Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi

A Power-Point Presentation:Relative Development of West Bengal and

Socio-Religious Differentials

ByDr. Abusaleh Shariff

3.00 pm | March 22, 2011India Islamic Cultural Centre, New Delhi

Relative Development of Relative Development of West Bengal and SocioWest Bengal and Socio--Religious DifferentialsReligious Differentials

Abusaleh ShariffChief Economist

National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)11-I.P. Estate, New Delhi – 110 002.

salehshariff@ymail.com | salehsahriff.blogspot.com

Note: Views expressed in this presentation are personal

Relative Position ofWest Bengal in

India

Triennium Averages of Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (PCNSDP) at Constant 1999-2000 Prices.(Rs. in '000')

Ending 2007-08

Ending 2006-07

Ending 2001-02

Ending 1996-97

Ending 1991-92

Ending 1986-87

Ending 1981-82

Ending 1976-77

Ending 1971-72

STATE

2007-08 (current prices)

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

PC-NSDP Rank

Haryana 59 36.3 1 33.4 1 24.4 2 20.8 2 19 2 15.2 2 12.7 2 11.2 2 10.8 2

Maharashtra 47.1 30.9 2 28.8 3 22.4 3 19.5 3 15.1 3 11.6 3 10.9 3 9.8 5 8.7 5

Kerala 43.1 30.5 3 27.8 4 20 5 16.6 6 12.6 5 10.5 7 10.5 5 10.3 4 10.2 3

Punjab 46.7 30.1 4 28.8 2 25.9 1 22.8 1 20.6 1 17.5 1 15 1 12.8 1 11.6 1

Himachal Pradesh 40.1 28.9 5 27.4 5 21.7 4 16.6 5 14.3 4 11.2 4 10.8 4 10.4 3 10.1 4

Gujarat 45.8 28.8 6 26 6 18.1 7 17.2 4 12 7 10.6 6 9.4 7 7.8 9 8.1 7

Tamil Nadu 40.8 27.8 7 25.6 7 19.8 6 16.3 7 12.4 6 10 8 9.1 8 8.3 7 8.4 6

Karnataka 36.3 24.1 8 21.9 8 17.4 8 13.6 9 11.1 10 9 10 8.2 9 7.4 10 7.3 9

Andhra Pradesh 35.6 24 9 21.9 9 16.4 10 13.2 10 11.2 9 8.3 11 7.8 11 7 13 6.6 13

Uttarakhand 32.9 21.8 10 20.5 10 14.6 11 13.7 8 - - - - - - - - - -

West Bengal 32.1 21.8 11 20.4 11 16.5 9 12.8 11 10.3 11 9.2 9 8.1 10 7.9 8 7.8 8

Rajasthan 24 17.3 12 16 12 13.5 12 11.8 13 10 12 7.7 13 6.8 14 7.2 11 7.2 11

Chhattisgarh 29.8 16.8 13 15.3 13 11.5 15 11.3 14 - - - - - - - - - -

Orissa 26.7 15.7 14 14.3 15 10.5 17 9.3 17 9 13 8.2 12 7.4 12 7.1 12 7.3 10

Assam 22 15 15 14.4 14 12.4 13 12.2 12 11.8 8 11.2 5 9.8 6 9.6 6 6.3* 14

Jharkhand 19.9 14.2 16 13.3 16 10.7 16 9.5 16 - - - - - - - - - -

Madhya Pradesh 18.1 13 17 12.5 17 11.7 14 10.2 15 8.9 14 7.6 14 7.1 13 7 14 7.2 12

Uttar Pradesh 16.1 11.3 18 10.8 18 9.7 18 9.3 18 8.7 15 7.4 15 6.5 15 6.1 15 6.2 15

Bihar 11.1 7.9 19 7.3 19 6.1 19 5.5 19 6 16 5.7 16 4.8 16 4.4 16 4.3 16

Source :Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Online Database , http://www.rbi.org.in/ .

