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A New Idea on Removing the Salt in Sea Water
to Make Fresh Water Production Easier Using
Nano Graphene Pores
Darun S K Student, Banner Amman Institute of Technology,
Dr.D.Sharmila
Professor & HOD, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,
Abstract—According to the countries in the world, water
supply shortages will affect billions of people by the middle
of this century. Desalination, basically removing the salt and
minerals out of seawater, is one way to provide potable
water in parts of the world where supplies are limited. The
problem with this technology is that it is expensive and uses
a lot of energy. Scientists are working toward better
processes where inexpensive fuels can heat and evaporate
the water before running it through membranes with
microscopic pores to increase efficiency. My idea is that
when( Nano Graphene Pores) When water molecules (red
and white) and sodium and chlorine ions (green and purple)
encounter a sheet of graphene (pale blue, centre) perforated
by holes of the right size, the water passes through, but the
sodium and chlorine of the salt are blocked. So by using my
idea we can get the pure water and block the unwanted sea
water. So by using this method the result achieved is that we
can convert the salt water into pure water by this method
easily instead of the Desalination method which are been
used in the several countries.
Index Terms—desalination, graphene, microscopic
I. INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHENE PORES
Graphene is a substance composed of pure carbon,
with atoms arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern
similar to graphite, but in a one-atom thick sheet. It is
very light, with a 1-square-meter sheet weighing only
0.77 milligrams. It is an allotrope of carbon whose
structure is a single planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon
atoms, which are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal
lattice. Graphene is most easily visualized as an atomic-
scale chicken wiremade of carbon atoms and their bonds.
The crystalline or "flake" form of graphite consists of
many graphene sheets stacked together. The carbon-
carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nano
meters Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an
inter planar spacing of 0.335 nm. It can also be
Manuscript received April 25, 2013; revised September 24, 2013
considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the
limiting case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. By these use of graphene pores in my
technology we can When water molecules (red and white)
and sodium and chlorine ions (green and purple)
encounter a sheet of graphene (pale blue, center)
perforated by holes of the right size, the water passes
through, but the sodium and chlorine of the salt are
blocked. So when the salt is being blocked over it we can
get the pure water through it. The main advantage is that
we can get the salt water converted into drinking water in
the low cost accordingly.
II. CURRENTLY USED DESALINATION METHODS
Seawater desalination is a process that removes salt
from water. While a swallow or two of salty water while
swimming in the ocean or Gulf isn't bad, humans cannot
survive on salt water. Desalination can create additional
sources for public water supply and help areas where the
groundwater aquifers are having trouble supplying all the
water that is needed. Even with seawater desalination we
still need to conserve water. Desalination can only meet a
small percentage of our water needs. The most common
process of desalination involves using high pressure to
force salty water through a semi-permeable membrane. A
membrane is made from material that allows liquid, but
not solids (like salt) to pass through it. After the water
has passed through the membrane, what is left is purified
water and a concentrated by product (salt). This process
is called reverse osmosis. Two drawbacks to desalination
have been the high cost of the energy needed to operate
the plants and the safe disposal of the plants highly
concentrated salt by-product. Researchers are finding
new ways to desalinate water with less energy and ways
to dilute the concentrated salt so it can be safely returned
to the body of water it came from and not harm marine
life. Desalination is one process that will help create an
additional source of public water supply and help keep
the groundwater aquifers from being drained dry. Using
reclaimed water (water which has received at least 2
International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1 June 2013
24©2013 Engineering and Technology Publishingdoi: 10.12720/ijmse.1.1.24-27
treatments in a wastewater treatment plant) to water
lawns and landscapes, to cool power plants and to
recharge groundwater supplies will also help conserve
our natural water supply. Although it is often clean
enough to drink, reclaimed water is kept out of the public
water supply as that of Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Existing method-example
III. DRAWBACKS OF DESALINATION
Waste Disposal-As with any process, desalination has
by-products that must be taken care of. The process of
desalination requires pre-treatment and cleaning
chemicals, which are added to water before desalination
to make the treatment more efficient and successful.
