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A KEY TO THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODA.

by Maureen H. Barclay

Note: This a r t i c l e i s designed to enable students who are beginning studies of t e r r e s t r i a l ecology to recognize the various classes of t e r r e s t r i a l arthropods represented, basing t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n on exte r n a l characters. For t h i s reason i t i s n e c e s s a r i l y elementary, dealing with d i s t i n c t i o n s which w i l l be known by advanced students of Zoology. However, f o r t h e i r b e n e f i t , and for those others wishing to proceed f u r t h e r to ac t u a l s p e c i f i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , a l i s t of references appears at the end of t h i s a r t i c l e .

By d e f i n i t i o n , the arthropods are segmented, b i l a t e r a l l y symmetrical animals, with paired limbs, at l e a s t one p a i r of which function as jaws. They have a ch i t i n o u s c u t i c l e which i s u s u a l l y r i g i d , yet provided with j o i n t s to allow movements of body and limbs.

A Key to the Classes of T e r r e s t r i a l Arthropods

1 (a) C u t i c l e s o f t and t h i n , without j o i n t s . Body w a l l s o f t and muscular. Three segmented head not marked o f f from body and remaining segments a l l a l i k e . •. Class ONYCOPHORA

(b) C u t i c l e and body form otherwise (2) 2 (a) F i r s t appendage c h e l i c e r a t e , not antennate ... C lass ARACHNIDA

(b) F i r s t appendage antennate (3) 3 (a) Two p a i r s of antennae present •.. Class CRUSTACEA

(b) One p a i r of antennae only (4) 4 (a) Three p a i r s of walking legs present ... Class INSECTA

(b) Many p a i r s of walking legs ("Myriapods") (5) 5 (a) G e n i t a l opening at hind end of body ... Class CHILOPODA

(b) G e n i t a l opening on t h i r d segment behind head (6) 6 (a) Antennae short ... Class DIPLOPODA

(b) Antennae long and many j o i n t e d •.. Class SYMPHYLA

ONYCOPHORA

Only i n t h i s c l a s s does the f i r s t somite bear a p a i r of limbs. A l l the legs are sh o r t , not t r u l y j o i n t e d but transversely ringed. At the d i s t a l end of each i s a r e t r a c t i l e , terminal foot with two recurved claws. The head bears three appendages; a p a i r of pre-antennae which are long and mobile, but i r r e t r a c t i b l e , a p a i r of sm a l l , o r a l p a p i l l a e , and the jaws, borne on muscular p a p i l l a e w i t h i n the o r a l c a v i t y .

These c a t e r p i l l a r - l i k e animals have an i n t e r e s t i n g p r o t e c t i v e adaptation - the a b i l i t y to s q u i r t a s t i c k y , s l i m e - l i k e s e c r e t i o n that entangles t h e i r enemies.

FIG. 1 Peripatoides. FIG. 2 A Pseudoscorpion.

FIG. 3 Araneus.

FIG. A An Orb web. FIG. 5 Dolomedes.

FIG. 6 Trite.

FIG. 7 A Phalangid.

FIG. 9 An Oribatid mite. Drawings not to scale

FIG. 9 A Trombidiid mite.

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Onycophora are r e s t r i c t e d to moist environments. They generally avoid l i g h t and l i v e i n rotten l o g s , under loose bark, i n moss, e t c . , where they feed on small i n s e c t s and other micro-organisms. The common New Zealand example, Peripatoides novaezelandiae ( F i g . l ) i s a v e l v e t y -greygreen animal with f i f t e e n p a i r s of l e g s . I t may reach up to two inches i n length.

ARACHNIDA

In the Arachnids the a n t e r i o r part of the body (prosoma) i s never divided i n t o a head and thorax. The f i r s t appendages are prehensile ( c h e l i c e r a e ) , the second prehensile or sensory (pedipalps) and the remaining four ambulatory. These animals feed on l i q u i d s extracted from t h e i r prey by way of a pharyngeal sucking pump.

Within t h i s Class come:

Order Pseudoscorpionidea - small (2-4mm. ), s c o r p i o n - l i k e Arachnids but with no t a i l . The pedipalps are large and strongly chelate (see F i g . 2). The abdomen i s broadly j o i n e d at the thorax; i t i s wide, f l a t and u s u a l l y comprises eleven segments. They are u s u a l l y encountered i n l e a f l i t t e r on the f o r e s t f l o o r and i t i s thought that they feed c h i e f l y on mites and small i n s e c t s .

