A Musical Instrument is a Created or Adapted to Make Musical Sounds

7/28/2019 A Musical Instrument is a Created or Adapted to Make Musical Sounds

1/23

A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle,any object that producessoundcan be a musical instrumentit is through purpose that theobject becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates to the

beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual:[citation needed]such as atrumpetto signal success on the hunt, or adrumin a religious ceremony. Cultures

eventually developed composition and performance ofmelodiesfor entertainment.[citation needed]

Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications.

The date and origin of the first device considered a musical instrument is disputed. The oldestobject that some scholars refer to as a musical instrument, a simpleflute, dates back as far as67,000 years. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago. However, mosthistorians believe that determining a specific time of musical instrument invention isimpossible due to the subjectivity of the definition and the relative instability of materialsused to make them. Many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone,wood, and other non-durable materials.

Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world.However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instrumentsin places far from their origin. By theMiddle Ages, instruments fromMesopotamiawere inMaritime Southeast Asia, and Europeans played instruments from North Africa.Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, andSouth America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument developmentslowed in many areas and was dominated by theOccident.

Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, and many systems ofclassification have been used over the years. Instruments can be classified by their effectiverange, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common academicmethod, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academicstudy of musical instruments is calledorganology.

Contents

1 Definition and basic operation 2 Archaeology 3 History

o 3.1 Primitive and prehistorico 3.2 Antiquityo 3.3 Middle Ageso 3.4 Modern

3.4.1 Renaissance 3.4.2 Baroque 3.4.3 Classical and Romantic 3.4.4 Twentieth century to present

4 Classificationo 4.1 Ancient systemso 4.2 Hornbostel-Sachso 4.3 Schaeffnero

4.4 Range 5 Construction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Definition_and_basic_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Definition_and_basic_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Definition_and_basic_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Primitive_and_prehistorichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Primitive_and_prehistorichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Primitive_and_prehistorichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classical_and_Romantichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classical_and_Romantichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classical_and_Romantichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Twentieth_century_to_presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Twentieth_century_to_presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Twentieth_century_to_presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Ancient_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Ancient_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Ancient_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Hornbostel-Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Hornbostel-Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Hornbostel-Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Schaeffnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Schaeffnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Schaeffnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Schaeffnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Hornbostel-Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Ancient_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Twentieth_century_to_presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Classical_and_Romantichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Primitive_and_prehistorichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Definition_and_basic_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound


2/23

6 User interfaces 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Definition and basic operation

A musical instrument makes sounds. Once humans moved from making sounds with theirbodiesfor example, by clappingto using objects to create music from sounds, musicalinstruments were born.[1]Primitive instruments were probably designed to emulate naturalsounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and theartistic pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments.

A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the modernnotion of "making music".[2]

Musical instruments are constructed in a broad array of styles and shapes, using manydifferent materials. Early musical instruments were made from "found objects" such a shellsand plant parts.[2]As instruments evolved, so did the selection and quality of materials.Virtually every material in nature has been used by at least one culture to make musicalinstruments.[2]One plays a musical instrument by interacting with it in some wayforexample, by plucking the strings on astring instrument.

ArchaeologyResearchers have discovered archaeological evidence of musical instruments in many parts ofthe world. Some finds are 67,000 years old, however their status as musical instruments isoften in dispute. Consensus solidifies about artifacts dated back to around 37,000 years oldand later. Only artifacts made from durable materials or using durable methods tend tosurvive. As such, the specimens found cannot be irrefutably placed as the earliest musicalinstruments.[3]

In July 1995, Slovenian archaeologist Ivan Turk discovered a bone carving in the northwestregion ofSlovenia. The carving, named theDivje Babe flute, features four holes that

Canadian musicologist Bob Fink determined could have been used to play four notes of adiatonic scale. Researchers estimate the flute's age at between 43,400 and 67,000 years,making it the oldest known musical instrument and the only musical instrument associatedwith theNeanderthalculture.[4]However, some archaeologists and ethnomusicologistsdispute the flute's status as a musical instrument.[5]German archaeologists have foundmammothbone andswanbone flutes dating back to 30,000 to 37,000 years old in theSwabian Alps. The flutes were made in theUpper Paleolithicage, and are more commonlyaccepted as being the oldest known musical instruments.[6]

