A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HINDKO GRAMMAR - Gandhara · PDF fileDedication This book is dedicated to Dr. Elahi Bakhsh Awan, a true lover of the Hindko Language, for his kindness and devotion

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO

HINDKO

GRAMMAR

by

Dr. Halil TOKER

Dedication

This book is dedicated to Dr. Elahi Bakhsh Awan, a

true lover of the Hindko Language, for his kindness

and devotion and for his endless support when I was

writting this book.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank a number of people who were involved in

different capacities throughout the production of this book.

Thanks first go to Dr. Khatir Gaznavi (late), Mr. Naseem

Ahmad Kwajah and Mr. Muhammad Zahoor Sethi who inspired

me to learn the Hindko Language. To Dr. Elahi Bakhsh Awan

who gave invaluable guidance, support and advice during the

entire process. Also my thanks go to Mrs. Chris Kwajah and

Mr. Nadeem who checked my book’s English text and to

Muhammad Hanif Khan who kindly gave information about the

Hindko Accent spoken in Haripur-Hazara. Last but not least I

wish to thank Dr. Rauf Parekh who kindly accepted to write a

foreword to my book.

CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................... 13

FOREWORD .............................................................................. 17

THE HINDKO SCRIPT ................................................................ 19

AND SOUND SYSTEM ............................................................... 19

THE HINDKO ALPHABET ....................................................... 19

NOUN ....................................................................................... 31

A) GENDER ........................................................................... 31

B) NUMBER .......................................................................... 34

ADJECTIVE ................................................................................ 39

Descriptive Adjectives ......................................................... 39

Declinable Adjectives........................................................... 39

Indeclinable Adjectives ........................................................ 41

Possessive Adjectives .......................................................... 42

Demonstrative Adjectives ................................................... 44

Interrogative Adjectives ...................................................... 45

Numeral Adjectives ............................................................. 46

Distributive Numerals .......................................................... 50

Fractional Numbers ............................................................. 51

Multiplicatives Numerals ..................................................... 52

Superlative Adjectives ......................................................... 52

Pronominal Adjectives ......................................................... 54

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PRONOUNS .............................................................................. 55

Personal Pronouns ............................................................... 55

Definite Pronouns ................................................................ 57

Indefinite Pronouns ............................................................. 59

Interrogative Pronouns ....................................................... 63

Relative Pronouns ................................................................ 66

Reflexive Pronouns .............................................................. 68

POSTPOSITIONS ....................................................................... 71

Possessive Case ................................................................... 74

ADVERBS .................................................................................. 77

Adverbs of manner .............................................................. 77

Adverbs of place .................................................................. 78

Adverbs of time ................................................................... 78

Adverbs of frequency .......................................................... 79

Adverbs of degree ............................................................... 79

Conjuctive adverbs .............................................................. 80

Interrogative adverbs .......................................................... 80

Adverbs of sentence ............................................................ 81

Adverbs of reason ................................................................ 81

Numeral Adverbs ................................................................. 81

CONJUCTIONS .......................................................................... 85

INTERJECTIONS ........................................................................ 87

HINDKO GRAMMAR

9

INFINITIVE ................................................................................ 89

Agent Noun or Active Participles ......................................... 90

Passive Participle ................................................................. 93

The Imprefective Participal ................................................. 96

Past Conjuctive Participle .................................................... 99

VERB OF BEING ...................................................................... 103

(Hōnā-وہڑنا) .............................................................................. 103

Present Tense .................................................................... 103

Past Tense .......................................................................... 105

Future Tense ...................................................................... 106

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ................................................. 109

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ....................................... 115

THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE ................................................... 119

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ..................................................... 123

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ........................................................ 127

PAST TENSES .......................................................................... 131

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ........................................................ 133

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ............................................... 139

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE...................................................... 145

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................. 151

FIRST FORM ....................................................................... 151

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SECOND FORM OF PAST CONTUNIOUS TENSE OR PAST

HABITUAL ........................................................................... 154

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE OR PAST PRESUMTIVE MOOD 159

THE FUTURE CONTUNIOUS TENSE OR PRESUMTIVE MOOD 165

PRESUMPTIVE PRESENT HABITUAL ................................... 165

PRESUMPTIVE PROGRESSIVE ............................................. 168

CONDITIONALS ...................................................................... 173

FUTURE CONDITIONS ........................................................ 173

PAST CONDITIONAL TENSE .................................................... 177

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ..................................................... 181

Past Subjunctive ................................................................ 182

Present Habitual Subjunctive ............................................ 185

Present Progressive Subjunctive ....................................... 187

PASSIVE VOICE ....................................................................... 191

Present Simple Passive ...................................................... 192

Past Simple Passive ............................................................ 194

CAUSAL VERBS ....................................................................... 197

ABILITY STRUCTURE ............................................................... 201

Present Simple Passive ...................................................... 202

COMPULSION CONSTRUCTIONS ............................................ 205

hōŋā-205 ........................................................................... /وہڑنا

chāyidê- ےاچہدئ / ................................................................... 216

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pêňā-ڑنپFا / ............................................................................ 223

COMPOUND VERBS ............................................................... 233

jāňā/ ....................................................................... 233/ اجڑنا

āňā/ ........................................................................ 234/ آڑنا

نڑاید /dêňā/ ........................................................................ 235

نڑایل /lêňā/ ......................................................................... 235

اFڑنپ /pêňā/ ........................................................................ 236

ٹھنڑایب /bêt’hňā/ ................................................................ 237

chukňā/ .................................................................. 237/ چکنڑا

chōr’nā/ ................................................................ 238/ وھچڑان

mārnā/ ..................................................................... 238/ امران

APPENDIXES ........................................................................... 239

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES .................................................... 241

PRONOUNS WITH THE AGENTIVE POSTPOSITION ............ 241

PRONOUNS WITH /āŋ-241 .................................................. /آں

VERB OF BEING (hōňā-وہان) .................................................. 242

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ............................................. 245

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................... 246

THE FUTURE TENSE ............................................................ 248

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ........................................... 250

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THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.................................................. 253

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................... 259

PREFACE

Hindko is one of the charming languages of the Pak-Indo

Subcontinent which is spoken broadly in the districts of

Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Attock and the cities like

Peshawar, Nowshera, Swabi, Kohat and some other cities and

towns of Pakistan.

From the viewpoint of some scholars Hindko is a dialect of

Panjabi and to the others it is a separate language. Whether one

can recognize it as a separate language or a dialect, Hindko is a

beautiful language which has its own rich historical

background, its own vocabulary treasure and grammatical rules

and its own melodic language structure.

Each language of the world is an immense heritage of the

mankind which should be preserved by all means, whether it be

a language of a little clan of the vast African jungles or the

lingua franca of our times “English”. Dying of a language is

like the death of a heritage that has been achieved through the

centuries and it, absolutely, is like the death of a living cell of

the body of the mankind. After some years of my studies on

Hindko, I realized that if something is not done, like the many

different languages of the world, which remained as the old and

forgotten names in the pages of history books or in some

research books, this beautiful language, most likely, will also be

a part of old times. Suddenly, this fact seemed me to be horrible

loss for the civilization of the mankind and this enforced me to

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think I should do something, whatever I could do, to preserve

this language.

What I could do best, it was to prepare a grammar for Hindko.

As far as I could understand, there are only little much

resources, especially for non-Hindko speaking people of

Pakistan or for foreigners like me who are interested in the

language. So I decided to do that, but, I should confess that this

was one of the most difficult tasks in my life. First, there are

very few resources for Hindko learning, mainly for its grammar,

as I wrote before. Secondly, there are very different accents of

Hindko spoken in the different parts of Pakistan, even one can

observe that an Hindkowan who belongs to one accent group of

the language, can uses some two or three different verb

conjugations of the very same tense. Naturally, that is a huge

difficulty for whom who wants to learn or write something on

the language as well.

However, I had decided to take a step forward and come what

may, I should have done that. I had only one Hindko grammar

book with me, “Hindkō Qavāid” by Mukhtar Ali Nayyar. It was

published in Hindko and was insufficient for foreigners like me.

So I began to read different Hindko books of poetry, short

stories and research articles, even Hindko newspaper

“Gandhara Voice-Peshōr (Monthly)” and Hindko journal

“Furōġ” were in my reading schedule. I took notes, constantly,

and made use of different grammar books of the different

languages of the Subcontinent to work out of my own way and

finally I did find a way for myself and prepared the book you

read now. I do not know, how much I succeeded, but I tried my

best.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

15

This book is, mostly, on the Peshawar Accent of the Hindko

Language, since Dr. Khatir Ghaznavi (Late) who recommended

me to learn the language, Mr. Naseem Ahmad Khwajah who

tried to teach me the language, Mr. Muhammad Zahoor Sethi

and Dr. Elahi Bakhsh Awan who gave me guidance, support

and advice during the entire process, all are from Peshawar. So

this was a natural result. Even so, I added a chapter at the end of

the book about some different aspects of the accent of Hindko

spoken in Haripur-Hazara District of Pakistan.

I hope, my small step will serve Hindko Language in protecting

and preserving it as a living language. Since Hindko deserves it.

Dr. Halil Toker

Istanbul

FOREWORD

What seems strange to me about Dr. Halil Toker is not only that

he is a Turkish scholar of Urdu who teaches Urdu at Istanbul

University and has an amazing command over Persian as well.

Some of the other aspects of his personality are equally

interesting: married to a Pakistani girl from Lahore, Dr Toker

speaks chaste Punjabi; in addition to Urdu, Turkish and Persian

he also writes in English; has penned a large number of research

papers and books; many of his works are on Allama Iqbal and

his poetry. As far as I know him, he is a great friend of

Pakistan.

As if all this was not enough, Dr. Halil Toker has come up with

a new work that is truly surprising: he has written a grammar of

Hindko language. Though Hindko is a Pakistani language and

deserves scholarly attention since a very large number of

Pakistanis speak it, hitherto very little on it and its grammar is

written. Committing to writing some basic aspects of Hindko

grammar is a service that every Pakistani, and especially the

Hindko speaking people, should be thankful for and proud of.

What is commendable is the fact that Dr. Toker has taken into

account not only the grammatical aspects and intricacies of the

language but the work shows that he also has a perfect eye for

the linguistic and phonetic aspects. Written on modern and

scientific lines, this grammar of Hindko will be very helpful to

those who want to learn Hindko or to compare the syntactical or

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phonetic characteristics of the language with the other

languages.

I congratulate Dr. Toker on this wonderful piece of work and

hope that this will only be a beginning and we will be able to

enjoy more of his scholarly works on Hindko as well as on

other Pakistani languages.

Dr. Rauf Parekh

Department of Urdu, University of

Karachi

THE HINDKO SCRIPT

AND SOUND SYSTEM

THE HINDKO ALPHABET

Table-1

Consonants

pa p پ ba b ب

śa ś ث ta t ت

cha ch چ jīm j ج

ĥa ĥ خ ģā ģ ح

źāl ź ذ dāl d د

za z ز ra r ر

sīn s س ĵa ĵ ژ

ŝād ŝ ص shīn sh ش

šoy š ط żād ż ض

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‘ ayn‘ ع žoy ž ظ

fa f ف ġayn ġ غ

kāf k ک qāf q ق

lām l ل gāf g گ

nūn n ن mīm m م

nūn ں

ghunnah

ŋ ڑن nri ň

ha h ہ vāv v-w و

hamza y, i ی yā-i

ma‘rūf

y

The letter ‘ĥ’ is pronounced like the ch in Scottish loch.

The letter ‘ĵ’ sound is pronounced like the si in television.

The letter ‘‘ayn’ is a guttural sound pronounced by a smart

compression of the wind-pipe and forcible emission of the

breath. This is a special Arabic sound which is scarcely to be

heared in Hindko.

The letters ‘z’, ‘ž’, ‘ż’ and ‘ź’ are all one sound in Hindko and

pronounced approximately like z in English zebra.

The letters ‘t’ and ‘š’ are one sound in Hindko and pronounced

like ‘t’ in Englis time.

The letter ‘ġ” is a guttural sound pronounced like the French ‘r’.

The letter ‘g’ is pronounced like English go.

The letter ‘ŋ’ is a nasal n which is produced by diverting the

airstream through the nouse.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

21

The letter ‘ň’ is a special sound in Hindko and Punjabi which is

produced by adding the retroflex ‘r’’ directly to the end of the

‘n’ sound.

The ‘hamza’ is a sound which is pronounced by catching of

throat in Arabic. However in Hindko it is used as a junction

between the vowels and takes the sound it preceded.

Table-2

Initial Medial Final

ب بـ ـبـ ـب

پ پـ ـپـ ـپ

ت تـ ـتـ ـت

ث ثـ ـثـ ـث

ج جـ ـجـ ـج

چ چـ ـچـ ـچ

خ خـ ـخـ ـخ

د دـ دـ د

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ذ ذـ ذـ ذ

ر رـ رـ ر

ز زـ زـ ز

ژ ژـ ژـ ژ

س سـ ـسـ ـس

ش شـ ـشـ ـش

ص صـ ـصـ ـص

ض ضـ ـضـ ـض

ط طـ ـطـ ـط

ظ ظـ ـظـ ـظ

ع عـ ـعـ ـع

غ

HINDKO GRAMMAR

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غـ ـغـ ـغ ف

فـ ـفـ ـف ق

قـ ـقـ ـق ک

کـ ـکـ ـک ل

لـ ـلـ ـل م

مـ ـمـ ـم ن

نـ ـنـ ـن ں

ںـ ..… ..… ڑن

ڑنـ ڑنـ ـن و

وـ وـ و ہ

ہـ ـہـ ـہ

..… ـئـ ـئ

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ی یـ ـیـ ـی

Table-3

The Alveolar Consonants

’t’a t ٹ ’r’a r ڑ

’d’a d ڈ

The alveolar consonants which, in general, called retroflex

consonants, are the sounds which are pronounced by turning the

tip of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth.

Table-4


ٹ ٹـ ـٹـ ـٹ

ڈ ڈـ ڈـ ڈ

ڑ ڑـ ڑـ ..…

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Table-5

The Aspirated Consonants

pha ph ھپ bha nh ھب

t’ha t’h ھٹ tha th ھت

chha chh ھچ jha jh ھج

d’ha d’h ڈھ dha dh دھ

kha kh ھک r’ha r’h ڑھ

gha gh ھگ

The aspirated consonants are pronounced with a strong

emission of breath. Perhaps it could be easier to pronounce

them by reading an ‘h’ sound immediately after the consonant.

ھگ ,ڈھ ,دھ ,ھج ,ھب are those consonants that they don’t exist in

Hindko of Peshawar but they are used even in Peshawari

Hindko under the influence of Urdu.

ڑھ is a compound sound of (r’ā-ڑ) and (hā-ہ) in Hindko.

There is a different usage of the aspirated consonants in

Hindko. Some consonants are used as aspirated consonants

however they are, generally, used as voiced aspirated stops and

affricates and as compound sounds of the main consonant and

the (hā-ہ)

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Table-6


ھب ـبھ ـبھـ بھـ

ھپ ـپھـ ـپھـ پھـ

ھت ـتھ ـتھـ تھـ

ھت ـٹھ ـٹھـ ٹھـ

ھج ـجھ ـجھـ جھـ

ھچ ـچھ ـچھـ چھـ

دھ ـدھ ـدھـ دھـ

ڈھ ـڈھ ـڈھـ ڈھـ

رھ ـرھ ـرھـ رھـ

ڑھ ـڑھ ـڑھـ ..…

ھک

HINDKO GRAMMAR

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ـکھ ـکھـ کھـ ھگ

ـگھ ـگھـ گھـ

Table-7

The Long Vowels

alif آ، ا

madda

ā او، و vāv ū, ō

yā-yi ای، ی

ma‘rūf

ī ے yā-yi

machūl

ê

Table-8

اآ۔ اـ اـ ا

ی۔ے ی۔ـےـ ـیـ ایـ

Table-9

The Short Vowels

,fatģa اَ، ــَــ

zabar

a اِ، ــِــ kasra,

zêr

i

,žamma اُ، ــُــ

pêsh

u, o ع ‘ayn a, i, u

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Table-10

The Other Signs

Tanvīn: The marks of short vowels which are

pronounced with the additional ‘n’ sound. ۔۔۔ً۔۔ (an), ۔۔۔ٍ۔۔۔

(in), ٌ۔۔۔۔۔۔ (un).

Jazm-Sukūn: The sukūn ۔۔۔ْ۔۔۔ indicates the absence of a

vowel.

Tashdīd: The ۔۔۔ّ۔۔۔ sign is used to indicate a doubled

consanant. In Hindko today it is not written generally

but you should know that when a word has a double

consonant.

The Arabic Definete Article

The Arabic definete article /al-ال/ is joined to the word it

precedes and like the many of the Muslim languages it is used

in Hindko expressions borrowed from Arabic. There are two

kinds of the letters in Arabic to which the definite article is

pronounced.

When the definite article /al-ال/ is attached to words that

begin with ‘al-ģurūfu’l-qamariyya’ (the moon letters) then ‘l’

sound is pronounced as it is written.

ارقلآنal-qurān

the Quran

دبعاولاہب‘abdu’l-wahhāb

Servant of the Constant Bestower of Gifts

HINDKO GRAMMAR

29

The moon letters are as fellows:

ہ، ی م،ا، ب، ج، ح، خ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ک،

When the definite article /al-ال/ is attached to words that

begin with ‘al-ģurūfu’l-shamsiyya (the sun letters) then ‘l’

sound isn’t pronounced at all. Instead the first letter of the word

is pronounced twice.

دبعارلدیش‘abdu’r-rashīd

Servant of the Righteous Teacher

دبعارلمیح

‘abdu’r-raģīm

Servant of the Most Merciful

The sun letters are as fellows:

ت، ث، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ل، ن

NOUN

A noun is a word used to indicate any kind of creature and

notion i.e. a person, thing, place and idea without any reference

to time or action. Hindko nouns display two categories of

gender and two categories of number.

A) GENDER

There are only two genders in Hindko: Masculine and feminine.

It is easy to identify the gender of nouns denoting human

beings and animals since they have their genders in their very

own natures.

Examples:

Masculine

(tōtā) وتات (nand’ā) ننڈا (dādā) دادا (kuttā) اتکdog grandfather boy parrot

Feminine

(chāchī) اچیچ (billī) یلب (kur’ī) ڑکی (māŋ) امںmother girl cat aunt

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There are no exact and easy rules for determining the gender

of non-living objects in Hindko as we come across in most

languages of the Subcontinent. So it is necessary for those who

learn Hindko as a foreign language to learn the gender along

with every noun.

Masculine

(hāth) ھتہ (pāňī) اپڑنی (kapr’ā) ڑپکا (khār) اہکرhouse cloth water hand

Feminine

(sar’ak) ڑسک (āvāz) آواز (akh) اھک (chat) تھچroof eye voice street

However there are some rules which make it easy to determine

the gender of some nouns in general. For sake of a practical

usage only some of those rules have been given below:

Some of the rules denoting masculine nouns:

Most nouns ending in /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/:

nand’ā boy ننڈا bachcha child ہچبMost nouns ending with /ū/ or /o/:

ullū owl الّو

jādū magic اجدوMost Arabic verbal nouns of the measure /if‘āl-ااعفل/: iģŝān kindness ااسحن

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inkār denial ااکنر

Most Arabic verbal nouns of the measure /infi‘āl- عالتاف /:

ibtisām smile ابتسام intiqām revenge ااقتنم

Most Arabic verbal nouns of the measure /tafa‘‘ul- لعتف /:

takabbur arrogance ربکت taraddud hesitation رتدد

Most of Arabic nouns of place and time of the measures

/mafa‘l- لعَفم / and /maf‘il- لمفعِ /:

maqām place, rank اقمم

makān location, house اکمن

Names of rivers and mountains

Some of the rules denoting feminine nouns:

Most of nouns ending in /yā-yi ma‘rūf-ی/:

galī street یلگ

titlī butterfly یلتت

Most nouns ending in /ta-ت/ and /hat’ and vat’- ٹہوٹ۔ /: izzat honour‘ زعّت

muhlat time, leisure تلہمھبڑاٹہک khabr’āhat’ perplexity

banāvat’ invention, fabrication انبوٹPersian nouns and abstract substantives ending in /shin-ش/:

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kushish effort, attempt وکشش

dānish wisdom داشنArabic verbal nouns of the measure /taf‘īl-تفعیل/: ta‘mīl execution لیمعت

taģqīq ascertainment, research قیقحت

Most abstract nouns formed by dropping infinitive particle /nā-

:/ان samajh understanding ھجمس

mār beating امر

Some letters of the Hindko alphabet: ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ث، ج، چ، ح، خ، د، ڈ، ذ، ر، ڑ، ژ، ڑن، ہ، ی، ے

Most words enging /gāh-اگہ/ and /panāh-انپہ/: dargāh shrine دراگہ

shaharpanāh wall of defence round a city رہشانپہ

B) NUMBER

Nouns have two numbers i.e. singular and plural and the

declension of the nouns from singular to plural changes with

gender and case.

Declension of Masculine Nouns

Masculine nouns can be divided into two forms for declension:

HINDKO GRAMMAR

35

a) Nouns ending in /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/.

b) Nouns ending in other than /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/.

In the direct case, masculine noun endings /alif-افل/ and /ha-

:for making plural /ے-change to /yā-yi majhūl /ہ

nand’ā boy ننڈا

nand’ê boys ننڈے

bachcha child ہچب

bachchê children ےچب

In the oblique and vocative cases, /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/

masculine noun endings change to /yā-yi majhūl-ے/ without

any meaning variation:

nand’ā (boy) ننڈا

nand’ê nūŋ to the boy ننڈے ونں

bachcha child ہچب

bachchê sī from the child ےچب یس

All other masculine nouns with any ending other that /alif-

remain unchanged in the direct, oblique and ,/ہ-and /ha /افل

vocative cases. Plurals can be formed by adding numeral

adjectives or the plural conjugations of the verbs:

khār house اہکر

khār houses اہکر

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draĥt tree درتخ

draĥt trees درتخ

In the Hindko language /āŋ-آں/ is added to masculine nouns

ending in /ā-ا۔ہ/ by changing it to /ê-ے/ to obtain the plural in

the oblique case. However this /āŋ-آں/ is added directly to

masculine nouns. In general, we prefered to write it separately

in our book not to create any reading and understanding

difficulty for foreign learners of Hindko:

khōr’a horse وہکڑا

khōr’ê hourses وہکڑے

khōr’ê-āŋ dê uttê on the hourses وہکڑے آں دے اُتّے

qiŝŝā story ہصق

qiŝŝê stories ےصق

qiŝŝê-āŋ-nūŋ to the stories ےصق آں ونں

/aŋ- ںا / is added to all masculine nouns ending other that /alif-

:/ہ-and /ha /افل

khār house اہکر

khār houses اہکر

khār-āŋ ich in the houses اہکراں اچ

mausum season وممس

HINDKO GRAMMAR

37

mausum seasons وممس

mausum-āŋ sī since/for the ومامسں یس

seasons

Declension of Feminine Nouns

In Hindko there is no distinction between the direct and oblique

cases of the feminine nouns. For plural /āŋ-اں/ is added simply

to the end of any feminine noun in both cases:

kur’ī girl ڑکی

kur’iyāŋ girls ڑکایں

kur’iyāŋ nūŋ to the girls ڑکایں ونں

kitāb book اتکب

kitābāŋ books اتکابں

kitābāŋ ich in/between the اتکابں اچ

books

ADJECTIVE

The adjective is a describing word which qualifies the noun it

precedes.

Descriptive Adjectives

There is a wide range of descriptive adjectives. These are

ordinary and common adjectives that are used in everyday life

i.g. big, little, blue, wet and large etc.