Order Araneida (Spiders) - Arachnids with the prosoma covered by a s i n g l e s h i e l d , the head being marked o f f by a groove. The abdomen i s separated by a waist. I t i s s o f t and only r a r e l y shows any signs of e x t e r n a l segmentation. Spinning glands are present on the abdomen. In a t y p i c a l spider the prosoma i s r e l a t i v e l y small and depressed as compared with the rotund abdomen. I t c a r r i e s the c h e l i c e r a e , pedipalps and four p a i r s of legs. Most spiders have eight eyes, d i s t r i b u t e d across the c e n t r a l part of the prosomal s h i e l d . This number, however, may be reduced and the number, p o s i t i o n and r e l a t i v e s i z e of the eyes serve as d i a g n o s t i c characters f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

The. -a are many d i f f e r e n t spider f a m i l i e s , the animals occupying a number of d i f f e r e n t types of h a b i t a t , trapping t h e i r prey i n numerous d i f f e r e n t ways.

The family Argiopidae comprises the orb-weavers. These are most e a s i l y recognized by t h e i r w e l l known web composed of slender l i n e s r a d i a t i n g from a c e n t r a l point or hub, l i k e the spokes of a wheel ( F i g . 4). The common N. Z. genus i s Araneus, A. crassus being often encountered ( F i g . 3).

The family Lycosidae (wolf spiders) contains hunting spiders which chase t h e i r prey. These velvety animals run through the undergrowth or l u r k under stones, e s p e c i a l l y i n damp s i t u a t i o n s . Many di g tunnels. They a l l carry t h e i r l a r g e egg sac attached to the spinnerets by a bundle of threads and the young, when hatched, climb on to the female's back and are c a r r i e d around by her.

FIG. lO, 1Oa Mesocypris.

PIG. 12 An Isopod, P^siiis scaber.

FIG. M A Geophil id Centipede.

FIG. 16 A Millipede.

Drawings not

FIG 11.

An Harpacticoid.

FIG. 13 An Amphipod.

FIG. 15 A S c o l o p e n d r i d Centipede.

FIG 17 A Symphylan to scale.

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Great maternal devotion i s found amongst the family Pisauridae - the nursery-web weavers (e. g., Dolcmedes minor ( F i g . 5) ). The female c a r r i e s the egg sac about with her u n t i l the young are ready to emerge, when she then fastens i t to leaves at the t i p of some shrub or other plant and b u i l d s a nursery around i t by fastening the leaves together w i t h a network of threads.

Included w i t h i n the family Dipluridae i s the large Hexathele, a genus which b u i l d s a web tube under stones, i n banks or i n the bark of tr e e s . Porrhothele i s another genus with s i m i l a r web-building habits while Migas b u i l d s a t y p i c a l trap-door nest i n the same type of h a b i t a t .

The a g i l e "jumping" spiders belong to the family S a l t i c i d a e . They are the only spiders with the a b i l i t y to leap, the propulsion being provided by the hind l e g s . They are medium or small spiders with a short body and stout l e g s , and are often b r i g h t l y coloured. They may be found almost everywhere - on bushes, rocks, e t c . , e s p e c i a l l y i n places warmed by the sun. Trite ( F i g . 6) i s a r e l a t i v e l y large l o c a l example.

Order Opiliones or Phalangida (Harvestmen). These can u s u a l l y be recog­nized by t h e i r very long and slender legs ( F i g , 7). The carapace i s i n d i s t i n c t l y , i f at a l l , segmented. The abdomen i s not c o n s t r i c t e d o f f from the cephalothorax and i s short and broad, and the legs are long and slender, only the coxae being s t o u t . Although s t i l t - l i k e i n appearance harvestmen do not r a i s e the body much above the ground when they walk, but carry i t low down, with the middle part of the legs high i n the a i r . When disturbed they stand on s i x legs and move the second p a i r about i n the a i r .

These animals are more c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of open f i e l d s than dense bush.