Archaeological evidence of musical instruments was discovered in excavations at the RoyalCemetery in theSumeriancity ofUr(seeLyres of Ur). These instruments, one of the firstensembles of instruments yet discovered, include ninelyres, twoharps, a silver doubleflute,sistraandcymbals. A set of reed-sounded silver pipes discovered in Ur was the likely
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#User_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#User_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#User_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Montagu1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Montagu1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Montagu1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divje_Babe_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divje_Babe_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divje_Babe_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-SAS-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-SAS-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-SAS-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Chase_and_Nowell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Chase_and_Nowell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Chase_and_Nowell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-CBC-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-CBC-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-CBC-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-CBC-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Chase_and_Nowell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-SAS-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divje_Babe_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Montagu1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#User_interfaces


3/23

predecessor of modernbagpipes.[7]The cylindrical pipes feature three side-holes that allowedplayers to produce whole tone scales.[8]These excavations, carried out byLeonard Woolleyin the 1920s, uncovered non-degradable fragments of instruments and the voids left by thedegraded segments that, together, have been used to reconstruct them.[9]The graves theseinstruments were buried in have beencarbon datedto between 2600 and 2500 BCE,

providing evidence that these instruments were used in Sumeria by this time.[10]

Archaeologists in theJiahusite of central Henan province of China have found flutes made ofbones that date back 7,000 to 9,000 years,[11]representing some of the "earliest complete,playable, tightly-dated, multinote musical instruments" ever found.[11][12]

History

Scholars agree that there are no completely reliable methods of determining the exactchronology of musical instruments across cultures. Comparing and organizing instruments

based on their complexity is misleading, since advancements in musical instruments havesometimes reduced complexity. For example, construction of earlyslit drumsinvolved fellingand hollowing out large trees; later slit drums were made by opening bamboo stalks, a muchsimpler task.[13]

Curt Sachsargued that is misleading to arrange the development of musical instruments byworkmanship since all cultures advance at different levels and have access to differentmaterials. For example, contemporaryanthropologistsattempting to compare musicalinstruments made by two cultures that existed at the same time but who differed inorganization, culture, and handicraftcannot determine which instruments are more"primitive".[14]Ordering instruments by geography is also partially unreliable, as one cannot

determine when and how cultures contacted one another and shared knowledge.

German musicologistCurt Sachs, one of the most prominent musicologists[15]and musicalethnologists[16]in modern times, proposed that a geographical chronology untilapproximately 1400 is preferable, however, due to its limited subjectivity.[17]Beyond 1400,one can follow the overall development of musical instruments by time period.[17]

The science of marking the order of musical instrument development relies on archaeologicalartifacts, artistic depictions, and literary references. Since data in one research path can beinconclusive, all three paths provide a better historical picture.[3]

Primitive and prehistoric
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-collinson-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-collinson-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-collinson-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-de_Schauensee-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-de_Schauensee-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-de_Schauensee-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_datedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_datedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_datedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Moorey-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Moorey-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Moorey-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs60-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs60-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs60-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs61-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs61-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs61-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Brown-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Brown-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Brown-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Baines37-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Baines37-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Baines37-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades34-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs63-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Baines37-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Brown-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs61-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs60-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-bnl-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Moorey-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_datedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-de_Schauensee-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-collinson-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes


4/23

TwoAztecslit drums, called teponaztli. The characteristic "H" slits can be seen on the top ofthe drum in the foreground

Until the 19th century AD, European written music histories began with mythological

accounts of how musical instruments were invented. Such accounts includedJubal,descendant ofCainand "father of all such as handle the harp and the organ",Pan, inventor ofthepan pipes, andMercury, who is said to have made a driedtortoiseshell into the firstlyre.Modern histories have replaced such mythology with anthropological speculation,occasionally informed by archeological evidence. Scholars agree that there was no definitive"invention" of the musical instrument since the definition of the term "musical instrument" iscompletely subjective to both the scholar and the would-be inventor. For example, aHomohabilisslapping his body could be the makings of a musical instrument regardless of the

being's intent.[18]