In Hindko we can categorise the descriptive adjectives like the

other adjectives in the two class i.e. declinable adjectives and

indeclinable adjectives.

Declinable Adjectives

All the adjectives ending in /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/ are declinable

and change according to the gender, number and case of the

noun they precede.

In the direct case of masculine singular noun, there is no

change but in the oblique case /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/ endings

change to /yā-yi majhūl-ے/:

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achchā nand’ā a good boy ااھچ ننڈا achchê nand’ê sī from the good اےھچ ننڈے یس

boy

vad’ā khār a big house وڈا اہکر

vad’ê khār ich in the big house وڈے اہکر اچ

In the direct and oblique cases of the masculine plural

nouns, the adjectives remain in the direct case of plural position

but an /āŋ-آں/ is added to /yā-yi majhūl-ے/:

nikkê khōrê little horses ےکن وہکڑے

nikkê khōr’ê-āŋ ےکن وہکڑے آں ونں

nūŋ

to the little

horses

burê kuttê bad dogs ربے ےتک

bur’ê kuttê-āŋ sī from the bad ربے ےتک آں یس

dogs

In the direct and oblique cases of the feminine singular

names, /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/ endings change to /yā-yi ma‘rūf-ی/:

achchī kur’ī a good girl ایھچ ڑکی

achchī kur’ī nūŋ to the good girl ایھچ ڑکی ونں

nikkī billī a little cat یکن یلب

nikkī billī sī from the little یکن یلب یس

cat

HINDKO GRAMMAR

41

In the direct and oblique cases of the feminine plural names,

/āŋ- ںا / is added to /yā-yi ma‘rūf-ی/ of the feminine names and

adjectives:

achchiyāŋ اایھچں اتکابں

kitābāŋ

good books

achchiyāŋ اایھچں اتکابں اچ

kitābāŋ

in the good

books

nikkiyāŋ billiyāŋ little cats نکیاں ایلبں

ں ونںایلب اںنکی nikkiyāŋ billiyāŋ

nūŋ to the little cats

Indeclinable Adjectives

All the adjectives not ending in /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/ are

indeclinable and they do not change according to the gender,

number and case of the noun they precede.

ĥūbŝūrāt shahar a beautiful city وخوصبرت رہش

ĥūbŝūrāt shahar beautiful cities وخوصبرت رہش

ĥūbŝūrāt وخوصبرت رہشاں اچ

shaharāŋ ich

in the beautiful

cities

badtamīz kur’ī insolent girl دبزیمت ڑکی

badtamīz دبزیمت ڑکایں

kur’iyāŋ

insolent girls

badtamīz دبزیمت ڑکایں یس

kur’iyāŋ sī

from the insolent

girls

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Possessive Adjectives

The possessive adjectives are derived from personal pronouns

and express the idea of possession i.e. my, your, his and etc.

In Hindko possessive adjectives precede the nouns.

The last /alif-افل/ and /ha-ہ/ i.e. /ā/ voices of the possessive

adjectives before masculine-singular nouns don’t change.

my mêrā ریما your têrā ریتا

his/her/its usdā-uzdā-uzzā ۔اُزااُس دا۔اُزدا our sād’ā اسڈا your svād’ā-tuād’ā ۔وتاڈاوساڈا their unhāŋdā اُاہنں دا

The last /ā-ا/ voices of the possessive adjectives before

masculine-pularal nouns and the oblique cases change into /ê-

./ے

my mêrê ریمے your têrê ریتے

his/her/its usdê-uzdê-uzzê ۔اُزےاُس دے۔اُزدے our sād’ê اسڈے your svād’ê-tuād’ê ۔وتاڈےوساڈے their unhāŋdê اُاہنں دے

HINDKO GRAMMAR

43


masculine-pularal nouns and the oblique cases change into /ī-ی/.

my mêrī ریمی your têrī ریتی

his/her/its usdī-uzdī-uzzī اُس دی۔اُزدی۔اُزی our sād’ī اسڈی your svād’ī-tuād’ī ۔وتاڈیوساڈی their unhāŋdī اُاہنں دی


feminine-pularal nouns and the oblique cases change into /iyāŋ-

./ایںmy mêriyāŋ ںریمای

your têriyāŋ ںریتای his/her/its usdiyāŋ-uzdiyāŋ-

uzziyāŋ

ں۔اُزایں۔اُزدایںاُس دای

our sād’iyāŋ ںاسڈای your svād’iyāŋ-

tuād’iyāŋ

۔وتاڈایںںوساڈای

their unhāŋdiyāŋ ںاُاہنں دای

Examples

ا اہکراسڈ sād’ā khār (our home)

sād’ê khār (our homes) اسڈے اہکر

usdê khār ich (in his home) اُس دے اہکر اچ

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svād’ī kitāb (your (plural) book) وساڈی اتکب

unhāŋdiyāŋ kitābāŋ (their books) اُاہنں دایں اتکابں

têriyāŋ kitābāŋ nuŋ (to your books) ریتایں اتکابں ونں

Demonstrative Adjectives

The demonstrative adjectives point out persons and things. In

Hindko the demonstrative adjectives are changed according to

the direct case and the oblique case.

In the direct case:

this, these êh-ê اہہی that, those ō او

In the oblique case:

this is اِس that us اُس

these inhāŋ اِاہنں those unhāŋ اُاہنں

Examples

eh kuttā this dog اہہی اتک

eh kuttê these dogs اہہی ےتک

is kuttê nūŋ to this dog اِس ےتک ونں

ونںآں ےتک اِاہنں inhāŋ kuttê-āŋ to these dogs

HINDKO GRAMMAR

45

nūŋ

ō shahar that city او رہش

ō shahar those cities او رہش

اچ اُس رہش us shahar ich in that city

unhāŋ shahrāŋ اُاہنں رہشاں اچ

ich

in those cities

Interrogative Adjectives

Interrogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions.

What, whose, which and how are interrogative adjectives and

are used to form questions.

Interrogative adjectives in Hindko:

kih what کیہہ

kêr’ā which ڑیکا

، جنکسک رطاں، رسکاں kis-šarāŋ, kisrāŋ, kênj how

kis-dā whose سک دا

kitnā how many, hom much انتک

Examples

او کیہہ گہل رکدی اے؟ō kih ghal kadrī ê?

What is she saying?/what does she say?

ڑیکایں قمیضاں؟

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kêr’iyāŋ qamīżāŋ

Which shirts?

اہہی مک سک رطاں کیتا اجدنے؟eh kam kis-šarāŋ kītā jāndê?

How is this job done?

اہہی سک دی اتکب اے؟êh kis-dī kitāb ê?

Whose book is this?

Numeral Adjectives

The numeral adjectives of Hindko are as situated below:

The Cardinal Numbers

dō ۲ دو hik ۱ کہ chār ۴ اچر trê ۳ رتے chêŋ ۶ ںیھچ panj ۵ پنج at’h ۸ اھٹ sat ۷ تس das ۱۱ دس nō ۹ ون

bārāŋ ۱۲ ابراں yārāŋ ۱۱ ایراں chōdāŋ ۱۴ وچداں têrāŋ ۱۳ ریتاں sōlāŋ ۱۶ وساوں pandrāŋ ۱۵ دنپراں

HINDKO GRAMMAR

47

at’hārāŋ ۱۸ ااھٹراں stārāŋ ۱۷ اتسراں vī ۲۱ وی unnī ۱۹ اُنّی

bāyī ۲۲ ابیئ ikkī ۲۱ ایک chavvī یوچو ۲۴ trayī ۲۳ رتیئ chabbī ۲۶ یبھچ panjī ۲۵ یجنپ at’hāyī ۲۸ ااھٹیئ stayī ۲۷ اتسیئ

tarrī ۳۱ رتی untarrī ۲۹ ارتُنی batarrī ۳۲ رتبی iktarrī ۳۱ ارتکی

chōntarrī ۳۴ وچرتنی têntarrī ۳۳ رتنیتی chhittarrī ۳۶ رتھچی pentarrī ۳۵ رتنیپی at’htarrī ۳۸ ارتھٹی sêntarrī ۳۷ سینتری

chālī ۴۱ اچیل untālī ۳۹ اُاتنیل batālī ۴۲ اتبیل iktālī ۴۱ ااتکیل

chōntālī ۴۴ وچاتیل tartālī ۴۳ رتاتیل chhitālī ۴۶ اتھچیل panjtālī ۴۵ اتجنپیل at’htālī ۴۸ ااتھٹیل santālī ۴۷ اتنسیل panjāh ۵۱ اجنپہ unchās-

unanjā ۔اُننجااُاچنس ۴۹

bavinjā ۵۲ وباجی ikvinjā ۵۱ اوکاجن chōrinjā ۵۴ وچراجنی travinjā ۵۳ رتواجنی

chhavênjā ۵۶ وھچاجنی pachvênjā ۵۵ وچپاجنی at’vênjā ۵۸ اوھٹاجنی satvênjā ۵۷ وتساجنی

sat’h ۶۱ ھٹس unsat’h-

unāhat’h ۔ااُنہٹھاُھٹسن ۵۹

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bāsat’h-

bāhat’h ۔ابہٹھابھٹس ۶۲ ikāsat’h-

ikāhat’h ۔ااکہٹھااکھٹس ۶۱

chōnsat’h-

chōnhat’h ۔وچھٹسن

وچنہٹھ۶۴ trêsat’h-

trêhat’h ۔رتیہٹھرتھٹسی ۶۳

chhayāsat’h-

chhāhat’h ۔ایھچھٹس ایھچہٹھ

۶۶ pensat’h-

pêhnat’h ۔پیہنٹھھٹسنیپ ۶۵

at’hāsat’h-

at’hāhat’h ۔ااھٹھٹس ااھٹہٹھ

۶۸ satāsat’h-

satāhat’h ۔اتسہٹھاتسھٹس ۶۷

sattar ۷۱ رتس unhattar ۶۹ ارتہُن bahattar ۷۲ رتہب ikhattar ۷۱ ارتہک

chōhattar ۷۴ وچرتہ trehattar ۷۳ رتیہتر chhattar ۷۶ رتہھچ pachattar ۷۵ رتھچپ at’hattar ۷۸ ارتھٹ satattar ۷۷ ستتر

assī ۸۱ ایس unāsī ۷۹ اُانیس biyāsī ۸۲ ایبیس ikāsī ۸۱ ااکیس

chōrāsī ۸۴ وچرایس trêyāsī ۸۳ رتاییس chhiyāsī ۸۶ ایھچیس pachāsī ۸۵ اچپیس

at’āsī ۸۸ ااھٹیس satāsī ۸۷ اتسیس navvê ۹۱ ونے unānavê-

navāsī ۔ونایسااُنونے ۸۹

bānvê ۹۲ ابونے ikānavê ۹۱ ااکونے chōrānvê ۹۴ وچراونے trānvê ۹۳ رتاونے chhiyānvê ۹۶ ایھچونے pachānvê ۹۵ اچپونے at’hānvê ۹۸ ااھٹونے satānvê ۹۷ اتسونے

HINDKO GRAMMAR

49

sō ۱۱۱ وس nōr’ênvê-

nanānvê ۔ونڑونیے اننونے

۹۹

a hundred

thousand

lakh ھکل thousand hazār زہار

ten

million

kar’ōr’ ڑکوڑ

The Ordinal Numbers

The first four of the ordinal numbers are taken from Prākrits as

the other languages of the Subcontinent do. The other ones are

formed by adding /vāŋ-واں/ to the end of the cardinal numbers in

muscline and /vīŋ-وںی/ in feminine:

In Masculine

second dōvā وادو first pehlā الہپ fourth chōthā وچاھت third triyā ایرت sixth chiyavāŋ ویھچاں fifth panjvāŋ وجنپاں

eighth at’hvāŋ اوھٹاں seventh satvāŋ وتساں tenth dasvāŋ دوساں ninth novāŋ وناں

In Feminine

dōyī یئود pehlī یلہپ chōthī وچیھت trī یرت

chiyavīŋ ویھچںی panjvīŋ وجنپںی at’hvīŋ اوھٹںی satvīŋ وتسںی dasvīŋ دوسںی novīŋ ونںی

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In some cases the Persian and Arabic ordinal numbers can

be used in Hindko.

Persian Cardinal Numbers

secon dovvum-

doyim -first yakum دوم۔دومئ

avval مکی۔اول

fourth chārum اہچرم third savvum-

soyim وسم۔وسمئ

sixth shashum مشش fifth panjum مجنپ eighth hashtum متشہ seventh haftum متفہ tenth dahum دمہ ninth nuhum مہن

Arabic Cadrinal Numbers

secon śānī اثین first vāģid-

avval ۔اولوادح

fourth rābi‘ راعب third śāliś اثلث sixth sādis اسدس fifth ĥāmis اخسم

eighth śāmin اثنم seventh sābi‘ اسعب tenth ‘āshir اعرش ninth tāsi‘ اتعس

Distributive Numerals

The distributive numerals are expressed by repeating the

cardinal numbers once and sometimes by adding /karkê-رکےک/ to

the end of repeated cardinal numbers:

HINDKO GRAMMAR

51

one at a time,

singly, one by one

ik ik-hik hik اک اک۔کہ کہ in doubles, in

twos, two by two

dō dō دو دو one by one ik ik karkê اک اک رکےک

Fractional Numbers

a) Substantives

a half adā ادا a quarter pā’ اپ a quarter chōtā ģiŝŝa-baĥra وھچات ہصح۔رخبہ a third trê-vāŋ-baĥra رتے واں ہصح۔رخبہ

one and a quarter svāyā وساای

b) Adjectives

a half adā ادا

one quarter less pōňā-pōňê ے۔وپڑناوپڑن two and a half t’āyī اٹیئ one and a half d’êd’ ڈیڈ one half more svāyā اسڈے a quarter more svā وسا

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Multiplicatives Numerals

In Hindko the multiplicative numerals are formed simply from

the cardinals by adding to them /gunā-انگ/ “time, fold” as:

انگود dō-gunā double, twofold

انگرتے trê-gunā triple, threefold

انگاچر chār-gunā quadruple, four times

Superlative Adjectives

The Hindko adjectives’ superlative forms can be made by

adding /sī-یس/, /sī ziyāda- زایدہیس / and /sab sī ziyāda-بس یس زایدہ/ to

the end of nouns:

Base form Comparative Superlative

زایدہ وڈا( یس) وڈا وڈا( زایدہ)بس یس big bigger biggest

زایدہ اکن( یس) اکن اکن( زایدہ)بس یس little more little most little

Examples

یلع وڈا ننڈا اے

‘alī vad’ā nand’ā ê

Ali is a big boy

وڈا ننڈا اے( زایدہ)یلع ادمح یس

HINDKO GRAMMAR

53

‘ali aģmad sī (ziyāda) vad’ā ê

Ali is bigger boy than Ahmad

وڈا ننڈا اے( زایدہ)یلع آڑپی الکس دا بس یس

‘ali āpr’ī kilās dā sab sī (ziyāda) vad’ā nand’a ê

Ali is the biggest boy in his class

افہمط وخوصبرت ڑکی اےfāšima ĥūbŝūrat kur’ī ê

Fatima is a beautiful girl

اے ڑکی وخوصبرت( زایدہ)افہمط زبنی یس fāšima zaynab sī (ziyāda) ĥūbŝūrat kur’ī ê

Fatima is a more beautiful girl than Zainab

ڑکی اےوخوصبرت ( زایدہ)افہمط اِس داین دی بس یس

fāšima is dunyā dī sab sī (ziyāda) ĥūbŝūrat kur’ī ê

Fatima is the most beautiful girl in the world

The Persian superlative forms also can be used in Hindko from

time to time. The Persian superlatives can be formed by adding

/tar-رت/ and /tarīn-رتنی/ to the end of the adjectives.

رتہبنی رتہب ہہبbih bih-tar bih-tarīn

good better best

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Pronominal Adjectives

itnā this much اانِت

utnā that much اانُت

jitnā as much انتج

kitnā how much انتک

inj of this kind, like اجِن

this, such

unj of that kind, like اجُن

that

,jinj of which kind جنج

like which

,kinj of what kind جنک

like what

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are pro-forms that substitute for nouns, in other

words, they are used in place of nouns.

Personal Pronouns

In Hindko personal pronouns are as given below:

In the direct case

I mêŋ ںیم you tū وت

he/she/it ō او we āsī ایس

you (plural) tusī تسی they ō او

There is no difference between the masculine and feminine

pronouns in Hindko.

In the Oblique Case

In the oblique case there are three kinds of usage of the

pronouns. 1) with /nūŋ-ونں/ and 2) with the other postpositions

and 3) with the agentive postposition.

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Pronouns with /nūŋ-ونں/:

to me mannūŋ ونمں to you tannūŋ ونتں

to him/her/it us nūŋ اُس ونں to us sānūŋ اسونں

to you (plural) svānūŋ وساونں to them unhāŋ nūŋ اُاہنں ونں

There is also a /-s-س/ that is used for the singular masculine

and feminine pronoun in Hindko. It is added to the end of the

verb conjugation to show the concerned postposition in the

oblique case.

Pronouns with the other postpositons

from me mêrê kōlō وکولریمے from you têrê kōlō وکولریتے

from him/her/it us kōlō ُوکولس ا from us sād’ê kōlō وکولاسڈے

from you (plural) svād’ê kōlō وکولوساڈے from them unhāŋ dê kōlō ُوکولدے اہنں ا

Pronouns with the agentive postpositon

I mannê ےنم you tannê ےنت

he/she/it unnê-us nê ُ۔اُس ےنےنا we sānê اسےن

HINDKO GRAMMAR

57

you (plural) svānê وساےن them unhāŋ nê ےناُاہنں

Definite Pronouns

In Hindko there are two kind of definite pronoun: 1) for the

person or the thing nearby, 2) for the person or the thing

standing away.

For the person or the thing nearby

this-these êh-ê اہہی۔اے to this is nūŋ اِس ونں

to these inhāŋ ونں اِاہنں

There are two ways of writing the definite pronoun

standing nearby i.e. this: /êh-اہہی/ and /ê-اے/ but to avoid

confusion we prefer /êh- اہہی / in this book.

For the person or the thing standing away

that-those ō او to that us nūŋ اُس ونں

to those unhāŋ nuŋ اُاہنں ونں

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EXAMPLES

(۲۴ص اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، )۔ ۔ او ریغت دنم ےت افجشک اای۱He was honourable and hardworking.

اخدل لیہس کلم، )وت ات ونمں زدنیگ انل اقمہلب رکےن دی تحیصن رکانوںی۔ ۔ ۲ (۷۳ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

You advise me to face the life.

۔ اوییئ وہج ایئ ہک اُس ےن ےلھچپ داٹں وچ کلم دنکسر دی اِس واےس امحتی ۳اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا )کیتی ایئ ہک او رغابیں دی رتہبی دی لگ رکدا اای۔

(۲۵ص اخب، This is the reason that he supported Malik Sikandar few days

back, for he talked of the welfare of the people.

اُس ونں ڑنہ لکت یب نیقی ین آدنا ایپ اای ہک اُس ےن آڑپی آواز ڈکی ایئ ای ۔۴ (۲۴ص اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، )۔ ڑتدّے دی

He couldn’t believe that he himself had produced his sound. اہہی کہنڑاں ات درتس ہن وہیس ہک رساکری رسرپیتس دے ریغب زابانں رتیق۔ ۵

ڈارٹک وہظر ادمح اوعان، زابن رساکری رسرپیتس دنہوک، دنیوک دا )نئیں رکسکدایں۔ (۵۷دقمہم، ص

HINDKO GRAMMAR

59

This will be incorrect to say that languages don’t progress

without the government supervision.

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are often used to refer to unnamed,

nonspecific persons or things. Indefinite pronouns in Hindko as

follow:

کجھ۔جک

This is an indeclinibe pronoun and means any, some persons,

some things, something, anything, somewhat.

ےئپ وسدچے او تسی جک

tusī kuj payê sōchdê ō

You are thinking something

رخاب ایج دگلے اُس دا دامغ جک

us dā damāġ kuj khrāb jiyā lagdê

He looks like somewhat crazy

ات رک اچ ڑکایں وارگن اِجن ہن ھٹیب جک اہکر

khār ich kur’iyāŋ vāngar inj na bêt’h, kuj tā kar

Don’t stay at home like girls, do something

جک ہن جک

Something (emphatic):

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رضور ےل آاسں ے وا ےط جک ہن جکںیم ات ریت

mêŋ tā têrê vāsšê kuj na kuj lê āsāŋ

Of course I will get something for you

تسی رغابیں ونں جک ہن جک دینڑںی دی وکشش رکوtusī ġarībāŋ vāsšê kuj na kuj deňêŋ dī kūshish karō

Do try to give something for the poor people

بس جک

Everything, the whole:

کیھٹ اے ان؟ اسڈے کلم اچ بس جک

sād’ê muluk ich sab kuj t’hīk ê nā?

Everthing is all right in our country, isn’t it?

تسی آرام رکو ںیم بس کجھ کیھٹ رکاسںtusī ārām karō mêŋ sab kujh t’hīk karsaŋ

(Please) take a rest, I will adjust everthing

وج جک۔جہیڑا جک

Whatsoever, whatever:

او ونتں ہہک یس وت اویئ رک وج جک

jō kuj ō tannūŋ kehsī tū ōyī kar

Do whatever he tells you

ےنم کیتا ریتے واےس کیتا وج جک

HINDKO GRAMMAR

61

jō kuj mannê kîtā têrê wāsê kītā

Whatever I did is for you

وکیئ

/kōyī-وکیئ/ is an declinible pronoun and changes in acordance to

direct and oblique cases. It means somebody, anybody, anyone

and noone.

direct case oblique case

۔یسک ےنےسک ےن وکیئ

kōyī kisê nê-kisī nê

somebody somebody

Examples

اج وکیئ ین آایaj kōyī nī āyā

No one came today

اہکر اچ وکیئ نینگا

khār ich kōyī nīngā

Nobody is at home

وکیئ ریمے انل ابزار رضور آیس

kōyī mêrê nāl bāzār żarūr āsī

Of course someone will come to the market with me

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62

وکیئ ہن وکیئ

Someone or the other:

وکیئ ہن وکیئ ات ےب کش اِےھت اای

kōyī na kōyī tā bê-shak itthê ayā

Someone (or the other) certainly was here

ےسک ہن ےسک ونں اہہی مک رکان اے

kisê na kisê nūŋ êh kam karnā ê

Someone (or the other) should do that work

وکیئ وہر

Anyone else, anything else, someone else, something else:

وکیئ وہر نئیں آای اای

kōyī hōr nayīŋ āyā ayā

Anyone else had not come

وکیئ وہر اہکڑنی انس

kōyī hōr kahāňī sunā

Tell another story

وج وکیئ۔ جہیڑا وکیئ

Whosoever:

او رکسکدے وج وکیئ اہہی مک رکان اچدنہے

jō kōyī êh kam karnā chāhndê ō karsakdê

HINDKO GRAMMAR

63

Whosoever wishes to do that work, can do

او ریمے انل آسکدے وج وکیئ اچوہے

jō kōyī chāhvê ō mêrê nāl āyê

Whosever want, may come with me

Interrogative Pronouns

In Hindko main interrogative pronouns are what /kih-کیہہ/ and

who /kōň-وکڑن/. However some other forms of interrogative

pronouns are used in the language as we will see below:

/kih-کیہہ/ is an indeclinable pronoun:

او کیہہ ےئپ رکدنی؟ō kih payê kardên?

What are they doing?

اے؟ےنم کیہہ کیتا

mannê kih kītā ê? What did I do?

/kōň-وکڑن/ is a declinable pronoun and its declination is as shown

before:

In the direct case

singular plural

ڑنوک ڑنوک kōň kōň

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64

who who

اےھِت وکڑن آای؟itthê kōň āyā?

Who came here?

