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A Penning trap as a precision mass balance – Q-Value determinations
with ISOLTRAP and SMILETRAP
Outline
Workshop on NDBD, Durham, 23.05.2005
Klaus Blaum: University of Mainz and GSI Darmstadt
Introduction and motivation
Q-value measurements of radionuclides
Conclusions and outlook
Q-value measurements of “stable“ ions
Mass and Energy
Energy–Mass equivalence
High-precision mass measurements convey information on
nuclear and atomic binding energies
= N ·
– binding energy
+ Z · + Z
Einstein 1905:
The Importance of Atomic Masses
General General Physics Physics
fundam. constants test of CPT
m/m 1·10-10
Atomic Atomic Physics Physics
binding energy,QED in HCI
m/m 1·10-9
Weak Weak InteractionsInteractionssymmetry tests,CVC hypothsis
m/m < 3·10-8
Astro-Astro-physicsphysics
nuclear synthesis,r-, rp-process m/m < 1·10-7
Nuclear Nuclear Physics Physics
mass formula, models, halo
m/m 1·10-7
Physics &Physics & ChemistryChemistry
basic information required
m/m 1·10-6
Weighingatomic masses
A Brief History of Mass Spectrometry
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
10
-11
10
-10
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
Bulk properties, liquid drop, shells
Sub-shells, pairing, halos
Symmetries, fundamental tests of concepts
PTMSReaction Q
RF Spectrometers
Mass Spectrographs
Principle of Penning Traps
Cyclotron frequency: Bm
qfc
2
1
B
q/m
B
q/mPENNING trap
Strong homogeneous
magnetic field
Weak electric 3D
quadrupole field
z0
r0
ring electrode
end cap
Frans Michel Penning
Hans G.Dehmelt
Ion Motion in a Penning Trap
Motion of an ion is the superposition of three characteristic harmonic motions:– axial motion (frequency fz)– magnetron motion (frequency f–)– modified cyclotron motion (frequency f+)
The frequencies of the radial motions obey the relation
c-+ fff
magnetron motion (f-)
modified cyclotronmotion (f+)
axial motion (fz)
zr
r-
r+
Typical frequenciesq = e, m = 100 u,B = 6 T
f- ≈ 1 kHzf+ ≈ 1 MHz
Excitation of Radial Ion Motions
Dipolar azimuthal excitationEither of the ion's radial motions can be excited
by use of an electric dipole field in resonancewith the motion (RF excitation)
amplitude of motion increases without bounds
Quadrupolar azimuthal excitationIf the two radial motions are excited at their
sum frequency, they are coupled
they are continuously converted into each other
+Ud -Ud
r
r0
U
-Uq
-Uq
r0
r
+Uq+Uq
Conversion of radial motions
Magnetron excitation: Cyclotron excitation: +
TOF Resonance Mass SpectrometryS
can
of e
xcita
tion
freq
uenc
y
Quadrupolar radial excitation near fc
coupling of radial motions, conv.
Time-of-flight (TOF) measurement
Ejection along the magnetic field lines
radial energy converted to axial energy
Dipolar radial excitation at f-
increase of r-
MCPDetector
1.2
m
Time-of-flight resonance technique
Resolving power: excexc= TfR
1071195 1071200 1071205 1071210 1071215 1071220 1071225
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
Measurement Theoretical Fit
85Rb
Tim
e-of
-flig
ht [
s]
Excitation frequency [Hz]
Me
an
tim
e o
f flig
ht
/ s
Excitation frequency frf / Hz
T1/2 =
TOF Cyclotron Resonance Curve (Stable Nuclide)
TOF as a function of the excitation frequency
Bmq
πf
21
=c
Centroid:
e
e
mmmm
f
f
--
=refc
refc,Determine atomic mass from frequency ratio
with a well-known “reference mass”.
Triple-Trap Mass Spectrometer ISOLTRAP
ISOLDEbeam (DC)
HV platform
RFQ structure
MCP 5
precisionPenningtrap
coolingPenningtrap
carbon clusterion source
2.8-keV ionbunches
laser beam
MCP 3
MCP 1
60 keV
stable alkaliion referencesource
C60 pellet
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220 32ArM
ean
TOF
(s
)
RF 2842679 (Hz)-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
F. Herfurth, et al., NIM A 469, 264 (2001)K. Blaum et al., NIM B 204, 478 (2003)
cluster ion source
preparation Penning trap
precision Penning trap
stable alkali ionreference source
ion beam cooler and buncher
removal of contaminant ions
(R = 105)
determination of cyclotron frequency
(R = 107)
B = 4.7 T
B = 5.9 T
Nd:YAG 532 nm
1.2
m
10 cm
K. Blaum et al., EPJ A 15, 245 (2002)
10 cm
ISOLTRAP Setup at ISOLDE/CERN
1 m
21 Sc40
Sc41
Sc42
Sc43
Sc44
Sc45
Sc46
Sc47
Sc48
Sc49
Sc50
Sc51
Sc52
Sc53
Sc54
Sc55
20 Ca35
Ca36
Ca37
Ca38
Ca39
Ca40
Ca41
Ca42
Ca43
Ca44
Ca45
Ca46
Ca47
Ca48
Ca49
Ca50
Ca51
Ca52
Ca53
19 K35
K36
K37
K38
K39
K40
K41
K42
K43
K44
K45
K46
K47
K48
K49
K50
K51
K52
K53
K54
18 Ar31
Ar32
Ar33
Ar34
Ar35
Ar36
Ar37
Ar38
Ar39
Ar40
Ar41
Ar42
Ar43
Ar44
Ar45
Ar46
Ar47
Ar48
Ar49
Ar50
Ar51
17 Cl31
Cl32
Cl33
Cl34
Cl35
Cl36
Cl37
Cl38
Cl39
Cl40
Cl41
Cl42
Cl43
Cl44
Cl45
Cl46
Cl47
Cl48
Cl49
Cl51
16 S27
S28
S29
S30
S31
S32
S33
S34
S35
S36
S37
S38
S39
S40
S41
S42
S43
S44
S45
S46
S47
S48 34
15 P26
P27
P28
P29
P30
P31
P32
P33
P34
P35
P36
P37
P38
P39
P40
P41
P42
P43
P44
P45
P46 32
14 Si22
Si23
Si24
Si25
Si26
Si27
Si28
Si29
Si30
Si31
Si32
Si33
Si34
Si35
Si36
Si37
Si38
Si39
Si40
Si41
Si42 30
13 Al22
Al23
Al24
Al25
Al26
Al27
Al28
Al29
Al30
Al31
Al32
Al33
Al34
Al35
Al36
Al37
Al38
Al39 28
12 Mg20
Mg21
Mg22
Mg23
Mg24
Mg25
Mg26
Mg27
Mg28
Mg29
Mg30
Mg31
Mg32
Mg33
Mg34
Mg35
Mg36 26
11 Na19
Na20
Na21
Na22
Na23
Na24
Na25
Na26
Na27
Na28
Na29
Na30
Na31
Na32
Na33
Na34
Na35
10 Ne16
Ne17
Ne18
Ne19
Ne20
Ne21
Ne22
Ne23
Ne24
Ne25
Ne26
Ne27
Ne28
Ne29
Ne30
Ne32 24
9 F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F29 22
8 O12
O13
O14
O15
O16
O17
O18
O19
O20
O21
O22
O23
O24 18 20
7 N11
N12
N13
N14
N15
N16
N17
N18
N19
N20
N21
N22
N23
6 C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C22
