A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

This article is about the former President of India. Forthe Indian freedom ghter, see Abul Kalam Azad.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam( i/bdlklm/; born 15 October 1931) is anIndian scientist who served as the 11th President of Indiafrom 2002 to 2007.Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Naduand studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spentthe next four decades as a scientist and science admin-istrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Develop-ment Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space ResearchOrganisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in theIndias civilian space program and military missile de-velopment eorts.[1] He thus came to be known as theMissile Man of India for his work on the developmentof ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] Healso played a pivotal organizational, technical and polit-ical role in Indias Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, therst since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[3]

In 2002, Kalamwas elected the President of India in 2002with the support of the both the ruling Bharatiya JanataParty and the opposition Indian National Congress. Afterserving a term of 5 years, he returned to civilian life ofeducation, writing, and public service. He has receivedseveral prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna,Indias highest civilian honor.

1 Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family to Jainula-budeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife, atRameswaram, Ramanathapuram District, located in theIndian state of Tamil Nadu.[4][5][6][7] He came from apoor background and started working at an early ageto supplement his familys income.[8] After completingschool, Kalam distributed newspapers to nancially con-tribute to his fathers income.[8][9] In his school years, hehad average grades, but was described as a bright andhardworking student who had a strong desire to learnand spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics.He was just a simple man with a great erceful heart inhis childhood [9] After completing his school educationat the Ramanathapuram Schwartz Matriculation School,Kalam went on to attend Saint Josephs College, Tiruchi-rappalli, then aliated with the University of Madras,

from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[10] Towardsthe end of the course, he was not enthusiastic about thesubject and would later regret the four years he studiedit. He then moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospaceengineering.[7] While Kalam was working on a seniorclass project, the Dean was dissatised with the lackof progress and threatened revoking his scholarship un-less the project was nished within the next three days.He worked tirelessly on his project and met the dead-line, impressing the Dean who later said, I [Dean] wasputting you [Kalam] under stress and asking you to meeta dicult deadline.[11] He narrowly missed achieving hisdream of becoming a ghter pilot, as he placed ninth inqualiers, and only eight positions were available in theIAF.[12]

2 Career as a scientist

This was my rst stage, in which I learnt leadership fromthree great teachersDr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof SatishDhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash. This was the time oflearning and acquisition of knowledge for me.A P J Abdul Kalam[13]

After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology(MIT Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined AeronauticalDevelopment Establishment of Defence Research andDevelopment Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist.Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopterfor the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with thechoice of his job at DRDO.[14] Kalamwas also part of theINCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarab-hai, the renowned space scientist.[7] In 1969, Kalam wastransferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) where he was the project director of Indias rstindigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which suc-cessfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earths orbitin July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalams biggestachievements in life and he is said to have found himselfwhen he started to work on the Satellite Launching Vehi-cle (SLV) project. Kalam rst started work on an expand-able rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In1969, Kalam received the governments approval and ex-panded the programme to include more engineers.[13]

In 196364, he visited NASA's Langley Research Cen-

1

2 3 PRESIDENCY

Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati

ter in Hampton Virginia, Goddard Space Flight Center inGreenbelt, Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility situatedat Eastern Shore of Virginia.[5][15] During the period be-tween the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an eort to de-velop the Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV) andSLV-III projects, both of which proved to be success.Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the coun-trys rst nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the represen-tative of TBRL, even though he had not participated inthe development, test site preparation and weapon de-signing. In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISROwhen the locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space,using the SLV rocket.[16] In the 1970s, Kalam also di-rected two projects, namely, Project Devil and ProjectValiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles fromthe technology of the successful SLV programme.[16] De-spite the disapproval of Union Cabinet, Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospaceprojects through her discretionary powers under Kalamsdirectorship.[16] Kalam played an integral role convinc-ing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of theseclassied aerospace projects.[16] His research and educa-tional leadership brought him great laurels and prestige inthe 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate anadvanced missile programme under his directorship.[16]Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scien-tic adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the sug-gestion by the then Defence Minister, R Venkataramanon a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiverof missiles instead of taking planned missiles one afteranother.[17] R Venkatraman was instrumental in gettingthe cabinet approval for allocating 388 crores for themission, named Integrated Guided Missile DevelopmentProgramme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chiefexecutive.[17] Kalam played a major part in developingmany missiles under the mission including Agni, an in-termediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tacti-cal surface-to-surface missile, although the projects havebeen criticised for mismanagement and cost and timeoverruns.[17][18]