او ولک وکڑن اُن؟ō lōk kōň un?

Who are those people?

In the oblique case with /nê-ےن/

singular plural

۔ےنکسک ےن اہنکں ےن kis nê-kinnê kinhāŋ nê

who who

سک ےن اہہی اتکب یھکل؟

kis nê êh kitāb likhī?

Who did write this book?

اہنکں ےنونتں ہفحت دات؟

kinhāŋ nê tannūŋ tuģfa dittā?

Who (plural) gave you a present?

In the oblique case with /nūŋ- ںون /

singular plural

اہنکں ونں سک ونں

HINDKO GRAMMAR

65

kis nūŋ kinhāŋ nūŋ

to whom to whom

ےنت ریما ملق سک ونں دات اای؟

tannê mêrā qalam kis nūŋ dittā ayā?

To whom you had given my pen?

اُس ےن اہنکں ونں ےسیپ دےت؟us nê kinhāŋ nūŋ pêsê dittê?

To whom did he give money?

In the oblique case with /dā-دا/ singular plural

داسک دااہنکں

kis dā kinhāŋ dā

whose whose

اہہی سک دی ڑکی اے؟êh kis dī kur’ī ê?

Whose daughter is this?

؟اُناو اہنکں دے اہکر

ō kinhāŋ dê khār un?

Whose houses are they in?

Some other Interrogative Pronouns in Hindko:

kitthê where, to where ےھتک

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(یس) وھتک kitthū (sī) from where kitnā how much انتک

kitnê how many ےنتک

kiyōŋ why ویکں

Relative Pronouns

In Hindko relative pronouns are /jō-وج/ and /jhêr’ā-جہیڑا/. Relative

pronouns are declinable ones:

In the direct case

masculine

singular

feminine

singular

masculine

plural

feminine

plural

جہیڑیوج۔ وج۔جہیڑا ڑایںیوج۔جہ وج۔جہیڑے

jō-jhêr’ā jō-jhêr’ī jō-jhêr’ê jō-jhêr’iyāŋ

who, that,

which

who, that,

which

who, that,

which

who, that,

which

جہیڑا ننڈا اِےھت آای او الچ ایگ

jhêr’ā nand’ā itthê āyā ō chalā giyā

The boy who came here went away

جہیڑایں ڑکایں امنیس گئیاں اایں او واسپ آایئں

jhêr’iyāŋ kur’iyāŋ cinema gaiyāŋ ayāŋ ō vāpis āiyāŋ

The girls who had gone to the cinema came back

HINDKO GRAMMAR

67

In the oblique case with /nê-ےن/

masculine

singular

feminine

singular

masculine

plural

feminine

plural

سج ے ۔جہیڑےن

ےن

جہیڑی۔سج ےن ےن

جنہاں آں ۔جہیڑےےن

ےن

جنہاں ےن ۔جہڑایںےن

jis nê-jhêr’ê

nê

jis nê-jhêr’ī

nê

Jinhāŋ nê-

jhêr’ê-āŋ nê

Jinhāŋ nê-

jhêr’iyāŋ nê

who, that,

which

who, that,

which

who, that,

which

who, that,

which

سج ےن اہہی مک کیتا اُس ےن وبت ااھچ کیتا

jis nê êh kam kītā us nê bōt achchā kītā

The one who did that work did very well

جہیڑے ننڈے آں ےن دبزیمتی کیتی اُاہنں ون اےھِت الب

jhêr’e nand’ê-āŋ nê badtamīzī kītī unhāŋ nūŋ itthê bulā

The boys who have misbehaved call them here

In the oblique case with /nūŋ-ونں/

masculine

singular

feminine

singular

masculine

plural

feminine

plural

سج ونں۔جہیڑے

ونں

سج ونں جہیڑیونں۔

جنہاں ونں۔جہیڑے

آں ونں

جنہاں ونں۔جہڑایں

ونں

jis nūŋ-

jhêr’ê nūŋ

jis nūŋ-

jhêr’ī nūŋ

jinhāŋ nūŋ-

jhêr’ê-āŋ

jinhāŋ nūŋ-

jhêr’iyāŋ

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nūŋ nūŋ

to

whom/that/

which

to

whom/that/

which

to

whom/that/

which

to whom/

that/which

جہیڑی رن ونں ےنم ہفحت دات اای او ےھتک وے

jhêr’ī rān nūŋ mannê tuģfa dittā ayā ō kitthê vê?

Where is that woman to whom I had given a present?

اتکابں ونں ےنم رخدیاتل اای او وبت اایھچں اُن جہیڑایں

jhêr’iyāŋ kitābāŋ nūŋ mannê ĥarīd-littā ō bōt achchiyāŋ

un

The books which I bought are very well

Reflexive Pronouns

The reflexive pronouns used to mean by oneself without help of

anybody else.

In Hindko the main reflexive pronoun is /āp-آپ/ however the

other forms of it are used in accordance with cases:

In accordance to the gender and number of the

following noun:

First form

masculine

singular

feminine

singular

masculine

plural

feminine

plural

آڑپایں آڑپے آڑپی آڑپا

HINDKO GRAMMAR

69

āpr’ā āpr’ī āpr’ê āpr’iyāŋ

myself, yourself, hisself, herself, itself, oneself

Second form

آیپ آپ، آوپ، آےپ، آوپ آپ، آیئپآیپ، āpayī, āpav āp, āpê, āpav, āpī āp, āpī

of one’s own accord, by oneself/myself/yourself etc.

In some writers use the Persian reflexive pronoun /ĥūd-وخد/

and /ĥūd-ba-ĥūd-وخدوخبد/.

EXAMPLES

اخدل )۔ ۔ اُھٹ ات یئس ان۔۔۔ ڑیپی اےُت ےھٹیب ےھٹیب ات آپ آپ ارتسی ہن وہاجیس۱ (۲ص لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

Get up! The clothes will not be pressed / ironed by being sitting

on the stool. وہکںی ات اجےک ایلقتے دایں اتلں نہپ آواں، ربے وت دکو ! ۔ امےم دی یہت۲

(۵ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )۔ اسونں آڑپا ھجمس ین اںیMy uncle’s daughter! if you ask, I shall go and break Liaqat’s

legs, but you don’t consider us your own (relative).

اخدل لیہس کلم، )۔ یٹیل وہیئ رعافہن ونں کہیا اای۔ رنسگ ےن آڑپے انل ۳ (۷ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

Nargas had told Irfana who was lying beside her.

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ربے رعافہن دایں اایھکں ات اایُچیئ اےُت ےلھک وہےئ نج ےن آڑپے وکل ( ۴ (۷ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )رگو رھک اتلں اایئں۔

But Irfana’s eyes were mortgaged by a jinn residing in the

heights. اخدل لیہس کلم، )ںیم آڑپے نئیں، ریتے نیقی دی گہل یئپ رکین آں۔ ( ۵

(۶۷ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، I am talking of your faith not my own.

POSTPOSITIONS

Postpositions are a grammatically distinct class of words that

describes a relationship between other words in a sentence.

Postpositions follow the noun, pronoun or adverb they govern.

The most useful pronouns in Hindko are given below:

in, into ich, vich, uch وچ، ُچاچ ، on, upon uttê اےُت via, over uttū اوُت without ba-ġair-dê ba-

ġair

ریغب۔دے ریغب

up to, till tak-tukal کت۔لکت under-beneath tallê-dê tallê ۔دے ےلتےلت

along with smêt تیمس from, by sī یس

near, with kōl-dê kōl وکل۔ دے وکل from, by kōlū-kōlūŋ وکول۔وکولں

with,along with,

together nāl-dê nāl انل، دے انل

to, for nūŋ-āŋ ونں۔آں

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by nê ےن between, one of

... vichcho ووچ

for, for the sake

of vasê, vāsšê, dê

vāsšê

وےس، وا ےط، دے وا ےط

Postpositions following the word governed, but preceded by

/dê-دے/ and /dī-دی/: First table

thanks to,

through

dī ba-dōlut دی دبوتل towards dī jānub دی اجبن

in place of dī jagah دی ہگج for the sake of dī ĥāšur دی اخرط

by the mouth of dī zubānī دی زابین like dī šarāŋ-dī šaraģ حدی رطاں۔ دی رط

towards dī šaruf دی رطف through, by the

means of

dī ma‘rifut دی رعمتف than, beside dī nisbut دی تبسن

because of, since dī vaja sī دی وہج یس

Second table

outside of dê bār ٓردے اب on account of,

because of dê bāiś دے ابثع

about, on dê bārê ich ابرے اچدے

HINDKO GRAMMAR

73

towards dê bāvujūd ابووجد دے in exchange for dê badlê دے دبےل for the sake of dê barābar ربارب دے the opposite of dê bar ‘akus دے ربسکع

instead of dê ba-jaê دے اجبےئ beyond, on the

other side of

dê pāsê اپےس دے

in charge of dê ģavālê وحاےل دے in opposition of dê ĥilāf ے الخفد

in the middle of dê darmiyān ے درایمند

by means of dê źari‘ê دے ذرےعی in front of dê sāmňê دے اسمنڑے

because of, since dê sabub ے ببسد besides, in

addition to

dê sivā دے وسا besides, in

addition to

dê ‘ilāva دے العوہ worty of, fit for dê qābul دے اقلب

before dê qabul دے لبق near dê qarīb دے رقبی near dê nīr’ê دے ڑینے

Third table

before sī pehlê یس ےلہپ

away, far from sī dūr یس دور

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Possessive Case

The possessive case is used to indicate a relation of possession

between two nouns. The possessive postpositions in Hindko are as

follow:

of (for masculine

singular object)

dā-d’ā-rā-r’ā-ňā-

nā ا۔اندا۔ڈا۔را۔ڑا۔ڑن

of (for masculine

plural object)

dê-d’ê-rê-r’ê-ňê-

nê دے۔ڈے۔رے۔ڑے۔ڑنے۔ےن

of (for feminine

singular object)

dī-d’ī-rī-r’ī-ňī-nī دی۔ڈی۔ری۔ڑی۔ڑنی۔ین of (for feminine

plural object) diyāŋ-d’iyāŋ-

riyāŋ-r’iyāŋ-

ňiyāŋ-niyāŋ

دایں۔ڈایں۔رایں۔ڑایں۔ڑنایں۔اینں

Possessive endings precede the object possessed.

They agree with the gender and number of the object

possessed.

If the object possessed is in the oblique case then the

mascilune singular object is also preceded by /dê-دے/. Examples

ادمح دا ملقahmed dā qalam

Ahmed’s pencil

دے اہکرڑکی

kur’ī dê khār

the houses of the girl

HINDKO GRAMMAR

75

اِس اہکر دے وبےہ یسis khār dê būhê sī

from the door of this house

افہمط دی یلب

fāšima dī billī

Fatma’s cat

اُس الربئریی دایں اتکابںus library diyāŋ kitābāŋ

the books of that library

EXAMPLES

۔ اہہی ڑچایں زیم اوُت ےلیت چک چک ےک رباڈنے دی اجیل اچ ویکں پئیاں ۱ (۱۱۹ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )۔ رھک دایں اُن

Why are these sparrows picking straws from the ground and

sticking them in the net of the veranda? وساچں ونں اکذغ ےت ملق دے وحاےل رکدایں اِس او ااہتنیئ اسدیگ دے انل ۔ ۲

،اصرب نیسح ادماد)۔ ادناز دے انل لگ رکدنی رکجو اسمنڑے ےھٹیب وہون (۱۲۹ص وڈاکرے،

He handed over his thoughts to paper and pen with great

simplicity in such a way as it they were sitting in front of him.

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ل ریمے العوہ یھب کجھ دوتس ایپر رکدنی، رپ او سک دے ارہط دے ان۔ ۳ (۸۳ص ، اصرب نیسح ادماد، وڈاکرے)۔ انل ایپر رکدا اے ںیم نئیں اجڑندا

Athar is loved by some other friends as well but whom he loves,

I don’t know. وہےئ نج ےن آڑپے وکل ربے رعافہن دایں اایھکں ات اایُچیئ اےُت ےلھک( ۴

(۷ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )ں اایئں۔ رگو رھک ایتلBut Irfana’s eyes were mortgaged by a free sprite residing in the

heights. وشپر اچ دنہوک زابن دی رتیق، رتوجی ےت رفوغ دے وےس ونوجان اھکلرایں ( ۵

ےت رپ اامتعد وٹہل اسمڑںی آای وے جیڑا آڑپی امں دا کہ اایج ابتمہ وحہلص دنم وبیل دنہوک ونں رعوج لکت اچنہپڑنے اچ اِس ونں رتیق دی راوہاں ےت اگزمن

تبحم اخن )۔ رکےن ےت اِس دے رفوغ دے وےس ےکپ ارادے ردھکا وےےنیہم وار رفوغ، (رتہمج ذوااقفلر یلع اقری)وشپر اچ دنہوک زابن دا رفوغ، ، شگنب

(۱۲ص ، ۹، امشرہ ۱۱ع، دلج ۲۱۱۵ وشپر ونربمA group of enthusiastic, ambitious and confident writer has

emerged in Peshawar who are working for the uplift and spread

of the Hindko language. These determined writers are aiming at

the amelioration of their mother language, to put it on the path

of progress to lead it into the heights of success.

ADVERBS

Adverbs are the parts of speech that are primarily used to

modify a verb, adjective or other adverbs. In Hindko adverbial

ideas can be expressed with abstract nouns and a postposition:

Adverbs of manner

easily āsānī nāl آاسین انل well achchī šarāŋ ایھچ رطاں

carefully iģtiyāš nāl اایتحط انل in fact, literally aŝl ich الص اچ

so, thus inj اجن quickly jaldī دلجی

as far as possible jhittū tak hōsakê وھتج کت وہےکس as if, as jikrū رکجو

delbaretly jaň bujj kê ّےکاجڑن جب as (relative) jinj جنج especially ĥāŝ šōr tê اخص وطر ےت

as, like šarāŋ رطاں

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Adverbs of place

here itthê اِےھت there utthê اُےھت above uttê اےُت

this side is šaraf اِس رطف ahead aggê اےگ back pichchê ےھچپ under tallê ےلت

in front sāmňê اسمنڑے near nazdīk-nīr’ê ڑینےزندکی۔

far, away dūr دور

Adverbs of time

today aj اج next week aglê haftê اےلگ ےتفہ

the day before

yesterday, the

day after

tomorrow

parsūŋ رپوسں

last week pichlê haftê ےلھچپ ےتفہ soon jaldī دلجی still ģālā احال

in the morning suvêlê-suvêr’ê وسریےوسےلی۔

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79

in the evening shām nūŋ اشم ونں yet fêr ریف

yesterday,

tomorrow

kal لک then vat وت yet hūň وہڑن

Adverbs of frequency

several times bar’ī daf‘a ڑبی دہعف thrice a day din ich trê daf‘a دن اچ رتے دہعف

never kadī nayīŋ دکی نئیں hardly ever kadī kadār دکی دکار sometimes kadī kadī دکی دکی any time kisī vaĥt یسک وتخ

twice a week haftê ich dō

daf‘a دہعف ےتفہ اچ دو

one-day intervals hik din chōr kê کہ دن وھچڑ ےک every day har rōz رہ روز

always har vaĥt رہ وتخ

Adverbs of degree

enough bas سب too bī, bhī, vī وییب، یھب ،

very bōt, bahot وبت، تہب

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less thōr’ā وھتڑا a little thōr’ā jiyā وھتڑا ایج really ģaqiqat ich تقیقح اچ most ziyāda-tar زایدہ رت

hardly mushkil nāl لکشم انل completly mukammal šōr tê لمکم وطر ےت

very vad’ā وڈا

Conjuctive adverbs

therefore is vāstê-is vasê ۔اِس وےساِس وا ےط also bī-bhī-vī یب۔یھب۔وی

otherwise nītā-nita نیتا۔نتہ otherwise varna ورہن however fêr bī یبریف

now hūň وہڑن

Interrogative adverbs

how kenj جنک when kadū دکو why kiyūŋ ویکں

where kitthê ےھتک

HINDKO GRAMMAR

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Adverbs of sentence

finally āĥirī daf‘a آرخی دہعف obviously bilkull لکلاب

undoubtedly bê shak ےب کش fortunately ĥūsh-qismatī nāl وخش یتمسق انل apparently žāhirī šōr tê اظرہی وطر ےت possibly mumkin ê نکمم اے

Adverbs of reason

because of dī vaja sī دی وہج یس for the reason is vasê اِس وےس

Numeral Adverbs

The numeral adverbs are expressed by adding to the cardinals

/martaba-رمہبت/, /bār-ابر/, /daf‘a-دہعف/ and /vārī-واری/: hik vārī once کہ واری

dō daf‘a twice دو دہعف

trê martaba thrice رتے رمہبت

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EXAMPLES

ایگ اای اُس ونں ۔ یلھچپ رات او وت آہتسہ آہتسہ امتیئ بلق رکےک رتڈا ڑنب۱اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا )۔ ےط جک وتخ اکبر اایے وچ آڑنواسپ آڑپے روپ

(۵۹ص آڑپی اہکڑنی، Last night he changed his stature gradually and became a

cricket and he needed some time to return (to put on) his

original form کلم، اخدل لیہس)۔ نئیں وت ریف جک یثحب ےت لیہہ آںیس، ہشیمہ دی رطح۔ ۲

(۶۶ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، Then you will come back again for talking nonsense.

رات دا انہیرا وگڑا وہایگ وے۔ االج ےنت الگس ین وگنماےئ، وت ات اشم یس ۔ ۳ (۶۹ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )۔ ےلہپ ای۔۔

It is late night, you haven’t ordered for the glass yet, you do it

before evening… وشپر اچ کجھ رضحات اےئج اےئ جہیڑے وہڑن آسپ اچ ہشیمہ رہ وتخ ( ۴

الجھدے ردنہنی ےت رہ کہ ابابےئ دنہوک ولہکاڑنے دی وکشش اچ رتہمج ذوااقفلر یلع )تبحم اخن شگنب، وشپر اچ دنہوک زابن دا رفوغ، )۔ اگلردنہے

(۱۲ص ، ۹، امشرہ ۱۱، دلج ع۵۱۱۲وشپر، ونربم اقری، ےنیہم وار رفوغ

HINDKO GRAMMAR

83

There are some such fellows in Peshawar who always pick

quarrels among themselves and each of them tries to give

themselves the title of Baba-e-Hindko (father of Hindko) وہڑنے وایل رقہع ادنازی اسل ۔۔۔ او احایجں ونں جنہاں دے انم ےلھچپ( ۵چ اشلم ازی دے ذرےعی اکایمب اعز نی ج وچ ین لکن ےکس اِس اسل رقہع ادنو

ع، دلج ۵۱۱۲رتہمج ذوااقفلر یلع اقری، ےنیہم وار رفوغ وشپر، ونربم )کیتا اجیس۔ (۷ص ، ۹، امشرہ ۱۱

Those Hajis (Pilgrims) whose name didn’t turn up in the lottery

/ pools last year will be included in the list of pilgrims this year.

CONJUCTIONS

Conjuction are that kind of words which are used to connect to

words, sentences, phrases and clauses together. Most useful

conjuctions in Hindko are:

If agur ارگ But barê ربے

But, on the

contrary

balke ہکلب But par رپ

Then tā ات In order that tāke اتہک

Then tad-tadō دت۔دتو And tê ےت

Now that jadō kê-jabke ہکبجدجو ےک۔ When, at that

time, as soon as jadō….tadō ۔۔۔۔دتودجو

Untill that time jadō tak دجو کت Since jadō sī دجو یس

Whether....or,

Either.....or

chāê.....chāê اچےئ۔۔۔اچےئ

Although ģālāŋke احالہکن

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Then fêr ریف That kih ہک

Because kiyōnke ویکہکن But lêkun نکیل But magur رگم

If not, otherwise nayīŋ tā نئیں ات If not, otherwise nī tā-nittā نیتا۔اتن If not, otherwise varna ورہن

Although harchand رہدنچ

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are words that express emotions or sentiments on

the part of the speaker. In Hindko the interjection words are:

Ugh! uf اف Alas! afsōs اوسفس

What a pity! afsōs dī ghal ê اوسفس دی گہل اے Thank God! alģamdulillāh ادمحلہلل God forbid! Allah na karê اہلل ہن رکے

O! ō او Oh God! ō ĥudāyā او دخاای

Oh! ōh اوہ Okay! th’īk کیھٹ

How splendid! javāb nīngā وجاب نینگا God forbid! ĥudā na kāsta دخا ہن وخاہتس

Correct! darost درتس Please! źarā mihribānī

kar-kê

ذرا رہمابین رکےک

Bravo! shābāshê اشابےش Wonderful,

splendid!

shāndār اشدنار

Thanks God! shukur ê رکش اے

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Thanks! shukriya رکشہی Shame! sharam bakārê رشم اکبرے Shame! sharam dī jagah

ê رشم دی ہگج اے

THE VERB

The verb is a word underlining an action, an occurence or a

state of being. In general the Hindko verbs can be divided into

two classes i.e. ‘Inransitive’ and ‘Transitive’.

Intransitive Verb:

Intransitive verbs are confined to the subject. This means

intransitive verbs are those verbs that do not take an object, e.g.

/āňā-آڑنا/ (to come) and /jāňā-اجڑنا/ (to go).

Transitive Verb:

Transitive verb is a verb requires both a subject and at least an

object, e.g. /likhňā- ڑالکھن / (to write) and /par’hňā- ڑاڑپھن / (to read).

The distinction between intransitive and transitive verbs is very

important in Hindko since the conjugations of the past tenses

depend on the distinction between them as it will be seen in the

related units.

INFINITIVE

Infinitive is the basic form of a verb.

There are two kinds of infinitive terminations in Hindko.

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1. /ňā-ڑنا/: This is added to the root of verbs ending with

one of vowels and consonants except /ra-ر/, /r’a-ڑ/ or

/lām-ل/ e.g. آڑنا (to come), اجڑنا (to go), وسچنڑا (to think).

2. /nā-ان/: This terminator is added to the root of verbs

ending with /ra-ر/, /r’a-ڑ/ or /lām-ل/ e.g. رکان (to do, to

make) , وھچڑان (to leave) ابانل (to boil).

Agent Noun or Active Participles

The noun of agency is a word which is derived from a word

denoting an action and that identifies the doer of that action.

In Hindko, the agent noun is formed by adding to the inflected

infinitive, the termination /vālā-واال/. The agent noun is also can

be used as active participles.

Infinitive Masculine Feminine

آڑنے وایل آڑنے واال آڑناāňā āňê-vālā āňê-vālī

to come comer-coming comer-coming

وایل دوڑےن واالدوڑےن دوڑان dōr’nā dōr’nê-vālā dōr’nê-vālī

to run runner-running runner-running

واال Fڑنپے Fڑنپا وایل Fڑنپے pīňā pīňê-vālā pīňê-vālī

to drink drinker-drinking drinker-

drinking

HINDKO GRAMMAR

91

/vālā-واال/ can be added to the ends of nouns and verbs to give

mainly senses of “the one who” or “the ones who”, “the one

who belongs to”, “the ones who belong to”, “the one from”,

“the ones from” or “about to”.

واالزبسی sabzī-vālā vegetable seller

t’êksī-vālā taxi driver یسکیٹ واال

peshōr-vālā the one from وشپر واال

Peshawar

ایس االسم آابد اجڑنے واےل آںasī Islāmābād jāňê-vālê āŋ

We are about to go to Islamabad

رکایچ وایل ڑکی اےھت آڑنے وایل اےkarāchī-vālī kur’ī itthê āňê-vālī ‘e

The girl from Karachi is about to come here

In Hindko there are two other terminations i.e. /ārī-اری/ and

/nêk-کین/ to form the agent noun.

