i(( t!at a(( (i%e in a =udge.ent #ree 0or(d, e$peia((" t!e 0i$e =udge.ent t!at .ig!t -e parta+en

o# #ro. anot!er 0i$e $ou(? I $a" not* E2tre.itie$ #a(( out$ide t!e -oundar" o# rig!t#u( dut" and

#reedo., #or 0it! it, -oundarie$ #ai( at t!eir purpo$e$* It t!en -eo.e$ e2tre.e(" di##iu(t to

aept $u! a .a2i. 0it! t!e preponderane o# in(ination$ -roug!t again$t* Kant 5uip$

e2e((ent(" in de$ri-ing 0!at i$ and 0!at i$ not t!e a-$o(ute Good 7i(( o# an ation: 69i#< it

$!ou(d "et a!ie%e not!ing, and t!ere $!ou(d re.ain on(" t!e good 0i(( 9not, to -e $ure, a .ere

0i$!, -ut $u..oning a(( .ean$ in our po0er<, t!en, (i+e a =e0e(, it $!ou(d $ti(( $!ine -" it$ o0n

(ig!t8 9@<* T!u$ t!e 5ue$tion re.ain$: i# DaneSa#e4$ ation$ a!ie%ed not!ing, 0ou(d it $ti((




re.ain good and %ia-(e? I $a" not, #or t!e organi'ationa( .i$$ion i$ -a$ed on a %io(ation o# t!e

(a0 o# nature and t!e (a0 o# dut"* For t!e .a2i. -" 0!i! t!e organi'ation t!ri%e$ 0ou(d #ai( to

-eo.e a uni%er$a((" aepta-(e i.perati%e* It an -e onei%ed t!at parent$ and (a0

en#ore.ent agenie$ 0ou(d re=et t!e 3good 0i((4 o# DaneSa#e -eau$e it i$ a uni%er$a(("

aepted .a2i. t!at indi%idua($ oug!t not to !ar. t!e $e(# -ut rat!er pro.ote $e(#>(o%e 9t!e +ind

t!at i$ duti#u(, rat!er t!an $e(#i$!<* 7ou(d DaneSa#e 0i(( t!at it$ ation$ -e an aepta-(e

uni%er$a( .a2i.? I# $o, #ro. a -u$ine$$ $tand point, !o0 $!ou(d it #are 0!en o.petitor$

on$u.e it$ .ar+et $!are? T!u$ i$ t!e ation o# t!e organi'ation, pri.ari(", to pre$er%e .ar+et

$!are $e(#i$! or out o# dut"? Furt!er.ore, i# $aid organi'ation #i2e$ priing -" (oation, per!ap$

t!o$e o.pri$ed .ain(" o# o.petitor$, in order to gain an ad%antage, i$ t!e ation t!ereo#

duti#u((" or $e(#i$!(" .oti%ated? T!e i$$ue t!at ari$e$ 0!en on$idering an organi'ation or

-u$ine$$ i$ t!at o# gain, 0!i!, a$ one .a" de$ri-e, .a" 5ui+(" -eo.e t!e 3root o# a(( e%i(4,

and i# $u! i$ t!e de$ription !o0 ou(d .ora( good o.e #ort!?

A #ina( note to on$ider i$ 0!et!er or not DaneSa#e i$ operating 0it! re$pet to t!e

.ora( (a0* I# in(ination$ are a.a$$ed again$t t!e organi'ation, o# 0!i! t!ere !a$ -een a

-eginning o#, an dut" -e %ia-(e, #or 6duty is the necessity of actin from respect for the law8

9B<* Kant $tate$ t!at an ation done #ro. dut" .u$t, inde#inite(", e2(ude a(( potentia(

in(ination$* I# $u! 0ere t!e a$e, !o0 ou(d DaneSa#e at out o# dut"? For in(ination$ are

a.a$$ed again$t it, and rig!t#u((" $o, #or t!e pa$$i%e ondoning o# a S!edu(e One drug %io(ate$

t!e (a0 o# a go%erning -od"* Kant4$ under$tanding o# $u! a (a0 i$ t!e maxim, -ut it ou(d e%en

-e argued t!at $o.e go%erning (a0$, $u! a$ !u.an rig!t$ and t!e pre$er%ation o# t!e $e(#, an -e

a .a2i. in and o# it$e(#* And i# go%erning (a0$ an -e on$idered .a2i.$, t!en it 0ou(d -e a

%io(ation o# dut" to %io(ate $u! .a2i.$, 0ou(d it not? T!u$ 6to #o((o0 t!i$ (a0 e%en to t!e




t!0arting o# a(( ." in(ination$8 i$ t!e dut" o# one t!at re$pet$ t!e .ora( (a0, a$ put #ort! -"

Kant 9<* DaneSa#e %io(ate$ t!i$ .a2i. in t!at it #ai($ to re.o%e #ro. po$$e$$ion t!e i((ega(

o-taining o# a !ig!(" additi%e $u-$tane* A(t!oug!, t!e organi'ation argue$ t!at &D&A i$ (e$$

additi%e t!an &et!a.p!eta.ine, 0!i! i$ orret, t!at doe$ not re.o%e t!e notion t!at -ot!

drug$ !a%e $i.i(ar -a$e .o(eu(ar $truture$* T!u$ i# a drug t!i$ !ig!(" additi%e, !a%ing no

.ediina( purpo$e, i$ t!e $u-=et o# $u! a -u$ine$$ .ode(, !o0 ou(d $u! a .ode( !a%e re$pet

#or $u! natura( (a0$, e%en t!at o# go%erning -odie$* Kant gi%e$ t!e #o((o0ing te$t in deter.ining

t!e %ia-i(it" o# an ation in $!o0ing re$pet #or .ora( (a0: 6No0 an ation done #ro. dut" .u$t

0!o((" e2(ude t!e in#(uene o# in(ination, and 0it! it e%er" o-=et o# t!e 0i((, $o t!at not!ing

re.ain$ 0!i! an deter.ine t!e 0i(( e2ept o-=eti%e(" t!e law, and $u-=eti%e(" pure respect

#or t!i$ pratia( (a0 e%en to t!e t!0arting o# a(( ." in(ination$8 9<* T!u$ #or Kant, t!e

u(ti.ate(" .ora( 0ort! i$ $een a$ -eing deri%ed -" not!ing, $a%e, t!e natura( (a0 and in t!e Good

7i(( o# an ation or t!ing, and t!at annot -e ta+en a0a" or added unto -" an out$ide #ore* T!u$

Kant4$ ategoria( i.perati%e $tand$ true, in t!at one $!ou(d ne%er at ot!er0i$e, t!an $o t!at !i$

ation $!ou(d -e deter.ined a$ a maxima iuris universalis facta! In ot!er 0ord$, Can I 0i(( t!at

." .a2i. $!ou(d -e a uni%er$a( (a0? Su! i$ t!e 5ue$tion t!at .u$t -e a$+ed regarding

DaneSa#e and a(( $u! %enture$ 0!et!er on$idered good or -ad* For t!ing$ t!at are onditiona(,

annot 0it!out 5ue$tioning -e deter.ined good 0it!out 5ua(i#iation$*




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Documents

A Kantian Approach to Recreational Drugs