Kalamwas the Chief Scientic Adviser to the PrimeMin-ister, and the Secretary of Defence Research and Devel-opment Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999.The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this

period in which he played an intensive political and tech-nological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coor-dinator, along with R. Chidambaram during the testingphase.[5][19] Media coverage of Kalam during this periodmade him the countrys best known nuclear scientist.[20]However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, saidthat the thermonuclear bomb had been a "zzle" and crit-icisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[21] BothKalam and R. Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[22]

In 1998, along with cardiologist SomaRaju, Kalam devel-oped a low cost coronary stent, named the Kalam-RajuStent.[23][24] In 2012, the duo, designed a rugged tabletcomputer for health care in rural areas, which was namedthe Kalam-Raju Tablet.[25]

3 PresidencyKalam served as the 11th President of India, succeedingK R Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential electionwith an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing 107,366votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. He served from 25 July2002 to 25 July 2007.On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance(NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed tothe leader of opposition, Indian National Congress pres-ident Sonia Gandhi that they would propose Kalam forthe post of President.[26] The Samajwadi Party and theNationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[27][28]After the Samajwadi Party announced its support forhim, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in of-ce, leaving the eld clear for Kalam.[29]

I am really overwhelmed. Everywhereboth in Internet and in other media, I havebeen asked for a message. I was thinking whatmessage I can give to the people of the countryat this juncture.Kalam responding to the announcement ofhis candidature by Prime Minister Atal BihariVajpayee[30]

On 18 June, Kalam led his nomination papers in theParliament of India, accompanied by Vajpayee and hissenior Cabinet colleagues.[31]

The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July2002 in the Parliament and the state assemblies with me-dia claiming that the election was a one-sided aair andKalams victory was a foregone conclusion. The countingwas held on 18 July.[32] Kalam won the presidential elec-tion in a highly one-sided contest. He became the 11thpresident of the Republic of India.[33] He moved into theRashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[34]Kalam was the third President of India to have been hon-oured with a Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian hon-

3Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh duringhis presidency

our, before becoming the President. Dr Sarvepalli Rad-hakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) were theearlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became thePresident of India.[35] He was also the rst scientist andthe rst bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[36]

During his term as President, he was aectionately knownas the Peoples President.[37][38][39] In his words, signingthe Oce of Prot Bill was the toughest decision he hadtaken during his tenure.[40]

Kalam is criticised for inaction as a President in decidingthe fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions.[41] Article 72of the Constitution of India empowers the President ofIndia to grant pardon, suspend and remit death sentencesand commute the death sentence of convicts on deathrow.[41][42] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his5-year tenure as a President, rejecting the plea of rapistDhananjoy Chatterjee, who was hanged thereafter.[41]The most important of the 20 pleas is thought to be thatof Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convictedof conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the IndianParliament and was sentenced to death by the SupremeCourt of India in 2004.[42] While the sentence was sched-uled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pendingaction on the mercy plea resulted in him continuing in thedeath row.[42]

At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressedhis willingness to consider a second term in oce pro-vided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007presidential election.[43] However, two days later, he de-cided not to contest the Presidential election again stat-ing that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavanfrom any political processes.[44] He did not have the sup-port of the Left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituentsto receive a renewed mandate.[45][46]

Nearing the term expiry of the 12th President PratibhaPatil, whose tenure ended on 24 July 2012, media re-ports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nom-inated for his second term.[47][48][49] After the reports,social networking sites were abuzz with activities extend-ing their support for his candidature.[50][51] BJP poten-

tially backed his nomination, saying that the party willlend their support if Trinamool Congress, SamajwadiParty and Indian National Congress proposes his namefor the 2012 presidential election.[52][53] Just a monthahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav andMamataBanerjee also expressed their support to Kalam and re-vealed that they both would suggest his name.[54] Daysafter expressing support, Mulayam Singh Yadav backedout, leaving Mamata Banerjee as a solitary supporter.[55]On 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest 2012 presi-dential poll after much speculations.[56]

Many, many citizens have also expressedthe same wish. It only reects their loveand aection for me and the aspiration ofthe people. I am really overwhelmed by thissupport. This being their wish, I respect it. Iwant to thank them for the trust they have inme.Kalams message to public upon denying tocontest Presidential poll 2012.[56]

4 Post-presidencyHe is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute ofManagement Shillong, Indian Institute of ManagementAhmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore,honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Banga-lore,[57] Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Sci-ence and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professorof Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting facultyat many other academic and research institutions acrossIndia.In May 2012, Kalam launched his mission for the youthof the nation called the What Can I Give Movement witha central theme to defeat corruption.[58][59] He also hasinterests in writing Tamil poetry and in playing veenai, aSouth Indian string instrument.[60]