5 B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B17
B19 16
4 Be6
Be7
Be8
Be9
Be10
Be11
Be12
Be14 12 14
3 Li5
Li6
Li7
Li8
Li9
Li10
Li11 10
2 He3
He4
He5
He6
He7
He8
He9
H1
H2
H3 4 6 8
2n1
1
56
58
60
62
57 La120
La121
La122
La123
La124
La125
La126
La127
La128
La129
La130
La131
La132
La133
La134
La135
La136
La137
La138
La139
La140
La141
La142
La143
La144
La145
La146
La147
La148
La149
La150
La151
La152
La153
La154
56 Ba114
Ba115
Ba116
Ba117
Ba118
Ba119
Ba120
Ba121
Ba122
Ba123
Ba124
Ba125
Ba126
Ba127
Ba128
Ba129
Ba130
Ba131
Ba132
Ba133
Ba134
Ba135
Ba136
Ba137
Ba138
Ba139
Ba140
Ba141
Ba142
Ba143
Ba144
Ba145
Ba146
Ba147
Ba148
Ba149
Ba150
Ba151
Ba152
Ba153
55 Cs112
Cs113
Cs114
Cs115
Cs116
Cs117
Cs118
Cs119
Cs120
Cs121
Cs122
Cs123
Cs124
Cs125
Cs126
Cs127
Cs128
Cs129
Cs130
Cs131
Cs132
Cs133
Cs134
Cs135
Cs136
Cs137
Cs138
Cs139
Cs140
Cs141
Cs142
Cs143
Cs144
Cs145
Cs146
Cs147
Cs148
Cs149
Cs150
Cs151
Cs152
54 Xe110
Xe111
Xe112
Xe113
Xe114
Xe115
Xe116
Xe117
Xe118
Xe119
Xe120
Xe121
Xe122
Xe123
Xe124
Xe125
Xe126
Xe127
Xe128
Xe129
Xe130
Xe131
Xe132
Xe133
Xe134
Xe135
Xe136
Xe137
Xe138
Xe139
Xe140
Xe141
Xe142
Xe143
Xe144
Xe145
Xe146
Xe147 94 96
53 I108
I109
I110
I111
I112
I113
I114
I115
I116
I117
I118
I119
I120
I121
I122
I123
I124
I125
I126
I127
I128
I129
I130
I131
I132
I133
I134
I135
I136
I137
I138
I139
I140
I141
I142
I143
I144 92
52 Te106
Te107
Te108
Te109
Te110
Te111
Te112
Te113
Te114
Te115
Te116
Te117
Te118
Te119
Te120
Te121
Te122
Te123
Te124
Te125
Te126
Te127
Te128
Te129
Te130
Te131
Te132
Te133
Te134
Te135
Te136
Te137
Te138
Te139
Te140
Te141
Te142
51 Sb103
Sb104
Sb105
Sb106
Sb107
Sb108
Sb109
Sb110
Sb111
Sb112
Sb113
Sb114
Sb115
Sb116
Sb117
Sb118
Sb119
Sb120
Sb121
Sb122
Sb123
Sb124
Sb125
Sb126
Sb127
Sb128
Sb129
Sb130
Sb131
Sb132
Sb133
Sb134
Sb135
Sb136
Sb137
Sb138
Sb139 90
50 Sn100
Sn101
Sn102
Sn103
Sn104
Sn105
Sn106
Sn107
Sn108
Sn109
Sn110
Sn111
Sn112
Sn113
Sn114
Sn115
Sn116
Sn117
Sn118
Sn119
Sn120
Sn121
Sn122
Sn123
Sn124
Sn125
Sn126
Sn127
Sn128
Sn129
Sn130
Sn131
Sn132
Sn133
Sn134
Sn135
Sn136
Sn137 88
49 In98
In99
In100
In101
In102
In103
In104
In105
In106
In107
In108
In109
In110
In111
In112
In113
In114
In115
In116
In117
In118
In119
In120
In121
In122
In123
In124
In125
In126
In127
In128
In129
In130
In131
In132
In133
In134 86
48 Cd97
Cd98
Cd99
Cd100
Cd101
Cd102
Cd103
Cd104
Cd105
Cd106
Cd107
Cd108
Cd109
Cd110
Cd111
Cd112
Cd113
Cd114
Cd115
Cd116
Cd117
Cd118
Cd119
Cd120
Cd121
Cd122
Cd123
Cd124
Cd125
Cd126
Cd127
Cd128
Cd129
Cd130 84
47 Ag94
Ag95
Ag96
Ag97
Ag98
Ag99
Ag100
Ag101
Ag102
Ag103
Ag104
Ag105
Ag106
Ag107
Ag108
Ag109
Ag110
Ag111
Ag112
Ag113
Ag114
Ag115
Ag116
Ag117
Ag118
Ag119
Ag120
Ag121
Ag122
Ag123
Ag124
Ag125
Ag126
Ag127 82
46 Pd91
Pd92
Pd93
Pd94
Pd95
Pd96
Pd97
Pd98
Pd99
Pd100
Pd101
Pd102
Pd103
Pd104
Pd105
Pd106
Pd107
Pd108
Pd109
Pd110
Pd111
Pd112
Pd113
Pd114
Pd115
Pd116
Pd117
Pd118
Pd119
Pd120
Pd121
Pd122
Pd123 78 80
45 Ru89
Ru90
Ru91
Ru92
Ru93
Rh94
Rh95
Rh96
Rh97
Rh98
Rh99
Rh100
Rh101
Rh102
Rh103
Rh104
Rh105
Rh106
Rh107
Rh108
Rh109
Rh110
Rh111
Rh112
Rh113
Rh114
Rh115
Rh116
Rh117
Rh118
Rh119
Rh120
Rh121
44 Ru87
Ru88
Ru89
Ru90
Ru91
Ru92
Ru93
Ru94
Ru95
Ru96
Ru97
Ru98
Ru99
Ru100
Ru101
Ru102
Ru103
Ru104
Ru105
Ru106
Ru107
Ru108
Ru109
Ru110
Ru111
Ru112
Ru113
Ru114
Ru115
Ru116
Ru117
Ru118 76
43 Tc86
Tc87
Tc88
Tc89
Tc90
Tc91
Tc92
Tc93
Tc94
Tc95
Tc96
Tc97
Tc98
Tc99
Tc100
Tc101
Tc102
Tc103
Tc104
Tc105
Tc106
Tc107
Tc108
Tc109
Tc110
Tc111
Tc112
Tc113
Tc114
Tc115 74
42 Mo84
Mo85
Mo86
Mo87
Mo88
Mo89
Mo90
Mo91
Mo92
Mo93
Mo94
Mo95
Mo96
Mo97
Mo98
Mo99
Mo100
Mo101
Mo102
Mo103
Mo104
Mo105
Mo106
Mo107
Mo108
Mo109
Mo110
Mo111
Mo112
Mo113 72
41 Nb82
Nb83
Nb84
Nb85
Nb86
Nb87
Nb88
Nb89
Nb90
Nb91
Nb92
Nb93
Nb94
Nb95
Nb96
Nb97
Nb98
Nb99
Nb100
Nb101
Nb102
Nb103
Nb104
Nb105
Nb106
Nb107
Nb108
Nb110 70
40 Zr80
Zr81
Zr82
Zr83
Zr84
Zr85
Zr86
Zr87
Zr88
Zr89
Zr90
Zr91
Zr92
Zr93
Zr94
Zr95
Zr96
Zr97
Zr98
Zr99
Zr100
Zr101
Zr102
Zr103
Zr104
Zr105
Zr106 68
39 Y78
Y79
Y80
Y81
Y82
Y83
Y84
Y85
Y86
Y87
Y88
Y89
Y90
Y91
Y92
Y93
Y94
Y95
Y96
Y97
Y98
Y99
Y100
Y101
Y102
Y103
Y104
Y105
38 Sr73
Sr74
Sr75
Sr76
Sr77
Sr78
Sr79
Sr80
Sr81
Sr82
Sr83
Sr84
Sr85
Sr86
Sr87
Sr88
Sr89
Sr90
Sr91
Sr92
Sr93
Sr94
Sr95
Sr96
Sr97
Sr98
Sr99
Sr100
Sr101
Sr102 66
37 Rb74
Rb75
Rb76
Rb77
Rb78
Rb79
Rb80
Rb81
Rb82
Rb83
Rb84
Rb85
Rb86
Rb87
Rb88
Rb89
Rb90
Rb91
Rb92
Rb93
Rb94
Rb95
Rb96
Rb97
Rb98
Rb99
Rb100
Rb102
36 Kr69
Kr70
Kr71
Kr72
Kr73
Kr74
Kr75
Kr76
Kr77
Kr78
Kr79
Kr80
Kr81
Kr82
Kr83
Kr84
Kr85
Kr86
Kr87
Kr88
Kr89
Kr90
Kr91
Kr92
Kr93
Kr94
Kr95
Kr96 64
35 Br69
Br70
Br71
Br72
Br73
Br74
Br75
Br76
Br77
Br78
Br79
Br80
Br81
Br82
Br83
Br84
Br85
Br86
Br87
Br88
Br89
Br90
Br91
Br92
Br93
Br94
34 Se65
Se66
Se67
Se68
Se69
Se70
Se71
Se72
Se73
Se74
Se75
Se76
Se77
Se78
Se79
Se80
Se81
Se82
Se83
Se84
Se85
Se86
Se87
Se88
Se89
Se90
Se91
33 As64
As65
As66
As67
As68
As69
As70
As71
As72
As73
As74
As75
As76
As77
As78
As79
As80
As81
As82
As83
As84
As85
As86
As87
As88
As89
32 Ge61
Ge62
Ge63
Ge64
Ge65
Ge66
Ge67
Ge68
Ge69
Ge70
Ge71
Ge72
Ge73
Ge74
Ge75
Ge76
Ge77
Ge78
Ge79
Ge80
Ge81
Ge82
Ge83
Ge84
Ge85
Ge86
31 Ga60
Ga61
Ga62
Ga63
Ga64
Ga65
Ga66
Ga67
Ga68
Ga69
Ga70
Ga71
Ga72
Ga73
Ga74
Ga75
Ga76
Ga77
Ga78
Ga79
Ga80
Ga81
Ga82
Ga83
Ga84 54
30 Zn57
Zn58
Zn59
Zn60
Zn61
Zn62
Zn63
Zn64
Zn65
Zn66
Zn67
Zn68
Zn69
Zn70
Zn71
Zn72
Zn73
Zn74
Zn75
Zn76
Zn77
Zn78
Zn79
Zn80
Zn81 52
29 Cu55
Cu56
Cu57
Cu58
Cu59
Cu60
Cu61
Cu62
Cu63
Cu64
Cu65
Cu66
Cu67
Cu68
Cu69
Cu70
Cu71
Cu72
Cu73
Cu74
Cu75
Cu76
Cu77
Cu78
Cu79
Cu80
28 Ni50
Ni51
Ni52
Ni53
Ni54
Ni55
Ni56
Ni57
Ni58
Ni59
Ni60
Ni61
Ni62
Ni63
Ni64
Ni65
Ni66
Ni67
Ni68
Ni69
Ni70
Ni71
Ni72
Ni73
Ni74
Ni75
Ni76
Ni77
Ni78
27 Co50
Co51
Co52
Co53
Co54
Co55
Co56