PCPC--NSDP, Poverty and Human Development Rank ComparisonsNSDP, Poverty and Human Development Rank Comparisons[Rank 1 is the Best][Rank 1 is the Best]

MID 2000s MID 1990s****

RankPCNSDP* HCR**

(Low to High)HDI***(High to Low)

PCNSDP* HCR (Low to High)

HDI (High to Low)

1 HAR KER KER PUN PUN KER2 MAH PUN HP HAR HAR PUN3 PUN HP TN MAH KER TN4 KER HAR KAR KER AP MAH5 HP TN MAH GUJ GUJ HAR6 GUJ AP UTT TN ASS GUJ7 TN GUJ AP KAR RAJ KAR8 KAR UTT WB AP TN WB9 AP KAR GUJ WB WB RAJ

10 UTT WB CHH ASS KAR AP11 WB ASS ORI RAJ MAH ORI12 RAJ RAJ ASS CHH UP CHH13 CHH MAH JHA MP MP MP14 ASS UP RAJ JHA JHA UP15 ORI JHA MP ORI CHH ASS16 JHA MP BIH UP BIH BIH17 MP CHH UP BIH ORI JHA18 UP BIH PUN -- -- --19 BIH ORI HAR -- -- --

* Reserve Bank of India (RBI) online database (http://www.rbi.org.in ). ** Government of India (2009).*** Variables used are, life expectancy at birth , sex ratio, mean years of schooling , 7+ literacy rate and per capita net state domestic product. ****Shariff. A (2009).

States by the Level of Hunger in India

Low (Range-0.031-0.409)

Moderate (Range 0.410-0.566)

High (Range 0.567-0.742)

Very High (Range 0.743-0.939)

Punjab Assam Orissa Jharkhand

Kerala Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Chhattisgarh

Haryana Rajasthan Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh Gujarat

Tamil Nadu Bihar

West Bengal

Slide 31

The Hunger Index is a measure derived aggregating the three variables or factors: namely, 1. prevalence of calorie undernourishment using the FAO recommended 1820 kcal cutoff, which is much lower than the Planning Commissions cutoff; 2. average Body Mass Index -‘total thin’ men and women; and 3. Average of children stunted, wasted and underweight. Refer to Abusaleh Shariff and Devendra Kumar, ‘Hunger and Malnutrition in India: Concepts and Indexing’, Mimio, IFPRI, 2010

States ordered by avg. days of employment

Amount Distributed

(millions Rs)

% Rural HHs

Participating

Avg. Days of NREGA

work / HH

NREGA Wage Rate in

Rs

Wage Accrual in

Rs/HH

Rajasthan 10070 30.8 77 100 7733Madhya Pradesh 16520 54.4 63 85 5383Chhattisgarh 7900 69.8 58 70 4032Tamil Nadu 3870 14.9 52 80 4180Haryana 210 2.8 50 136 6862Jharkhand 4490 45 45 86 3827Andhra Pradesh 16080 38.1 42 80 3348Maharashtra 1110 4.2 39 70 2726Punjab 110 1.8 39 97 3738Orissa 2430 16.6 37 70 2578Karnataka 1190 8.2 36 74 2661Assam 2930 33.4 35 76 2642Uttar Pradesh 8180 20.1 33 100 3327Kerala 360 3.7 33 125 4096Gujarat 540 4.9 31 50 1549West Bengal 5810 34.1 25 75 1891Bihar 5130 31.1 22 81 1795Total 8586 24.6 42 -- --

Progress in MG-NREGA

West Bengal started NREGS with 10 districts in February 2006

Full coverage from April 2008

WB is at the bottom in creation of NREGA employment

Must improve NREGS Implementation in Mission Mode

.

MG-NREGA

The EconomicActivity in West Bengal

FDI from April 2000 to August 2010

State Share (Percent ) Rs (Mn)

Maharashtra 34.09 1849560

National Cap Region 20.27 1099810

Karnataka 6.43 348600

Gujarat 5.43 294500

West Bengal 1.12 60500

Orissa 0.21 11540

Bihar 0.00 20

North East 0.05 2800

India - 5425000

Source: Deptt. of Industrial Policy & Promotion and M/o Commerce & Industry

Position of Muslims in West Bengal

State

Popl

2001

(Mill)

Hindus Muslims

Others

Popl

2001

%

Popl

2001

%

%SCs/STs

%OBCs

%General

Popl

2001

%

%OBCs*

%General

1999-00 2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

India 1028.6 80.5 31.3 31.2 38.3 43.0 30.5 25.9 13.4 31.7 40.7 68.3 59.3 6.1

W Bengal 80.2 72.5 43.3 42.0 8.3 8.4 48.4 49.6 25.2 2.6 2.4 97.4 97.6 2.3

Note: Based on NSSO 55TH Round (Schedule 10) and 61st Round (Schedule 10) data *a small percentage of SCs & STs includedSource: Sachar Report

Distribution of Population according to SRCs

Occupation, Employment andaccess to Organized Sector

Worker RatiosStates Muslim Hindus Others

All India 55 66 65

West Bengal 56 56 64

Gujarat 61 71 56

Maharashtra 56 70 66

Source: Sachar Report.