Among the first devices external to the human body that are considered instruments arerattles, stampers, and variousdrums.[19]These earliest instruments evolved due to the humanmotor impulse to add sound to emotional movements such as dancing.[20]Eventually, somecultures assigned ritual functions to their musical instruments, using them for hunting andvarious ceremonies.[21]Those cultures developed more complex percussion instruments andother instruments such as ribbon reeds, flutes, and trumpets. Some of these labels carry fardifferent connotations from those used in modern day; early flutes and trumpets are so-labeled for their basic operation and function rather than any resemblance to moderninstruments.[22]Among early cultures for whom drums developed ritual, even sacredimportance are theChukchi peopleof theRussian Far East, the indigenous people ofMelanesia, and many cultures ofAfrica. In fact, drums were pervasive throughout every

African culture.

[23]

One East African tribe, theWahinda, believed it was so holy that seeing adrum would be fatal to any person other than the sultan.[24]

Humans eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments for producing amelody. Until this time in the evolutions of musical instruments, melody was common onlyin singing. Similar to the process ofreduplicationin language, instrument players firstdeveloped repetition and then arrangement. An early form of melody was produced by

pounding two stamping tubes of slightly different sizesone tube would produce a "clear"sound and the other would answer with a "darker" sound. Such instrument pairs also included

bullroarers, slit drums, shell trumpets, and skin drums. Cultures who used these instrumentpairs associated genders with them; the "father" was the bigger or more energetic instrument,

while the "mother" was the smaller or duller instrument. Musical instruments existed in thisform for thousands of years before patterns of three or more tones would evolve in the form
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattle_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattle_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades36-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades36-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades36-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs26-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs26-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs26-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault34-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault34-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault34-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs34-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs34-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs34-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades51-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades51-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades51-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs35-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs35-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs35-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Teponaztli.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Teponaztli.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Teponaztli.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Teponaztli.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs35-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades51-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs34-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault34-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs26-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Blades36-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattle_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec


5/23

of the earliestxylophone.[25]Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago ofSoutheast Asia, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe.[26]Along withxylophones, which ranged from simple sets of three "leg bars" to carefully tuned sets of

parallel bars, various cultures developed instruments such as theground harp,ground zither,musical bow, andjaw harp.[27]

Antiquity

Images of musical instruments begin to appear in Mesopotamian artifacts in 2800 BC orearlier. Beginning around 2000 BC,SumerianandBabyloniancultures began delineating twodistinct classes of musical instruments due todivision of laborand the evolving class system.Popular instruments, simple and playable by anyone, evolved differently from professionalinstruments whose development focused on effectiveness and skill.[28]Despite thisdevelopment, very few musical instruments have been recovered inMesopotamia. Scholarsmust rely on artifacts andcuneiformtexts written inSumerianorAkkadianto reconstruct theearly history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia. Even the process of assigning names tothese instruments is challenging since there is no clear distinction among various instrumentsand the words used to describe them.[29]

Although Sumerian and Babylonian artists mainly depicted ceremonial instruments,historians have been able to distinguish sixidiophonesused in early Mesopotamia:concussion clubs, clappers,sistra, bells, cymbals, and rattles.[30]Sistra are depicted

prominently in a great relief ofAmenhotep III,[31]and are of particular interest becausesimilar designs have been found in far-reaching places such asTbilisi,Georgiaand amongthe Native AmericanYaquitribe.[32]The people of Mesopotamia preferred stringedinstruments to any other, as evidenced by their proliferation in Mesopotamian figurines,

plaques, and seals. Innumerable varieties of harps are depicted, as well as lyres and lutes, theforerunner of modern stringed instruments such as theviolin.[33]

Ancient Egyptiantomb painting depicting lute players,18th Dynasty(c. 1350 BC).