Co57
Co58
Co59
Co60
Co61
Co62
Co63
Co64
Co65
Co66
Co67
Co68
Co69
Co70
Co71
Co72
Co73
Co74
Co75 50
26 Fe46
Fe47
Fe48
Fe49
Fe50
Fe51
Fe52
Fe53
Fe54
Fe55
Fe56
Fe57
Fe58
Fe59
Fe60
Fe61
Fe62
Fe63
Fe64
Fe65
Fe66
Fe67
Fe68
Fe69 44 46 48
25 Mn46
Mn47
Mn48
Mn49
Mn50
Mn51
Mn52
Mn53
Mn54
Mn55
Mn56
Mn57
Mn58
Mn59
Mn60
Mn61
Mn62
Mn63
Mn64
Mn65
Mn66 42
24 Cr43
Cr44
Cr45
Cr46
Cr47
Cr48
Cr49
Cr50
Cr51
Cr52
Cr53
Cr54
Cr55
Cr56
Cr57
Cr58
Cr59
Cr60
Cr61
Cr62
Cr63
Cr64
23 V43
V44
V45
V46
V47
V48
V49
V50
V51
V52
V53
V54
V55
V56
V57
V58
V59
V60
V61 40
22 Ti39
Ti40
Ti41
Ti42
Ti43
Ti44
Ti45
Ti46
Ti47
Ti48
Ti49
Ti50
Ti51
Ti52
Ti53
Ti54
Ti55
Ti56
Ti57
Ti58 38
21 Sc40
Sc41
Sc42
Sc43
Sc44
Sc45
Sc46
Sc47
Sc48
Sc49
Sc50
Sc51
Sc52
Sc53
Sc54
Sc55 36
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Rb101
Zr107
Nb109
91 Pa212
Pa213
Pa214
Pa215
Pa216
Pa217
Pa218
Pa219
Pa220
Pa221
Pa222
Pa223
Pa224
Pa225
Pa226
Pa227
Pa228
Pa229
Pa230
Pa231
Pa232
Pa233
Pa234
Pa235
Pa236
Pa237
Pa238
90 Th210
Th211
Th212
Th213
Th214
Th215
Th216
Th217
Th218
Th219
Th220
Th221
Th222
Th223
Th224
Th225
Th226
Th227
Th228
Th229
Th230
Th231
Th232
Th233
Th234
Th235
Th236
Th237
89 Ac207
Ac208
Ac209
Ac210
Ac211
Ac212
Ac213
Ac214
Ac215
Ac216
Ac217
Ac218
Ac219
Ac220
Ac221
Ac222
Ac223
Ac224
Ac225
Ac226
Ac227
Ac228
Ac229
Ac230
Ac231
Ac232
Ac233
Ac234
88 Ra202
Ra203
Ra204
Ra205
Ra206
Ra207
Ra208
Ra209
Ra210
Ra211
Ra212
Ra213
Ra214
Ra215
Ra216
Ra217
Ra218
Ra219
Ra220
Ra221
Ra222
Ra223
Ra224
Ra225
Ra226
Ra227
Ra228
Ra229
Ra230
87 Fr200
Fr201
Fr202
Fr203
Fr204
Fr205
Fr206
Fr207
Fr208
Fr209
Fr210
Fr211
Fr212
Fr213
Fr214
Fr215
Fr216
Fr217
Fr218
Fr219
Fr220
Fr221
Fr222
Fr223
Fr224
Fr225
Fr226
Fr227
Fr228
Fr229
86 Rn196
Rn197
Rn198
Rn199
Rn200
Rn201
Rn202
Rn203
Rn204
Rn205
Rn206
Rn207
Rn208
Rn209
Rn210
Rn211
Rn212
Rn213
Rn214
Rn215
Rn216
Rn217
Rn218
Rn219
Rn220
Rn221
Rn222
Rn223
Rn224
Rn225
Rn226
Rn227
Rn228
85 At194
At195
At196
At197
At198
At199
At200
At201
At202
At203
At204
At205
At206
At207
At208
At209
At210
At211
At212
At213
At214
At215
At216
At217
At218
At219
At220
At221
At222
At223 140 142
84 Po190
Po191
Po192
Po193
Po194
Po195
Po196
Po197
Po198
Po199
Po200
Po201
Po202
Po203
Po204
Po205
Po206
Po207
Po208
Po209
Po210
Po211
Po212
Po213
Po214
Po215
Po216
Po217
Po218
Po219
Po220 138
83 Bi185
Bi186
Bi187
Bi188
Bi189
Bi190
Bi191
Bi192
Bi193
Bi194
Bi195
Bi196
Bi197
Bi198
Bi199
Bi200
Bi201
Bi202
Bi203
Bi204
Bi205
Bi206
Bi207
Bi208
Bi209
Bi210
Bi211
Bi212
Bi213
Bi214
Bi215
Bi216
Bi217
Bi218 136
82 Pb180
Pb181
Pb182
Pb183
Pb184
Pb185
Pb186
Pb187
Pb188
Pb189
Pb190
Pb191
Pb192
Pb193
Pb194
Pb195
Pb196
Pb197
Pb198
Pb199
Pb200
Pb201
Pb202
Pb203
Pb204
Pb205
Pb206
Pb207
Pb208
Pb209
Pb210
Pb211
Pb212
Pb213
Pb214 134
81 Tl179
Tl180
Tl181
Tl182
Tl183
Tl184
Tl185
Tl186
Tl187
Tl188
Tl189
Tl190
Tl191
Tl192
Tl193
Tl194
Tl195
Tl196
Tl197
Tl198
Tl199
Tl200
Tl201
Tl202
Tl203
Tl204
Tl205
Tl206
Tl207
Tl208
Tl209
Tl210
Tl211
Tl212 132
80 Hg174
Hg175
Hg176
Hg177
Hg178
Hg179
Hg180
Hg181
Hg182
Hg183
Hg184
Hg185
Hg186
Hg187
Hg188
Hg189
Hg190
Hg191
Hg192
Hg193
Hg194
Hg195
Hg196
Hg197
Hg198
Hg199
Hg200
Hg201
Hg202
Hg203
Hg204
Hg205
Hg206
Hg207
Hg208
Hg209
Hg210
79 Au171
Au172
Au173
Au174
Au175
Au176
Au177
Au178
Au179
Au180
Au181
Au182
Au183
Au184
Au185
Au186
Au187
Au188
Au189
Au190
Au191
Au192
Au193
Au194
Au195
Au196
Au197
Au198
Au199
Au200
Au201
Au202
Au203
Au204
Au205 128 130
78 Pt166
Pt167
Pt168
Pt169
Pt170
Pt171
Pt172
Pt173
Pt174
Pt175
Pt176
Pt177
Pt178
Pt179
Pt180
Pt181
Pt182
Pt183
Pt184
Pt185
Pt186
Pt187
Pt188
Pt189
Pt190
Pt191
Pt192
Pt193
Pt194
Pt195
Pt196
Pt197
Pt198
Pt199
Pt200
Pt201
Pt202 126
77 Ir165
Ir166
Ir167
Ir168
Ir169
Ir170
Ir171
Ir172
Ir173
Ir174
Ir175
Ir176
Ir177
Ir178
Ir179
Ir180
Ir181
Ir182
Ir183
Ir184
Ir185
Ir186
Ir187
Ir188
Ir189
Ir190
Ir191
Ir192
Ir193
Ir194
Ir195
Ir196
Ir197
Ir198 122 124
76 Os162
Os163
Os164
Os165
Os166
Os167
Os168
Os169
Os170
Os171
Os172
Os173
Os174
Os175
Os176
Os177
Os178
Os179
Os180
Os181
Os182
Os183
Os184
Os185
Os186
Os187
Os188
Os189
Os190
Os191
Os192
Os193
Os194
Os195
Os196
75 Re160
Re161
Re162
Re163
Re164
Re165
Re166
Re167
Re168
Re169
Re170
Re171
Re172
Re173
Re174
Re175
Re176
Re177
Re178
Re179
Re180
Re181
Re182
Re183
Re184
Re185
Re186
Re187
Re188
Re189
Re190
Re191
Re192 118 120
74 W158
W159
W160
W161
W162
W163
W164
W165
W166
W167
W168
W169
W170
W171
W172
W173
W174
W175
W176
W177
W178
W179
W180
W181
W182
W183
W184
W185
W186
W187
W188
W189
W190
73 Ta156
Ta157
Ta158
Ta159
Ta160
Ta161
Ta162
Ta163
Ta164
Ta165
Ta166
Ta167
Ta168
Ta169
Ta170
Ta171
Ta172
Ta173
Ta174
Ta175
Ta176
Ta177
Ta178
Ta179
Ta180
Ta181
Ta182
Ta183
Ta184
Ta185
Ta186 114 116
72 Hf154
Hf155
Hf156
Hf157
Hf158
Hf159
Hf160
Hf161
Hf162
Hf163
Hf164
Hf165
Hf166
Hf167
Hf168
Hf169
Hf170
Hf171
Hf172
Hf173
Hf174
Hf175
Hf176
Hf177
Hf178
Hf179
Hf180
Hf181
Hf182
Hf183
Hf184
Hf185
71 Lu150
Lu151
Lu152
Lu153
Lu154
Lu155
Lu156
Lu157
Lu158
Lu159
Lu160
Lu161
Lu162
Lu163
Lu164
Lu165
Lu166
Lu167
Lu168
Lu169
Lu170
Lu171
Lu172
Lu173
Lu174
Lu175
Lu176
Lu177
Lu178
Lu179
Lu180
Lu181
Lu182
Lu183
Lu184
70 Yb151
Yb152
Yb153
Yb154
Yb155
Yb156
Yb157
Yb158
Yb159
Yb160
Yb161
Yb162
Yb163
Yb164
Yb165
Yb166
Yb167
Yb168
Yb169
Yb170
Yb171
Yb172
Yb173
Yb174
Yb175
Yb176
Yb177
Yb178
Yb179
Yb180 112
69 Tm145
Tm146
Tm147
Tm148
Tm149
Tm150
Tm151
Tm152
Tm153
Tm154
Tm155
Tm156
Tm157
Tm158
Tm159
Tm160
Tm161
Tm162
Tm163
Tm164
Tm165
Tm166
Tm167
Tm168
Tm169
Tm170
Tm171
Tm172
Tm173
Tm174
Tm175
Tm176
Tm177 110
68 Er145
Er146
Er147
Er148
Er149
Er150
Er151
Er152
Er153
Er154
Er155
Er156
Er157
Er158
Er159
Er160
Er161
Er162
Er163
Er164
Er165
Er166
Er167
Er168
Er169
Er170
Er171
Er172
Er173
Er174 108