Order Acarina (Mites and T i c k s ) . This order i s characterised by an unsegmented abdomen which i s not c o n s t r i c t e d at the base, but broadly jo i n e d to the cephalothorax, with l i t t l e or no i n d i c a t i o n of a d i v i s i o n between these two regions. The body often presents a s a c - l i k e appear nee. Normally there are s i x p a i r s of appendages - the c h e l i c e r a e , pediparps and four p a i r s of l e g s . The chel i c e r a e may be chelate or n e e d l e - l i k e , i n the l a t t e r condition being adapted f o r p i e r c i n g . The pedipalps vary g r e a t l y i n s i z e , form and fun c t i o n and may be used f o r t a c t i l e purposes, predation (when they are armed with spines, hooks or claws), or c l i n g i n g , when they take on a chelate form. As a r u l e , they average l-2mm. i n length.

F r e e - l i v i n g , t e r r e s t r i a l mites occur i n p r a c t i c a l l y a l l s i t u a t i o n s where vegetation i s found, being located amongst the decaying debris and i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h mosses and l i c h e n . In the moss and l e a f l i t t e r of the bush they may often form 70-80% or more of the t o t a l animal population. Many feed on decaying plant remains, others scavenge f o r decaying animal remains, while many are predatory, feeding on other small arthropods, p a r t i c u l a r l y Collembola, the eggs and larvae of small i n s e c t s and small Oligochaetes.

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The dark, h e a v i l y s c l e r o t i s e d O r i b a t e i are commonly encountered, these u s u a l l y being found i n large numbers i n moss, humus and s o f t vegetation. The type figured belongs to a family which can f o l d the legs and head i n t o the main body capsule f o r p r o t e c t i o n .

Within the Trombidiformes, the subfamily Trombidiinae of the family Trombidiidae contains some l a r g e , b r i g h t red mites. These animals are covered w i t h v e l v e t y , p l u s h - l i k e h a i r s . The legs are adapted f o r crawling or running, and the p a l p i are r a p t o r i a l ( F i g . 9 ) .

CRUSTACEA

The crustacean c u t i c l e i s u s u a l l y s t o u t , and often strengthened by c a l c i f i c a t i o n . The head bears f i v e p a i r s of appendages: two p a i r s of antennae, mandibles, m a x i l l u l e s and maxillae. Many of them have developed a carapace - a d o r s a l f o l d of c u t i c l e a r i s i n g from the hinder border of the head and extending over the trunk. I t s s i z e v a r i e s g r e a t l y . In the Ostracoda i t encloses the whole body and has become t r u l y b i v a l v e , while i n the Isopoda and Amphipoda i t has disappeared. The post-antennal crustacean limbs have t y p i c a l l y a biramous s t r u c t u r e owing to the frequent presence of a l a t e r a l branch on the second segment from the base of the limb.

These are e s s e n t i a l l y aquatic animals, but a few members l i v e i n damp places on land. Crustaceans encountered i n t e r r e s t r i a l h a b i t a t s are:

Subclass Ostracoda: These have the body enclosed e n t i r e l y i n a b i v a l v e s h e l l which i s closed by an adductor muscle. There are no more than two recognizable t h o r a c i c limbs. The subclass i s predominantly aquatic but New Zealand i s rather unusual i n that i t possesses a t e r r e s t r i a l species, Mesocypris audax ( F i g s . 10, 10a) which i s found i n damp moss and l i t t e r on the f o r e s t f l o o r , u s u a l l y at f a i r l y high a l t i t u d e s .

Subclass Copepoda: Crustaceans without compound eyes or carapace. They have t y p i c a l l y s i x p a i r s of t h o r a c i c limbs and none on the abdomen. Here again, t h i s i s a predominantly aquatic group, but H a r p a c t i c o i d members ( F i g . 11) often appear i n extr a c t i o n s from damp l e a f l i t t e r . T e r r e s t r i a l cyclopoids are very rare but nevertheless may be o c c a s i o n a l l y found.

Subclass Malacostraca: These have compound eyes which are often s t a l k e d , and u s u a l l y a carapace covering the thorax. There i s a thorax of eight somites and an abdomen of s i x or seven, s i x bearing appendages.

Two suborders w i t h i n the order P e r i c a r i d a are represented i n the New Zealand bush, both of which are f a i r l y f a m i l i a r :

Suborder Isopoda ( " s l a t e r s " ) : No carapace i s present on these animals. The eyes are s e s s i l e and the body i s depressed d o r s o v e n t r a l l y . The t h o r a c i c limbs are uniramous, the f i r s t

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p a i r being modifed as maxi l l i p e d s and the re s t u s u a l l y a l i k e ( F i g . 12).