Musical instruments used by the Egyptian culture before 2700 BC bore striking similarity tothose of Mesopotamia, leading historians to conclude that the civilizations must have been incontact with one another. Sachs notes that Egypt did not possess any instruments that theSumerian culture did not also possess.[34]However, by 2700 BC the cultural contacts seem tohave dissipated; the lyre, a prominent ceremonial instrument in Sumer, did not appear inEgypt for another 800 years.[34]Clappers and concussion sticks appear on Egyptian vases as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs52-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs52-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs52-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse24-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse24-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse24-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs53-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs53-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs53-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs67-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs67-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs67-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs68-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs68-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs68-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs69-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs69-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs69-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Amenhotep_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Amenhotep_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Remnant168-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Remnant168-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Remnant168-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs70-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs70-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs70-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs82-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs82-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs82-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs82-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs70-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Remnant168-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Amenhotep_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs69-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs68-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs67-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs53-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse24-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs52-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone


6/23

early as 3000 BC. The civilization also made use of sistra, vertical flutes, double clarinets,arched and angular harps, and various drums.[35]

Little history is available in the period between 2700 BC and 1500 BC, as Egypt (and indeed,Babylon) entered a long violent period of war and destruction. This period saw theKassites

destroy the Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia and theHyksosdestroy theMiddle Kingdomof Egypt. When the Pharaohs of Egypt conquered Southwest Asia in around 1500 BC, thecultural ties to Mesopotamia were renewed and Egypt's musical instruments also reflectedheavy influence from Asiatic cultures.[34]Under their new cultural influences, the people oftheNew Kingdombegan using oboes, trumpets, lyres, lutes, castanets, and cymbals.[36]

In contrast with Mesopotamia and Egypt, professional musicians did not exist inIsraelbetween 2000 and 1000 BC. While the history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia andEgypt relies on artistic representations, the culture in Israel produced few suchrepresentations. Scholars must therefore rely on information gleaned from theBibleand theTalmud.[37]The Hebrew texts mention two prominent instruments associated withJubal,

ugabs andkinnors. These may be translated as pan pipes and lyres, respectively.[38]Otherinstruments of the period included tofs, or frame drums, small bells or jingles called pa'amon,shofars, and the trumpet-like hasosra.[39]

The introduction of a monarchy in Israel during the 11th century BC produced the firstprofessional musicians and with them a drastic increase in the number and variety of musicalinstruments.[40]However, identifying and classifying the instruments remains a challenge dueto the lack of artistic interpretations. For example, stringed instruments of uncertain designcalled nevals and asors existed, but neither archaeology nor etymology can clearly definethem.[41]In her bookA Survey of Musical Instruments, American musicologist Sibyl Marcuse

proposes that the nevel must be similar to vertical harp due to its relation to "nabla", thePhoenician term for "harp".[42]

InGreece,Rome, andEtruria, the use and development of musical instruments stood in starkcontrast to those cultures' achievements in architecture and sculpture. The instruments of thetime were simple and virtually all of them were imported from other cultures.[43]Lyres werethe principal instrument, as musicians used them to honor the gods.[44]Greeks played avariety of wind instruments they classified as aulos (reeds) orsyrinx (flutes); Greek writingfrom that time reflects a serious study of reed production and playing technique.[8]Romans

played reed instruments named tibia featuring side-holes that could be opened or closed,allowing for greater flexibility in playing modes.[45]Other instruments in common use in the

region included vertical harps derived from those of theOrient, lutes of Egyptian design,various pipes and organs, and clappers, which were played primarily by women.[46]

Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations ofIndiais almost completelylacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to theMundaandDravidianlanguage-speaking cultures that first settled the area. Rather, the history of musicalinstruments in the area begins with theIndus Valley Civilizationthat emerged around 3000BC. Various rattles and whistles found among excavated artifacts are the only physicalevidence of musical instruments.[47]A clay statuette indicates the use of drums, andexamination of theIndus scripthas also revealed representations of vertical arched harpsidentical in design to those depicted in Sumerian artifacts. This discovery is among many

indications that the Indus Valley and Sumerian cultures maintained cultural contact.Subsequent developments in musical instruments in India occurred with theRigveda, or
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault71-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault71-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault71-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs98-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs98-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs98-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs105-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs105-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs105-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs106-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs106-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs106-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs108-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs108-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs108-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs114-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs114-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs114-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs116-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs116-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs116-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse385-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse385-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse385-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs128-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs128-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs128-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs129-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs129-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs129-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell83-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell83-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell83-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs149-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs149-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs149-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs151-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs151-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs151-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs151-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs149-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell83-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Campbell82-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs129-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs128-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Marcuse385-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs116-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs114-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs108-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs106-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_%28Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs105-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs98-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs86-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Rault71-35