67 Ho141
Ho144
Ho145
Ho146
Ho147
Ho148
Ho149
Ho150
Ho151
Ho152
Ho153
Ho154
Ho155
Ho156
Ho157
Ho158
Ho159
Ho160
Ho161
Ho162
Ho163
Ho164
Ho165
Ho166
Ho167
Ho168
Ho169
Ho170
Ho171
Ho172 106
66 Dy141
Dy142
Dy143
Dy144
Dy145
Dy146
Dy147
Dy148
Dy149
Dy150
Dy151
Dy152
Dy153
Dy154
Dy155
Dy156
Dy157
Dy158
Dy159
Dy160
Dy161
Dy162
Dy163
Dy164
Dy165
Dy166
Dy167
Dy168
Dy169 104
65 Tb140
Tb141
Tb142
Tb143
Tb144
Tb145
Tb146
Tb147
Tb148
Tb149
Tb150
Tb151
Tb152
Tb153
Tb154
Tb155
Tb156
Tb157
Tb158
Tb159
Tb160
Tb161
Tb162
Tb163
Tb164
Tb165
Tb166 102
64 Gd135
Gd137
Gd139
Gd140
Gd141
Gd142
Gd143
Gd144
Gd145
Gd146
Gd147
Gd148
Gd149
Gd150
Gd151
Gd152
Gd153
Gd154
Gd155
Gd156
Gd157
Gd158
Gd159
Gd160
Gd161
Gd162
Gd163
Gd164
Gd165
63 Eu131
Eu134
Eu135
Eu136
Eu137
Eu138
Eu139
Eu140
Eu141
Eu142
Eu143
Eu144
Eu145
Eu146
Eu147
Eu148
Eu149
Eu150
Eu151
Eu152
Eu153
Eu154
Eu155
Eu156
Eu157
Eu158
Eu159
Eu160
Eu161
Eu162 100
62 Sm131
Sm132
Sm133
Sm134
Sm135
Sm136
Sm137
Sm138
Sm139
Sm140
Sm141
Sm142
Sm143
Sm144
Sm145
Sm146
Sm147
Sm148
Sm149
Sm150
Sm151
Sm152
Sm153
Sm154
Sm155
Sm156
Sm157
Sm158
Sm159
Sm160
Sm161
61 Pm130
Pm132
Pm133
Pm134
Pm135
Pm136
Pm137
Pm138
Pm139
Pm140
Pm141
Pm142
Pm143
Pm144
Pm145
Pm146
Pm147
Pm148
Pm149
Pm150
Pm151
Pm152
Pm153
Pm154
Pm155
Pm156
Pm157
Pm158
60 Nd127
Nd129
Nd130
Nd131
Nd132
Nd133
Nd134
Nd135
Nd136
Nd137
Nd138
Nd139
Nd140
Nd141
Nd142
Nd143
Nd144
Nd145
Nd146
Nd147
Nd148
Nd149
Nd150
Nd151
Nd152
Nd153
Nd154
Nd155
Nd156
Nd157
59 Pr124
Pr125
Pr126
Pr127
Pr128
Pr129
Pr130
Pr131
Pr132
Pr133
Pr134
Pr135
Pr136
Pr137
Pr138
Pr139
Pr140
Pr141
Pr142
Pr143
Pr144
Pr145
Pr146
Pr147
Pr148
Pr149
Pr150
Pr151
Pr152
Pr153
Pr154
Pr155
Pr156
Pr157
58 Ce123
Ce124
Ce125
Ce126
Ce127
Ce128
Ce129
Ce130
Ce131
Ce132
Ce133
Ce134
Ce135
Ce136
Ce137
Ce138
Ce139
Ce140
Ce141
Ce142
Ce143
Ce144
Ce145
Ce146
Ce147
Ce148
Ce149
Ce150
Ce151
Ce152
Ce153
Ce154
Ce155
Ce156
57 La120
La121
La122
La123
La124
La125
La126
La127
La128
La129
La130
La131
La132
La133
La134
La135
La136
La137
La138
La139
La140
La141
La142
La143
La144
La145
La146
La147
La148
La149
La150
La151
La152
La153
La154 98
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
Ra231
Ra232
Ra233
Ra234
Fr230
Fr231
Fr231 146
144
112 277
111 272
110 267 269 271 273
109 Mt266
Mt268 164
108 Hs263
Hs264
Hs265
Hs267
Hs269
107 Bh260
Bh261
Bh262
Bh264 162
106 Sg258
Sg259
Sg260
Sg261
Sg263
Sg265
Sg266
105 Db255
Db256
Db257
Db258
Db260
Db261
Db262
Db263
104 Rf253
Rf254
Rf255
Rf256
Rf257
Rf258
Rf259
Rf260
Rf261
Rf262
103 Lr252
Lr253
Lr254
Lr255
Lr256
Lr257
Lr258
Lr259
Lr260
Lr261
Lr262
102 No250
No251
No252
No253
No254
No255
No256
No257
No258
No259
No260
No262
101 Md245
Md246
Md247
Md248
Md249
Md250
Md251
Md252
Md253
Md255
Md256
Md257
Md258
Md259
Md260 160
100 Fm242
Fm243
Fm244
Fm245
Fm246
Fm247
Fm248
Fm249
Fm250
Fm251
Fm252
Fm253
Fm254
Fm255
Fm256
Fm257
Fm258
Fm259
99 Es241
Es242
Es243
Es244
Es245
Es246
Es247
Es248
Es249
Es250
Es251
Es252
Es253
Es254
Es255
Es256
Es257
98 Cf237
Cf238
Cf239
Cf240
Cf241
Cf242
Cf243
Cf244
Cf245
Cf246
Cf247
Cf248
Cf249
Cf250
Cf251
Cf252
Cf253
Cf254
Cf255
Cf256
97 Bk238
Bk240
Bk242
Bk243
Bk244
Bk245
Bk246
Bk247
Bk248
Bk249
Bk250
Bk251 156 158
96 Cm238
Cm239
Cm240
Cm241
Cm242
Cm243
Cm244
Cm245
Cm246
Cm247
Cm248
Cm249
Cm250
Cm251
95 Am232
Am232
Am234
Am235
Am236
Am237
Am238
Am239
Am240
Am241
Am242
Am243
Am244
Am245
Am246
Am247 154
94 Pu228
Pu229
Pu230
Pu231
Pu232
Pu233
Pu234
Pu235
Pu236
Pu237
Pu238
Pu239
Pu240
Pu241
Pu242
Pu243
Pu244
Pu245
Pu246
Pu247
93 Np225
Np226
Np227
Np228
Np229
Np230
Np231
Np232
Np233
Np234
Np235
Np236
Np237
Np238
Np239
Np240
Np241
Np242
Np243
Np244 152
92 U218
U219
U222
U223
U224
U225
U226
U227
U228
U229
U230
U231
U232
U233
U234
U235
U236
U237
U238
U239
U240
U242
91 Pa212
Pa213
Pa214
Pa215
Pa216
Pa217
Pa218
Pa219
Pa220
Pa221
Pa222
Pa223
Pa224
Pa225
Pa226
Pa227
Pa228
Pa229
Pa230
Pa231
Pa232
Pa233
Pa234
Pa235
Pa236
Pa237
Pa238 148 150
122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146
Md254
+ - sf p stable
Mass measured at ISOLTRAP
Reference mass
Problem of Reference Masses
85Rb
23Na
39K 133Cs
21 Sc40
Sc41
Sc42
Sc43
Sc44
Sc45
Sc46
Sc47
Sc48
Sc49
Sc50
Sc51
Sc52
Sc53
Sc54
Sc55
20 Ca35
Ca36
Ca37
Ca38
Ca39
Ca40
Ca41
Ca42
Ca43
Ca44
Ca45
Ca46
Ca47
Ca48
Ca49
Ca50
Ca51
Ca52
Ca53
19 K35
K36
K37
K38
K39
K40
K41
K42
K43
K44
K45
K46
K47
K48
K49
K50
K51
K52
K53
K54
18 Ar31
Ar32
Ar33
Ar34
Ar35
Ar36
Ar37
Ar38
Ar39
Ar40
Ar41
Ar42
Ar43
Ar44
Ar45
Ar46
Ar47
Ar48
Ar49
Ar50
Ar51
17 Cl31
Cl32
Cl33
Cl34
Cl35
Cl36
Cl37
Cl38
Cl39
Cl40
Cl41
Cl42
Cl43
Cl44
Cl45
Cl46
Cl47
Cl48
Cl49
Cl51
16 S27
S28
S29
S30
S31
S32
S33
S34
S35
S36
S37
S38
S39
S40
S41
S42
S43
S44
S45
S46
S47
S48 34
15 P26
P27
P28
P29
P30
P31
P32
P33
P34
P35
P36
P37
P38
P39
P40
P41
P42
P43
P44
P45
P46 32
14 Si22
Si23
Si24
Si25
Si26
Si27
Si28
Si29
Si30
Si31
Si32
Si33
Si34
Si35
Si36
Si37
Si38
Si39
Si40
Si41
Si42 30
13 Al22
Al23
Al24
Al25
Al26
Al27
Al28
Al29
Al30
Al31
Al32
Al33
Al34
Al35
Al36
Al37
Al38
Al39 28
12 Mg20
Mg21
Mg22
Mg23
Mg24
Mg25
Mg26
Mg27
Mg28
Mg29
Mg30
Mg31
Mg32
Mg33
Mg34
Mg35
Mg36 26
11 Na19
Na20
Na21
Na22
Na23
Na24
Na25
Na26
Na27
Na28
Na29
Na30
Na31
Na32
Na33
Na34
Na35
10 Ne16
Ne17
Ne18
Ne19
Ne20
Ne21
Ne22
Ne23
Ne24
Ne25
Ne26
Ne27
Ne28
Ne29
Ne30
Ne32 24
9 F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F29 22
8 O12
O13
O14
O15
O16
O17
O18
O19
O20
O21
O22
O23
O24 18 20
7 N11
N12
N13
N14
N15
N16
N17
N18
N19
N20
N21
N22
N23
6 C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C22
5 B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B17
B19 16
4 Be6
Be7
Be8
Be9
Be10
Be11
Be12
Be14 12 14
3 Li5
Li6
Li7
Li8
Li9
Li10
Li11 10
2 He3
He4