اھکلری لکھنڑاlikhňā likhārī

to write writer, author

وکینس وسنڑاvasňā vasnêk

to settle settler

ڑپھنیک ڑپھنڑاpar’hňā par’hnêk

to read reader

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Sometimes the Persian and Arabic nouns of agency and

active participles may be used in Hindko.

From Persian

a) By adding to the present time roots of the verbs the

terminators: /ā-ا/, /āŋ-اں/, /anda-دنہ/.

(، وگیوگ)نتفگ وگای، وگایں، وگدنیہ guftan (gū, gūy) gūyā, gūyāŋ, gūyanda

to say, to speak speaker, speaking

b) By adding Persian terminations like /dāŋ-داں/, /dār-دار/, /nishīŋ-ںیشن/, /kār-اکر/, /gār-اگر/, /gar-رگ/, /bāŋ-ابں/, /āvar-آور/, /var-ور/, /vār-وار/, /mand-دنم/, /sār-اسر/ etc. However, in

Hindko, these terminations are regarded single words

with the nouns to which they added.

zamīndār a landholder زدنیمار

taĥtnishīŋ sitting on a تخت ںیشن

throne, a king

jafākār an oppressor افجاکر

rōzgār time روزاگر

sitamgar an oppressor متس رگ

mihribāŋ benevolent, kind رہمابں

baĥtāvar fortunate اتخبور

,jānvar possessing life اجونر

an animal

HINDKO GRAMMAR

93

From Arabic The agent nouns and active participles derived from the

measure of /fā‘il-افلع/ of Arabic are used in Hindko.

alima‘ ملع

(to know) ālim‘ اعمل

(a scholar,

wise

person)

qatala لتق

(to kill) qātil اقلت

(a killer)

jahala لہج

(to ignore) jāhil اجلہ

(an ignorant

person)

Passive Participle

The passive participles describe the act have been done. They

act as adjectives and agree with the noun they describe. There

are some diffirent explanations the way the passive participles

form in Hindko but the easiest one is that the simple past tense

conjugation should be used without subject, by adding the

different forms of /hoyā- ایوہ / agreeing with the gender and

number of the nouns they preceded.

For example:

mannê likhā I wrote ےنم اھکل

We take /likhā-اھکل/ from this sentence and add to its end /hōyā-

ایوہ /, so this forms the passive participle i.e.

ایاھکل وہ likhā hōyā written, already

having been

written

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Masculine

singular

Masculine

plural

Feminine

singular

Feminine

plural

ایوہ اھکل ایھکلں وہایئں یھکل وہیئ ےھکل وہےئ likhā hōyā likhê hōê likhī hōyī likhiyāŋ

hōiyāŋ

written written written written

Examples

طایریما اھکل وہmêrā likhā hōyā ĥaš

The letter which has been written by me, the letter I have

written

ریمے ےھکل وہےئ طmêrê likhê hōê ĥaš

The letters which have been written by me, the letters I

have written

اتکب ریمی یھکل وہیئ

mêrī likhī hōyī kitāb

The book which has been written by me, the book I have

written

ریمایں ایھکلں وہایئں اتکابں

mêriyāŋ likhiyāŋ hōiyāŋ kitābāŋ

The books which have been written by me, the books I

have written

HINDKO GRAMMAR

95

From time to time some writers of Hindko use the passive

participle without /hōyā- ایوہ / with the possessive adjectives.

ریمی ولسایئ صیمقmêrī silvāyī qamīŝ

The shirt which have had sewen by me, the shirt I have

had sewen

Sometimes the past tense of /jāňā-اجڑنا/ i.e. /giyā-ایگ/ and its

other forms can be usen instead of /hōyā- ایوہ /.

Masculine

singular

Masculine

plural

Feminine

singular

Feminine

plural

امرایں گئیاں امری یئگ امرے ےئگ امرا ایگmārā giyā mārê gayê mārī gayī māriyāŋ

gaiyāŋ

killed killed killed killed

The Persian and Arabic passive participles may be used in

Hindko.

From Persian

Persian past particibles are formed from infinitives by changing

the final /nūn-ن/ into /ha-ہ/. They can be used either as

adjectives or substantives.

اشیستہ اشیستنshāyastan shāyasta

to be worth decent, proper

These forms frequently occur in composition with nouns e.g.

ردیسہ نس (sinn-rasīda:old in years).

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Sometimes the final /ha-ہ/ of participle ending in /da-دہ/ drops e.g. ہزگن آولد (zang-ālūda) becomes زگن آولد (zang-

ālūd:covered with rust, rusty).

Now and then it can be seen tha the Arabic and Persian

nouns and adjectives are used with the passive participle of

Persian verbs ہرکد (karda from kardan:to do-make) and دشہ (shuda

from shudan:to become):

irsāl karda sent اراسل رکدہ

ta‘mīr karda built-constucted ریمعت رکدہ

tayyār shuda prepared ایتر دشہ

farāham shuda provided رفامہ دشہ

From Arabic

Arabic passive participles with the measure of also (maf‘ūl) وعفمل

may be used in Hindko intensely.

ma‘lūm known ولعمم

manžūr approved وظنمر

,ma‘rūf acknowledged رعموف

famous

maŝrūf occupied رصموف

The Imprefective Participal

The imperfective participal indicates ongoing activities. In

Hindko if a verb steam ends in a consanant, the imperfective

HINDKO GRAMMAR

97

participle is formed by adding /dā hōyā-دا وہای/ and its other forms

as we can see below:

Masculine

singular

Masculine

plural

Feminine

singular

Feminine

plural

ایوہ وبدلا وبدلایں وہایئں وبدلی وہیئ وبدلے وہےئ bōldā hōyā bōldê hōê bōldī hōyī bōldiyāŋ

hōiyāŋ

speaking speaking speaking speaking

If a verb steam ends in a vowel then the imperfective participle

forms by adding /ndā hōyā-دنا وہای/ and its other forms:

Masculine

singular

Masculine

plural

Feminine

singular

Feminine

plural

ایوہ رودنا رودنایں وہایئں رودنی وہیئ رودنے وہےئ rōndā hōyā rōndê hōê rōndī hōyī rōndiyāŋ

hōiyāŋ

crying crying crying crying

The imperfective participal could be used without /hōyā-وہای/

and its other forms e.g. (rōndī kur’ī-crying girl) رودنی ڑکی

Examples

اُس دلچی وہیئ ڈگی ونں دھکی! یلع ‘alī! us chaldī hōyī gad’ī nūŋ dêkh

Ali! look at that moving car

رودنی وہیئ ڑکی اےھت آیئrōndī hōyī kur’ī itthê āyī

The crying girl came here

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اگان اگدنے وہےئ ننڈے وہڑن ےھتک اُن؟gānā gāndê hōê nand’ê hūň kitthê un?

Where are the singing boys now?

The imperfective participal has also adverbial uses as well.

ڑکی رودنی وہیئ آیئkur’ī rōndī hōyī āyī

The girl came crying

ننڈا اگدنا وہای الچ ایگnand’ā gāndā hōyā chalā gayā

The boy went away singing

However these kinds of agreements between the subject and

verb is not obligatory everytime. These expressions could be

formed by using /dê hōê-دے وہےئ/ or /ndê hōê-دنے وہےئ/.

ڑکی رودنے وہےئ آیئkur’ī rōndê hōê āyī

The girl came crying

ننڈا اگدنے وہےئ الچ ایگnand’ā gāndê hōê chalā gayā

The boy went away singing

However if the subject or the object have any postposition

after it, /dê hōê-دے وہےئ/ or /ndê hōê-دنے وہےئ/ forms of the

imperfect paticipal shoud be used.

ےنم اُس ڑکی ونں رودنے وہےئ داھکی

mannê us kur’ī nūŋ rōndê hōê dekhā

HINDKO GRAMMAR

99

I saw that girl crying

ےن ہنسدے وہےئ کہیااُس

usnê hansdê hōê kahyā

He said laughing

/dê hōê-دے وہےئ/ or /ndê hōê-دنے وہےئ/ and /dê-ndê vaqt-

تخدے۔دنے و / or /dê-ndê vêlê-دے۔دنے وےلی/ may be used to indicate

time expressions:

اہکر یس نکلدے وہےئ ونمں وی اگج

khār sī nikaldê hōê mannūŋ vī jagā

wake me up too while going out from home

ریمے واےس کجھ لھپ رخدیوآدنے وےلی تسی ابزار یس واسپ tusī bāzār sī vāpis āndê vêlê mêrê vāsê kujh phal ĥarīdō

Get some fruit for me while returning from the bazaar

Past Conjuctive Participle

In Hindko, the past conjuctive particible can be formed by

adding /kê-ےک/ or sometimes /kar-رک/ to the steam of any verb.

This participle is indeclinable.

وہڑن اہکر اجےک کہیہ رکوس؟hūň khār jā-kê kih karsō?

What will you do by going home now?

اھکےک درتف الچایگ او اھکڑنا

HALIL TOKER

100

ō khāňā khā-kê daftar chalā gayā

He ate food and went to the office

EXAMPLES

او آڑپی ہگج یس رحتک رکدے وہایئں آہتسہ آہتسہ ریمے رمکے دی رطف ( ۱ (۴۱اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، ص )ودھ آای۔

Moving from his place, he advanced slowly towards my room.

اابقل کہ رسرسی یئج رظن انل رادش ول دکتے وہےئ وپڑنایں ڑچےنھ اگل۔ ( ۲ (۴۳اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، ص )

Iqbal looking at Rashid cursorily started climbing the stairs.

احیج صیب ےن زرمد ونں وکل البای ےت وچڑایں واال یلمخم ڈہب رمشی ےئج ( ۳اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا )اامتن اامتن وہدنی اے۔ : الممئ ھتہ اچ ددنیایں کہیا

(۵۳اخب، ص Haji Sahib called Zumurrud and while he gave her velvet box of

bangles in her soft hand and told her that: “Trust is trust”۔

دا او ااسحس اُس اُس ےن ڈردے ڈردے آڑپے دبن ونں وٹای ربے سمل( ۴اخدل لیہس، آڑپا )دے ذنہ اچ وکیئ اصف ےت واحض وصتری ایپ ین ڑنبادنا اای۔

(۶۱۔۵۹وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص He scarily examined his body, but the feeling touch couldn’t

produce any clear picture in his mind.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

101

ٹ اےُت ےھٹیب ونیکلے وایےٓئ ربے اُس دی وتہج وبت دلجی اُس یس ایلگ سی( ۵اخدل لیہس، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی ) ا ی ایئ۔ کھچے ےن آڑپے ول وہےئ ونوجان وجڑ

(۸۷اہکین، ص But his attention was very soon attracted by a newly married

couple setting ahead of him.

آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکین، ،کلم اخدل لیہس! )ڑنہ اسڈا او رہپا وہای اہکر ات ین رای ان( ۶ (۱۱۵ص

Now that house is not unfamiliar for us.

آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی ،کلم اخدل لیہس)اہہی کہدایں ابیٓج درتف یس ابٓر لکن ےئگ۔ ( ۷ (۱۱۵ص اہکین،

Baji left the office saying this.

ہگج رہ اسل ایلگں ےت ڑساکں ڑنبدایں ےت وت یھب دوھکی ات اویئ ہگج ہب( ۸کلم رہم ایہل، )ٹٹیاں وہایئں ےت وٹوایں دے رہپایں وہایئں ڑساکں لم نس۔

(۲۱ص ع، ۵۱۱۱ےنیہم وار رفوغ وشپر، اشپورونربم Roads and streets are constructed every year but still there are

depression at places and full of drenches.

آڑپی تلبج دے اسرے کھلرے وہےئ ڑبی ای الکشمں انل اُس ےن ( ۹ (۵۹، ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکین ،کلم اخدل لیہس)انعرص ونں عمج کیتا۔

With great difficulty, he gathered the scattered elements of his

instinct.

VERB OF BEING

(Hōnā-اوہڑن )

Apart from its original meaning i.e. to be, to become, the verb

of being /hōnā-وہڑنا/ is used as an auxiliary verb as well in

Hindko. It has three tenses: present, past and future.

Present Tense Singular Plural

I. Person آں ــــںیم (mêŋ....āŋ)

I am

آں ــــایس (asī....āŋ)

We are

II.Person اںی ــــوت (tū….êŋ)

You are

او ــــتسی (tusī ….ō)

You are

III. Person اے ــــاو (ō….ê)

He/she/it is

اُن ــــاو (ō….un)

They are

After a noun or adjective ending in a vocal it may be

possible to add an additional /vāv-و/ between the name and the

auxiliary verb /hōnā-وہان/ e.g. واں (vāŋ), وے (vê).

HALIL TOKER

104

Examples

ںیم امیبر آں

mêŋ bīmār āŋ

I am ill

تسی وکڑن او؟tusī kōň ō?

Who are you? (plural)

او وبت اےھچ اعمل اُنō bōt achchhê ‘ālim un

They are very good scholars

Although the negative of the present tense of /hōňā-وہڑنا/ can

be formed by using /nayīŋ-نئیں/ or /nī-ین/, it is also very possible

to use special form of negative in Hindko i.e. /nīngā-نینگا/ (there

is no-not):

Singular Plural

I. Person ۔واںںنینگا۔آ ــــںیم (mêŋ....nīngā-āŋ-

vāŋ)

I am not

ںنینگے۔آ ــــایس (asī....nīngê-āŋ)

We are not

II.Person ۔نینگیںںینینگا۔ ا ــــوت (tū….nīngā-

êŋ/nīngêŋ)

You are not

۔نینگیوونینگے۔ ا ــــتسی (tusī ….nīngê-ō-

ningêyō)

You are not

III. Person نینگا۔وے ــــاو (ō….nīngā-vê)

ننینگے۔اُ ــــاو (ō….nīngê-un)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

105

He/she/it is not,

there is no They are not,

there are no Examples

ںیم ہچب نینگاواں

mêŋ bachcha nīngāvāŋ

I am not a child

اہکر اچ وکیئ نینگا

khār ich kōyī nīngā

There is no one at home

او اتپسہل اچ نینگے اُنō haspitāl ich nīngê un

They are not in hospital

Past Tense Singular

Masculine Feminine

اایں ــــںیم (mêŋ….ayāŋ)

اایئں ــــ ںیم(mêŋ….aiyâŋ)

I were

اںیئ ــــوت (tū....ayêŋ)

ائیئیں ــــ وت (tū....aiyêŋ)

You were

اای ــــ او (ō....ayā)

ایئ ــــ او (ō....ayī)

He/She/It was

Plural

Masculine Feminine

اایں ــــ ایس(asī....ayāŋ)

اایں ــــایس (asī....ayāŋ)

We were

HALIL TOKER

106

اوئ ــــتسی (tusī….ayō)

اویئ ــــتسی (tusī....aiyō)

You were

اےئ ــــ او (ō....ayê)

اایئں ــــ او (ō....aiyāŋ)

They were

Examples

ںیم وکسل اچ اایں

mêŋ skūl ich ayāŋ

I was at school

لک وت ےھتک اںیئ؟

Kal tū kitthê ayêŋ?

Where were you yesterday?

لک ایس وبت امیبر اایں

kal asī bōt bīmār ayāŋ

Yesterday we were very ill

Future Tense Singular

Masculine Feminine

اسںوہںیم (mêŋ hōsāŋ)

اسںوہںیم (mêŋ hōsāŋ)

I will be

ںیسوہوت (tū hōsêŋ)

ںیسوہوت (tū hōsêŋ)

You will be

یسوہاو (ō hōsī)

یسوہاو (ō hōsī)

He/She/It will be

HINDKO GRAMMAR

107

Plural

Masculine Feminine

سیئیںوہایس (asī hōsīêŋ)

سیئیںوہایس (asī hōsīêŋ)

We will be

وسوہتسی (tusī hōsō)

وسوہتسی (tusī hōsō)

You will be

نسوہاو (ō hōsun)

نسوہ او (ō hōsun)

They will be

Examples

او دکی وی کیھٹ ین وہیسō kadī vī th’īk nī hōsī

He will never be good at all

لک ایس اےھت احرض وہسیئیں

kal asī etthê ģāżir hōsīyêŋ

We will be here tomorrow

او انراض وہیسō nārāż hōsī

He will be angry

THE SIMPLE PRESENT

TENSE

The simple present tense locates a situation in present time and

indicates an action which is habitual or demonstrates an action

that started in the past and continues and probably will continue

or objects which have permanent or fixed qualities.

The simple present forms in Hindko are made from the verbal

stems by adding the present endings, given below, directly to

the end of the root of a verb keeping in mind gender and

number of subject.

When stem of a verb ends with a long vowel, in some cases,

there should be added an additional “nūn-ن” between the stem

of the main verb and auxiliary verb for contraction.

For example: او آدنے، ںیم اجنّاں etc. The Simple Past Tense negative is formed by placing /nī-

directly before the verb and sometimes it is also be seen the/ین

usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

ںیم ین اجنّاں

mêŋ nī jānnāŋ

I do not go

او ین رکدے

HALIL TOKER

110

ō nī kardê He does not do

The Inflectional Endings of Verbs in the Simple Present

Tense:

Singular Masculine Feminine

I. Person انںــــ ںیم (mêŋ….nāŋ)

ین آںــــ ںیم (mêŋ….niyāŋ)

II.Person ںینــــ وت (tū….nêŋ)

ین اںیــــ وت (tū ….nīyêŋ)

III. Person ےدــــ او (ō ….dê)

ی اےدــــ او (ō …. dīyê)

Plural Masculine Feminine

I. Person ےن آںایس ــــ (asī….nê-āŋ)

ےن آںایس ــــ (asī….nê-āŋ)

II.Person دویتسی ــــ (tusī….deyō)

۔دویئودویتسی ــــ

(tusī ….diyō)

III. Person دنیاو ــــ (ō ….dên)

ندایاو ــــ (ō …. diyān)

انرک (to do)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

انںںیم رک(mêŋ karnāŋ)

ین آںںیم رک(mêŋ karniyāŋ)

I do

ںینوت رک (tū karnêŋ)

ین اںیوت رک (tū karnīyêŋ)

You do

HINDKO GRAMMAR

111

دےاو رک (ō kardê)

دی اےاورک (ō kardīyê)

He/She/It does

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےن آںایس رک(asī karnêyāŋ)

ےن آںایس رک(asī karnêyāŋ)

We do

دویتسی رک (tusī kardeyō)

ویئدتسی رک (tusī kardiyō)

You do

دنیاو رک (ō kardên)

ندایاورک (ō kardiyān)

They do

ڑنااج (to go)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ںنّااج ںیم(mêŋ jānnāŋ)

ںنّی آاجںیم (mêŋ jānniyāŋ)

I go

ںنّیاجوت (tū jānnêŋ)

نّی اںیاجوت (tū jannīêŋ)

You go

دنےاجاو (ō jāndê)

دنی اےاجاو (ō jāndīyê)

He/She/It goes

Plural

Masculine Feminine

نّے آںایس اج(asī jānnêyāŋ)

نّے آںاجایس (asī jānnêyāŋ)

We go

دنویاجتسی ویئدناجتسی You go

HALIL TOKER

112

(tusī jāndeyō) (tusī jāndiyō)

دننیاجاو (ō jāndên)

ندنایاجاو (ō jāndiyān)

They go

In fact the above given present tense conjugation is not the

only one in Hindko of Peshawar. There are also different

variations of mentioned tense, one of which is as below:

(to go) اجڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ںوانّاںیم اج(mêŋ jānnāwāŋ)

نّی آںںیم اج(mêŋ jānniyāŋ)

I go

ںیاونّوت اج (tū jānnāwêŋ)

نّی اںیوت اج (tū jannīyêŋ)

You go

اوےدناو اج (ō jāndavê)

ےادنی اواج (ō jāndīyê)

He/She/It goes

Plural

Masculine Feminine

نّے آںایس اج(asī jānnêyāŋ)

آں ںاینایس اج(asī jānniyāŋ āŋ)

We go

ے اودنتسی اج (tusī jāndêyō)

ایں اودنتسی اج (tusī jāndiyāŋ ō)

You go

دنے اُن۔اجے ےندناو اج (ō jāndênê-

jāndê-un)

دنایں اُن۔اجایں ےندناواج (ō jāndiyaŋnê-

jāndiyāŋ-un)

They go

HINDKO GRAMMAR

113

EXAMPLES

چ وافداری اثتب رکےن دا کہ ادھ ومعق اضعئ رک دینڑے انل اریمے ایخل ۔ ۱اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )چ وکیئ رفق ین دنیپا۔ اازدوایج زدنیگ

(۷۲ص I think it does not hamper marital life if we negate our spouse

occasionally. اخدل لیہس کلم، )وت ات ونمں زدنیگ انل اقمہلب رکےن دی تحیصن رکانوںی۔ ۔ ۲

(۷۳ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، You are the one who encouraged me to face harsh realities of

life. وہدنی دقرت دا اوصل اے ہک سج اعمرشے ونں سج آدیم دی رضورت ۔ ۳

دنہوک وبرڈ اپاتسکن وشپر، دنگاھراڈارئی، )اے او ایُس ووجں دیپا وہدنا اے۔ (۱ص ، ۲۱۱۳۔۱۹۹۹

It is a natural phenomenon that a man comes to his right place

in a society to play his assigned role. س ونں دنہوک زابن اجنپیب انل اِس دقر ملدی دلجی اے ہک ارثک ولک اِ۔ ۴

ش۔ وشتک، ش۔رہش وشپر، دنگاھرا )اجنپیب زابن دی کہ اشخ کہیندے اُن۔ (۴ع، امشرہ ۲۱۱۱واسئ۔وشپر، اتسگ۔ربمتس

HALIL TOKER

114

Hindko is so close to Punjabi that after a lay man considered it

as a branch of Punjabi. رکددنیی دنہوک زابن دی دقاتم اِس دی اتریخی اتیمہ ونں روز رونش ۔ ۵

اے۔ اِس زابن دا ہقلح اتفگر اِس دی رغجاایفیئ اتیمہ ونں ااجرگ رکداوے ےت اِس زابن دی اجنپیب ےت اردو زابن انل اشمتہب اِس دی ایسیس اتیمہ ےت روینش

ش۔ وشتک، ش۔رہش وشپر، دنگاھرا واسئ۔وشپر، اتسگ۔ربمتس )اپدنبی وے۔ (۴ع، امشرہ ۲۱۱۱

The Hindko Language is so old and ancient that its historical

aspect is evident like bright day. Hindko speaker highlight its

geographic importance its resemblance with Punjabi and Urdu

represents its political recognition.

THE PRESENT

CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense, generally, reflect actions in

progress. In Hindko, it is simply made by adding /piyā-ایپ/ and

its other forms agreeing with the subject of the verb in number

and gender to the beginning of the simple present tense

conjugation.