Suborder Amphipoda ("hoppers"): The carapace i s absent i n t h i s group a l s o , and the animals possess s e s s i l e eyes. The body i s generally compressed l a t e r a l l y . The t h o r a c i c limbs are uniramous, the f i r s t p a i r modified as m a x i l l i p e d s , the remainder, un l i k e those of the Isopods, of more than one form. The second and t h i r d legs are us u a l l y prehensile.

A l l t e r r e s t r i a l Amphipods belong to the family T a l i t r i d a e .

These l a t t e r two suborders are commonly found on the f o r e s t f l o o r , amongst l i t t e r , under bark and stones.

INSECTA

The Insecta being such a large c l a s s , comprising many orders almost a l l of which are represented i n the bush, i t would be i m p r a c t i c a l to l i s t these together with t h e i r characters, i n t h i s a r t i c l e . Any Entomology text can provide t h i s information. S u f f i c e to say that the c l a s s Insecta contributes a countless number of animals, from many orders, to the t e r r e s t r i a l fauna.

CHILOPODA (Centipedes)

These are elongate animals, with the body divided i n t o a v a r i a b l e number of somites, each of which i s provided with a p a i r of limbs used f o r locomotion. The head bears a p a i r of multi-segmented antennae and three p a i r s of mouthparts. Behind the head, the f i r s t segment of the body i s termed the b a s i l a r segment and i t s appendages are poison claws with which the prey i s captured and k i l l e d . The number of legs v a r i e s from 15 p a i r s to over 100, but they are always odd i n number. The g e n i t a l opening i s s i t u a t e d at the end of the body.

There are se v e r a l orders of Chilopoda. The Geophilomorpha includes the long, burrowing, worm-like centipedes, with the forepart of each somite marked o f f from the hinder part by a d i s t i n c t j o i n t . The legs vary i n number from 31 to 177 p a i r s and the antennae are always composed of 14 segments ( F i g . 14).

The Scolopendromorpha d i f f e r i n never having more than 23 p a i r s of leg s , while the antennal segments vary i n number from 17 to 30. Our large Cormocephalus rubriaeps ( F i g . 15) i s a handsome creature with i t s dark brown body up to s i x inches long, and pale blue-green l e g s . I t i s usu a l l y encountered under stones and leaves and i n decaying wood.

The Lithobiomorpha are di s t i n g u i s h e d from those above by having a body of 15 leg-bearing segments and the antennal segments number 17

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to 50. Body segments without s p i r a c l e s have reduced terga ( d o r s a l p l a t e s ) , producing an uneven segmentation of the body.

Centipedes, i n general, i n h a b i t damp, dark, obscure places under stones, f a l l e n leaves, l o g s , bark and i n crevices i n the s o i l . They are p r i m a r i l y carnivorous i n feeding h a b i t .

DIPLOPODA ( M i l l i p e d e s )

These are unusual i n that most of the body segments are provided with two p a i r s of limbs. The g e n i t a l aperture i s s i t u a t e d close behind the head. Most have a hard, horny integument. M i l l i p e d e s are vegetarian and feed on a wide range of plant substances.

Within the order Oniscomorpha are those small m i l l i p e d e s belonging to the family Sphaerotheridae whose body i s sh o r t , broad, convex above and f l a t below and which are capable of r o l l i n g up i n t o a b a l l . They have 11 to 13 t e r g a l p l a t e s .

Another order represented i n New Zealand i s the Ascospermophora which have 26 to 32 segments and the t e r g i t e s are provided with three p a i r s of symmetrically placed b r i s t l e s .

The l a r g e s t m i l l i p e d e order i s the Opisthospermophora, the members of which ( F i g . 16), have a large and v a r i a b l e number of c y l i n d r i c a l t e r g a l p l a t e s . Members of the family Cambalidae are very common i n our endemic f o r e s t s .

SYMPHYLA

The presence of long, many j o i n t e d antennae and four p a i r s of p e c u l i a r l y modified jaws characterises these animals. There are 12 p a i r s of walking l e g s , the bas a l segments of legs 3 to 12 being provided with a p r o t r u s i b l e sac, thought to have a r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n . These s m a l l , p a l l i d arthropods resemble centipedes i n appearance ( F i g . 17) and i n a c t i v i t y . As i n the l a s t two c l a s s e s , they l i v e i n damp places under stones, dead leaves, e t c . They appear to be vegetarians w i t h a preference f o r decaying m a t e r i a l . I f disturbed, they are generally capable of r a p i d movement and q u i c k l y r e t r e a t i n t o the s o i l .