He5
He6
He7
He8
He9
H1
H2
H3 4 6 8
2n1
1
56
58
60
62
57 La120
La121
La122
La123
La124
La125
La126
La127
La128
La129
La130
La131
La132
La133
La134
La135
La136
La137
La138
La139
La140
La141
La142
La143
La144
La145
La146
La147
La148
La149
La150
La151
La152
La153
La154
56 Ba114
Ba115
Ba116
Ba117
Ba118
Ba119
Ba120
Ba121
Ba122
Ba123
Ba124
Ba125
Ba126
Ba127
Ba128
Ba129
Ba130
Ba131
Ba132
Ba133
Ba134
Ba135
Ba136
Ba137
Ba138
Ba139
Ba140
Ba141
Ba142
Ba143
Ba144
Ba145
Ba146
Ba147
Ba148
Ba149
Ba150
Ba151
Ba152
Ba153
55 Cs112
Cs113
Cs114
Cs115
Cs116
Cs117
Cs118
Cs119
Cs120
Cs121
Cs122
Cs123
Cs124
Cs125
Cs126
Cs127
Cs128
Cs129
Cs130
Cs131
Cs132
Cs133
Cs134
Cs135
Cs136
Cs137
Cs138
Cs139
Cs140
Cs141
Cs142
Cs143
Cs144
Cs145
Cs146
Cs147
Cs148
Cs149
Cs150
Cs151
Cs152
54 Xe110
Xe111
Xe112
Xe113
Xe114
Xe115
Xe116
Xe117
Xe118
Xe119
Xe120
Xe121
Xe122
Xe123
Xe124
Xe125
Xe126
Xe127
Xe128
Xe129
Xe130
Xe131
Xe132
Xe133
Xe134
Xe135
Xe136
Xe137
Xe138
Xe139
Xe140
Xe141
Xe142
Xe143
Xe144
Xe145
Xe146
Xe147 94 96
53 I108
I109
I110
I111
I112
I113
I114
I115
I116
I117
I118
I119
I120
I121
I122
I123
I124
I125
I126
I127
I128
I129
I130
I131
I132
I133
I134
I135
I136
I137
I138
I139
I140
I141
I142
I143
I144 92
52 Te106
Te107
Te108
Te109
Te110
Te111
Te112
Te113
Te114
Te115
Te116
Te117
Te118
Te119
Te120
Te121
Te122
Te123
Te124
Te125
Te126
Te127
Te128
Te129
Te130
Te131
Te132
Te133
Te134
Te135
Te136
Te137
Te138
Te139
Te140
Te141
Te142
51 Sb103
Sb104
Sb105
Sb106
Sb107
Sb108
Sb109
Sb110
Sb111
Sb112
Sb113
Sb114
Sb115
Sb116
Sb117
Sb118
Sb119
Sb120
Sb121
Sb122
Sb123
Sb124
Sb125
Sb126
Sb127
Sb128
Sb129
Sb130
Sb131
Sb132
Sb133
Sb134
Sb135
Sb136
Sb137
Sb138
Sb139 90
50 Sn100
Sn101
Sn102
Sn103
Sn104
Sn105
Sn106
Sn107
Sn108
Sn109
Sn110
Sn111
Sn112
Sn113
Sn114
Sn115
Sn116
Sn117
Sn118
Sn119
Sn120
Sn121
Sn122
Sn123
Sn124
Sn125
Sn126
Sn127
Sn128
Sn129
Sn130
Sn131
Sn132
Sn133
Sn134
Sn135
Sn136
Sn137 88
49 In98
In99
In100
In101
In102
In103
In104
In105
In106
In107
In108
In109
In110
In111
In112
In113
In114
In115
In116
In117
In118
In119
In120
In121
In122
In123
In124
In125
In126
In127
In128
In129
In130
In131
In132
In133
In134 86
48 Cd97
Cd98
Cd99
Cd100
Cd101
Cd102
Cd103
Cd104
Cd105
Cd106
Cd107
Cd108
Cd109
Cd110
Cd111
Cd112
Cd113
Cd114
Cd115
Cd116
Cd117
Cd118
Cd119
Cd120
Cd121
Cd122
Cd123
Cd124
Cd125
Cd126
Cd127
Cd128
Cd129
Cd130 84
47 Ag94
Ag95
Ag96
Ag97
Ag98
Ag99
Ag100
Ag101
Ag102
Ag103
Ag104
Ag105
Ag106
Ag107
Ag108
Ag109
Ag110
Ag111
Ag112
Ag113
Ag114
Ag115
Ag116
Ag117
Ag118
Ag119
Ag120
Ag121
Ag122
Ag123
Ag124
Ag125
Ag126
Ag127 82
46 Pd91
Pd92
Pd93
Pd94
Pd95
Pd96
Pd97
Pd98
Pd99
Pd100
Pd101
Pd102
Pd103
Pd104
Pd105
Pd106
Pd107
Pd108
Pd109
Pd110
Pd111
Pd112
Pd113
Pd114
Pd115
Pd116
Pd117
Pd118
Pd119
Pd120
Pd121
Pd122
Pd123 78 80
45 Ru89
Ru90
Ru91
Ru92
Ru93
Rh94
Rh95
Rh96
Rh97
Rh98
Rh99
Rh100
Rh101
Rh102
Rh103
Rh104
Rh105
Rh106
Rh107
Rh108
Rh109
Rh110
Rh111
Rh112
Rh113
Rh114
Rh115
Rh116
Rh117
Rh118
Rh119
Rh120
Rh121
44 Ru87
Ru88
Ru89
Ru90
Ru91
Ru92
Ru93
Ru94
Ru95
Ru96
Ru97
Ru98
Ru99
Ru100
Ru101
Ru102
Ru103
Ru104
Ru105
Ru106
Ru107
Ru108
Ru109
Ru110
Ru111
Ru112
Ru113
Ru114
Ru115
Ru116
Ru117
Ru118 76
43 Tc86
Tc87
Tc88
Tc89
Tc90
Tc91
Tc92
Tc93
Tc94
Tc95
Tc96
Tc97
Tc98
Tc99
Tc100
Tc101
Tc102
Tc103
Tc104
Tc105
Tc106
Tc107
Tc108
Tc109
Tc110
Tc111
Tc112
Tc113
Tc114
Tc115 74
42 Mo84
Mo85
Mo86
Mo87
Mo88
Mo89
Mo90
Mo91
Mo92
Mo93
Mo94
Mo95
Mo96
Mo97
Mo98
Mo99
Mo100
Mo101
Mo102
Mo103
Mo104
Mo105
Mo106
Mo107
Mo108
Mo109
Mo110
Mo111
Mo112
Mo113 72
41 Nb82
Nb83
Nb84
Nb85
Nb86
Nb87
Nb88
Nb89
Nb90
Nb91
Nb92
Nb93
Nb94
Nb95
Nb96
Nb97
Nb98
Nb99
Nb100
Nb101
Nb102
Nb103
Nb104
Nb105
Nb106
Nb107
Nb108
Nb110 70
40 Zr80
Zr81
Zr82
Zr83
Zr84
Zr85
Zr86
Zr87
Zr88
Zr89
Zr90
Zr91
Zr92
Zr93
Zr94
Zr95
Zr96
Zr97
Zr98
Zr99
Zr100
Zr101
Zr102
Zr103
Zr104
Zr105
Zr106 68
39 Y78
Y79
Y80
Y81
Y82
Y83
Y84
Y85
Y86
Y87
Y88
Y89
Y90
Y91
Y92
Y93
Y94
Y95
Y96
Y97
Y98
Y99
Y100
Y101
Y102
Y103
Y104
Y105
38 Sr73
Sr74
Sr75
Sr76
Sr77
Sr78
Sr79
Sr80
Sr81
Sr82
Sr83
Sr84
Sr85
Sr86
Sr87
Sr88
Sr89
Sr90
Sr91
Sr92
Sr93
Sr94
Sr95
Sr96
Sr97
Sr98
Sr99
Sr100
Sr101
Sr102 66
37 Rb74
Rb75
Rb76
Rb77
Rb78
Rb79
Rb80
Rb81
Rb82
Rb83
Rb84
Rb85
Rb86
Rb87
Rb88
Rb89
Rb90
Rb91
Rb92
Rb93
Rb94
Rb95
Rb96
Rb97
Rb98
Rb99
Rb100
Rb102
36 Kr69
Kr70
Kr71
Kr72
Kr73
Kr74
Kr75
Kr76
Kr77
Kr78
Kr79
Kr80
Kr81
Kr82
Kr83
Kr84
Kr85
Kr86
Kr87
Kr88
Kr89
Kr90
Kr91
Kr92
Kr93
Kr94
Kr95
Kr96 64
35 Br69
Br70
Br71
Br72
Br73
Br74
Br75
Br76
Br77
Br78
Br79
Br80
Br81
Br82
Br83
Br84
Br85
Br86
Br87
Br88
Br89
Br90
Br91
Br92
Br93
Br94
34 Se65
Se66
Se67
Se68
Se69
Se70
Se71
Se72
Se73
Se74
Se75
Se76
Se77
Se78
Se79
Se80
Se81
Se82
Se83
Se84
Se85
Se86
Se87
Se88
Se89
Se90
Se91
33 As64
As65
As66
As67
As68
As69
As70
As71
As72
As73
As74
As75
As76
As77
As78
As79
As80
As81
As82
As83
As84
As85
As86
As87
As88
As89
32 Ge61
Ge62
Ge63
Ge64
Ge65
Ge66
Ge67
Ge68
Ge69
Ge70
Ge71
Ge72
Ge73
Ge74
Ge75
Ge76
Ge77
Ge78
Ge79
Ge80
Ge81
Ge82
Ge83
Ge84
Ge85
Ge86
31 Ga60
Ga61
Ga62
Ga63
Ga64
Ga65
Ga66
Ga67
Ga68
Ga69
Ga70
Ga71
Ga72
Ga73
Ga74
Ga75
Ga76
Ga77
Ga78
Ga79
Ga80
Ga81
Ga82
Ga83
Ga84 54
30 Zn57
Zn58
Zn59
Zn60
Zn61
Zn62
Zn63
Zn64
Zn65
Zn66
Zn67
Zn68
Zn69
Zn70
Zn71
Zn72
Zn73
Zn74
Zn75
Zn76
Zn77
Zn78
Zn79
Zn80
Zn81 52
29 Cu55
Cu56
Cu57
Cu58
Cu59
Cu60
Cu61
Cu62
Cu63
Cu64
Cu65
Cu66
Cu67
Cu68
Cu69
Cu70
Cu71
Cu72
Cu73
Cu74
Cu75
Cu76
Cu77
Cu78
Cu79
Cu80
28 Ni50
Ni51
Ni52
Ni53
Ni54
Ni55
Ni56
Ni57
Ni58
Ni59
Ni60
Ni61
Ni62
Ni63
Ni64
Ni65
Ni66
Ni67
Ni68
Ni69
Ni70
Ni71
Ni72
Ni73
Ni74
Ni75
Ni76
Ni77
Ni78
27 Co50
Co51
Co52
Co53
Co54
Co55
Co56
Co57
Co58
Co59
Co60
Co61
Co62
Co63
Co64
Co65
Co66
Co67
Co68
Co69
Co70
Co71
Co72
Co73
Co74
Co75 50
26 Fe46
Fe47
Fe48
Fe49
Fe50
Fe51
Fe52