7/23

hymns. These songs used various drums, shell trumpets, harps, and flutes.[48]Other prominentinstruments in use during the early centuries AD were thesnake charmer'sdouble clarinet,

bagpipes, barrel drums, cross flutes, and short lutes. In all, India had no unique musicalinstruments until theMiddle Ages.[49]

A Chinese wooden fish, used in Buddhist recitations

Musical instruments such aszithersappeared in Chinese writings around 12th century BCand earlier.[50]EarlyChinese philosopherssuch asConfucius(551479 BC),Mencius(372289 BC), andLaozishaped the development of musical instruments in China, adopting anattitude toward music similar to that of the Greeks. The Chinese believed that music was anessential part of character and community, and developed a unique system of classifying theirmusical instruments according to their material makeup.[51]

Idiophoneswere extremely important in Chinese music, hence the majority of earlyinstruments were idiophones. Poetry of theShang Dynastymentions bells, chimes, drums,and globular flutes carved from bone, the latter of which has been excavated and preserved

by archaeologists.[52]TheZhou Dynastysaw percussion instruments such as clappers,troughs,wooden fish, andyu. Wind instruments such as flute, pan-pipes, pitch-pipes, andmouth organs also appeared in this time period.[53]Thexiaoand various other instrumentsthat spread through many cultures, came into use in China during and after theHanDynasty.[54]

Although civilizations inCentral Americaattained a relatively high level of sophistication bythe eleventh century AD, they lagged behind other civilizations in the development of

musical instruments. For example, they had no stringed instruments; all of their instrumentswere idiophones, drums, and wind instruments such as flutes and trumpets. Of these, only theflute was capable of producing a melody.[55]In contrast,pre-ColumbianSouth Americancivilizations in areas such as modern-dayPeru,Colombia,Ecuador,Bolivia, andChilewereless advanced culturally but more advanced musically. South American cultures of the timeused pan-pipes as well as varieties of flutes, idiophones, drums, and shell or woodtrumpets.[56]

Middle Ages

During the period of time loosely referred to as theMiddle Ages, China developed a tradition

of integrating musical influence from other regions. The first record of this type of influenceis in 384 AD, when China established an orchestra in its imperial court after a conquest in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs152-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs152-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs152-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_clarinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_clarinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_clarinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs161-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs161-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs161-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs185-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs185-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs185-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs162-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs162-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs162-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs166-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs166-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs166-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs178-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs178-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs178-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_%28flute%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_%28flute%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_%28flute%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs189-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs189-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs189-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs192-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs192-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs192-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs196-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs196-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs196-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mokugyo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mokugyo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mokugyo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mokugyo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs196-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs192-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs189-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_%28flute%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs178-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_%28percussion_instrument%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs166-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs162-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs185-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs161-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_clarinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs152-48


8/23

Turkestan. Influences from Middle East, Persia, India, Mongolia, and other countriesfollowed. In fact, Chinese tradition attributes many musical instruments from this period tothose regions and countries.[57]Cymbals gained popularity, along with more advancedtrumpets, clarinets, oboes, flutes, drums, and lutes.[58]Some of the first bowed-zithersappeared in China in the 9th or 10th century, influenced by Mongolian culture.[59]

India experienced similar development to China in the Middle Ages; however, stringedinstruments developed differently to accommodate different styles of music. While stringedinstruments of China were designed to produce precise tones capable of matching the tones ofchimes, stringed instruments of India were considerably more flexible. This flexibility suitedthe slides andtremolosof Hindu music. Rhythm was of paramount importance in Indianmusic of the time, as evidenced by the frequent depiction of drums in reliefs dating to theMiddle Ages. The emphasis on rhythm is an aspect native to Indian music.[60]Historiansdivide the development of musical instruments in medieval India between pre-Islamic andIslamic periods due to the different influence each period provided.[61]