He was nominated for the MTV Youth Icon of the Yearaward in 2003[61][62] and in 2006.[63] In the 2011 Hindilm I AmKalam, Kalam is portrayed as an extremely pos-itive inuence to a poor but bright Rajasthani boy namedChhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of hisidol.[64]

Kalam was frisked by airport security at the JFK Airportin New York in September 2011, which led to protests bythe Indian Ministry of External Aairs and an expressionof regret by US Government.[65] Kalam had previouslyfrisked by the ground sta of the Continental Airlinesat the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi inJuly 2009 and was treated like an ordinary passenger, de-spite being on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Securitys listof people exempted from security screening in India.[66]

4 7 BOOKS AND DOCUMENTARIES

In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over hisstand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant, wherehe supported setting up of the nuclear power plant andnever spoke with the local people.[67] The protesters werehostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assuranceprovided by him on the safety features of the plant.[68]

5 Writings

A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an ac-tion plan to develop India into a knowledge superpowerand a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards hiswork on Indias nuclear weapons programme as a way toassert Indias place as a future superpower. In this regardshe says [69]

I have identied ve areas where India hasa core competence for integrated action: (1)agriculture and food processing; (2) educationand healthcare; (3) information and communi-cation technology; (4) infrastructure, reliableand quality electric power, surface transportand infrastructure for all parts of the country;and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies.These ve areas are closely inter-related andif advanced in a coordinated way, will lead tofood, economic and national security.

It was reported that, there was a considerable demand inSouth Korea for translated versions of books authored byhim.[70]

Kalam continues to take an active interest in other de-velopments in the eld of science and technology. Hehas proposed a research programme for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open Source over propri-etary solutions and believes that the use of free softwareon a large scale will bring the benets of information tech-nology to more people.[71]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 studentsduring the two years after his resignation from the postof scientic adviser in 1999.[9] In his own words, Ifeel comfortable in the company of young people, par-ticularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend toshare with them experiences, helping them to ignite theirimagination and preparing them to work for a developedIndia for which the road map is already available.[9]He continued to interact with students during his termas a President and also during his post-presidency pe-riod as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Man-agement Ahmedabad[72] and Indian Institute of Man-agement Indore,[73] Chancellor of Indian Institute ofSpace Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram,[74]a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna Univer-sity (Chennai),[75] JSS University (Mysuru),[76] and anadjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and re-search institutions across India. Kalam is strong sup-porter of Space based solar power.[77] In 2012 Chinaproposed joint development between India and China to-wards developing a solar power satellite, during a visit byKalam.[78]

6 Awards and honoursA P J Abdul Kalams 79th birthday was recognised asWorld Students Day by United Nations.[79] He has alsoreceived honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[80][81]The Government of India has honoured him with thePadma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his roleas a scientic advisor to the Government.[82] In 1997,Kalam received Indias highest civilian honour, the BharatRatna, for his immense and valuable contribution to thescientic research and modernisation of defence tech-nology in India.[83] In 2005, Switzerland declared 26May as science day to commemorate Kalams visit inthe country.[84] In 2013, he was the recipient of the VonBraun Award from the National Space Society to rec-ognize excellence in management of and leadership for aspace-related project.[85]

7 Books and documentariesKalams writings

Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Tech-nology by A P J Abdul Kalam and RoddamNarasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[102]

India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by AP J Abdul Kalam, Y S Rajan; New York, 1998.[103]

Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J AbdulKalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[5]

5 Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within Indiaby A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[104]

The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by;Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.[105]

Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings byManav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[106]

Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal &Sons, 2007[107]

Indomitable Spirit byAP JAbdul Kalam; Rajpal andSons Publishing[108]

Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J AbdulKalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill,New Delhi

You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyondby A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; OceanBooks, 2011.[109]

Turning Points: A journey through challenges by AP J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[110]

Target 3 Billion" by A P J Abdul Kalam and Sri-jan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher PenguinBooks.

My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions byA P J Abdul Kalam; August 2013 by the Rupa Pub-lication.

A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 byA P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 byHarper Collins.[111]

Biographies

Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by SChandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[112]

President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; AnmolPublications, 2002.[113]

A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by KBhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[114]

A Little Dream (documentary lm) by P. Dhanapal;Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[115]

The Kalam Eect: My Years with the President by PM Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[116]

My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A KGeorge; Novel Corporation, 2009.[117]

8 See also List of Presidents of India

Vision Poem of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

9 References[1] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor

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[2] Pruthi, R. K. (2005). Ch. 4. Missile Man of India.President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp.6176. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.

[3] Sen, Amartya (2003). India and the Bomb. In M. V.Ramana and C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the Nu-clear Dream. Sangam Books. pp. 167188. ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4.