Fe53
Fe54
Fe55
Fe56
Fe57
Fe58
Fe59
Fe60
Fe61
Fe62
Fe63
Fe64
Fe65
Fe66
Fe67
Fe68
Fe69 44 46 48
25 Mn46
Mn47
Mn48
Mn49
Mn50
Mn51
Mn52
Mn53
Mn54
Mn55
Mn56
Mn57
Mn58
Mn59
Mn60
Mn61
Mn62
Mn63
Mn64
Mn65
Mn66 42
24 Cr43
Cr44
Cr45
Cr46
Cr47
Cr48
Cr49
Cr50
Cr51
Cr52
Cr53
Cr54
Cr55
Cr56
Cr57
Cr58
Cr59
Cr60
Cr61
Cr62
Cr63
Cr64
23 V43
V44
V45
V46
V47
V48
V49
V50
V51
V52
V53
V54
V55
V56
V57
V58
V59
V60
V61 40
22 Ti39
Ti40
Ti41
Ti42
Ti43
Ti44
Ti45
Ti46
Ti47
Ti48
Ti49
Ti50
Ti51
Ti52
Ti53
Ti54
Ti55
Ti56
Ti57
Ti58 38
21 Sc40
Sc41
Sc42
Sc43
Sc44
Sc45
Sc46
Sc47
Sc48
Sc49
Sc50
Sc51
Sc52
Sc53
Sc54
Sc55 36
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Rb101
Zr107
Nb109
91 Pa212
Pa213
Pa214
Pa215
Pa216
Pa217
Pa218
Pa219
Pa220
Pa221
Pa222
Pa223
Pa224
Pa225
Pa226
Pa227
Pa228
Pa229
Pa230
Pa231
Pa232
Pa233
Pa234
Pa235
Pa236
Pa237
Pa238
90 Th210
Th211
Th212
Th213
Th214
Th215
Th216
Th217
Th218
Th219
Th220
Th221
Th222
Th223
Th224
Th225
Th226
Th227
Th228
Th229
Th230
Th231
Th232
Th233
Th234
Th235
Th236
Th237
89 Ac207
Ac208
Ac209
Ac210
Ac211
Ac212
Ac213
Ac214
Ac215
Ac216
Ac217
Ac218
Ac219
Ac220
Ac221
Ac222
Ac223
Ac224
Ac225
Ac226
Ac227
Ac228
Ac229
Ac230
Ac231
Ac232
Ac233
Ac234
88 Ra202
Ra203
Ra204
Ra205
Ra206
Ra207
Ra208
Ra209
Ra210
Ra211
Ra212
Ra213
Ra214
Ra215
Ra216
Ra217
Ra218
Ra219
Ra220
Ra221
Ra222
Ra223
Ra224
Ra225
Ra226
Ra227
Ra228
Ra229
Ra230
87 Fr200
Fr201
Fr202
Fr203
Fr204
Fr205
Fr206
Fr207
Fr208
Fr209
Fr210
Fr211
Fr212
Fr213
Fr214
Fr215
Fr216
Fr217
Fr218
Fr219
Fr220
Fr221
Fr222
Fr223
Fr224
Fr225
Fr226
Fr227
Fr228
Fr229
86 Rn196
Rn197
Rn198
Rn199
Rn200
Rn201
Rn202
Rn203
Rn204
Rn205
Rn206
Rn207
Rn208
Rn209
Rn210
Rn211
Rn212
Rn213
Rn214
Rn215
Rn216
Rn217
Rn218
Rn219
Rn220
Rn221
Rn222
Rn223
Rn224
Rn225
Rn226
Rn227
Rn228
85 At194
At195
At196
At197
At198
At199
At200
At201
At202
At203
At204
At205
At206
At207
At208
At209
At210
At211
At212
At213
At214
At215
At216
At217
At218
At219
At220
At221
At222
At223 140 142
84 Po190
Po191
Po192
Po193
Po194
Po195
Po196
Po197
Po198
Po199
Po200
Po201
Po202
Po203
Po204
Po205
Po206
Po207
Po208
Po209
Po210
Po211
Po212
Po213
Po214
Po215
Po216
Po217
Po218
Po219
Po220 138
83 Bi185
Bi186
Bi187
Bi188
Bi189
Bi190
Bi191
Bi192
Bi193
Bi194
Bi195
Bi196
Bi197
Bi198
Bi199
Bi200
Bi201
Bi202
Bi203
Bi204
Bi205
Bi206
Bi207
Bi208
Bi209
Bi210
Bi211
Bi212
Bi213
Bi214
Bi215
Bi216
Bi217
Bi218 136
82 Pb180
Pb181
Pb182
Pb183
Pb184
Pb185
Pb186
Pb187
Pb188
Pb189
Pb190
Pb191
Pb192
Pb193
Pb194
Pb195
Pb196
Pb197
Pb198
Pb199
Pb200
Pb201
Pb202
Pb203
Pb204
Pb205
Pb206
Pb207
Pb208
Pb209
Pb210
Pb211
Pb212
Pb213
Pb214 134
81 Tl179
Tl180
Tl181
Tl182
Tl183
Tl184
Tl185
Tl186
Tl187
Tl188
Tl189
Tl190
Tl191
Tl192
Tl193
Tl194
Tl195
Tl196
Tl197
Tl198
Tl199
Tl200
Tl201
Tl202
Tl203
Tl204
Tl205
Tl206
Tl207
Tl208
Tl209
Tl210
Tl211
Tl212 132
80 Hg174
Hg175
Hg176
Hg177
Hg178
Hg179
Hg180
Hg181
Hg182
Hg183
Hg184
Hg185
Hg186
Hg187
Hg188
Hg189
Hg190
Hg191
Hg192
Hg193
Hg194
Hg195
Hg196
Hg197
Hg198
Hg199
Hg200
Hg201
Hg202
Hg203
Hg204
Hg205
Hg206
Hg207
Hg208
Hg209
Hg210
79 Au171
Au172
Au173
Au174
Au175
Au176
Au177
Au178
Au179
Au180
Au181
Au182
Au183
Au184
Au185
Au186
Au187
Au188
Au189
Au190
Au191
Au192
Au193
Au194
Au195
Au196
Au197
Au198
Au199
Au200
Au201
Au202
Au203
Au204
Au205 128 130
78 Pt166
Pt167
Pt168
Pt169
Pt170
Pt171
Pt172
Pt173
Pt174
Pt175
Pt176
Pt177
Pt178
Pt179
Pt180
Pt181
Pt182
Pt183
Pt184
Pt185
Pt186
Pt187
Pt188
Pt189
Pt190
Pt191
Pt192
Pt193
Pt194
Pt195
Pt196
Pt197
Pt198
Pt199
Pt200
Pt201
Pt202 126
77 Ir165
Ir166
Ir167
Ir168
Ir169
Ir170
Ir171
Ir172
Ir173
Ir174
Ir175
Ir176
Ir177
Ir178
Ir179
Ir180
Ir181
Ir182
Ir183
Ir184
Ir185
Ir186
Ir187
Ir188
Ir189
Ir190
Ir191
Ir192
Ir193
Ir194
Ir195
Ir196
Ir197
Ir198 122 124
76 Os162
Os163
Os164
Os165
Os166
Os167
Os168
Os169
Os170
Os171
Os172
Os173
Os174
Os175
Os176
Os177
Os178
Os179
Os180
Os181
Os182
Os183
Os184
Os185
Os186
Os187
Os188
Os189
Os190
Os191
Os192
Os193
Os194
Os195
Os196
75 Re160
Re161
Re162
Re163
Re164
Re165
Re166
Re167
Re168
Re169
Re170
Re171
Re172
Re173
Re174
Re175
Re176
Re177
Re178
Re179
Re180
Re181
Re182
Re183
Re184
Re185
Re186
Re187
Re188
Re189
Re190
Re191
Re192 118 120
74 W158
W159
W160
W161
W162
W163
W164
W165
W166
W167
W168
W169
W170
W171
W172
W173
W174
W175
W176
W177
W178
W179
W180
W181
W182
W183
W184
W185
W186
W187
W188
W189
W190
73 Ta156
Ta157
Ta158
Ta159
Ta160
Ta161
Ta162
Ta163
Ta164
Ta165
Ta166
Ta167
Ta168
Ta169
Ta170
Ta171
Ta172
Ta173
Ta174
Ta175
Ta176
Ta177
Ta178
Ta179
Ta180
Ta181
Ta182
Ta183
Ta184
Ta185
Ta186 114 116
72 Hf154
Hf155
Hf156
Hf157
Hf158
Hf159
Hf160
Hf161
Hf162
Hf163
Hf164
Hf165
Hf166
Hf167
Hf168
Hf169
Hf170
Hf171
Hf172
Hf173
Hf174
Hf175
Hf176
Hf177
Hf178
Hf179
Hf180
Hf181
Hf182
Hf183
Hf184
Hf185
71 Lu150
Lu151
Lu152
Lu153
Lu154
Lu155
Lu156
Lu157
Lu158
Lu159
Lu160
Lu161
Lu162
Lu163
Lu164
Lu165
Lu166
Lu167
Lu168
Lu169
Lu170
Lu171
Lu172
Lu173
Lu174
Lu175
Lu176
Lu177
Lu178
Lu179
Lu180
Lu181
Lu182
Lu183
Lu184
70 Yb151
Yb152
Yb153
Yb154
Yb155
Yb156
Yb157
Yb158
Yb159
Yb160
Yb161
Yb162
Yb163
Yb164
Yb165
Yb166
Yb167
Yb168
Yb169
Yb170
Yb171
Yb172
Yb173
Yb174
Yb175
Yb176
Yb177
Yb178
Yb179
Yb180 112
69 Tm145
Tm146
Tm147
Tm148
Tm149
Tm150
Tm151
Tm152
Tm153
Tm154
Tm155
Tm156
Tm157
Tm158
Tm159
Tm160
Tm161
Tm162
Tm163
Tm164
Tm165
Tm166
Tm167
Tm168
Tm169
Tm170
Tm171
Tm172
Tm173
Tm174
Tm175
Tm176
Tm177 110
68 Er145
Er146
Er147
Er148
Er149
Er150
Er151
Er152
Er153
Er154
Er155
Er156
Er157
Er158
Er159
Er160
Er161
Er162
Er163
Er164
Er165
Er166
Er167
Er168
Er169
Er170
Er171
Er172
Er173
Er174 108
67 Ho141
Ho144
Ho145
Ho146
Ho147
Ho148
Ho149
Ho150
Ho151
Ho152
Ho153
Ho154
Ho155
Ho156
Ho157
Ho158
Ho159
Ho160
Ho161
Ho162
Ho163
Ho164