The negative of the present continuous tense is formed by

placing /nī-ین/ directly before the verb and sometimes it is also

seen in the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

ںیم ایپ ین اجنّاں

mêŋ piyā nī jānnāŋ

I am not going

رکدےاو ایپ ین

ō piyā nī kardê

He is not going

The Inflectional Endings in the Present Continuous Tense:


I. Person انںــــ ایپںیم (mêŋ piyā …. nāŋ)

ین آںــــ یئپںیم (mêŋ payī....niyāŋ)

HALIL TOKER

116

II.Person ںینــــ ایپوت (tū piyā ….nêŋ)

ین اںیــــ یئپوت (tū payī ….nīyêŋ)

III. Person دےــــ ایپاو (ō piyā ….dê)

دی اےــــ یئپاو (ō payī …. dīyê)


I. Person ےن آںــــ ےئپایس (asī payê….neyāŋ)

ےن آںــــ ےئپایس (asī payê….nêyāŋ)

II.Person دویــــ ےئپتسی (tū payê ….deyō)

ویئدــــ اںپئیتسی (tusī paīyāŋ

….diyō)

III. Person دنیــــ ےئپاو (ō payê ….dên)

ندایــــ اںپئیاو (ō paiyāŋ ….

diyān)

(to do) رکان

Singular

Masculine Feminine

انںرک ایپںیم (mêŋ piyā karnāŋ)

ین آںرک یئپ ںیم(mêŋ payī

karniyāŋ)

I am doing

ںینرک ایپ وت (tū piyā karnêŋ)

ین اںیرک یئپ وت (tū payī karnīêŋ)

You are doing

دےرک ایپ او (ō piyā kardê)

دی اےرکیئپ او (ō payī kardīêŋ)

He/She/It is

doing

HINDKO GRAMMAR

117

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےن آںرک ےئپ ایس(asī payê karnêāŋ)

ےن آںرک ےئپ ایس(asī payê karnêāŋ)

We are doing

دویرک ےئپ تسی (tusī payê

kardeyō)

ویئدرک پئیاں تسی (tusī paiyāŋ

kardiyō)

You are doing

دنیرک ےئپ او (ō payê kardên)

ندایرکپئیاں او (ō paiyāŋ

kardiyān)

They are doing

As in the Simple Present Tense, other conjugation variations

of the Present Continuous Tense also could be used i.e. by

adding /piyā-ایپ/ auxiliary verb at the end of the present tense or

adding the different forms of /rêhňā-رانہ/ as inflectional endings

to the root of any verb:

او رکدے ےئپ اُنō kardê payê-un

They are doing

او ےئپتسی ددنیے

tusī dêndê payê-ō

You are giving

HALIL TOKER

118

EXAMPLES

اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )ںیم اِس الٹک دی لگ ایپ رکانواں۔ (۱ (۶۸ص

I am talking about this garland / necklace. (۷۱صاخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )رپاشین ایپ انگلوںی۔ ( وت) (۲

You seem worried. اخدل )چ ریمی تبحم ونں اگیل ایپ دانی وںی۔ ادھکی۔۔۔ وت آڑپی رپاشیین (۳

(۷۲ص لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، Listen! You understand my affection in your agony.

اخدل لیہس )ے ےجہل دی لگ یئپ رکین آں۔ ںیم ریتے ووجد دی نئیں ریت (۴ (۷۳ص کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

I am talking about your words not yourself. اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی )۔۔۔ ریمایں الگں اایھچں دگلایں اُن۔ ( ۵

(۱۲۶ص اہکڑنی، My words feel pleasant.

THE FUTURE SIMPLE

TENSE

The future simple tense is a form of any kind of verb that marks

the event not having happened yet, but expected to happen in

the future. The future forms in Hindko are made from the verbal

stems by adding the future endings which are stated below

directly at the end of the root of a verb. It would be better to

keep in mind that the future endings should agree with the

subject of the verb in number.


I. Person اسںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….sāŋ)

اسںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….sāŋ)

II.Person ںیسوت ــــ (tū….sêŋ)

ںیسوت ــــ (tū ….sêŋ)

III. Person یساو ــــ (ō ….sī)

یساو ــــ (ō …. sī)


I. Person سیئیںایس ــــ (asī….sīêŋ)

سیئیںایس ــــ (asī….sīêŋ)

II.Person وستسی ــــ (tusī….sō)

وستسی ــــ (tusī ….sō)

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III. Person نساو ــــ (ō ….sun)

نساو ــــ (ō …. sun)

The negative is formed by placing /nī-ین/ directly before the

verb and sometimes it is also be seen the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ or

/nā-ان/ instead /nī-ین/:

آسئیں ان ایس

asī nā āsīêŋ

I will not come

اجنس ئیںاو ن

ō neyīŋ jāsun؍

They will not go

(to do) رکان

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اسںںیم رک(mêŋ karsāŋ)

اسںںیم رک(mêŋ karsāŋ)

I will do

ںیسرکوت (tū karsêŋ)

ںیسرکوت (tū karsêŋ)

You will do

یسرکاو (ō karsī)

یسرکاو (ō karsī)

He/She/It will do

HINDKO GRAMMAR

121

Plural

Masculine Feminine

سیئیںایس رک(asī karsīêŋ)

سیئیںایس رک(asī karsīêŋ)

We will do

وسرکتسی (tusī karsō)

وستسی رک (tusī karsō)

You will do

نساو رک (ō karsun)

نسرکاو (ō karsun)

They will do

EXAMPLES

دل اخ)انتک ااھچ گل یس دجو اسرا آامسن ایٹکں وہایئں ڈگایں انل رہپا اجیس۔ ( ۱ (۶۲ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،، لیہس

How beautiful will it look when the whole sky is filled with free

kites(detached from the thread).

اہہی ےچب دجو وڈے وہاجنس ات آڑپے ایم ےت اوب دی ات ڑبی ڑچایں دے ( ۲ (۱۱۲ آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص، اخدل لیہس)دختم رکنس ان؟

Won’t the young ones of this sparrow serve their parents when

they grow up? ےنم اُیس دن آڑپے انل مسق اھکدی ایئ ہک ںیم کہ دن اُس رپی ونں دیق ( ۳

(۴ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،اخدل لیہس، )رکاسیلں۔ I had sworn on that day that one day I shall imprison that fairy.

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ےنم ہہک وھچڑاوے ہک وت اِس وموضع ےت وکیئ گہیل ہن رکںیس۔۔۔ ( ۴ (۷۷ص ا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، آڑپاخدل لیہس، )

I have said that you won’t talk on this issue. ارگ اِس وتخ ےت وےلی دی اگں اھکیئگ ات اِس دی وہج ہیک ایئ، ارگ ایس ( ۵

اُاہنں وساالں دے وجاب دینڑے ہہب یئج اںی ےت گہل وھتک یس ےتھک چنہپ (۶۱ دا دقمہم، ص ش۔ وشتک، اشپور وچ دنہوک ادب دا اجزئہ، دنہوک)اجوے۔

What was the reason that the time passed away with being

utilized properly. If we try to answer to all questions the matter

will be changed.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE

MOOD

The subjunctive mood is used to express present or past desires

and the like. The subjunctive in Hindko verbs is formed by

adding subjunctive endings to the end of the stem of the verb.


I. Person اںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….āŋ)

اںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….āŋ)

II.Person ںیوت ــــ (tū….êŋ)

ںیوت ــــ (tū ….êŋ)

III. Person ےاو ــــ (ō ….ê)

ےاو ــــ (ō …. ê)


I. Person یئیںایس ــــ (asī….iyêŋ)

یئیںایس ــــ (asī….iyêŋ)

II.Person وتسی ــــ (tusī….ō)

وتسی ــــ (tusī ….ō)

III. Person ناو ــــ (ō ….an)

ناو ــــ (ō …. an)

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The negative is formed by placing /na-ہن/ directly before the

verb: اجواں؟ ںیم ہن

mêŋ na jāvāŋ

Should not I go?

ہن رکےاو ō na karê؍

May he not do

When the stem of a verb ends with a long vowel there should

be added an additional “و” between the stem of the main verb

and auxiliary verb for contraction.

For example:

ےواو آ ō āvê May he come

ںواںیم اج mêŋ āvāŋ May I go

ارومڑک (to stop)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ںرواکںیم (mêŋ rōkāŋ)

ںرواکںیم (mêŋ rōkāŋ)

may I stop, that I

stop, I should stop

روںیکوت (tū rōkêŋ)

روںیک وت (tū rōkêŋ)

may you stop, that

you stop, you

should stop

روےکاو (ō rōkê)

روےک او (ō rōkê)

may he/she/it stop,

that he stop, he

should stop

HINDKO GRAMMAR

125

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ںیئیروک ایس(asī rōkiyêŋ)

ںیئیروکایس (asī rokiyêŋ)

may we stop, that

we stop, we

should stop

رووک تسی (tusī rōkō)

رووکتسی (tusī rōkō)

may you stop, that

you stop, you

should stop

رونکاو (ō rōkan)

رونکاو (ō rōkan)

may they stop, that

they stop, they

should stop

EXAMPLES

وکحتم دنہ ےن فلتخم اقمیم ارسفاں ونں مکح دات ہک اِس مک دی لیمکت اچ )۱، دنہوک زابن دی رغجاایفیئ (رموحم)اتممز ولگنمری )رگنسی دی دمد کیتی اجوے۔

(۴امشرہ ع، ۲۱۱۱تیفیک، دنگاھرا واسئ۔وشپر، اتسگ۔ربمتس Hind Government ordered several local officers to help Garcin

de Tassy in the completion of this task. ڈارٹک وہظر ادمح )دنگاھرادنہوک وبرڈ دے ٹیلپ افرم یس وطبر چئیر نی ااہُنں ( ۲

اقمئ ےن ہشیمہ اہہی اطمہبل کیتا اے ہک وشپر ویوینریٹس اچ دنہوک اڈیکیم ( وعانکیتی اجوے اتہک دنہوک زابن ےت دنہوک وبےنل واایلں انل ااصنف وہےکس۔

(۴ع، امشرہ ۲۱۱۱دنگاھرا واسئ۔وشپر، اتسگ۔ربمتس )From the platform of Gandahara Hindko Board the Chairman,

Dr. Zahoor Awan, has always demanded to establish a Hindko

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Academy in Peshawar University so that justice could be done

with the Hindko Language and its speakers. ویفس اخن ارگ ںیم ونتں دویتس دی مسق دویاں ات وت ریمی وخاشہ وپری ( ۳

(۱۴۱، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص اخدل لیہس کلم)رکںیس؟ Will you fulfill my desire, Yousuf Khan, if I bind you in the

pledge of friendship? ےن وبرڈ دے چئیر نی یس اطمہبل کیتا ہک اِس ( ڈارٹک دعانن لگ)ااہُنں ( ۴

ہقفتم روپرٹ ونں یف اوفلر انذف کیتا اجوے ےت دنہوک اقدعہ ےتدرگی اتکابں دی ان ےت درگی زابانں وبےنل واےل ںایچں وکتع ونں نکمم ڑنباایاجوے اتہک دنہااش

دنگاھرا واسئ۔وشپر، )دری زابن اچ میلعت دیت اجےکس۔ ونں ااہُنں دی ام (۴، امشرہ ۲ع، دلج ۲۱۱۱اتسگ۔ربمتس

They demanded of the Chairman of the Board (Dr. Adnan Gul)

to immediately implement this report so that Hindko primer and

other books be published and that Hindko speaking children

could get education in their mother language. اِس دی ہگج تسی لک ریمے انل ےلچ اجڑنا، ربے ےسک ونں ہتپ ہن ےلچ۔ ( ۵ (۱۴۱اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص )

You go with me instead of him, but make sure no one get an

inkling of it.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

The imperative mood may express orders, demands, permission

and prohibition in the second singular and plural persons. In

Hindko, the verb stem without adding any ending is used for the

second person singular. The second person plural is formed by

adding a “و” at the end of verb root.

Singular Plural

II. Person ــــ وت (tu….)

وــــ تسی(tusī….ō)


steam of a verb:

ھٹیب ہن وت

tū na bêt’h

(You-singular) do not sit

تسی ہن اُوھٹ tusī na ut’hō؍

(You-plural) do not get up

Infinitive of verbs also can be used as an imperative form:

وت اہکر آڑنا

tū khār āňā

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(You-singular) come home

(to do) انرک

Plural Singular

تسی رکو(tusī karō)

وت رک(tū kar)

(you) do (you) do

EXAMPLES

وسنس دے اِس وبےٹ ونں ڑج یس ڈکےک ونمں دے دے۔ ! ویفس اخن( ۱ (۱۳۹اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص )

Yousuf Khan! Uproot this plant and hand it over to me. اہہی ےل وت ریما ہنم ھگنس ےل۔ ربے ےنم ات وکیئ رشاب وراب ین یتیپ۔ ( ۲ (۹۶اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص )

But I haven’t drunk wine. You can smell my mouth. ؟آڑپا دل ہن داھکای رک رپاڑنایں الگں اید رکےک۔۔۔ رویٹ ایلواں ریتے و ےط( ۳ (۳۶اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص )

Don’t bother yourself by remembering the by gone things.

Should I bring something to eat for you? جیہرے لھپ اہپڑاں ےت ٹھپ دے اُن او رہشاں اچ ڑساجدنے ! اخن یج( ۴

(۱۳۹اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص )اُن۔ رڑنہے دوی۔ Dear Khan! The fruits that ripe in the mountains get rottened

before reaching towns and cities.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

129

اِس دی ہگج تسی لک ریمے انل ےلچ اجڑنا۔ ربے ےسک ونں ہتپ ہن ےلچ۔ ( ۵ (۱۴۱اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، ص )

You should go with me tomorrow instead of him, but let no one

get an inkling of it.

PAST TENSES

The past tenses locate a situation in the past time which is

finished before the time we are in now.

As with most languages spoken in the Subcontinent, the past

tenses of the Hindko language have two different conjugations

in accordance with verbs being intransitive and transitive:

Intransitive verbs: according to the gender and number of

the subject.

Transitive verbs: according to the gender and number of the

object.

In all past tenses if the root ends in a consonant, past tense

is formed by adding an /ā-ا/ to the verbal root.

If the root ends in a vowel, past tense is formed by adding a /yā-

.to the verbal root /ای

Also like in Urdu and Punjabi and most other languages of the

Subcontinent, Hindko has some irregular verb conjugations in

the past tenses for example: /jāňā-اجڑنا/→/giyā-ایگ/, /dêňā-

-or /lêňā /اھکدا-khādā/ →/اھکڑنا-khāňā/ ,/دات-dittā/→/دینڑا ڑالین /→/littā-اتل/.

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense describes events and acts in the past

which were done at a particular time.


verb and sometimes it is also seen in the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

ئیں ےئگن ایس

asī nayīŋ gayê

We did not go

ےنم اہہی مک ین کیتا

mannê eh kam nī kitā؍

I did not do that work

The Inflectional Endings of Intransitive Verbs in the Simple

Past Tense:


I. Person ا ۔ایںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ā-yā)

ی ۔ یئںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ī-yī)

II.Person ا ۔ایوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā)

ی ۔ یئوت ــــ (tū ….ī-yī)

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III. Person ا ۔ایاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā)

۔ یئی او ــــ (ō …. ī-yī)


I. Person ے ۔ ےئایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê)

ے ۔ ےئایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê)

II.Person ۔ ےئ ےتسی ــــ (tusī….ê-yê)

ایں ۔ ایئںتسی ــــ (tusī ….yāŋ-

iyāŋ)

III. Person ے ۔ ےئاو ــــ (ō ….ê-yê)

ایں ۔ ایئںاو ــــ (ō …. yāŋ-iyāŋ)

(to come) آڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ایآںیم (mêŋ āyā)

یئآںیم (mêŋ āyī)

I came

ایآوت (tū āyā)

یئآوت (tū āyī)

You came

ایآ او (ō āyā)

یئآ او (ō āyī)

He/She/It came

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےئآایس (asī āyê)

ےئآایس (asī āyê)

We came

ےئآتسی (tusī āyê)

ایئںآتسی (tusī āiyāŋ)

You came

HINDKO GRAMMAR

135

ےئآاو (ō āyê)

ایئںآ او (ō āiyāŋ)

They came

The Inflectional Endings of Transitive Verbs with

Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person

ے ۔ ےئ | ا ۔ایــــ ےنم

(mannê….ā-yā /

ê-yê)

ے ۔ |ا ۔ای ــــ اسےن ےئ

(sānê…. ā-yā / ê-

yê)

II.Person ے ۔ ےئ |ا ۔ای ــــ ےنت (tannê…. ā-yā /

ê-yê)

ے ۔ |ا ۔ای ــــ وساےن ےئ

(svanê …. ā-yā /

ê-yê)

III. Person ُے ۔ |ا ۔ای ــــ س ےنا ےئ

(us nê …. ā-yā /

ê-yê)

ے ۔ |ا ۔ای ــــ اہنں ےناُ ےئ

(unhāŋ nê …. ā-

yā / ê-yê)

The Inflectional Endings of Transitive Verbs with Feminine

Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ۔ ایں | ی ۔یئــــ ےنم ںایئ

(mannê….ī-yī /

yāŋ-iyāŋ)

۔ ایں | ی ۔یئــــ اسےن ںایئ

(sānê….ī-yī /

yāŋ-iyāŋ)

II.Person ۔ ایں | ی ۔یئــــ ےنتںایئ

(tannê….ī-yī /

۔ ایں | ی ۔یئــــ وساےنںایئ

(svanê ….ī-yī /

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yāŋ-iyāŋ) yāŋ-iyāŋ)

III. Person ُی ۔یئــــ ۔اُےنس ےنا | ں۔ ایئ ایں

(us nê-unnê ….ī-

yī / yāŋ-iyāŋ)

ایں | ی ۔یئــــ اہنں ےناُں۔ ایئ

(unhāŋ nê ….ī-yī

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ)

(to leave) وھچڑان

I. Person Singular اوھچڑ ےنم (mannê chhōr’ā)

I left

II. Person Singular اوھچڑ ےنت (tannê chhōr’ā)

You left

III. Person Singular ُاوھچڑ ۔اُےنس ےنا (us nê-unnê

chhōr’ā)

He, she, it left

I. Person Plural اوھچڑ اسےن (sānê chhōr’ā)

We left

II. Person Plural

ا وھچڑ وساےن

(svānê chhōr’ā) You left

III. Person Plural ُاوھچڑ اہنں ےنا (unhāŋ nê

chhōr’ā)

They left

HINDKO GRAMMAR

137

EXAMPLE

ابداشہ ےن ڑپاؤ دا مکح دراتخں دے درایمن اج کہ ےلھک ےئج وبچرتے ےت ( ۱دات ےت انل ای اہہی مکح اصدر کیتا ہک رہ وکیئ اکشر واےس آڑپے وہکڑے

(۶۷ص ، ۲۱۱۸اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، وشپر ) ۔دوڑادویےThe king ordered to station on an open platform in the clump of

trees and also issued the order to go hunting on their horses. اابقل کہ رسرسی رظن انل رادش ول دکتے وہےئ وپڑنایں ڑچےنھ اگل ےت ( ۲

، ۲۱۱۸اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، وشپر )ں دے رمکے ول الچایگ۔ دساھ ام (۴۳ص

Iqbal while putting a glance on Rashid started climbing the

stairs and went straight into his mothers Room. دنہوک وبرڈ دی سلجم اعہلم دے ارانیک ےن اافتق راےئ انل وافیق رٹکیسی ( ۳

ع، ۲۱۱۱دنگاھرا واسئ وشپر، اتسگ۔ربمتس )ر نی بختنم کیتا۔ ونں ون چئیاموحایلت (۴، امشرہ ۲دلج

Hindko Board’s general body unanimously elected Federal

Secretary Environment as the Chairman. اُس ےن دجو رمکے اچ ریپ راھک ات اُس ونں اچر وچ ریفے اویئ وخوبش ( ۴

(۳۱ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )س وہیئ۔ کھلری وہیئ وسحمWhen he stepped in the room he felt the same fragrance,

scattered all around.

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اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )اابقل ین آای وتاڈے انل؟ ! ارتخ رتپ( ۵ (۳۹ص

Dear Akhtar! Didn’t Iqbal come with you?

THE PRESENT PERFECT

TENSE

The present perfect tense is a combination of present tense and

the present aspect used to present a situation which has a

connection with the act that has been done in the past or the act

that has been finished just before the time we are in.

The negative of the present perfect tense is formed by

placing /nī-ین/ directly before the verb and sometimes there can

also be seen the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

ئیں اتل وے؟ن وساےن svānê nahīŋ littā vê You have not taken

او ین آای وے ō nī āyā vê؍

I have not come

In fact there are different kinds of conjugations for the

present perfect tense in Hindko which can be seen in different

books and journals and everybody has the right to propound

that his or her usage is the correct one. However these different

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kinds of conjugations have some pronunciation and reading

problems and sometimes they create confusion with the other

tenses. So we have chosen one of those which we think is easier

and more comprehensible for those who do not know Hindko at

all or has a little knowledge of Hindko.

The Inflectional Endings of Intransitive Verbs:


I. Person ںوا ا ۔ایںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ā-yā vāŋ)

آں ی ۔ یئںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ī-yī ŋā )

II.Person ںیو ا ۔ایوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā vêŋ)

اںی ی ۔ یئوت ــــ (tū ….ī-yī êŋ)

III. Person ےو ا ۔ایاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā vê)

اے ی ۔ یئاو ــــ (ō …. ī-yī ê)


I. Person آں ے ۔ ےئایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê āŋ)

آں ے ۔ ےئایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê āŋ)

II.Person او ے ۔ ےئتسی ــــ (tusī….ê-yê ō)

او ایں ۔ ایئںتسی ــــ (tusī …yāŋ-iyāŋ ō)

III. Person ۔ اُن ے ۔ ےئاو ــــ ںین

(ō ….ê-yê

un/nêŋ)

۔ اُن ایں ۔ ایئںاو ــــ ںین

(ō …. yāŋ-iyāŋ

un/nêŋ)

(to come) آڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

I have come ںآ یئآںیم واں ایآںیم

HINDKO GRAMMAR

141

(mêŋ āyā vāŋ) (mêŋ āyī âŋ)

ںیو ایآوت (tū āyā êŋ)

اںی یئآوت (tū āyī êŋ)

You have come

وے ایآ او (ō āyā vê)

اے یئآ او (ō āyī ê)

He/She/It has

come

Plural

Masculine Feminine

آں ےئآایس (asī āyê āŋ)

آں ےئآایس (asī āyê āŋ)

We have come

او ےئآتسی (tusī āyê ō)

او ایئںآتسی (tusī āiyāŋ ō)

You have come

ن ۔ ںیناُ ےئآاو

(ō āyê un/nêŋ)

ن ۔ ںیناُ ایئںآ او (ō āiyāŋ un/nêŋ)

They have come


Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ے ۔ |ا ۔ای وےــــ ےنم اُن ےئ

(mannê…. ā-yā

vê / ê-yê un)

ے |ےو ا ۔ ایــــ اسےن اُن ۔ ےئ

(sānê…. ā-yā vê

/ ê-yê un)

II.Person ے ۔ |ا ۔ای وےــــ ےنت اُن ےئ

(tannê…. ā-yā vê

/ ê-yê un)

ے |ا ۔ای وےــــ ےنوسا اُن ۔ ےئ

(svānê…. ā-yā

vê / ê-yê un)

III. Person ا ۔ای وےــــ اُس ےن| اُن ے ۔ ےئ

(us nê…. ā-yā vê

|ا ۔ای وےــــ ےناُاہنں اُن ے ۔ ےئ

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/ ê-yê un) (unhāŋ nê…. ā-

yā vê / ê-yê un)


Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ایں |اے ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنم ُان ۔ ایئں

(mannê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ un)

| اےی ۔ یئ ــــ اسےن ُان ایں ۔ ایئں

(sānê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ un)

II.Person اے ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنت| ُان ایں ۔ ایئں

(tannê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ un)

|اے ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنوسا ُان ایں ۔ ایئں

(svānê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ un)

III. Person اے ی ۔ یئ ــــ اُس ےن| ُان ایں ۔ ایئں

(us nê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ un)

ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےناُاہنں اُن ایں ۔ ایئں |اے

(unhāŋ nê….ī-yī

ê / yāŋ-iyāŋ un)

(to give) نڑادی

I. Person Singular دات وے ےنم (mannê dittā vê)

I have given

II. Person Singular دات وے ےنت (tannê dittā vê)

You have

given

III. Person Singular ُدات وے س ےنا (us nê dittā vê)

He, she, it has

given

I. Person Plural دات وے اسےن (mannê dittā vê)

We have

given

HINDKO GRAMMAR

143

II. Person Plural

دات وے وساےن

svānê dittā vê) You have

given

III. Person Plural ُدات وے اہنں ےنا

(unhāŋ nê dittā

vê)

They have

given

EXAMPLES

رعافن ےنم ہلصیف رکاتل وے ہک ںیم انسح دا ٹیلف شئیر رکاسں، ںیم اب ( ۱ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )۔ اقدعہ ونتں اافنرم رکےن آیئ آں

۸۹) Irfan! I have decided to share flat with Ahsan. I came over to

tell you. وسحمس وہای ہک رکجو ینیج دایں اایھکں اُس دے دبن انل ٹمچ اُس ونں( ۲

(۸۹ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )۔ گئیاں اُنHe felt as if Jainy’s eyes got stucked into his body.