SOME USEFUL REFERENCES

GENERAL

CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON, J . L. 1955. Arthropods and T e r r e s t r i a l L i f e . Science News, 36: 95-108

____________________ 1958. Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes and M i t e s . Pergamon Press.

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PENDERGRAST, J . G. and COWLEY, D. R. 19b5. The Hidden Arthropods of the Bush. N. Z. S c i . Congress Handbook.

STOUT, J . D. 1963, The T e r r e s t r i a l Plankton. Tuatara, l l ( 2 ) : 57-65.

ONYCOPHORA

DENDY, A, 189A. Note on a New Variety of Peripatus novaezealandiae (Hutton). Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 27: 190-91.

1902. On the Oviparous Species of Onycophora. Q. J . M. S., 45: 368-415.

FLETCHER, J . J . 1900. Note on a N. Z. Peripatus. P r o c . L i n n . S o c . N. S. W. 75: 116.

WATT, J . C 1960. The N. Z, Onycophora. Tane, 8: 95-103.

WENZEL, R. 1950. Peripatus - L i v i n g F o s s i l and Missing Link. Tuatara, 3(3) '. 98-99,

ARACHNIDA

CAMBRIDGE, O. P. 1873. On the Spiders of N. Z. Trans, N. Z, I n s t , 6: 187-207.

CHAMBERLAIN, G. 1946. Revision of the Araneae of N. Z. Rec. Auck. Inst Mus. 3(2): 85-97.

C0MST0CK, J . H. 1912. The Spider Book. Doubleday, Page & Co.

DUMBLETON, L. J . 1962. Acarology i n N. Z. N. Z. Ent., 3(1): 3-9.

FORSTER, R. R. 1955. Spiders of the Family Archaeidae from A u s t r a l i a and New Zealand. Trans. ProcRoy. SocN. Z, - 83: 391-403.

______________ 1962-63. A Key to the N. Z. Harvestmen. Tuatara, 10(3):

129-138. I b i d . 11(1): 28-41.

GOYEN, P. 1886. On the N. Z. Araneae. Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 24: 253-257.

HUGHES, T. E. 1959. Mites, or the A c a r i . Univ. of London Press. LAMB, K. P. 1952. A Preliminary L i s t of N. Z. Acarina. Trans. Roy, Soc.

N. Z., 79: 370-375.

MYERS, J . G. 1927. E t h o l o g i c a l Notes on some N. Z. Spiders. N. Z. Journ. S c i . Tech. 9: 129-136.

RAMSAY, G. W. 1962. N. Z. O r i b a t e i . N. Z. Ent. 3 ( l ) : 24-25.

TODD, V. 1945. Systematic and B i o l o g i c a l Account of the N. Z. Mygalomorphae. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 74(4): 375-407.

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CRUSTACEA

CHAPMAN, M. A. 1961. The T e r r e s t r i a l Ostracod of N. Z,, Mesocypris audaxt

sp. nov, Crustaceane, 2(4): 255-261.

HARDING, J . P. 1958. Bryocamptus stouti and Goniocyclops sylvestris, two new species of Copepod Crustacean from Fores i n N. Z. Ann. Mag. Nat. H i s t . 13(1). 309-314.

HURLEY, D. E. 1950. N. Z. T e r r e s t r i a l Isopoda. Tuatara 3(3): 115-127.

______________ 1958. A Key to the Families of N. Z. Amphipods.

Tuatara 7(2): 71-83.

INSECTA

General

IMMS, A. D. 1957. A General Textbook of Entomology. London (9th Ed. )

____________ 1961. Outlines of Entomology. Methuen & Co. L t d . (5th Ed. )

ROSS, H. H. 1961. A Textbook of Entomology. John Wiley & Son. TILLYARD, R. J . 1926. The Insects of A u s t r a l i a and New Zealand.

Sydney. 560pp.

Techniques

PETERSEN, A. 1964. Entomological Techniques. Edwards Brothers Inc.

WOODWARD, T. E. 1951. C o l l e c t i o n and Preservation of In s e c t s . Tuatara 4(1): 13-21.

N. B. The f o l l o w i n g book gives a complete l i s t of the numerous works on N. Z. i n s e c t s up to the year 1952, so that only major papers or books, published during t h i s period are mentioned below.