Ho165
Ho166
Ho167
Ho168
Ho169
Ho170
Ho171
Ho172 106
66 Dy141
Dy142
Dy143
Dy144
Dy145
Dy146
Dy147
Dy148
Dy149
Dy150
Dy151
Dy152
Dy153
Dy154
Dy155
Dy156
Dy157
Dy158
Dy159
Dy160
Dy161
Dy162
Dy163
Dy164
Dy165
Dy166
Dy167
Dy168
Dy169 104
65 Tb140
Tb141
Tb142
Tb143
Tb144
Tb145
Tb146
Tb147
Tb148
Tb149
Tb150
Tb151
Tb152
Tb153
Tb154
Tb155
Tb156
Tb157
Tb158
Tb159
Tb160
Tb161
Tb162
Tb163
Tb164
Tb165
Tb166 102
64 Gd135
Gd137
Gd139
Gd140
Gd141
Gd142
Gd143
Gd144
Gd145
Gd146
Gd147
Gd148
Gd149
Gd150
Gd151
Gd152
Gd153
Gd154
Gd155
Gd156
Gd157
Gd158
Gd159
Gd160
Gd161
Gd162
Gd163
Gd164
Gd165
63 Eu131
Eu134
Eu135
Eu136
Eu137
Eu138
Eu139
Eu140
Eu141
Eu142
Eu143
Eu144
Eu145
Eu146
Eu147
Eu148
Eu149
Eu150
Eu151
Eu152
Eu153
Eu154
Eu155
Eu156
Eu157
Eu158
Eu159
Eu160
Eu161
Eu162 100
62 Sm131
Sm132
Sm133
Sm134
Sm135
Sm136
Sm137
Sm138
Sm139
Sm140
Sm141
Sm142
Sm143
Sm144
Sm145
Sm146
Sm147
Sm148
Sm149
Sm150
Sm151
Sm152
Sm153
Sm154
Sm155
Sm156
Sm157
Sm158
Sm159
Sm160
Sm161
61 Pm130
Pm132
Pm133
Pm134
Pm135
Pm136
Pm137
Pm138
Pm139
Pm140
Pm141
Pm142
Pm143
Pm144
Pm145
Pm146
Pm147
Pm148
Pm149
Pm150
Pm151
Pm152
Pm153
Pm154
Pm155
Pm156
Pm157
Pm158
60 Nd127
Nd129
Nd130
Nd131
Nd132
Nd133
Nd134
Nd135
Nd136
Nd137
Nd138
Nd139
Nd140
Nd141
Nd142
Nd143
Nd144
Nd145
Nd146
Nd147
Nd148
Nd149
Nd150
Nd151
Nd152
Nd153
Nd154
Nd155
Nd156
Nd157
59 Pr124
Pr125
Pr126
Pr127
Pr128
Pr129
Pr130
Pr131
Pr132
Pr133
Pr134
Pr135
Pr136
Pr137
Pr138
Pr139
Pr140
Pr141
Pr142
Pr143
Pr144
Pr145
Pr146
Pr147
Pr148
Pr149
Pr150
Pr151
Pr152
Pr153
Pr154
Pr155
Pr156
Pr157
58 Ce123
Ce124
Ce125
Ce126
Ce127
Ce128
Ce129
Ce130
Ce131
Ce132
Ce133
Ce134
Ce135
Ce136
Ce137
Ce138
Ce139
Ce140
Ce141
Ce142
Ce143
Ce144
Ce145
Ce146
Ce147
Ce148
Ce149
Ce150
Ce151
Ce152
Ce153
Ce154
Ce155
Ce156
57 La120
La121
La122
La123
La124
La125
La126
La127
La128
La129
La130
La131
La132
La133
La134
La135
La136
La137
La138
La139
La140
La141
La142
La143
La144
La145
La146
La147
La148
La149
La150
La151
La152
La153
La154 98
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
Ra231
Ra232
Ra233
Ra234
Fr230
Fr231
Fr231 146
144
112 277
111 272
110 267 269 271 273
109 Mt266
Mt268 164
108 Hs263
Hs264
Hs265
Hs267
Hs269
107 Bh260
Bh261
Bh262
Bh264 162
106 Sg258
Sg259
Sg260
Sg261
Sg263
Sg265
Sg266
105 Db255
Db256
Db257
Db258
Db260
Db261
Db262
Db263
104 Rf253
Rf254
Rf255
Rf256
Rf257
Rf258
Rf259
Rf260
Rf261
Rf262
103 Lr252
Lr253
Lr254
Lr255
Lr256
Lr257
Lr258
Lr259
Lr260
Lr261
Lr262
102 No250
No251
No252
No253
No254
No255
No256
No257
No258
No259
No260
No262
101 Md245
Md246
Md247
Md248
Md249
Md250
Md251
Md252
Md253
Md255
Md256
Md257
Md258
Md259
Md260 160
100 Fm242
Fm243
Fm244
Fm245
Fm246
Fm247
Fm248
Fm249
Fm250
Fm251
Fm252
Fm253
Fm254
Fm255
Fm256
Fm257
Fm258
Fm259
99 Es241
Es242
Es243
Es244
Es245
Es246
Es247
Es248
Es249
Es250
Es251
Es252
Es253
Es254
Es255
Es256
Es257
98 Cf237
Cf238
Cf239
Cf240
Cf241
Cf242
Cf243
Cf244
Cf245
Cf246
Cf247
Cf248
Cf249
Cf250
Cf251
Cf252
Cf253
Cf254
Cf255
Cf256
97 Bk238
Bk240
Bk242
Bk243
Bk244
Bk245
Bk246
Bk247
Bk248
Bk249
Bk250
Bk251 156 158
96 Cm238
Cm239
Cm240
Cm241
Cm242
Cm243
Cm244
Cm245
Cm246
Cm247
Cm248
Cm249
Cm250
Cm251
95 Am232
Am232
Am234
Am235
Am236
Am237
Am238
Am239
Am240
Am241
Am242
Am243
Am244
Am245
Am246
Am247 154
94 Pu228
Pu229
Pu230
Pu231
Pu232
Pu233
Pu234
Pu235
Pu236
Pu237
Pu238
Pu239
Pu240
Pu241
Pu242
Pu243
Pu244
Pu245
Pu246
Pu247
93 Np225
Np226
Np227
Np228
Np229
Np230
Np231
Np232
Np233
Np234
Np235
Np236
Np237
Np238
Np239
Np240
Np241
Np242
Np243
Np244 152
92 U218
U219
U222
U223
U224
U225
U226
U227
U228
U229
U230
U231
U232
U233
U234
U235
U236
U237
U238
U239
U240
U242
91 Pa212
Pa213
Pa214
Pa215
Pa216
Pa217
Pa218
Pa219
Pa220
Pa221
Pa222
Pa223
Pa224
Pa225
Pa226
Pa227
Pa228
Pa229
Pa230
Pa231
Pa232
Pa233
Pa234
Pa235
Pa236
Pa237
Pa238 148 150
122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146
Md254
+ - sf p stable
Mass measured at ISOLTRAP
Reference mass
Carbon Clusters as Reference Masses
C2
C3C4
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10C11 C12
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18 C19
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C1
K. Blaum et al., EPJ A 15, 245 (2002)
Benefits of Carbon Clusters as Reference Masses
References throughout the chart of the nuclides
Reference mass at most 6 u from the measured mass
Absolute mass measurements can be performed: 12C is microscopic mass standard: u = 1/12 m(12C)
elimination of the uncertainty of the reference mass by definition
Cross-reference measurements allow determination of various uncertainties of setup and procedure and determination of the present mass accuracy limit
References throughout the chart of the nuclides
Reference mass at most 6 u from the measured mass
Absolute mass measurements can be performed: 12C is microscopic mass standard: u = 1/12 m(12C)
elimination of the uncertainty of the reference mass by definition
Cross-reference measurements allow determination of various uncertainties of setup and procedure and determination of the present mass accuracy limit
Residual mass uncertainty: (m/m)res 8·10-9
K. Blaum et al., EPJ A 15, 245 (2002) A. Kellerbauer et al., EPJ D 22, 53 (2003)
Superallowed Decay and the Standard Model
Conserved-vector-current hypothesis:– Vector part of weak interaction not influenced by strong interaction
– Intensity of β decays (ft value) only a function of the vectorcoupling constant and the matrix element:
Corrections:– to the statistical rate function f
δC – isospin symmetry breaking correction(Coulomb force, strong force)
– to the nuclear matrix element MV:δR – radiative correction (bremsstrahlung etc.)