اتسروھںی دصی دے کہ اشرع دیس امعدادلنی ولھپاری ےن آڑپی اشرعی ( ۳اصرب نیسح ادماد، دنہوک زابن ےت )۔ ےدہ کیتا واافتس اچ دنہوک زابن یس انتک

(۴۳ص ع، ۲۱۱، وشپر (ادلنی رمہبت دمحم ایض)دنہوک دا دقمہم، اُس دا امذخ، How much did a seventeen century poet, Sayyid Imadu’d-Din

Pulwari, benefited from the Hindko language in his poetry.

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انکرے ےت ےن درایےئ دنسھ دے رغمیب اچ رگنسیدنہوک دے ابرے ( ۴ڈارٹک اتممز )۔ یب ایتیکں ںین ڈریہ اجت دے ابرے اچ وگل ومل الگںابوصخلص دنہوک زابن دی رغجاایفیئ تیفیک،دنگاھرا واسئ وشپر، اتسگ۔ربمتس ولگنمری،

(۴، امشرہ ۲ع، دلج ۲۱۱۱

Garcin has talked ambiguously about the Hindko language

current in the west of River Indus and Particularly in Derajat

(Dera Ghazi Khan and D.I Khan).

اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا )؟ وت نیقی انل ہہک انکسوںی ہک وت مُڑ آای وںی( ۵ (۶۷ص آڑپی اہکڑنی،

Can you say with surety that you have returned?

THE PAST PERFECT

TENSE

The past perfect tense refers to an action which happened or

finished before another act in the past. In Hindko, /ayā-اای/ and its

forms are added to the simple past tense conjugations to form

this tense.

The negative of the Past Perfect Tense is formed by placing

/nī-ین/ directly before the verb and sometimes it is also be seen

the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

ےنم اہہی ین کیتا اای

mannê eh kam nī kītā ayā

I had not done that

آای اایاو نئیں ō nêyīŋ āyā ayā؍He had not come



I. Person ا ۔ای اایںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ā-yā ayāŋ)

ی ۔ یئ اایئںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ī-yī aiyāŋ)

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II.Person ا ۔ای اںیئوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā ayêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ ائیئیںوت ــــ (tū ….ī-yī aiyêŋ)

III. Person ا ۔ای اایاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā ayā)

ی ۔ یئ ایئاو ــــ (ō …. ī-yī ayī)


I. Person ے ۔ ےئ اایںایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê ayāŋ)

ںایئے ۔ ےئ اایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê aiyāŋ)

II.Person ے ۔ ےئ اوئتسی ــــ (tusī….ê-yê ayō)

ایں ۔ ایئں تسی ــــ اویئ

(tusī …yāŋ-iyāŋ

aiyō)

III.Persom ے ۔ اےئ ــــ او

(ō….ê-yê ayê) ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں ــــ او

(ō....iyāŋ aiyāŋ)

ااجڑن (to go)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ں اایایگںیم (mêŋ giyā ayāŋ)

ںایئ ا یئگںیم(mêŋ gayī aiyâŋ)

I had gone

اںیئ ایگوت (tū giyā ayêŋ)

یںائیئ یئگوت (tū gayī aiyêŋ)

You had gone

اای ایگ او (ō giyā ayā)

ایئ یئگ او (ō gayī ayī)

He/She/It had

gone

Plural

Masculine Feminine

We had gone ں اایےئگایس ں اایےئگایس

HINDKO GRAMMAR

147

(asī gayê ayāŋ) (asī gayê ayāŋ)

اوئےئگتسی (tusī gayê ayō)

یاں اویئگئتسی (tusī gaiyāŋ aiyō)

You had gone

اےئ ےئگاو (ō gayê ayê)

ںایئیاں اگئ او (ō gaiyāŋ aiyāŋ)

They had gone


Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ۔ ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےنم اےئ ےئ

(mannê….ā-yā ayā

/ ê-yê ayê)

۔ ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ اسےن اےئ ےئ

(sānê….ā-yā ayā /

ê-yê ayê)

II.Person ۔ ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےنت اےئ ےئ

(tannê….ā-yā ayā /

ê-yê ayê)

۔ ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےنوسا اےئ ےئ

(svānê….ā-yā ayā

/ ê-yê ayê)

III. Person ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ اُس ےن اےئ ۔ ےئ

(us nê….ā-yā ayā /

ê-yê ayê)

|ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےناُاہنں اےئ ۔ ےئے

(unhāŋ nê….ā-yā

ayā / ê-yê ayê)


Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ایں |ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےنم ۔ ایئں اایئں

(mannê…. ī-yī ayī

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ aiyāŋ))

ایں |ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ اسےن ۔ ایئں اایئں

(sānê…. ī-yī ayī /

yāŋ-iyāŋ aiyāŋ)

II.Person ایں |ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےنت |ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےنوسا

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۔ ایئں اایئں(tannê…. ī-yī ayī /

yāŋ-iyāŋ aiyāŋ))

ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں(svānê…. ī-yī ayī


III. Person ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ اُس ےن| ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں

(us nê…. ī-yī ayī /


|ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےناُاہنں ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں

(unhāŋ nê…. ī-yī

ayī / yāŋ-iyāŋ

aiyāŋ)


I. Person Singular ا اایوھچڑ ےنم (mannê chōr’a

ayā)

I had left

II. Person Singular ا اایوھچڑ ےنت (tannê chōr’a

ayā)

You had left

III. Person Singular ُا اایوھچڑ س ےنا (Us nê chōr’a

ayā)

He, she, it had

left

I. Person Plural ا اایوھچڑ اسےن (sānê chōr’a

ayā)

We had left

II. Person Plural

ا اایوھچڑ وساےن

(svānê chōr’a

ayā)

You had left

III. Person Plural ُا اایوھچڑ اہنں ےنا

(unhāŋ nê

chōr’a ayā)

They had left

HINDKO GRAMMAR

149

EXAMPLES

، اایھکں دا اخبیلھک ، اصدق ابص)۔ ڑنبایگ اایمیعن یب ڑنہ اِس ربقاتسن دا حصّہ ( ۱ ( ۲۱ص

Naeem too has become a part of this grave yard. ربے ےچب دو دے دو وس ےئگ اےئ دجہک ویبی دایں ایلھکں اایھکں دروازے ( ۲

(۳۳ص ، اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب)۔ ںایئےت ٹنگیاں اAlthough both the children had slept, but the wife’s eyes were

fixed on the door. رمتس اشہ دے دنبایں ےن الول ونں وپری رطح ذینہ وطر ےت اِس ونے مک ( ۳

۔ وےس ایتر رکاتل ےت رہ لکشم دا اقمہلب رکےن دے رطےقی یھب دس دےت اےئ (۳۳ص ، اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب)

Rustam Shah’s people fully prepared Lalu mentally for this job.

They also taught him several tack ticks to face all odds. رکجو رفدویس ےن اشانہہم اھکل اای ات رمکے اچ ھٹیب ےک یگنج دیمان دے ( ۴

(۶ص اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، )احالت رحتری اچ ایلدنے اسیئ۔ While sitting in a room, Firdousi wrote Shahnama describing

the war events.

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خفتن دی ابگن دے دعب ابیج اجن دے ٹبّر دایں رنّاں اھٹم اھٹم اُس دے ( ۵اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی )وڑیے اچ عمج وہڑنا رشوع وہگئیاں اایئں۔

(۲اہکڑی، ص Women of Haji Jan’s family had slowly started gathering in the

court yard after prayer call (Azan) at night.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS

TENSE

The past continuous tense refers to some acts in the past which

are continuous, incomplete and habitual or coincident with

other actions.

FIRST FORM

In Hindko, /ayā-اای/ and its forms are added to /dā-دا/ and its

different forms which is inflectional ending of the present

continuous tense.

The negative of the Past Continuous Tense is formed by

placing /nī-ین/ directly before the verb and sometimes it is also

be seen the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

اجدنے اایںنئیں ایس وشپر ےئپ

asī peshōr payê neyīŋ jāndê ayāŋ

We were not going to Peshawar

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او رشاب ایپ ین دنیپا اای ō sharab piyā nī pindā ayā؍

He was not drinking wine

There is no difference between the transitive and intransitive

verbs in the conjugation of the past contunious tense.

The Inflectional Endings of Intransitive and Transtive

Verbs:


I. Person دا اایںــــ ایپںیم (mêŋ piyā …. dā

ayāŋ)

اایں دیــــ یئپںیم (mêŋ payī....dī

ayāŋ)

II.Person دا اںیئــــ ایپوت (tū piyā …. dā

ayêŋ)

ائیئیں دیــــ یئپوت (tū payī ….dī

aiyêŋ)

III. Person دا اایــــ ایپاو (ō piyā ….dā ayā)

ایئدی ــــ یئپاو (ō payī …. dī ayī)


I. Person اایںدا ــــ ےئپایس (asī payê….dê

ayāŋ)

دے اایں ــــ ےئپایس (asī payê....dê

ayāŋ)

II.Person دے اویــــ ےئپتسی (tū payê ….dê

ayō)

دایں ــــ پئیاںتسی اویئ

(tusī paīyāŋ

….diyāŋ aiyō)

III. Person ے اےئدــــ ےئپاو (ō payê ….dê ayê)

ایں اایئںدــــ پئیاںاو (ō paiyāŋ ….diyāŋ

HINDKO GRAMMAR

153

aiyāŋ)

(to speak) وبانل

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ںاای وبانل ایپںیم (mêŋ piyā bōlnā

ayāŋ)

ںایئا وبینل یئپںیم (mêŋ payī bōlnī

aiyāŋ)

I was speaking

اںیئوبدلا ایپوت (tū piyā bōldā

ayêŋ)

ئیئیںا وبدلی یئپوت (tū payī bōldī

aiyêŋ)

You were

speaking

اایوبدلا ایپاو (ō piyā bōldā ayā)

ایئ وبدلییئپ او (ō payī bōldī ayī)

He/She/It was

speaking

Plural

Masculine Feminine

اایں وبدلے ےئپ ایس(asī payê boldê

ayāŋ)

ںاایوبدلے ےئپایس (asī payê boldê

ayāŋ)

We were

speaking

اوئوبدلے ےئپ تسی (tusī payê bōldê

ayō)

اویئوبدلایں پئیاںتسی (tusī paiyāŋ

bōldiyāŋ aiyō)

You were

speaking

اےئ وبدلے ےئپاو (ō payê bōldê ayê)

اایئںدلایں وبپئیاں او (ō paiyāŋ bōldiyaŋ

aiyāŋ)

They were

speaking

HALIL TOKER

154

SECOND FORM OF PAST

CONTUNIOUS TENSE OR PAST

HABITUAL

The second form of the past continuous tense or the past

habitual has different meanings depending on its usage by the

speaker. Sometimes it indicates the past action during which it

occurred and sometimes it underlines the acts which were

habitual in the past. In this tense /ayā/ and its forms are added to

the simple present tense in place of the present inflectional

endings of /hōnā-وہڑنا/.

The Inflectional Endings of Intransitive and Transtive

Verbs:


I. Person اایں ۔ دنا داــــ ںیم (mêŋ ….dā-ndā

ayāŋ)

ںایئا ۔ دنی دیــــ ںیم(mêŋ....dī-ndī

aiyāŋ)

II.Person اںیئ ۔ دنا داــــ وت (tū….dê-ndê ayêŋ)

ائیئیں ۔ دنی دیــــ وت (tū….dī-ndī aiyêŋ)

III. Person اای ۔ دنا داــــ او (ō ….dā-ndā ayā)

ایئ ۔ دنی دیــــ او (ō ….dī-ndī ayī)


I. Person دے ۔ دنے ــــ ایس اایں

(asī….dê-ndê

ayāŋ)

دے ۔ دنے ــــ ایس اایں

(asī….dê-ndê

ayāŋ)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

155

II.Person ۔ دنے دےــــ تسی اوی

(tū….dê-ndê ayō)

۔ دنایں دایںــــ تسی اویئ

(tusī….diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ aiyō)

III. Person ۔ دنے ےدــــ ےئپاو اےئ

(ō….dê-ndê ayê)

۔ ایںدــــ پئیاںاو اایئں دنایں

(ō….diyāŋ-ndiyāŋ

aiyāŋ)

(to come) آڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ںاایآدنا ںیم (mêŋ āndā ayāŋ)

ںایئا آدنیںیم (mêŋ āndī aiyāŋ)

I was coming

اںیئ آدناوت (tū āndā ayêŋ)

ئیئیںا آدنیوت (tū āndī aiyêŋ)

You were

coming

اای آدنااو (ō āndā ayā)

ایئ آدنیاو (ō āndī ayī)

He/she/it was

coming

Plural

Masculine Feminine

اایںے آدن ایس(asī āndê ayāŋ)

اایںآدنے ایس(asī āndê ayāŋ)

We were coming

اوئے آدن تسی (tusī āndê ayō)

اویئایں آدنتسی (tusī āndiyāŋ aiyō)

You were

coming

اےئے آدناو (ō āndê ayê)

اایئںایں آدناو (ō āndiyāŋ aiyāŋ)

They were

coming

HALIL TOKER

156

EXAMPLES

اچ رکیس ایمں یج رگاں دے ولاکں ےن آڑپے ودعے دا اپس راھک ایلبمس( ۱ ( ۴۵ص اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، )یئپ دکتی ایئ۔ دی راہ

The people of the village fulfilled their promise and a seat in the

assembly was waiting for Mian ji. اُس ےن داھکی ہک اُس دے ےلگ اچ ےئپ وہےئ وسےن دے الٹک ول دھکی ( ۲

اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی )ےک او جک اھچپڑنے دی وکشش ایپ رکدا اای۔ (۶۸ص اہکڑنی،

He noticed that having a glance over the golden chain in his

neck he was trying to recognize something. او اِس دی ڈنھٹی اھچں ےلت جک وتق ذگاران اچدنہا اای ربے اسمنڑے وہقہ ( ۳

اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا )اخےن اچ اُس دے سنگی اُس دا ااظتنر ےئپ رکدے اےئ۔ (۴۳ص ی، وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑن

He wanted to pass some time in its cold shade but his friends

were waiting in the opposite coffee-house. او زہشادہ ابر ابر یلھک وہیئ پیج دا ایکسلیٹر ایپ دابدنا اای سج دے ووچ انجنڑ ( ۴

ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )دی اہپری آواز نکلدی یئپ ایئ۔ ۷۶)

That prince was pressing the accelerator of the open jeep and

the engine was sounding loudly.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

157

اُس ےحمل اُس ونں آڑپے اےُت انےل آڑپی الاچری اےُت رتس ایپ آدنا اای۔ ( ۵ (۸۶ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )

At that time he was feeling pity on himself and over his

helplessness.

THE FUTURE PERFECT

TENSE OR PAST

PRESUMTIVE MOOD

This tense which is called “Māżī-i Shakkiyah” in Hindko as

well as in Urdu, mainly underlines that a certain situation or

action is not known to have happened as the speaker talks about

it. In some cases it indicates an event or an act which is

expected or planned to happen before another event or act in the

future. So this mood or tense can be taken as the past

presumptive mood in one event or the future perfect tense in

another according to the intention of the speaker.


verb and sometimes it is also be seen the usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

ئیں کیتا وہیس؟ن وساےن

svānê nahīŋ kītā hōsī

You will have not done (that) / No doubt that you did

not do (that)

ادمح اہکر ین ایگ وہیس aģmad khār nī giyā hōsī؍

HALIL TOKER

160

No doubt that Ahmad did not go home/ Ahmad will

probably did not go home/ Ahmad might not have gone

home



I. Person ا ۔وہاسںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ā-yā

hōsāŋ)

وہاسں ی ۔ یئںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ī-yī hōsāŋ)

II.Person ںیس ا ۔ایوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā hōsêŋ)

وہںیس ی ۔ یئوت ــــ (tū ….ī-yī hōsêŋ)

III. Person وہیس ا ۔ایاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā hōsī)

وہیس ی ۔ یئاو ــــ (ō …. ī-yī hōsī)


I. Person ے ۔ ےئایس ــــ سیئیں

(asī….ê-yê

hōsiyêŋ)

ے ۔ ےئایس ــــ سیئیں

(asī….ê-yê

hōsiyêŋ)

II.Person ے ۔ وہوستسی ــــ (tusī….ê-yê hōsō)

ایں ۔ ایئںتسی ــــ وہوس


hōsō)

III. Person ۔ ے ۔ ےئاو ــــ وہنس

(ō ….ê-yê hōsun)

۔ ایں ۔ ایئںاو ــــ وہنس


hōsun)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

161

(to come) آڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

وہاسں اھٹیبںیم (mêŋ bêt’hā

hōsāŋ)

وہاسں یھٹیبںیم (mêŋ bêt’hī hōsâŋ)

I might have sat

down, I shall

have sat down

وہںیس اھٹیبوت (tū bêt’hā hōsêŋ)

وہںیس یھٹیبوت (tū bêt’hī hōsêŋ)

You might have

sat down

وہیس اھٹیب او (ō bêt’hā hōsī)

وہیس یھٹیب او (ō bêt’ī hōsī)

He/She/It might

have sat down

Plural

Masculine Feminine

وہسیئیںےھٹیب ایس (asī bêt’hê hōsīêŋ)

وہسیئیں ےھٹیبایس (asī bêt’hê hōsīêŋ)

We might have

sat down

وہوس ےھٹیبتسی (tusī bêt’hê hōsō)

وہوس بیٹھیاںتسی (tusī bêt’hiyāŋ

hōsō)

You might have

sat down

وہنس ےھٹیباو (ō bêt’hê hōsun)

وہنس بیٹھیاں او (ō bêt’hiyāŋ

hōsun)

They might have

sat down


Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ے |ا ۔ای وہیســــ ےنم وہنس ۔ ےئ

(mannê….ā-yā

hōsī / ê-yê hōsun)

|وہیس ا ۔ ایــــ اسےن وہنسے ۔ ےئ

(sānê….ā-yā hōsī /

ê-yê hōsun)

HALIL TOKER

162

II.Person ے |وہیسا ۔ای ــــ ےنت وہنس ۔ ےئ

(tannê….ā-yā hōsī

/ ê-yê hōsun)

|وہیسا ۔ای ــــ ےنوسا وہنس ے ۔ ےئ

(svānê….ā-yā hōsī

/ ê-yê hōsun)

III. Person ا ۔ای ــــ ۔ اُےناُس ےن نس ے ۔ ےئ |وہیس

(us nê-unnê….ā-

yā hōsī / ê-yê

hōsun)

|وہیسا ۔ای ــــ ےناُاہنں وہنس ے ۔ ےئ


hōsī / ê-yê hōsun)


Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person وہیسی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنم | وہنس ایں ۔ ایئں

(mannê….ī-yī hōsī

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ hōsun)

| وہیسی ۔ یئ ــــ اسےن وہنس ایں ۔ ایئں

(sānê…. ī-yī hōsī /

yāŋ-iyāŋ hōsun)

II.Person وہیسی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنت | وہنس ایں ۔ ایئں

(tannê…. ī-yī hōsī


| وہیسی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنوسا نس ایں ۔ ایئں

(svānê…. ī-yī hōsī


III. Person وہیسی ۔ یئ ــــ اُس ےن وہنس ایں ۔ ایئں |

(us nê…. ī-yī hōsī


ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےناُاہنں نس ایں ۔ ایئں | وہیس


hōsī / yāŋ-iyāŋ

hōsun)


I. Person Singular ا وہیسوھچڑ ےنم I might have

left, I shall

HINDKO GRAMMAR

163

(mannê chhōr’ā

hōsī) have been left

II. Person Singular ا وہیسوھچڑ ےنت (tannê chhōr’ā

hōsī)

You might

have left

III. Person Singular ُا وہیسوھچڑ س ےنا (us nê chhōr’ā

hōsī)

He, she, it

might have

left

I. Person Plural ا وہیسوھچڑ اسےن (mannê chhōr’ā

hōsī)

We might

have left

II. Person Plural

ا وہیسوھچڑ وساےن

(svānê chhōr’ā

hōsī)

You might

have left

III. Person Plural ُا وہیسوھچڑ اہنں ےنا

(unhāŋ nê

chhōr’ā hōsī)

They might

have left

THE FUTURE

CONTUNIOUS TENSE OR

PRESUMTIVE MOOD

The future imperfect or present presumptive indicates that a

certain situation or action is not exactly known to be happening

or not as the speaker talking about it. On the other hand in some

cases, by using adjectives like no doubt or surely in the

sentence, it indicates that the speaker is sure what he is talking

about. Some times this verb form underlines the habitual action

which will be continuing in the future.

PRESUMPTIVE PRESENT

HABITUAL

This tense or mood can be done simply by adding the future

tense conjugation of /hōnā-وہڑنا/ to the end of the present tense

conjugation without auxiliary verb endings /hōnā-اوہڑن /.

The negative of this mood is formed by placing /nī-ین/

directly before the verb and sometimes it is also be seen in the

usage of /nayīŋ-نئیں/ instead /nī-ین/:

HALIL TOKER

166

آدنا وہیس؟ ین او

ō nī āndā hōsī

He will not be coming/He is probably not coming / No

doubt that he is not coming or he must not be coming

وہ یٹ وی نئیں دیکھدے وہنس ō t’īvī nêiŋ dekhdê hōsun؍

They will not be watching TV/They are probably not

watching TV/ No doubt that they are not watching TV



I. Person وہاسںدنا ۔ داںیم ــــ (mêŋ….dā-ndā

hōsāŋ)

دی ۔ دنیںیم ــــ وہاسں

(mêŋ….dī-ndī

hōsāŋ)

II.Person ںیس دا ۔دناوت ــــ (tū….dā-ndā

hōsêŋ)

دی ۔ دنیوت ــــ وہںیس

(tū ….dī-ndī

hōsêŋ)

III. Person وہیس دا ۔دنااو ــــ (ō ….dā-ndā

hōsī)

وہیس دی ۔ دنیاو ــــ (ō …. dī-ndī

hōsī)


I. Person دے ۔ دنےایس ــــ سیئیںوہ

(asī….dê-ndê

hōsiyêŋ)

دے ۔ دنے ایس ــــ وہسیئیں

(asī….dê-ndê

hōsiyêŋ)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

167

II.Person دنے ۔ دےتسی ــــ وہوس

(tusī….dê-ndê

hōsō)

ں۔ دنای ںدایتسی ــــ وہوس

(tusī …diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōsō)

III. Person ۔ دے ۔ دنےاو ــــ وہنس

(ō ….dê-ndê

hōsun)

۔ ں۔ دنای ںدایاو ــــ وہنس

(ō …. diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōsun)

(to come) آڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

وہاسں ادنآںیم (mêŋ āndā

hōsāŋ)

وہاسں دنیآںیم (mêŋ āndī hōsâŋ)

I will be coming,

I must be

coming, I am

probably coming

وہںیس ادنآوت (tū āndā hōsêŋ)

وہںیس یدنآوت (tū āndī hōsêŋ)

You will be

coming, you

must be coming,

you are probably

coming

وہیس ادنآ او (ō āndā hōsī)

وہیس دنیآ او (ō āndī hōsī)

He/she/it will be

coming,

he/she/it must be

coming, he/she/it

is probably

coming

Plural

Masculine Feminine

We will be وہسیئیں دنےآایس وہسیئیں ےدنآایس

HALIL TOKER

168

(asī āndê hōsīêŋ) (asī āndê hōsīêŋ) coming, we

must be coming,

we are probably

coming

وہوس ےدنآتسی (tusī āndê hōsō)

وہوس ںایدنآتسی (tusī āndiyāŋ

hōsō)

You will be

coming, you

must be coming,

You are

probably coming

وہنس ےآدناو (ō āndê hōsun)

وہنس ںایآدن او (ō āndiyāŋ

hōsun)

They will be

coming, they

must be coming,

they are

probably coming

PRESUMPTIVE PROGRESSIVE

In fact this is the second form of the future continious tense

or presumptive mood can be create by adding the future tense

conjugation of /hōňā-وہڑنا/ to the end of the present continuous

tense. In the second form there is more strees on the moment in

which the act is being done.