In pre-Islamic times, idiophones such hand bells, cymbals, and peculiar instrumentsresembling gongs came into wide use in Hindu music. The gong-like instrument was a bronzedisk that was struck with a hammer instead of a mallet. Tubular drums, stick zithers namedveena, short fiddles, double and triple flutes, coiled trumpets, and curved India hornsemerged in this time period.[62]Islamic influences brought new types of drums, perfectlycircular or octagonal as opposed to the irregular pre-Islamic drums.[63]Persian influence

brought oboes andsitars, although Persian sitars had three strings and Indian version hadfrom four to seven.[64]

An Indonesianmetallophone.

Southeast Asian musical innovations include those during a period of Indian influence thatended around 920 AD.[65]BalineseandJavanesemusic made use ofxylophonesandmetallophones, bronze versions of the former.[66]The most prominent and important musicalinstrument of Southeast Asia was the gong. While the gong likely originated in thegeographical area betweenTibetandBurma, it was part of every category of human activityinMaritime Southeast AsiaincludingJava.[67]

The areas of Mesopotamia and theArabian Peninsulaexperiences rapid growth and sharingof musical instruments once they were united byIslamic culturein the seventh century.[68]Frame drums and cylindrical drums of various depths were immensely important in all genresof music.[69]Conical oboes were involved in the music that accompanied wedding and

circumcision ceremonies. Persian miniatures provide information on the development of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs207-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs207-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs207-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs218-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs218-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs218-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs216-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs216-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs216-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremoloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremoloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremoloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs221-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs221-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs221-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs222-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs222-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs222-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs223-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs223-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs223-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs229-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs229-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs229-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs231-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs231-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs231-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs236-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs236-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs238-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs238-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs238-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs240-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs240-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs240-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs246-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs246-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs246-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs249-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs249-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs249-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs249-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs246-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs240-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs238-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs236-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs231-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs229-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs223-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs222-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs221-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremoloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs216-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs218-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs207-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan


9/23

kettle drumsin Mesopotamia that spread as far as Java.[70]Various lutes, zithers,dulcimers,and harps spread as far asMadagascarto the south and modern-daySulawesito the east.[71]

Despite the influences of Greece and Rome, most musical instruments in Europe during theMiddles Ages came from Asia. The lyre is the only musical instrument that may have been

invented in Europe until this period.[72]

Stringed instruments were prominent in Middle AgeEurope. The central and northern regions used mainly lutes, stringed instruments withnecks,while the southern region used lyres, which featured a two-armed body and a crossbar.[72]Various harps served Central and Northern Europe as far north as Ireland, where the harpeventually became a national symbol.[73]Lyres propagated through the same areas, as far eastasEstonia.[74]

European music between 800 and 1100 became more sophisticated, more frequentlyrequiring instruments capable ofpolyphony. ThePersiangeographer of the 9th century (IbnKhordadbeh), mentioned in his lexicographical discussion of music instruments that in theByzantine Empiretypical instruments included the urghun(organ),shilyani (probably a type

ofharporlyre),salandj (probably abagpipe) and theByzantine lyra(Greek: ~ lr).[75]Lyrawas amedievalpear-shapedbowedstring instrument with three to fivestrings, heldupright and is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including theviolin.[76]

Themonochordserved as a precise measure of the notes of a musical scale, allowing moreaccurate musical arrangements.[77]Mechanicalhurdy-gurdiesallowed single musicians to

play more complicated arrangements than a fiddle would; both were prominent folkinstruments in the Middle Ages.[78][79]Southern Europeans played short and long lutes whose

pegs extended to the sides, unlike the rear-facing pegs of Central and Northern Europeaninstruments.[80]Idiophones such as bells and clappers served various practical purposes, suchas warning of the approach of aleper.[81]