Muslims generally have low WPRs and Employment

Occupational Differentials Select States

States Muslim Hindus Others

Manufac. & Organized

India 21 11 9

Gujarat 13 16 11

Maharashtra 25 11 12

West Bengal 21 16 6

Informal Trade

India 17 8 10

Gujarat 23 7 27

Maharashtra 23 8 11

West Bengal 11 12 7

Self Employment

India 57 43 41

Gujarat 54 39 66

Maharashtra 48 37 28

West Bengal 53 45 38

Source : Sachar Report

Deprivation in Education

Educational Level Differentials in West Bengal

Muslim SCs/STs Others

Matriculation 12 13 38

Middle 26 30 58

Primary 50 54 80

Percentage who Completed atleast Graduate School, 2001 (West Bengal-Graduate)

Source: Sachar Report

Pre-Matric Scholarships for Minorities

Central Government initiative for Minorities w.e.f. April 1, 2008

West Bengal a major state with poor utilization

2009-10 All India Scholarships - 2.2 million: West Bengal - Muslims 2.34 lakh of total allocation of 2.45 lakh

We need to know if these scholarships were delivered

Back

Poverty, Safety and Security

Muslims constitute 25% of State Population85% of Muslims Live in Rural West Bengal

Rural Poverty is very high and deep for Muslims relative to other states

Muslim Poverty is much higher than the state average !

Urban Muslims poverty is even higher than for SCs/STs !!

Muslim deprivation is considerably large in most of the economic, social, human development - education, employment,

health and infrastructural facilities

State Muslim Population

Share of Muslim in State

Employment (%)

Education Department

Health Women and Child Welfare

Home Transport Other Department

West Bengal 25.2 2.1 - 1.0 7.1 - 2.4Kerala 24.7 10.4 12.3 10.5 10.7 9.2 10.2

Uttar Pradesh 18.5 5.1 -- 5.6 9.8 4.2 5.0

Bihar 16.5 7.6 12.3 2.6 6.9 10.9 7.6

Karnataka 12.2 8.5 11.9 5.0 4.2 7.5 7.0

Maharashtra 10.6 4.4 4.7 2.8 4.2 -- 3.8

Andhra Pradesh* 9.2 8.8 7.9 6.4 14.6 10.0 8.9

Gujarat 9.1 5.4 4.5 1.5 5.6 16.3 5.3

Tamil Nadu 5.6 3.2 5.5 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.2

Employees Data provided by State Governments

State Government Employment

*Data not provided for group ABCD employees, only total employees and total Muslim employees is provided

Lack of Social and Physical Infrastructure in West Bengal. Overall villages with large Muslim population have poor physical and social infrastructure.

• >1000 Muslim-concentration villages in West Bengal do not have any educational institutions. Muslim concentration villages, especially smaller ones, lack access to educational institutions.

• > 3000 villages in West Bengal are without medical facilities.

• Large Number of Muslim concentration villages in West Bengal lack post and telegraph facilities.

• The situation with respect to availability of bus stop is of particular concern in Muslim concentration villages of West Bengal.

StateNo of

DistrictsCumulative Frequency category A Category B1 Category B2

Uttar Pradesh 21 21 15 6Assam 13 34 12 1

West Bengal 12 46 9 3Arunachal Pradesh 7 53 4 3Bihar 7 60 7Manipur 6 66 1 5Jharkhand 4 70 2 2Maharashtra 4 74 1 3Haryana 2 76 2Uttaranchal 2 78 2Karnataka 2 80 2Mizoram 2 82 2Andaman 1 83 1Meghalaya 1 84 1Orissa 1 85 1Delhi 1 86 1Madhya Pradesh 1 87 1Jammu Kashmir 1 88 1Kerala 1 89 1Sikkim 1 90 1Total 90 90 53 20 17

90 Minority Concentrated Districts by states

State MCD costof projects

approved in a State

Amount released by

MoMA

Fundsavailable with the districts

Totalexpenditure

from released

%ageExp of

released(column

6 /column 4

%ageExp of total

project (column

6 / column 3

2 3 4 5 6 10 11

Uttar Pradesh 66,256 41,878 NR 12,922 31 20

West Bengal 55,257 27,867 28,407 3,523 13 6

Assam 33,676 19,419 NR 2,963 15 9 Bihar 24,465 12,179 12,595 1,350 11 6

Manipur 13,099 9,016 NR 3,804 42 29

Haryana 4,467 1,862 1,949 570 31 13

Jharkhand 10,349 4,430 NR NR

Uttrakhand 1,236 804 NR 179 22 14

Fund Utilization from the MCD Projects

Population (Shares)

Total PSA Muslims Other Minorities Others

No of A/Cs(000)

Amnt. O/S

(Rs crores)

%age Share in

A/Cs

%age Share in Amnt.