2
V2V
=MG
Kft
K – Product of fund. constants
GV – Vector coupling constant
MV - Nuclear matrix element
Experimental Access to Ft Value
Q – Decay energy mass mT1/2 – Half-life
b – Branching ratioPEC – Electron capture fraction
δR – Radiative correction
δC – Isospin symmetry breaking correction
Unitarity of the CKM matrix
– Mean Ft value of all decay pairs contributes to Vud via GV
– Can check unitarity via sum of squares of elements of the first row
)δ,δ,P,b,T,Q(FtFt C/ REC215=
m/m < 3·10-8
Weak Weak InteractionInteractionsymmetry tests,CVC hypothesis
d's'b'
dsb
Vud
Vcd
Vtd
Vus Vub
VcbVcs
VtbVts
= · 2A
2V2
ud =GG
V
Results – FT Value
ISOLTRAP mass measurements 22Mg →
22Na : Q=0.28 keV, 34Ar → 34Cl : Q=0.41 keV, 74Rb →
74Kr : Q=4.5 keV
22Mg
74Rb
F. Herfurth et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 17 (2002)A. Kellerbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 072502 (2004)M. Mukherjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150801 (2004)
[I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, submitted to Phys. Rev. C (2005)]
34Ar
62Ga
JYFLTRAPTz = -1
Tz = 0
Status – CKM Matrix
Check unitarity via elements of the first row:
Vus and Vub from particle physics data (K and B meson decays)
• From nuclear β decay (world average 2005):Vud obtained from avg. Ft and GA from muon decay
• From neutron decay:Vud obtained from neutron β decay asymmetry A and lifetime
Δ+1=++2
ub
2
us
2
ud VVV
)27(00430-= .Δ (RPP world average 2002)
[H. Abele et al., PRL 88 (2002) 211801])28(00830-= .Δ
[I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, submitted to Phys. Rev. C (2005)]
= -0.0034(14)
Contribution to the unitarity:
Solution to the Non-Unitarity Problem
99.95%
0.05%0.00001%Vub
Vud
Vus
Vud (nuclear -decay) = 0.9738(4)Vus (kaon-decay) = 0.2200(26)Vub (B meson decay) = 0.0037(5)
Present status:
PDG2004
Hardy2005
New measurement of Vus from Ke3+ decay
Vus = 0.2272(30)
New measurement of Vus from KL decay
Vus = 0.2252(23)
BUT
– in disagreement with previous Ke3+ decay data
– in disagreement with Ke30 decay data
= -0.0001(16) [A. Sher et al., PRL 91 (2003) 261802]
[RPP 2002: Vus = 0.2196(26)]
[T. Alexopoulos et al., PRL 93 (2004) 181802]
[A. Lai et al., arXiv:hep-ex/0410059 ]
SMILETRAP: High-Precision Mass Measurements
q / A - selection Cooling process Mass measurement
PreparationPenning trapMass Analyzer
PrecisionPenning trap
Ion production Detection
Time-of-flightdetector
c Q
TOF
EBITQMFIon Source
Mass selection Charge breeding
Principle: Using highly-charged stable ions
Cyclotron frequency: Bm
qfc
2
1
q / A - selection Cooling process Mass measurement
PreparationPenning trapMass Analyzer
PrecisionPenning trap
Ion production Detection
Time-of-flightdetector
c Q
TOF
EBITQMFIon Source
Mass selection Charge breeding
Stockholm Mainz Ion LEvitation TRAP
SMILETRAP: High-Precision Mass Measurements
– Precision Trap• After injection aperture : 150 ions
• Captured : 50 ions
• After energy selection : 1-4 ions
– 50 mV / 2 V
– PreTrap
• After magnet: 106 ions
• 1/250 beam captured : 4000
– pretrap length/beam length
– 2 V deep trap / 7 V energy spread
I. Bergström et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 22, 41 (2003).
Determination of the 3T 3He Q-Value
• Q-value of Tritium beta decay
Q=18 588(1.7) eV
eHeH 32
31
18 575
18 580
18 585
18 590
18 595
18 600
18 605
18 610
18 615
Q-V
alu
e [
eV
]
-Spectrometers(Curie plots)
FTICR
PenningTraps
SMILETRAP
KATRIN LOI: If a 1ppm precision (20 meV) in the 3He-T mass difference M (3He,T) and the absolute calibration of KATRIN could be achieved the sensitivity on m could be improved further by using an external M (3He,T) value in the analysis.
-less double -decay
Question: Is there a -less double -decay?
?)2(27634
7632 eveSeGe
Reaction:
76Ge
1Kg
76Ge-76Se for constraints on neutrino-less double beta decay
17-times improvement in both masses7-times improvement in the Q-value
2 039.006(50) keV
?)2(27634
7632 eveSeGe
Reaction:
AME95
Manitoba71
Manitoba85SMILETRAP
G. Douysset et. al. PRL 86, 2001
Energy for 2e- by Q-value for
76Se
76Ge
Some Neutrino-Less Double Beta Decay Candidates2+
Decay Q-value Precision40Ca – 40Ar 193.6(0.2) 5.7E-0964Zn – 64Ni 1095.7(0.9) 1.5E-0874Se – 74Ge 1209.7(2.3) 3.4E-0878Kr – 78Se 2856.4(2.0) 2.8E-08106Cd – 106Ag 2770.0(7.2) 7.3E-08
2-
48Ca – 48Ti 4273.7(4.1) 9.1E-0876Ge – 76Se 2039.006(50) 7.1E-1082Se – 82Kr 2995.7(2.6) 3.4E-0896Zr – 96Mo 3349.5(3.6) 4.0E-08116Cd – 116Sn 2809.1(4.2) 3.9E-08
Almost all Q-values can be improved by a factor of 10 (Q < 200 eV),but we need your input concerning the importance.
Conclusions and Outlook
• The development of a “carbon cluster-comb” was a breakthrough in mass spectrometry of radionuclides.
• ISOLTRAP and JYFLTRAP can perform high-precision mass measurements (< 10-8) on very short-lived nuclides (< 100 ms) that are produced with very low yields (< 100 ions/s); SMILETRAP (< 10-
9) on stable highly-charged ions.
• Such high-precision mass measurements can provide valuable input to nuclear structure and fundamental studies.
• New developments (e.g. Ramsey) will allow even higher precision and can thus help to discover exciting new physics.
• We need your wishes for Q-value measurements on 02.
Ion traps are an ideal tool to perform atomic and nuclear physics precision experiments!
Not to Forget …
Thanks to my colleagues:J. Äystö, G. Audi, G. Bollen, D. Beck, I. Bergström, P. Delahaye,
T. Fritioff, S. George, C. Guénaut, A. Herlert, F. Herfurth, A. Jokinen, A. Kellerbauer, H.-J. Kluge, D. Lunney, Sz. Nargy,
S. Schwarz, R. Schuch, L. Schweikhard, C. Yazidjian
Thanks for the funding and support:GSI, BMBF, CERN, ISOLDE, HGF
EU networks EUROTRAPS, EXOTRAPS, and NIPNET
Thanks a lot foryour attention.www.isoltrap.cern.ch/
www.physik.uni-mainz.de/quantum/mats/