The ninth century revealed the firstbagpipes, which spread throughout Europe and had manyuses from folk instruments to military instruments.[82]The construction of pneumaticorgansevolved in Europe starting in fifth centurySpain, spreading toEnglandin about 700.[83]Theresulting instruments varied in size and use from portable organs worn around the neck tolarge pipe organs.[84]Literary accounts of organs being played in EnglishBenedictineabbeystoward the end of the tenth century are the first references to organs being connected tochurches.[85]Reed players of the Middle Ages were limited to oboes; no evidence of clarinetsexists during this period.[86]

Modern

Renaissance

Musical instrument development was dominated by theOccidentfrom 1400 onindeed, themost profound changes occurred during theRenaissanceperiod. Instruments took on other

purposes than accompanying singing or dance, and performers used them as solo instruments.Keyboards and lutes developed as polyphonic instruments, and composers arrangedincreasingly complex pieces using more advancedtablature. Composers also began designing

pieces of music for specific instruments.[18]In the latter half of the sixteenth century,orchestrationcame into common practice as a method of writing music for a variety of

instruments. Composers now specified orchestration where individual performers once
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs250-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs250-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs250-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs251-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs251-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs251-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs263-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs263-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs263-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs265-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs265-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs265-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Kartomi124-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Kartomi124-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Kartomi124-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear-shapedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear-shapedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Grillet29-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Grillet29-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Grillet29-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs269-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs269-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs269-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy_gurdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy_gurdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy_gurdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs271-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs271-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs271-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs273-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs273-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs273-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs278-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs278-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs278-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs281-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs281-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs281-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs284-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs284-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs284-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Bicknell13-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Bicknell13-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Bicknell13-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs288-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs288-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs288-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs297-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs288-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Bicknell13-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs284-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs281-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs278-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs273-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs271-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs271-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy_gurdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs269-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Grillet29-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear-shapedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Kartomi124-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs265-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs263-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs260-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs251-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs250-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani


10/23

applied their own discretion.[87]The polyphonic style dominated popular music, and theinstrument makers responded accordingly.[88]

The Duet c. 1635

Beginning in about 1400, the rate of development of musical instruments increased in earnest

as compositions demanded more dynamic sounds. People also began writing books aboutcreating, playing, and cataloging musical instruments; the first such book wasSebastianVirdung's1511 treatiseMusica getuscht und ausgezogen (English:Music Germanized and

Abstracted).[87]Virdung's work is noted as being particularly thorough for includingdescriptions of "irregular" instruments such as hunters' horns and cow bells, though Virdungis critical of the same. Other books followed, includingArnolt Schlick'sSpiegel derOrgelmacher und Organisten (English:Mirror of Organ Makers and Organ Players) thefollowing year, a treatise on organ building and organ playing.[89]Of the instructional booksand references published in the Renaissance era, one is noted for its detailed description anddepiction of all wind and stringed instruments, including their relative sizes. This book, theSyntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius, is now considered an authoritative reference of

sixteenth century musical instruments.[90]

In the sixteenth century, musical instrument builders gave most instruments, such as theviolin, the "classical shapes" they retain today. An emphasis on aesthetic beauty alsodevelopedlisteners were as pleased with the physical appearance of an instrument as theywere with its sound. Therefore, builders paid special attention to materials and workmanship,and instruments became collectibles in homes and museums.[91]It was during this period thatmakers began constructing instruments of the same type in various sizes to meet the demandofconsorts, or ensembles playing works written for these groups of instruments.[92]

Instrument builders developed other features that endure today. For example, while organswith multiple keyboards and pedals already existed, the first organs withsolo stopsemergedin the early fifteenth century. These stops were meant to produce a mixture of timbres, adevelopment needed for the complexity of music of the time.[93]Trumpets evolved into theirmodern form to improve portability, and players usedmutesto properly blend intochambermusic.[94]

Baroque
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs298-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs298-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs298-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs351-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs351-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs351-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Virdunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Virdunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Virdunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Virdunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs298-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs298-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs298-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolt_Schlickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolt_Schlickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolt_Schlickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs299-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs299-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs299-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs301-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs301-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs301-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument#cite_note-Sachs302-91http://en.wikipedia.org/w

Documents

A Musical Instrument is a Created or Adapted to Make Musical Sounds