O/S

%age Share in

A/Cs

%age Share in

Amnt. O/S

%age Share in

A/Cs

%age Share in Amnt.

O/S

India (13.4; 5.6) 37476 226219 12.2 4.6 8.1 6.6 79.7 88.9

W Bengal (25.2; 2.1) 2192 10172 29.3 9.2 0.9 0.7 69.8 90.1

Table: Priority Sector Advances of ASCBs for the SRCs(Annual Average for 5 years’ ending 31st March 2001 to 31st March 2005)

Note: Figures in brackets after states represents the share of Muslims and Other Minorities in the Population of the State

An analysis with a large number as well as proportion of Muslim population presents a depressing scenario in West Bengal just above 29% of accounts are held by Muslims, 4% more than their share in population; but the share of amount outstanding is an abysmal 9.2%

Village and Neighborhood Conflict

One of the highest in India63% in West Bengal as high as in Gujarat!

But lower that 82% in UP! And Uttrakhand!

Crime Victimization | Assault, theft, burglary

With very high in West Bengal and Bihar.

BUT !

Face Theft and BurglaryINDIA

Share in Total Households Shares in Theft/Breaking

Group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

HC+ 19 35 23 16 35 21

Muslim 10 14 11 13 14 13

OBC 38 31 36 34 24 32

SCs/STs 34 19 30 37 26 35

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

WEST BENGAL

Group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban TotalHC+ 17 34 20 23 27 24Muslim 14 33 18 11 36 15OBC 42 19 37 34 27 33SCs/STs 27 14 24 32 11 28Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: IHDS 2004-05.

Harassment and Threat to GirlsINDIA

Share in Households Share in Harassment/Threat

Group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

HCs+ 19 35 23 15 37 22

Muslim 10 14 11 14 14 14

OBC 38 31 36 34 26 32

SC/ST 34 19 30 36 23 32

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

WEST BENGAL

Group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

HCs+ 17 34 20 17 34 21Muslim 14 33 18 15 35 20OBC 42 19 37 43 19 37SC/ST 27 14 24 25 12 22Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: IHDS 2004-05.

West Bengal is way below in direct income measures, and also records higher poverty

However, its Human Development rant is relatively better compared with poverty ranking.

Yet its HD ranking is considerably low

Progressive with respect to HDI are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka

Reservation of Muslim OBC in West Bengal

West Bengal Government announced 10% reservation for Muslim OBC in 2010!Thus total OBC reservation is 17% (10% =M | 7% = H)

Anomaly:

Hindu OBC 8.5 Muslim OBCs 2.5 as per NSSO Surveys

How can therefore be a quota of 10% for Muslims and only 7% for Hindus!

Since Muslims are OBCs at least 20% of all jobs must reserved for the Muslims. Not as a share of OBCs, rather for all Muslims as is done in Kerala. Creamy Layer and some High Castes can be excluded

State

Popl

2001

(Milns)

Popl

2001

%

Hindus Muslims Others

Popl

2001

%

%SCs/STs

%OBCs

%General

Popl

2001

%

%OBCs*

%General

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

1999-00

2004-05

India 1028.6 80.5 31.3 31.2 38.3 43.0 30.5 25.9 13.4 31.7 40.7 68.3 59.3 6.1

W Bengal

80.2 72.5 43.3 42.0 8.3 8.4 48.4 49.6 25.2

2.6 2.497.4 97.6 2.3

Note: Based on NSSO 55TH Round (Schedule 10) and 61st Round (Schedule 10) data *a small percentage of SCs & STs included

Distribution of Population according to SRCs

Empirical Evidence suggests that Relative to other states and Relative to

other communities -

Muslims in West Bengal are facing High levels of deprivation and possible

discrimination

WEST BENGAL Details

Geographical area 88,752 Sq. Km.

Population (4th most populous state) 90,310785

GSDP-2005-06 at Curr. Pr. (3rd Largest contributor to GDP)

236,0444 Rs Crore

Forest Area (< National avg. of 23%) 14% (of geog area)

Total Length of Surface Road 92,023 Km

National Highways 2,377 Km

State Highways 2,393 Km

Total Railway Length 3,825 Km

Life Expectancy (1995-99 ) (> National Value – 61.7 years)

63.4 years

People in rural area 72%

People below poverty line 31.9%