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A participatory integrated assessment of seagrass meadows ecosystem services in the Gulf of Morbihan
Denis Bailly
UMR-AMURE, European Institute for Marine StudiesUniversity of Brest
VALMER project
Apply the ecosystem services framework (MEA) to assess ecological, economic and social values of ecosystems services
to support the development of public policies (nature conservation, resources exploitation management, planning of offshore or impacting on-shore activities development)
With an integrative and participatory approach engaging regulators, managers, stakeholders, the public and scientists from social and natural sciences
Partnership between research, management and regulatory bodies (6 in South West England and 5 in France)
6 study sites (coastal areas of Western Channel and South Brittany)
Funding : France-England transboundary inter-regional fund (Interreg IVA)
The ecosystem services ‘cascade’ Adapted from Haines-Young, R. and Potschin M., in Raffaelli, D. and Frid C. (Eds.): Ecosystem Ecology: a new synthesis, Cambridge U. Press, 2010
Valmer perspective on assessment of ecosystem services values
Ecosystem services translate into :
easy to identify wellbeing benefits derived from natural capital (commercial or not, reflecting market structures and cultural preferences)
known benefits that are difficult to quantify, others that are highly hypothetical and claims based on moral values
Such different values cannot be resumed and aggregated as monetary equivalents, they rather call for extensive documentation and multidimensional metrics
They are useful only if communicable in policy-making arenas and for awareness raising, including uncertainties
VALMER study sites
South West England
Brittany - France
The Gulf of Morbihan is part of a Regional Natural Park project covering an area of 500 km², 35 communes, 170 km² of coastal waters, 500 km of coastline
Gulf of Morbihan study site
Zostera meadows : key habitats for the ecosystem of the Gulf ?
Two species in the Gulf of Morbihan : Zostera marina and Zostera noltei
Zostera beds are remarkable habitats protected under the OSPAR convention and the Habitat Directive of the EU.
A global degradation trend is observed but locally high temporal variability in coverage, density and plant condition leading to contradictory conclusions.
Pressures and impacts that influence the ecological status of zostera beds are not all clearly understood. So the policy commitment to protect seagrass beds is not straightforward
Seagrass beds are not emblematic habitats but they have their “natural” defenders like bird conservation NGOs
Seagrass beds functional roles are rather well recognized but not much quantified (they support productivity and biological diversity of coastal seas, they contribute to water quality, they stabilize the sediment,...)
To be cared about
The Good Ecological Status of a seagrass bed is difficult to attest as there is much spatial and temporal variability in the distribution and density of seagrass beds. Monitoring observation vs modelling can help to determine the potential for seagrass develop in a given place, but such information not available
There are many direct extractive and non extractive uses of seagrass beds and associated resources (commercial and recreational wild shellfish gathering, bird watching, shellfish farming, boat mooring, ...)