[4] Dr Abdul Kalam, Peoples President in Sri Lanka. DailyNews (Sri Lanka) via HighBeam Research. 23 January2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.

[5] Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Uni-versities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 3May 2012.

[6] Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India,19502003. Regency Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

[7] Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. PressInformation Bureau, Government of India. 1March 2012.Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[8] Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride ofthe Nation : Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Diamond PocketBooks (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Re-trieved 30 June 2012.

[9] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: TheVisionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Cor-poration. pp. 110,153. ISBN 9788176483803.

[10] K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). Kalammeets the teacher who moulded him. The Hindu (Chen-nai, India). Retrieved 29 June 2012.

[11] Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). The boy fromRameswaram who became President. Redi.com. Re-trieved 4 July 2012.

[12] Failed in my dream of becoming pilot: Abdul Kalam innew book. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 August 2013.Retrieved 18 August 2013.

[13] Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. National Infor-matics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[14] Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). Kalam tellsstudents to follow their heart. The Times of India (Chen-nai, India). Retrieved 4 July 2012.

[15] Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.(November 1989). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp.32. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

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[86] Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum.University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 May 2014.

[87] Honorary Degrees Convocation Simon Fraser Uni-versity. Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 31 August2012.

[88] IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients (PDF). IEEE.p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2011.

[89] Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam. Redi.com.6 October 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

[90] A.P.J Abdul Kalam Honorary Degree, 2009. OaklandUniversity.

[91] Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal.New York: Indiatimes. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30October 2010.

[92] Caltech GALCIT International von Krmn WingsAward. galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[93] Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receivesNTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering.Nanyang Technological University. 26 August 2008. Re-trieved 28 August 2011.

[94] King Charles II Medal for President. The Hindu (Chen-nai, India). 12 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

8 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

[95] King Charles II Medal for Kalam. The Economic Times(India). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[96] Royal Society King Charles II Medal. Royal Society.Retrieved 14 November 2012.

[97] Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science. TheEconomic Times (India). 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1March 2012.

[98] Dr. Abdul Kalams Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards.Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Retrieved 1March 2012.

[99] List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (PDF). Ministry ofHome Aairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March2012.

[100] List of Distinguished Fellows. Institute of Directors (In-dia). Retrieved 9 November 2014.

[101] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.Redi.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 1 March2012.

[102] Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technol-ogy. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March2012.

[103] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020:A Vision for the New Millennium. New York. ISBN9780670882717.

[104] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashingthe power within India. Viking.

[105] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : abiography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub.ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1.

[106] Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission In-dia : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: PunBooks. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6.

[107] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi:Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4.

[108] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2006). Indomitable Spirit. Delhi:Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-654-7.

[109] You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond.New Delhi, India: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-8430-037-9.

[110] Turning Points:A journey through challenges. HarperCollins India.

[111] Dr. Abdul Kalams new Book A Manifesto for Changeto release on July 14. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved27 June 2014.

[112] Rohde, David (19 July 2002). Nuclear Scientist, 70, aFolk Hero, Is Elected Indias President. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

[113] Pruthi, Raj (2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam. AnmolPublications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.

[114] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: TheVisionary of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-380-3.

[115] Documentary on Kalam released. The Hindu (Chennai,India). 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

[116] Nair, P. M. (2008). The Kalam Eect: My Years with thePresident. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture withthe India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223-736-3.

[117] Fr A K George (2009). My Days with Mahatma AbdulKalam. Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-904529-5-3.

10 External links Ocial website

911 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses11.1 Text

A. P. J. 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10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Evano1van, Jain shubh, Durga Destroyer, Syamsunders, Anujpatil44820, Ajila paul, Gouthams2, Flat Out, Commons sibi, Babitaarora,Sakeena3456, Ugog Nizdast, Gokul bangalore, Adityakadiyala911, FaisalAbbasid, Hareesh Sivasubramanian, Jackmcbarn, PAT KIRAN,Harshasg, Yugandhar23, Sasikumarsagabala, R.A. Rathore, A. R. Rathore, Sharma Nishtha, Pcmster92, Jschauhan2013, Abhishek.lal,Parvez 914, Vishwakarma.yogendra, ANKITA05, DGV Rithvik, Megheshhh, TerryAlex, Kisskisscheta, NQ, Singh.rohan.rohan6, Bondilimahender singh, Sona1994, Sayamsethi, Harish R Manikandan, Analram.vs, Brij patel29, Proxy Abhi, Teupdeg, Pappup, Roshan Binu,Shrajayprabhu, Charvi59, Faizan2508, Bharadwajarya09, Arjunnujs, Wordsofhyder, MIPOFM, Nihalpuram, Telangeummu, Umar.2000,KasparBot, Uk devadwal and Anonymous: 1207

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