MILLER, D. 1956. Bibliography of N. Z. Entomology, 1775-1952. B u l l . N. Z. D. S. I . R. 120. 492pp.

P a r t i c u l a r Insects

CUMBER, R. A. 1959. D i s t r i b u t i o n a l and B i o l o g i c a l Notes on Sixteen North Island Species of Formicidae. N. Z. Ent., 2(4): 10-14,

EDWARDS, F. W, 1923. A Preliminary Revision of the C r a n e f l i e s of New Zealand. Trans. Proc. N. Z. I n s t . 54: 265-352.

EVANS, J . W. 1963. Zoogeography of N. Z. Leafhoppers and Froghoppers. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. (Zoology), 3(9): 85-91.

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HARRISON, R. A. 1959. Acalyptrate Diptera of New Zealand. B u l l . N. Z. Dept. S c l . Industr. Res. 128: 1-382.

HINCKS, W. D. 1949. Some Earwigs (Dermaptera) from N. Z. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. (B), 18: 201-206.

HUDSON, G. U. 1904. N. Z. Neuroptera. London.

_____________ 1928. The B u t t e r f l i e s and Moths of New Zealand. Ferguson and Osborne Pub.

_____________ 1934. N. Z. Beetles and t h e i r Larvae. Ferguson and Osborne Publcn.

MYERS, J . G. 1926. B i o l o g i c a l Notes on N. Z. Heteroptera. Trans. Proc. N. Z. I n s t . , 56: 449-511.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1929. The Taxonomy, Phylogeny and D i s t r i b u t i o n of N. Z. Cicadas. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 77: 29-60.

PARROTT, A. W. 1951. N. Z. Ichneumonidae, Part I . Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 79(2): 286-293.

1952. N. Z. Ichneumonidae, Part I I . I b i d . 80(2): 155-170.

1954. N. Z. Ichneumonidae, Part I I I . I b i d . 81(4): 627-645

SALMON, J . T. 1941. The Collembolan Fauna of N. Z. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 70: 282-431.

1942. Supplement to Collembola of N. Z., I b i d . , 71(4): 254-259.

________ 1943. New records of Collembola from N. Z. and a D e s c r i p t i o n

of New Species. I b i d . , 73: 1-12.

1950. A Revision of N. Z. Wetas. Rec. Dom. Mus., 1: 124-126.

_______ 1955. S t i c k Insects. Tuatara 5(3): 77-81.

1956. A Key to the Tree and Ground Wetas of N. Z. Tuatara, 6: 19-23.

Diplopoda

DAWSON, E. W. 1958. Exotic M i l l i p e d e s (Diplopoda) i n N. Z. N. Z. Ent. 2(3): l - 5 .

HOLLOWAY, B. A. 1956. Revision of the N. Z. P i l l M i l l i p e d e s (Oniscomorpha: Sphaerotheridae). Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 84: 431-446,

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JOHNS, P. M. 1962. Introduction to the Endemic and Introduced M i l l i p e d e s of N. Z. N. Z. Ent. 3(1). 38-46.

_____________ 1964. The Sphaerotrichopidae (Diplopoda) of N. Z. 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n , Revision of Some Known Species and D e s c r i p t i o n of New Species. Rec. Cant. Mus. 8 ( l ) : l-48.

Chilopoda

ARCHEY, G. E. 1916. The Lithobiomorpha of N. Z. Trans. N. Z. I n s t , 49: 303-318.

______________ 1917. The occurrence i n N. Z. of Crasterostigmus ta&manianuB Pocock (Chilopoda) Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 49: 319-320.

____________ 1921. Notes on N. Z. Chilopoda. Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 53: 181-195.

REQUEST FOR RESEARCH MATERIAL

Miss M. H. Barclay of the Zoology Department requires H a r p a c t i c o i d and Cyclopoid copepods with the aim of producing a l i s t of a l l N. Z. freshwater species.

Cyclopid copepods are f a i r l y common i n most standing bodies of water, both i n the l i t t o r a l and open waters. Their small s i z e n e cessitates the use of a net of f i n e mesh f o r t h e i r capture. Harpacticoids are not as common and t h e i r minute, worm-like forms are more generally encountered crawling over the bottom mud than swimming f r e e l y i n the water.

Specimens of these animals c o l l e c t e d from anywhere i n N. Z. would be g r a t e f u l l y accepted. They should be preserved i n 60% a l c o h o l and forwarded, together with a note as to l o c a l i t y and date c o l l e c t e d .