The Inflectional Endings of Intransitive and Transitive

Verbs:


I. Person دا ۔ دنا ــــ ایپ ںیم وہاسں

(mêŋ piyā….dā-

ndā hōsāŋ)

دی ۔ دنی ــــ یئپ ںیم وہاسں

(mêŋ payī….dī-

ndī hōsāŋ)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

169

II.Person دا ۔دنا ںیســــ ایپ وت (tū piyā….dā-

ndā hōsêŋ)

دی ۔ دنی ــــ یئپ وت وہںیس

(tū payī….dī-ndī

hōsêŋ)

III. Person دا ۔دنا وہیســــ ایپ او (ō piyā….dā-ndā

hōsī)

دی ۔ دنی ــــ یئپ او وہیس

(ō payī…. dī-ndī

hōsī)


I. Person دے ۔ ــــ ےئپ ایس دنے وہسیئیں

(asī payê….dê-

ndê hōsiyêŋ)

دے ۔ ــــ ےئپ ایس دنے وہسیئیں

(asī payê….dê-

ndê hōsiyêŋ)

II.Person دے ۔ ــــ ےئپ تسی دنے وہوس

(tusī payê….dê-

ndê hōsō)

دی ۔ ــــ پئیاں تسی وہوسدنی

(tusī

paiyāŋ…diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōsō)

III. Person دے ۔ دنے ــــ ےئپ او ۔ وہنس

(ō payê….dê-ndê

hōsun)

۔ ںدایــــ پئیاں او ۔ وہنس ںدنای

(ō paiyāŋ….

diyāŋ-ndiyāŋ

hōsun)

HALIL TOKER

170

(to do) رکان

Singular

Masculine Feminine

وہاسں ادرکایپ ںیم (mêŋ piyā kardā

hōsāŋ)

وہاسں دیرکیئپ ںیم (mêŋ payī kardī

hōsâŋ)

I will be doing, I

must be doing, I

am probably

doing

وہںیس ادرکایپ وت (tū piyā kardā

hōsêŋ)

ںیس یدرکیئپ وت (tū payī kardī

hōsêŋ)

You will be

doing, you must

be doing, you are

probably doing

وہیس ادرکایپ او (ō piyā kardā

hōsī)

وہیس دیرکیئپ او (ō payī kardī

hōsī)

He/she/it will be

doing, he/she/it

must be doing,

he/she/it is

probably doing

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےدرکےئپ ایس وہسیئیں

(asī payê kardê

hōsīêŋ)

دےرکےئپ ایس وہسیئیں

(asī payê kardê

hōsīêŋ)

We will be

doing, we must

be doing, we are

probably doing

وہوس ےدرکےئپ تسی (tusī payê kardê

hōsō)

ںایدرکپئیاں تسی وہوس

(tusī paiyāŋ

kardiyāŋ hōsō)

You will be

doing, you must

be doing, you are

probably doing

وہنس دےرکےئپ او

(ō payê kardê

hōsun)

وہنس ںدایرکپئیاں او (ō paiyāŋ

kardiyāŋ hōsun)

They will be

doing, they must

be doing, they

are probably

doing

HINDKO GRAMMAR

171

However there is a different form of conjugation for this

tense or mood by adding /piyā hōsī-ایپ وہیس/ and its inflection to

the end of the simple present tense but considering the quantity

we prefer the above given conjugation form.

EXAMPLES

اخدل لیہس )۔ او اےھُت وخاحشل اے۔ ریتے ریمے یس ااھچ ای ردنہا وہیس( ۱ ( ۳۶ص کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

He is happy over there. He would be leading a better life than

both of us. ۔ رتپ اُس ےس ول رہ وتخ دل اگنٹ ردنہاوے۔ وخرںی کیہہ رکدا وہیس( ۲ (۳۶ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )

My son! I am worried about him. I don’t know what he would

be doing. اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا ) ڑچالیں دے یب اےئج ای ھتہ وہدنے وہنس۔( ۳

(۱۲ص آڑپی اہکڑنی، Witches would be having such hands.

اخدل لیہس کلم، )وخرںی اُس فیل دے رتوےپ سک ےن رہپے وہنس؟ ( ۴ (۳۲ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

I don’t know who would have stitched this quilt?

HALIL TOKER

172

اخدل لیہس )ڈگی اُڈادنا وہیس۔ او ایپ وکےھٹ ےت ! ونمں ہتپ وے ایم یج( ۵ (۳۳ص کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

I know mom! He will be flying kite over the roof.

CONDITIONALS

The conditional sentences are used to indicate factual

implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences.

In Hindko, the conditional sentences form with /agur.....tā-

structure. Some writers of Hindko use the (if.....then) /ارگ۔۔۔۔ات

structure of /jê.....tā- ۔۔۔۔ اتےج / as well.

FUTURE CONDITIONS

First: Real Possibility

If there is a real possibility that a condition will happen then the

future tense is used in the both clauses i.e. the if clause and the

main clause.

اجاسں ابرش وہیس ات ںیم دکی وی ابٓر ہن ارگ لک agur kal bārish hōsī tā mêŋ kadī vī bār na jāsāŋ

If it rains tomorrow then I will never go out

ارگ وت امنیس اجںیس ات ںیم وی آاسںagur tū sīnamā jāsêŋ tā mêŋ vī āsāŋ

If you go to the cinema then I will come too

HALIL TOKER

174

Second: Less Probable Condition

If there is a less possibility that the condition will happen, the

simple past tense is used in the if clause and the future tense in

the main clause.

ارگ او اےھت آای ات ںیم رضور اوھت یس الچ اجاسںagur ō itthê āyā tā mêŋ żarūr etthū sī chālā jāsāŋ

If he came here then I would surely go away

ونں البای ات او آیس ےنت اُسارگ

agur tannê us nūŋ bulāyā tā ō āsī

If you called him then he would come

Third : Least Probable Condition

If there is a lesser possibility than the other two that the

condition will happen, the subjunctive mood is used in both

clauses. Sometimes the main clause is used with the future

tense.

او اجوے ات ںیم وی اجواں؟ارگ

agur ō jāvê tā mêŋ vī jāvāŋ

If he went then would I go?

وخش وہاجیس اہہی گہل امںین ات او وبت ارگوت

agur tū eh ghal mānêŋ tā ō bōt ĥūsh hōjāsī

If you accepted this, he would be very happy

Progressive Conditional

If the condition deals with the present time, i.e. it is in the

progressive conditional, we can chose on of the two structure

given below.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

175

First: The simple present tense or the present continuous tens

may be used in the if clause and the appropriate tense shoul be

come in the main clause.

او آڑپے درتف اچ مک ایپ رکدے ات اُس ونں رپاشین ہن رکارگ

agur ō āpr’ê daftar ich kam kardê tā us nūŋ parêshāŋ na

kar

If he is working in his office, do not disturb him

ے ات آاجوےارگ او آڑنا اچدنہ

agur ō āňā chāndê tā ājāvê

If he wants to come, let him come

Second: The subjenctive mode of the verb of being /hōňā-وہڑنا/

may be added to the end of the simple present tense without

axuliary verb endings.

وفن ہن رکاسںونں ارگ او آڑپے اہکر اچ قبس ڑپدھا وہوے ات ںیم اُس

agur ō āpr’ê khār ich sabaq par’hdā hōvê tā mêŋ us nūŋ

fōn na karsāŋ

If he is studying at his home then I will not call him

PAST CONDITIONAL

TENSE

This tense indicates the hypothetical outcome of an event that

did not occur. In Hindko it is simply done from the simple

present tense by eliminating the auxiliary verb endings of

/hōnā-وہڑنا/ which is in use to conjugate the simple present tense.

The negative of this tense is formed by placing /nī-ین/

directly before the verb and sometimes it is also seen that some

writers use /nayīŋ-نئیں/ or /na-ہن/ instead of /nī-ین/:

ین آدنا ارگ او

agur ō nī āndā

If he had not come

ارگ ایس اُاہنں ونں ہن دیکھدےagur asī onhāŋ nūŋ na dêkhdê

If we had not seen them



I. Person دی ۔ دنیںیم ــــ دا ۔ دناںیم ــــ

HALIL TOKER

178

(mêŋ….dā-ndā) (mêŋ….dī-ndī)

II.Person دا ۔دناوت ــــ (tū….dā-ndā)

دی ۔ دنیوت ــــ (tū ….dī-ndī)

III. Person دا ۔دنااو ــــ (ō ….dā-ndā)

دی ۔ دنیاو ــــ (ō …. dī-ndī)


I. Person دے ۔ دنےایس ــــ (asī….dê-ndê)

دے ۔ دنےایس ــــ (asī….dê-ndê)

II.Person دے ۔ دنےتسی ــــ (tusī….dê-ndê)

دایں ۔ دنایںتسی ــــ (tusī …diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ)

III. Person دے ۔ دنے او ــــ (ō ….dê-ndê)

دایں ۔ دنایںاو ــــ (ō …. diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ)

اڑنڈاُ (to fly)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ادڈاُںیم (mêŋ ud’dā)

دیڈاُںیم (mêŋ ud’dī)

(If) I had flew or

I would have

flew

ادڈاُوت (tū ud’dā)

یدڈاُوت (tū ud’dī)

(If) you had flew

or you would

have flew

ادڈاُ او (ō ud’dā)

دیڈاُ او (ō ud’dī)

(If) he/she/it had

flew or he/she/it

would have flew

HINDKO GRAMMAR

179

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےدڈاُایس (asī ud’dê)

ںایدڈاُایس (asī ud’diyāŋ)

(If) we had flew

or we would

have flew

ےدڈاُتسی (tusī ud’dê)

ںایدڈاُتسی (tusī ud’diyāŋ)

(If) you had flew

or you would

have flew

دےڈاُاو (ō ud’dê)

دایںڈاُ او (ō ud’diyāŋ)

(If) they had

flew or they

would have flew

EXAMPLES

نسح دے قلعت انل اتنچ دے انل ارگ رہ ورمو ای ریما لقعت ڑنباڑناں ایئ ( ۱ (۶۸ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، اخدل لیہس، )ڑنبادنویں۔

If it was compulsory to compare me with moon better be it in

terms of beauty.

اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب، )ارگ وت ربا ہن امںین ات ںیم کہ گہل رکاں؟ ( ۲ (۵۷ص

If you don’t mind should I say something?

ااہُنں ےن رعش و ادب دے وحالے انل ارگ اِس ڈنکے واےل رےتس ےت ریپ ( ۳ل دکی وی ااہُنں دے زندی ہن رھک یہ وھچڑے ےت وت ےھچپ ڑہڑںی دا ایخ

(۲۱راتح وجش، وجش دی راتح، رفوغ، ص )آوے۔

HALIL TOKER

180

If they have stepped on the thorny path of literature and poetry,

then the thoughts of retreat should not come in their mind.

کلم رہم )ا اای۔ارگ او مک وس اسالں وا ےط وہدنا اای ات او ڈیڈھ اسالں لکت دلچ( ۴ (۲۱ایہل، رفوغ، ص

A work meant for 100 years used to go for just one and a half

year.

ارگ ریتا یب اایج وہاجوے ات ینیچ دے دو ایچمچں دی تچب وہسکدی اے۔ ( ۵ (۶۷ص آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،اخدل لیہس، )

Two tea spoons of sugar can be saved if you also do like that.

ان لکشم ارگ ونوجان اھکلری اِس رطاں ہن رکدے ات ہن رصف ااہُنں دا مک رک( ۶رفوغ، تبحم اخن شگنب، )یگ زگاران یھب لکشم وہاجدنا۔ وہاجدنا ہکلب وشپر اچ زدن

(۱۲ص Had the young writer not done in this way, it would be made

not only their job, but also their life difficult to lead in

Peshawar.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE

MOOD

The subjunctive mood in Hindko can be used to express various

states such as wish, emotion, permission, judgment, opinion,

probability, obligation and condition. This mood can be

achieved by adding the subjunctive mood endings of /hōnā-وہڑنا/

to the end of the concerning tense:

Generally some expressions like /shayad-اشدی/, /hōsakdā vê-

وے داوہسک / and /ĥōrêŋ-وخرںی/ are used to achieve and confirm these

meanings.


verb: اشدی او اہکر ہن ایگ وہوے

shāyad ō khār na giyā hōvê Perhaps he did not go to home

اشدی اُس ےن اُس ملف ونں ہن داھکی وہوے

shāyad usnê is film nūŋ na dêkhā hōvê

Perhaps he did not see this film

HALIL TOKER

182

Past Subjunctive



I. Person اںووہای ا ۔ںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ā-yā

hōvāŋ)

ںاوی ۔ یئ وہںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ī-yī

hōvāŋ)

II.Person ا ۔ای وہوںیوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā

hōvêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ وہوںیوت ــــ (tū ….ī-yī

hōvêŋ)

III. Person ا ۔ای وہوےاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā hōvê)

ی ۔ یئ وہوےاو ــــ (ō …. ī-yī hōvê)


I. Person ے ۔ ےئ ایس ــــ وہواں

(asī….ê-yê

hōvāŋ)

ے ۔ ےئ ایس ــــ وہواں

(asī….ê-yê

hōvāŋ)

II.Person ے ۔ وہووتسی ــــ (tusī….ê-yê

hōvō)

ایں ۔ ایئں تسی ــــ وہوو


hōvō)

III. Person ے ۔ ےئ ۔ او ــــ وہون

(ō ….ê-yê

hōvan)

ایں ۔ ایئں ۔ او ــــ وہون


hōvan)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

183

ڑابیٹھن (to sit)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اںووہ اھٹیبںیم (mêŋ bêt’hā

hōvāŋ)

اںووہ یھٹیبںیم (mêŋ bêt’hī

hōvâŋ)

Perhaps I sat

down

وہوںی اھٹیبوت (tū bêt’hā hōvêŋ)

وہوںی یھٹیبوت (tū bêt’hī hōvêŋ)

Perhaps you sat

down

وہوے اھٹیب او (ō bêt’hā hōvê)

وہوے یھٹیب او (ō bêt’ī hōvê)

Perhaps he/she/it

sat dovn sat

down

Plural

Masculine Feminine

واںوہےھٹیب ایس (asī bêt’hê

hōvāŋ)

وہواںےھٹیب ایس (asī bêt’hê

hōvāŋ)

Perhaps we sat

down

وہوو ےھٹیبتسی (tusī bêt’hê

hōvō)

وہوو بیٹھیاںتسی (tusī bêt’hiyāŋ

hōvō)

Perhaps you

might sat down

ونوہ ےھٹیباو (ō bêt’hê hōvan)

وہون بیٹھیاں او (ō bêt’hiyāŋ

hōvan)

Perhaps they sat

down


Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ے |ا ۔ای وہوےــــ ےنم |وہوے ا ۔ ایــــ اسےن

HALIL TOKER

184

ونوہ ۔ ےئ(mannê….ā-yā

hōvê / ê-yê hōvan)

ون۔ ےئ وہ ے(sānê….ā-yā hōvê

/ ê-yê hōvan)

II.Person ے |ا ۔ای وہوےــــ ےنت ونوہ ۔ ےئ

(tannê….ā-yā


|ا ۔ای وہوےــــ ےنوسا ونوہ ے ۔ ےئ

(svānê….ā-yā


III. Person ا ۔ای ــــ ۔اُےناُس ےن وہون ے ۔ ےئ |وہوے

(us nê-unnê….ā-

yā hōvê / ê-yê

hōvan)

ا ۔ای ــــ ےناُاہنں ونوہ ے ۔ ےئ |وہوے




Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person

| وہوےی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنم

نوہو ایں ۔ ایئں(mannê….ī-yī

hōvê / yāŋ-iyāŋ

hōvan)

وہوےی ۔ یئ ــــ اسےن ونوہ ایں ۔ ایئں |

(sānê…. ī-yī hōvê

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ hōvan)

II.Person وہوےی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنت | ونوہ ایں ۔ ایئں

(tannê…. ī-yī hōvê

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ hōvan)

وہوےی ۔ یئ ــــ ےنوسا وہون ایں ۔ ایئں |

(svānê…. ī-yī


hōvan)

III. Person ی ۔ یئ ــــ ۔اُےناُس ےن ونوہ ایں ۔ ایئں | وہوے

(us nê-unnê …. ī-

yī hōvê / yāŋ-iyāŋ

hōvan)

ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےناُاہنں وہون ایں ۔ ایئں | وہوے



hōvan)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

185


I. Person Singular وےا وہوھچڑ ےنم (mannê chhōr’ā

hōvê)

Perhaps I left

II. Person Singular ا وہوےوھچڑ ےنت (tannê chhōr’ā

hōsī)

Perhaps you

left

III. Person Singular ُوےا وہوھچڑ س ےنا

(Us nê chhōr’ā

hōvê)

Perhaps

he/she/ it left

I. Person Plural وےا وہوھچڑ اسےن (mannê chhōr’ā

hōvê)

Perhaps we

left

II. Person Plural

ا وہوےوھچڑ وساےن

(svānê chhōr’ā

hōvê)

Perhaps you

left

III. Person Plural ُا وھچڑ اہنں ےناوےوہ

(unhāŋ nê

chhōr’ā hōvê)

Perhaps they

left

Present Habitual Subjunctive



I. Person ںوہوادا ۔ دنا ںیم ــــ (mêŋ….dā-ndā

hōvāŋ)

دی ۔ دنیںیم ــــ ںوہوا

(mêŋ….dī-ndī

hōvāŋ)

HALIL TOKER

186

II.Person وہوںی دا ۔دناوت ــــ (tū….dā-ndā

hōvêŋ)

وہوںی دی ۔ دنیوت ــــ (tū ….dī-ndī

hōvêŋ)

III. Person وہوے دا ۔دنااو ــــ (ō ….dā-ndā hōvê)

وہوے دی ۔ دنیاو ــــ (ō …. dī-ndī hōvê)


I. Person دے ۔ دنے ایس ــــ واںوہ

(asī….dê-ndê

hōvāŋ)

دے ۔ دنے ایس ــــ وہواں

(asī….dê-ndê

hōvāŋ)

II. Person دے ۔ دنے تسی ــــ وہوو

(tusī….dê-ndê

hōvō)

دایں ۔ دنایںتسی ــــ وہوو

(tusī …diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōvō)

III. Person ۔ دے ۔ دنےاو ــــنوہو

(ō ….dê-ndê

hōvan)

۔ دایں ۔ دنایںاو ــــ نوہو

(ō …. diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōvan)

ااجڑن (to go)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اںوہو ادناجںیم (mêŋ jāndā hōvāŋ)

اںوہو دنیاجںیم (mêŋ jāndī hōvâŋ)

Perhaps I go

ںیوہو ادناجوت (tū jāndā hōvêŋ)

وہوںی یدناجوت (tū jāndī hōvêŋ)

Perhaps you go

وہوے ادنآ او وہوے دنیآ او Perhaps he/she/it

HINDKO GRAMMAR

187

(ō jāndā hōvê) (ō jāndī hōvê) goes

Plural

Masculine Feminine

واںوہ ےدناجایس (asī jāndê hōvāŋ)

وہواں دنےاجایس (asī jāndê hōvāŋ)

Perhaps we go

ووہو ےدناجتسی (tusī jāndê hōvō)

ووہو ںایدناجتسی (tusī jāndiyāŋ

hōvō)

Perhaps you go

نوہو ےدناجاو (ō jāndê hōvan)

نوہو ںایدناج او (ō jāndiyāŋ hōvan)

Perhaps they go

Present Progressive Subjunctive


Verbs:


I. Person دا ۔ دنا ــــ ایپ ںیم اںوہو

(mêŋ….dā-ndā

hōvāŋ)

دی ۔ دنی ــــ یئپ ںیم اںوہو

(mêŋ….dī-ndī

hōvāŋ)

II.Person دا ۔دنا وہوںیــــ ایپ وت (tū….dā-ndā

hōvêŋ)

دی ۔ دنی ــــ یئپ وت وہوںی

(tū ….dī-ndī

hōvêŋ)

III. Person دا ۔دنا وہوےــــ ایپ او (ō ….dā-ndā

دی ۔ دنی ــــ یئپ او

HALIL TOKER

188

hōvê) وہوے (ō …. dī-ndī

hōvê)


I. Person دے ۔ ــــ ےئپ ایس دنے وہواں

(asī payê….dê-

ndê hōvāŋ)

دے ۔ ــــ ےئپ ایس دنے وہواں

(asī payê….dê-

ndê hōvāŋ)

II.Person دے ۔ ــــ ےئپ تسی دنے وہوو

(tusī….dê-ndê

hōvō)

دی ۔ ــــ پئیاں تسی ودنی وہو

(tusī …diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōvō)

III. Person دے ۔ دنے ــــ ےئپ اون۔ وہو

(ō ….dê-ndê

hōvan)

دی ۔ دنی ــــ پئیاں او ن۔ وہو

(ō …. diyāŋ-

ndiyāŋ hōvan)

ڑانلکھ (to write)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اںوہو ادھکلایپ ںیم (mêŋ piyā likhdā

hōvāŋ)

اںوہو یدھکلیئپ ںیم (mêŋ payī likhdī

hōvâŋ)

Perhaps I am

writing

وہوںی ادھکلایپ وت (tū piyā likhdā

hōvêŋ)

وہوںی یدھکلیئپ وت (tū payī likhdī

hōvêŋ)

Perhaps you are

writing

HINDKO GRAMMAR

189

وہوے ادھکلایپ او (ō piyā likhdā

hōvê)

وہوے یدھکلیئپ او (ō payī likhdī

hōvê)

Perhaps he/she/it

is doing

Plural

Masculine Feminine

وہواں ےدھکلےئپ ایس (asī payê likhdê

hōvāŋ)

وہواں ےدھکلےئپ ایس (asī payê likhdê

hōvāŋ)

Perhaps we are

doing

ووہو ےدھکلےئپ تسی (tusī payê likhdê

hōvō)

ایںدھکلپئیاں تسی ووہو

(tusī paiyāŋ

likhdiyāŋ hōvō)

Perhaps you are

doing

نوہو ےدھکلےئپ او (ō payê likhdê

hōvan)

نوہو ایںدھکلپئیاں او (ō paiyāŋ

likhdiyāŋ hōvan)

Perhaps they are

doing

EXAMPLES

ربے دگلا اے رکجو ںیم ہن ریس وہواں ہکلب اسری داین اسرے آڑپے راےئ ( ۱اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا )ےت ریمایں وخایشں ریمے یس رس گئیاں وہون۔

( ۶ص آڑپی اہکڑنی، However it seems so that not only am I annoyed with myself,

but also my kith and kin and all joys have left me.

