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A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area Eiko Kumakura, Tokyo Institute of Technology Kazuaki Nakaohkubo, Saga University Akira Hoyano, The Open University of Japan

A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

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Page 1: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area

○Eiko Kumakura, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKazuaki Nakaohkubo, Saga UniversityAkira Hoyano, The Open University of Japan

Page 2: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

Direct solar radiation

Sky solar radiation

Reflected solar radiation

Sun burnHeat attack

2

Solar radiation environmentin urban areas

Background

Requirement to calculate of solar transmittance for tree crown

‐ Various incident angle‐ Various tree species, density, crown shape 

Based on numerical analysis results, a new formula of solar transmittance was proposed.

Ray‐tracing method

Tree geometries

Solar transmittance

Analyze

5mm

Page 3: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

3

LBBLLRL G

PEATBAG

PEATLA

expexp

Solar transmittance of leaf Solar transmittance of branch

・Leaf density・Branch density・Leaf angle

Solar transmittance

・Branch angle

・Overlapping coefficient function

・New clumping index

New added parameters

Development of new numerical tree model to calculate solar transmittance

Leaf Area Index [m2/m2]  3.3 ‐ 5.4 9.5 ‐ 13.2 3.2 ‐ 8.52.7 ‐ 5.42.5 ‐ 5.0

tree species

crown shape

D) Platanusorientails

A) Ginkgo biloba

B) Zelkovaserrata

C) Liquidambar styraciflua

E) Prunusyedoensis

Proposed solar transmittance formula clearly shows the difference among tree species, seasonal change and leaf density. 

Page 4: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

00,020,040,060,080,10,12

RMSE value

□■■■ exp ⁄ · θ · · · · exp ⁄ · θ ·

exp ⁄ · θ · · exp ⁄ · θexp ⁄ · θ · · exp ⁄

exp ⁄ · θ · · · exp ⁄ · θ ·

Formula by G. Talbot et al.

Proposed functions

Added functions

D) Platanusorientails

A) Ginkgo biloba B) Zelkovaserrata

C) Liquidambar styraciflua

E) Prunusyedoensis

Accuracy validation of new formula 4

As shown in the accuracy validation of calculation results, a comparison was made between the ray tracing method and the new formula. The result was 0.02 to 0.05 of RMSE 

Page 5: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

Sky SR

Reflected SR

Reflected SRDirect SR

Diffe

rent in

 incide

nt solar 

radiation at sitting po

sition 

with

 and

 with

out  trees [W/m

2 ]

winter

summer

A) B) C) D) E)

0

400

1200

400

800

Area of Simulation

N

50m

SR : Solar Radiation

Comparison the solar shading effects of 5 trees at an actual open space 5

At 12:00

Page 6: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

Summer 12:00, 8/5 Tokyo

Winter 12:00, 1/23 Tokyo

D) PlatanusorientailsA) Ginkgo biloba B) Zelkova serrata

C) Liquidambar styraciflua

E) Prunusyedoensis

Thermal environment at sitting position at 12:00

Mean RadiationTemperature[ ]5 20 35

Mean Radiation Temperature[ ]32 42 6052

Reducing effects of solar radiation in summerReceiving effects of solar radiation in winter

Prunus yedoensisThin branch, flat leaf, and widely spread crown form

6

Page 7: A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees …€¦ · A numerical model of solar transmittance for isolated trees in an urban area ... Background Requirement to

Conclusion

Thank you for your attention. 

‐ A new numerical tree model that uses overlapping coefficient and improved clumping index functions is developed. 

‐ The calculated quantitative visualization results help landscape designers when they select tree species, tree shape and communicating witharchitectures and urban planners. 

‐ Using 3D CAD compatible thermal simulation tool, solar shading effects of five isolated deciduous tree species were calculated in summer and winter. 

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‐ This tree model can simulate the effects of tree species and leaf status on solar shading in both summer and winter.