Contradictory observations about interactions between seagrass and oyster culture (bags on trestles) are not known : negative, positive, neutral ? But regulations says that aquaculture permit should not be renewed when they end to protect seagras
Mooring on seagrass bed has clear impacts, but temporary mooring by recreational boats is very difficult to control
Bird (bernacles feeding on seagrass beds) is the main argument calling for seagrass bed protection, sea horse is an emblematic species of the area, mainly seen in seagrass but almost extincted
Other functional roles in depuration processes, trophic chain, biodiversity , recruitment for main fishing stocks (commercial and recreational use), water depuration as the ecosystem is under strong pressure from land (nutriment, microbiology, chemicals,...) are for most of them recognized. But none is quantified
So need to develop a coherent management and monitoring strategy under any kind of applicable planning or regulatory instrument (SMVM, WFD, MSFD, Natura 2000)
Engaging scientists and stakeholder in the development of a Knowledge Sharing Platform
Gathering of scientific knowledge (and knowledge gaps)
Interviews with stakeholders (people knowledge)
Sorting of socio-ecological system components (uses, pressures, ecosystem services)
Mapping of interactions (impacting and benefiting uses)
Mapping of interactions (ecosystem services cascade)
Populating the knowledge base (narrative, drawings, resources)
ZOSTÈRES MARINE ET NAINE DES ESPÈCES SENSIBLES
Marine flowering plants in the world They are not algea About 60 species in the world including 10 Zostera
UNEP-WCMC, 2004, document from Canadian Secrétariate for Scientific Consultation
1979 1986 1989 1998 2000 2003 2006 2012 2013
Coastal Law
NAT
ION
AL
EU
ROPE
AN
INTE
RNAT
ION
AL
Bern convention
OSPARConvention
SCANatura 2000
SMVMLand
planning code
Red ListIUCN
REBENTnetwork
Water Framework
Directive
REGULATIONSSUIVI
Habitat Directive
Existing maps of seagrass beds in the Gulf
Source: R. Mahéo, d’après l’observatoire départemental de l’environnement (56)
« Sources diverses 2002-2007; Produit numérique REBENT multi-source Bernard & Chauvaud, TBM et CEVA »
Cette carte est une compilation de données !
Il existe des limites techniques d’acquisition et de traitement des données
Plus des coûts humains et financiers importants
Gathering people knowledge about Seagrass in the Gulf of Morbihan (representations from cognitive maps)
Plantbiology/ecology
Interactions with fishing (cuttlefish,
eel, seabass,…)
A system view of interactions
Location of seagrass beds in
the gulf
Gathering people knowledge about Seagrass Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Morbihan (representations from discourse analysis)
bernacles eat seagrass from octobre to décembre
We see juveniles in the seagrass… so zostera serves as nursery grounds
(seabass, eel and cutlefish mentioned)
Cuttlefish and other molluscs lay their eggs on seagrass
Seagrass beds probably have different function : hatchery, nursery, water oxygenation,
stability of sediment
If seagrass disappear then we’ll see less things in the water
It is difficult to say how much seabass and cutlefish fisheries in the Gulf and outside depend on
seagrass beds
In the seagrass we find periwinkle, shrimps, eels, anemons, littorina snail, …
Mapping of the socio-ecological system (brown paper, Cmap)
Producing and organizing knowledge (narratives, drawings)
ZOSTERA IN THE GULFThere are two types of zostera. They are flowering plants living in the marine environment and more specifically on soft grounds...
[ know more …]
SENSITIVE SPECIESZostera are vegetal species very sensitive to variations of their environment originating from human action or natural.
[ know more …]
ZOSTÈRES MARINE ET NAINE DES ESPÈCES SENSIBLES
Sorting the components of the socio-ecosystem
18
→ Choix d’une représentation détaillée des sous-systèmes par usages
→ Difficulté de mettre en avant des services ecosystémiques assez indirects et de ne pas être toujours en représentation d’impacts des usages sur les zostères
→ Les deux zostères, marine et naine, fonctionnent différemment (haut et bas de l’estran, interactions différentes avec les usages) d’où un dédoublement des représentations
Mapping interactions in sub-systems
Next steps
Stakeholder group discussions (focus group), introduction to ecosystem services and need for protection, scenario building
Survey of public preferences for conservation (choice experiment)
Synthesis of scenarios and multiple stakeholder group discussion, setting of the “vision”
Feeding the policy processes (revision of planning document and regulation setting) with the outcomes
The VALMER team in the Gulf of Morbihan
Monique Cassé, Ronan Pasco, Juliette Herry, Matthias Urien, David Lédan
Intercommunal Syndicate for the Management of the Gulf of Morbihan (SIAGM)
Denis Bailly, Manuelle Philippe, Johanna Ballé-Béganton, Bérengère Angst, Michel Lample, Louinord Voltaire,
Julien Hay, Jean BoncoeurUMR-AMURE / University of Brest
Merci de votre attentionMerci de votre attention
www.valmer.eu