These chemicals include chlorine, hydrochloric acid and
hydrogen peroxide, and they can be used for only a
limited amount of time as mentioned in Fig. 1. Once
they've lost their ability to clean the water, these
chemicals are dumped, which becomes a major
environmental concern. These chemicals often find their
way back into the ocean, where they poison plant and
animal life [1].
Brine-Brine is the side product of desalination. While
the purified water goes on to be processed and put into
human use, the water that is left over, which has a super
saturation of salt, must be disposed of. Most desalination
plants pump this brine back into the ocean, which
presents another environmental drawback. Ocean species
are not equipped to adjust to the immediate change in
salinity caused by the release of brine into the area. The
super-saturated salt water also decreases oxygen levels in
the water, causing animals and plants to suffocate [3], [4].
Ocean Populations-The organisms most commonly
affected by brine and chemical discharge from
desalination plants are plankton and phytoplankton,
which form the base of all marine life by forming the
base of the food chain. Desalination plants therefore have
the ability to negatively affect the population of animals
in the ocean. These effects are further developed through
the disadvantages caused by desalination "impingement"
and "entrainment." While sucking ocean water in for
desalination, the plants trap and kill animals, plants and
eggs, many of which belong to endangered species.
A. Health Concerns
Desalination is not a perfected technology, and
desalinated water can be harmful to human health as well.
By-products of the chemicals used in desalination can get
through into the "pure" water and endanger the people
who drink it. Desalinated water can also be acidic to both
pipes and digestive systems.
B. Energy Use
In an age where energy is becoming increasingly
precious, desalination plants have the disadvantage of
requiring large amounts of power. Other water treatment
technologies are more energy efficient.
IV. NANOPORES
A Nano pore is simply a small hole, of the order of 1
nanometer in internal diameter. Certain porous
transmembrane cellular proteins act as nanopores, and
nanopores have also been made by etching a somewhat
larger hole (several tens of nanometres) in a piece of
silicon, and then gradually filling it in using ion-beam
sculpting methods which results in a much smaller
diameter hole: the nanopores. Graphene is also being
explored as a synthetic substrate for solid-state nanopores.
The theory behind nanopore sequencing is that when a
nanopore is immersed in a conducting fluid and a
potential (voltage) is applied across it, an electric due to
conduction of ions through the nanopore can be observed
[8]. The amount of current is very sensitive to the size
and shape of the nanopore. If single nucleotides (bases),
strands of DNA or other molecules pass through or near
the nanopore, this can create a characteristic change in
the magnitude of the current through the nanopore. It is
as that of the image in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Nano graphene pore layer
International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1 June 2013
25©2013 Engineering and Technology Publishing
V. FLOWCHART AND BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3. Block diagram of the whole process
VI. SHEET OF GRAPHENE
One-atom-thick sheets of carbon -- known as graphene
-- have a range of electronic properties that scientists are
investigating for potential use in novel devices.
Graphene's optical properties are also garnering attention.
Light squeezed between single graphene sheets can
propagate more efficiently than along a single sheet.
Wang notes this could have important applications in
optical-Nano focusing and in super lens imaging of Nano
scale objects. In conventional optical instruments, light
can be controlled only by structures that are about the
same scale as its wavelength, which for optical light is
much greater than the thickness of graphene. By utilizing
surface plasmons, which are collective movements of
electrons at the surface of electrical conductors such as
graphene? For small separations of around 20 nanometers,
they found that the surface plasmons in the graphene
sheets interacted such that they became 'coupled' (see
image). This theoretical coupling was very strong, unlike
that found in other materials, and greatly influenced the
propagation of light between the graphene sheets. The
researchers found, for instance, that optical losses were
reduced, so light could propagate for longer distances. In
addition, under a particular incoming angle for the light,
the study predicted that the refraction of the incoming
beam would go in the direction opposite to what is
normally observed. Such an unusual negative refraction
can lead to remarkable effects such as superlensing,
which allows imaging with almost limitless resolution.
As graphene is a semiconductor and not a metal, it
offers many more possibilities than most other plasmonic
devices.Its internal layer and external layer are been
given in the diagrams Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. "These graphene
sheet arrays may lead to dynamically controllable devices,
thanks to the easier tuning of graphene’s properties
through external stimuli such as electrical voltages."
Graphene also allows for an efficient coupling of the
Plasmon to other objects nearby, such as molecules that
are adsorbed on its surface.
Figure 4. Nano graphene sheet (external layer)
Figure 5. Nano Graphene Sheet (Internal layer)
VII. OPERATION DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SYSTEM
One common method of desalination, called reverse
osmosis, uses membranes to filter the salt from the water.
But these systems require extremely high pressure—and
hence, energy use—to force water through the thick
membranes, which are about a thousand times thicker
than graphene. The new graphene system operates at
much lower pressure, and thus could purify water at far
lower cost. While reverse osmosis has been used for
decades, adding that it’s very difficult to do experiments
at the scale of individual molecules and ions. But the new
graphene-based system, he says, works “hundreds of
times faster than current techniques, with the same
pressure”—or, alternatively, the system could run at
similar rates to present systems, but with lower
pressure.It is given in the Fig. 3. The key to the new
process is very precise control over the size of the holes
in the graphene sheet] so large that salt could pass
through and ones so small that water molecules would be
blocked. The ideal size is just about one nanometre, or
one billionth of a meter, he says. If the holes are just a bit
smaller—0.7 nanometres—the water won’t flow through
at all. Because graphene is the subject of research into
many different applications, there has been a great deal of
work on finding ways of making it inexpensively and in
International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1 June 2013
26©2013 Engineering and Technology Publishing
large quantities [6]. And for desalination, because
graphene is such a strong material—pound for pound, it’s
the strongest material known—the membranes should be
more durable than those presently used for reverse
osmosis .Its separation and output is been given in Fig. 6.
Figure 6. After separating the other molecules and getting the pure
ones
VIII. CONCLUSION
Thus by my proposed method we can give the solution
to the water scarcity in the current world and also in the
upcoming Thus by my proposed method we can give the
solution to the water scarcity in the current world and
also in the upcoming years. The main thing is that we
have to inculcate several new ideas such as this to solve
the problems in the water scarcity all around the world. It
is also non pollutable technique where we can implement
it in all the forms and it does not affect the nature and
human of any kind. By this method we can also
implement the latest nano techniques to solve the water
problems in the world. It is also ales waste disposal one
and if it’s been implemented it can be the best technology
when compared to the other technologies in the present
scenario.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As an author I would like to thank Dr.D.Sharmila who
guided me throughout the research process regarding the
formation of this paper and also I would like to thank
Jagadeeshan and Kowshik who were the faculties who
helped me throughout my career. No words to thank my
parents and my dear brother standing behind my all
success throughout my life.
REFERENCES
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[3] M. Pavlenok, M. Niederweis, and J. Gundlach, "Nucleotide
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[4] H. Bayley,"Screening blockers against a potassium channel with a
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[5] H. Bayley, "Continuous base identification for single-molecule
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[6] D. Kozak, W. Anderson, M. F. Broom, R. Vogel, and M. Trau,
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[7] M. F. Broom and G. B. Petersen, “Dynamically resizable
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[8] F. F. Lange and M. Metcalf, "Processing-related fracture origins:
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Darun S K is currently pursuing his final year
Bachelors Of Engineering in the field of
Electronics and Instrumentation engineering in
the Bannari Amman Institute of Technology and
an intern in a reputed German MNC.He is a
currently doing his research papers in the field
of Embedded Systems and also has published the paper in
several international journals .He is an effective member in
organizations such as IEEE, ISTE, ISA and so on.
Sharmila D is currently a doctorate holder and
she is working as the Head of the Department in
Electronics and Instrumentation Department in
Bannari Amman Institute Of Technology. She
has published numerous Research papers in the
Several International Journals.
International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1 June 2013
27©2013 Engineering and Technology Publishing