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اِس دی سس اایھکں وینایں کیتے اجن یھٹیب ایئ رکجو یسک رہٹکے اچ ولھکیت ( ۲ (۱۷ص اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی، )وہوے۔

His mother in law was sitting so with dropped eyes as it she is

standing in court. ڑے دویال اچ اایھکں واڑے اجن یئپ یئپ کہندی ایئ رکجو وپیٹ دی امں اسمن( ۳

اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا )اسمنڑے دویال اےُت السہدئ یئپ دلچی وہوے۔ (۲۱ص آڑپی اہکڑنی،

Fixing her eyes on the wall, Tipu’s mother was speaking so as if

the film is being played on the wall. اخدل لیہس کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی )ں دی تین اصف وہوے۔ وہسکدا اے ااہن( ۴

(۴۱ص اہکڑنی، Maybe, his intentions are right.

اخدل لیہس )او مک آیپ آپ اِس رطح وہاجدنا اے ہک رکجو پہیئے وہوس۔ ( ۵ (۴۲ص کلم، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکڑنی،

That job gets done automatically as if it has wheels.

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action and not on

the doer of the action. In the passive voice to go i.e. /jāňā- ڑنااج / is

added to the simple past tense conjugation of the verbs in the

appropriate tenses.

If the verb object is followed by “nūŋ-ونں” or “āŋ-آں”, the

dative pronouns of Hindko, then the passive voice conjugation

forms always uses third person, masculine, singular.

If the verb object comes without the accusative endings than

/jāňā-اجڑنا/ agrees with the gender and the number of the objects.

Transitive and intransitive verb conjugations are the same in

the passive voice.

The negative particles in the passive voices are /nī-ین/ and

/nayīŋ-نئیں/:

ےئگ کیتےین رخاب اُاہنں دے اہکر

unhāŋ dê khār ĥarāb nī kītê gayê

Their homes were not destroyed

ئیں البای ایگاُس ڑکی ونں اےھت ن us kur’ī nūŋ itthê nayīŋ bulāyā giyā

That girl was not invited here

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Present Simple Passive

The Inflectional Endings of Intransitive Verbs without

“nūŋ-ونں”:


I. Person ا ۔ ای اجانںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ā-yā

jānnāŋ)

ی ۔ یئ اجین ںیم ــــ آں

(mêŋ….ī-yī jānī

āŋ)

II.Person ںیا ۔ای اجدنوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā

jāndêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ اجدنیوت ــــ اںی

(tū ….ī-yī jāndī

êŋ)

III. Person ےا ۔ای اجدناو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā jāndê)

ی ۔ یئ اجدنی او ــــ ےا

(ō …. ī-yī jāndī

ê)


I. Person ے ۔ ےئ ایس ــــ آںاجےن

(asī….ê-yê jānnê

āŋ)

ے ۔ ےئ ایس ــــ آںاجےن

(asī….ê-yê jānnê

āŋ)

II.Person ےئ ے ۔تسی ــــ اجدنوی

(tusī….ê-yê

jāndeyō)

۔ ایئں ایں تسی ــــ اجدنوی


jāndiyō)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

193

III. Person ے ۔ ےئ ۔ او ــــ اجدننی

(ō ….ê-yê

jāndên)

ایں ۔ ایئں ۔ او ــــ ناجدنای


jāndiyān)

اڑناوس (to be put to sleep)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اجانں ایاوسںیم (mêŋ svāyā

jānnāŋ)

ںاجین آ یئاوسںیم (mêŋ svāyī jānī

āŋ)

I am put to sleep

ںیاجدن ایاوسوت (tū svayā jāndêŋ)

ںیاجدنی ا یئاوسوت (tū svāyī jāndiyêŋ)

You are put to

sleep

ےاجدن ایاوس او (ō svāyā jāndê)

اے یاجدن یئاوس او (ō svāyī jānīyê)

He/she/it is put

to sleep

Plural

Masculine Feminine

اجےن آں ےئاوسایس (asī svāyê jānê āŋ)

اجےن آں ےئوساایس (asī svāyê jānê āŋ)

We are put to

sleep

اجدنوی ےئاوستسی (tusī svāyê

jāandeyō)

وایں ااجدن ایئںاوستسی (tusī svaiyāŋ

jāndiyō)

You are put to

sleep

اجدننی ےئاوساو (ō svāyê jāndên)

ناجدنای ایئںاوس او (ō svāiyāŋ

jāndiyān)

They are put to

sleep

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Past Simple Passive

The Inflectional Endings of Transitive Verbs with “nūŋ-ونں”:

Singular Plural

I. Person ا ۔ای ایگــــ ںونم (mannūŋ….ā-yā

giyā)

ایگا ۔ ای ــــ اسونں(sānūŋ….ā-yā

giyā)

II.Person ایگا ۔ای ــــ ونتں (tannūŋ….ā-yā

giyā)

ا ۔ای ایگــــ ونںوسا(svānūŋ….ā-yā

giyā)

III. Person ا ۔ای ایگــــ ۔اُونںںاُس ون (us nūŋ-

onūŋ….ā-yā

giyā)

ا ۔ای ایگــــ ونںاُاہنں

(unhāŋ nūŋ….ā-

yā giyā)

(to call) البڑنا

I. Person Singular ایگ ایالب ںونم (mannūŋ

bulāyā giyā)

I was called

II. Person Singular ایگ ایالب ںونت (tannūŋ bulāyā

giyā)

You were

called

III. Person Singular ُایگ ایالب س ونںا

(us nūŋ bulāyā

giyā)

He/she/it was

called

I. Person Plural ایگ ایالب اسونں (sānūŋ bulāyā

giyā)

We were

called

HINDKO GRAMMAR

195

II. Person Plural

ایگ ایالب وساونں

(svānūŋ bulāyā

giya)

You were

called

III. Person Plural ُایگ ایالب اہنں ونںا

(unhāŋ nūŋ

bulāyā giyā)

They were

called

EXAMPLES

سیئ وڈایھں رپارکاتں وبایلں ےت سمجھیاں اجدنایں دنہواتسن اچ لک اب( ۱ ( ۳۴ص ، دنہوک دا دقمہم، دمحم ایض ادلنی)۔ ںایئا

Twenty two main Prakrits were spoken and understood in India. رکسنست جہیڑی ودیاں دی زابن ایئ دکیھ یھب اِس ربریغص اچ وبیل اجڑنے ( ۲

(۳۵ص دمحم ایض ادلنی، دنہوک دا دقمہم، )۔ وایل زابن ین ایئSanskrit, which was the language of Ved, was never spoken in

the subcontinent. ابآلرخ ااہُنں ووچں ضعب رپارکاتں رتیق رکےک ادیب اقمدص وا ےط اامعتسل ( ۳

(۳۵ص دمحم ایض ادلنی، دنہوک دا دقمہم، )۔ ایتیکں گئیاںAt last, some of these languages prospered and were used for

literary purposes.

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دے وہچ ومعمیل رد دنہوک زابن زہارہ، اشپور، وکاہٹ ےت ڈریہ اامسلیع اخن ( ۴دمحم ایض ادلنی، دنہوک دا دقمہم، ) ۔و دبل دے انل وبیل ےت یھجمس اجدنی اے

(۴۴ صHindko Language is spoken and understood in Hazara,

Peshawar, Kohat and D.I Khan with little modifications. اتسگ دے اہتڑے انوتم اپاتسکاینں ونں وسل ۱۴وکحتم اپاتسکن رہ اسل ( ۵

د ےت اویارڈ یس وناز دی اے ےت فلتخم شعبیاں اچ نسح اکررگدیگ دی اینبرنہدنم ےت اقلب شخصیتاں ے اجدنے اُن اتہک تغمے، اتسرے ےت اویارڈ دتّ، امشرہ ۲ع، دلج ۲۱۱۱دنگاھرا واسئ۔وشپر، اتسگ )۔ دے امکں ونں رساایہ اجوے

۴) The Government of Pakistan confirmed the civil award on the

renowned Pakistanis each year on 14th of August and in

different fields, medals and awards are bestowed upon others

regarding their performance. This is meant to appreciate those

skilled and qualified people. اخدل لیہس، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی ! )اہہی زایدیت اے یم الرڈ۔۔۔ ااصنف کیتا اجوے( ۶

(۶۶اہکین، ص This is an injustice My Lord... Justice should be done!

CAUSAL VERBS

Nearly from every verb in Hindko a causal verb may be derived

whether it should be transitive or intransitive.

A causal verb may become a double causative by adding

necessary endings.

a) If the root of a verb ends in a consonant, the causal may

be formed by adding /ā-ا/ and the doubly causal adding

/vā-وا/. Primitive Verb Causal Double Causal

ڑپوھاڑنا ڑپاھڑنا ڑپھنڑاpar’hňā par’hāňā par’hvāňā

To read To cause to read,

to teach

To have or get

(one) taught

(something by

someone else)

اُوھٹاڑنا اُاھٹڑنا اُٹھنڑاut’hňā ut’hāňā ut’hvāňā

To rise To raise To have (a thing)

raised (by

someone else)

b) If the root of a verb ends in a long vowel, the causal

may be formed by adding /lā-ال/ and the double causal

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198

by adding /lvā-ولا/. In this case, the long vowel of the

root is shortened.

Primitive Verb Causal Double Causal

ڑناالھک اھکڑنا ڑنااولھک khāňā khilāňā khilvāňā

To eat To give to eat, to

feed

To have (one)

ate (something

by someone else)

ڑنادال دینڑا اڑناولد dêňā dilāňā dilvāňā

To give To cause to give To have (a thing)

gave (by

someone else)

However some writers and researchers of Hindko prefer the

below given inflections for the same causals and if the root of a

verb ends in a long vowel, they may form the causal by adding

/uvā- او / in the both cases.


وھکاڑنا وھکاڑنا اھکڑناkhāňā khuvāňā khuvāňā

To eat To give to eat, to

feed

To have (one)

ate (something

by someone else)

دواڑنا دواڑنا دینڑاdêňā duvāňā duvāňā

To give To cause to give To have (a thing)

gave (by

someone else)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

199

c) If the preceding letter of the last consonant of the root

of a verb ends in a long vowel, this long vowel should

be shortened and after the last consonant of the root /ā-ا/ should be added to form the causative and /vā- او / should

be added to form the double causal.


جگواڑنا اگجڑنا اجگنڑاjāgňā jagāňā jagvāňā

To be awake To wake To have (one)

ate (something

by someone else)

ولباڑنا البڑنا وبانل

bōlňā bulāňā bulvāňā

To speak To call To cause (one)

to be wakened

(by someone

else)

ABILITY STRUCTURE

Generally ability structures in Hindko are done with /sakňā-سکنڑا/

“can, could, be able to”. It never occurs by itself and only

functions as an auxiliary verb and is added to the end of the

stem of the verb.

/sakňā- اڑسکن / is an intransitive verb in its nature so there is no

need for /nê-ےن/ subject indicator in its past tenses and verb

conjugation agrees with the number and gender of the subject.

/sakňā- اڑسکن / can be used in any tense.

/pāňā-اپڑنا/ also can be used by some writers of Hindko and its

conjugation is as the conjugation of /sakňā- اڑسکن /.

The negative particles in /saknā/ are /nī-ین/ and /nayīŋ-نئیں/ as

well:

ئیں رک سکدنیاو اےھت مک ن

ō itthê kam nayīŋ karsaknêŋ

They can not work here.

گہلاں ین ھجمس انکسںںیم ریتایں mêŋ teriyāŋ ghallāŋ nī samajhsaknāŋ

I can not understand your words/what you say.

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Present Simple Passive


Verbs with /sakňā-سکنڑا/:


I. Person ںانکسںیم ــــ (mêŋ….saknāŋ)

آںینکسںیم ــــ (mêŋ….saknī āŋ)

II.Person دںیسکوت ــــ (tū….sakdêŋ)

دی اںیسکوت ــــ (tū ….sakdī êŋ)

III. Person دےسکاو ــــ (ō ….sakdê)

دی اےسکاو ــــ (ō …. sakdī ê)


I. Person آں دےسک ایس ــــ (asī….sakdê āŋ)

سکدے آں ایس ــــ(asī….sakdê āŋ)

II.Person دویسک تسی ــــ (tusī….sakdeyō)

ویئدسک تسی ــــ (tusī …sakdiyō)

III. Person نیسکد او ــــ (ō ….sakdên)

داینسک او ــــ (ō …. sakdiyān)

(to speak) وبانل

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ںانکس وبلںیم (mêŋ bōl saknāŋ)

آںینکس وبلںیم (mêŋ bōl saknī āŋ)

I can speak, I am

able to speak

HINDKO GRAMMAR

203

دںیسک وبلوت (tū bōl sakdêŋ)

ںیی ادسک وبلوت (tū bōl sakdī eŋ)

You can speak,

you are able to

speak

دےسک وبل او (ō bōl sakdê)

اے سکدی وبل او (ō bōl sakdī ê)

He/she/it can

speak, he/she/it

is able to speak

Plural

Masculine Feminine

آںےنکس وبلایس (asī bōl saknê āŋ)

نیاں آںسک وبلایس (asī bōl sakniyāŋ

āŋ)

We can speak,

we are able to

speak

دویسک وبلتسی (tusī bōl sakdeyō)

دویئسک وبلتسی (tusī bōl sakdiyō)

You can speak,

you are able to

speak

دنیسک وبلاو (ō bōl sakdên)

داینسک وبل او (ō bōl sakdiyān)

They can speak,

they are able to

speak

EXAMPLES

ریمے ایخل اچ اقتلب ےت اترخی یس دمد ےل ےک اِس وموضع ےت ڈارٹک ( ۱، دنہوک دا ‘‘اچ دی اچہ’’اخدل لیہس کلم، )صیب تہب کجھ ھکل سکدے اےئ۔

(۱۴۲ص دقمہم، With the help of history and cooperative Study Dr. Sahib could

have written much more.

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اخدل )ڑنہ ںیم آزاد اایں، ڑنہ ںیم اکرفنسن دے آرلکیٹ نس انکس اایں۔ ( ۲ (۱۴۱ص ، دنہوک دا دقمہم، ‘‘اچ دی اچہ’’لیہس کلم،

Now I am free and I can hear the articles of conference. تبیغ دے اِس زامےن اچ ریغ انتمزہع تیصخش انیقیً وڈی ای وہسکدی اے۔ ( ۳ (۱۴۱ص ، دنہوک دا دقمہم، ‘‘اچ دی اچہ’’اخدل لیہس کلم، )

An undisputed personality is definitely sublime in this ear of

back biting. اخدل )۔ تسی اہہی بس کجھ ربداتش ین رکسکدے او ںیم اجڑنین آں( ۴

(۶۳لیہس، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکین، ص I know that you can not bear all this.

روزانہم ااجنم دے العوہ ایُن وسوچھٹن اچ دنہوک ےحفص دے ارجا رکےن واےل ( ۵اشپور ’’ش۔ وشتک، )۔ روزانہم ایحت دے رکدار ون یھب رظنادناز ین کیتا اجسکدا

(۶۹ص ، دنہوک دا دقمہم، ‘‘وچ دنہوک ادب دا اجزئہWe cannot deny the importance of Hindko newsletter daily

“Hayat” inspite of the presence of daily “Anjaam”.

COMPULSION

CONSTRUCTIONS

The idea of “necessity, must, should and has to” may be

underlined in three different expressions in Hindko i.e. /hōŋā-

./Fڑنپا-and /pêŋā /اچہدئے-chāyidê/ ,/وہڑنا

1) In all these three verbs, the structure should be follow

the below given pattern:

Subject

with nūŋ-ونں

Object (If

there is any

object)

Main verb

in infinitive (transitive or

intransitive)

Forms of

/hōŋā-وہڑنا/

/chāyidê-

ہدئےاچ /

/pêŋā-ڑنپاF/

2) All transitive verbs should agree with the number and

gender of the object (if there is any object in the

sentence).

/hōŋā-وہڑنا/

/hōŋā-وہڑنا/ is used in its auxiliary forms to show an inner

necessity. There are only three tenses of this structure i.e.

present, past and future tenses.

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Present Tense/Intransitive Verb

I must mannūŋ.... ňā ê-

vê ڑنا اے ۔ونمں ۔۔۔۔ وے

You must

(singular) tannūŋ.... ňā ê-

vê

ا اے ڑنونتں ۔۔۔۔ ۔وے

He/She/It must us nūň.... ňā ê-vê ڑنا اے اُس ونں ۔۔۔۔ ۔وے

We must sānūŋ.... ňā ê-vê ڑنا اے اسونں ۔۔۔۔ ۔وے

You must

(plural) svānūŋ.... ňā ê-

vê ڑنا اے وساونں ۔۔۔۔ ۔وے

They must unhāŋ nūŋ.... ňā

ê-vê

ڑنا اے اُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔ ۔وے

(to go) اجڑنا

I must go mannūŋ jāňā ê-

vê ے ۔وےڑنا اونمں اج

You must go

(singular) tannūŋ jāňā ê-vê ے ۔وےڑنا اونتں اج

He/She/It must

go us nūň jāňā ê-vê ۔وے ڑنا اےاُس ونں اج

We must go sānūŋ jāňā ê-vê ے ۔وےڑنا ااسونں اج You must go

(plural) svānūŋ jāňā ê-vê وے۔ ڑنا اےوساونں اج

They must go unhāŋ nūŋ jāňā

ê-vê

اے ڑنا اُاہنں ونں اج ۔وے

HINDKO GRAMMAR

207

Present Tense/Transitive Verb Conjugation with

Musculine Singular Object

وے ۔ اے ڑنا ۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. ê-vê ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,

svānūŋ, unhānūŋ

auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in present

tense-singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

Present Tense/Transitive Verb Conjugation with Musculine

Plural Object

ںین۔اُن ڑنے۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. un-nêŋ ….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb


tense-plural

infinitive in

masculine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they


Feminine Singular Object

ےا ڑنی۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں

HALIL TOKER

208

….. ê ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb


tense-singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they


Feminine Plural Object

ںین۔اُن ڑنایں۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. un-nêŋ ….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb


tense-plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

اڑلکھن (to write)

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must write a

letter

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš likhňā ê

ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ط لکھنڑا اے ونں I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must write some

letters

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš likhňê un


ناُ لکھنڑےط ونں

I, you (singular), mannūŋ, tannūŋ, ،ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں

HINDKO GRAMMAR

209

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must write a

book

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitāb likhňī ê

اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں اے لکھنڑی اتکبونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must write some

books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

likhňiyāŋ un


ناُ لکھنڑایں اتکابںونں

Past Tense/Intransitive Verb

I must have mannūŋ.... ňā

ayā ڑنا اایونمں ۔۔۔۔

You must have

(singular) tannūŋ.... ňā ayā ڑنا اایونتں ۔۔۔۔

He/She/It must

have us nūň.... ňā ayā ڑنا اایاُس ونں ۔۔۔۔

We must have sānūŋ.... ňā ayā ڑنا اایاسونں ۔۔۔۔ You must have

(plural) svānūŋ.... ňā ayā ڑنا اایوساونں ۔۔۔۔

They must have unhāŋ nūŋ.... ňā

ayā ڑنا اایاُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔

(To go) اجڑنا

I must have gone mannūŋ jāňā ayā اایڑنا ونمں اج You must have

gone (singular) tannūŋ jāňā ayā اایڑنا ونتں اج

He/She/It must

have gone us nūň jāňā ayā اایڑنا اُس ونں اج

We must go sānūŋ jāňā ayā اایڑنا اسونں اج

HALIL TOKER

210

You must have

gone (plural) svānūŋ jāňā ayā اایڑنا وساونں اج

They must have

gone unhāŋ nūŋ jāňā

ayā اایڑنا اُاہنں ونں اج

Past Tense/Transitive Verb Conjugation with


ڑنا ۔۔۔۔ اای ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. ayā ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in past

tense-singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

Present Tense/Transitive Verb Conjugation

with Musculine Plural Object

ڑنے۔۔۔۔ اےئ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. ayê ….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in past

tense-plural

infinitive in

masculine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

HINDKO GRAMMAR

211


with Feminine Singular Object

ڑنی۔۔۔۔ ایئ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. ayī ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in past

tense-singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they


with Feminine Plural Object

ڑنایں۔۔۔۔ اایئں ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. aiyāŋ ….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in past

tense-plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

اڑلکھن (to write)

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,



HALIL TOKER

212

must have

written a letter ĥaš likhňā ayā اایط لکھنڑا ونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must have

written some

letters

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš likhňê ayê


ےئا لکھنڑےط ونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must have

written a book

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitāb likhňī ayī


ایئ لکھنڑی اتکبونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

must have

written some

books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

likhňiyāŋ aiyāŋ


لکھنڑایں اتکابںونں ایئںا

Future Tense/Intransitive Verb

I will have to mannūŋ.... ňā

hōsī ڑنا وہیسونمں ۔۔۔۔

You will have to

(singular) tannūŋ.... ňā

hōsī وہیسونتں ۔۔۔۔

He/She/It have

to us nūň.... ňā hōsī وہیساُس ونں ۔۔۔۔

We will have to sānūŋ.... ňā hōsī وہیساسونں ۔۔۔۔ You will have to

(plural) svānūŋ.... ňā hōsī وہیس وساونں ۔۔۔۔

They have to unhāŋ nūŋ.... ňā

hōsī وہیساُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔

HINDKO GRAMMAR

213

(to go) اجڑنا

I will have to go mannūŋ jāňā

hōsī وہیسڑنا ونمں اج

You have to go

(singular) tannūŋ jāňā hōsī وہیسڑنا ونتں اج

He/She/It will

have to go us nūň jāňā hōsī وہیسڑنا اُس ونں اج

We will have to

go sānūŋ jāňā hōsī وہیسڑنا اجاسونں

You will have to

go (plural) svānūŋ jāňā hōsī وہیسڑنا وساونں اج

They will have

to go unhāŋ nūŋ jāňā

hōsī وہیسڑنا اُاہنں ونں اج

Future Tense/Transitive Verb Conjugation

with Musculine Singular Object

ڑنا ۔۔۔۔ وہیس ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، وساونں، اُاہنں اسونں،

ونں….. hōsī ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in future

tense-singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنے۔۔۔۔ وہنس ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں،

HALIL TOKER

214

اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں ونں

….. hōsun ….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in future

tense-plural

infinitive in

masculine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنی ۔۔۔۔ وہیس ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. hōsī ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in future

tense-singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنایں ۔۔۔۔ وہنس ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. hōsun ….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,

HINDKO GRAMMAR

215


auxiliary verb

/hōňā/ in future

tense-plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

ڑالکھن (to write)

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

will have to

write a letter

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš likhňā hōsī


وہیسط لکھنڑا ونں I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

will have to

write some

letters

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš likhňê hōsun


وہنس لکھنڑےط ونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

will have to

write a book

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitāb likňhī hōsī


وہیس لکھنڑی اتکبونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

will have to

write some

books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

likhňiyāŋ hōsun


لکھنڑایں اتکابںونں وہنس

HALIL TOKER

216

/chāyidê-اچہدئے/

/chāyidê- ےاچہدئ / is generally used in two tenses i.e. present tense

and past tense to show an moral necessity.

Present Tense/Intransitive Verb

I should mannūŋ.... ňā

chāyidê اچہدئےڑنا ونمں ۔۔۔۔

You should


chāyidê اچہدئےڑنا ونتں ۔۔۔۔

He/She/It should us nūň.... ňā

chāyidê ڑنا اُس ونں ۔۔۔۔

اچہدئےWe should sānūŋ.... ňā

chāyidê ڑنا اسونں ۔۔۔۔ اچہدئے

You should

(plural) svānūŋ.... ňā

chāyidê ڑنا وساونں ۔۔۔۔ اچہدئے

They should unhāŋ nūŋ.... ňā

chāyidê ڑنا اُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔

اچہدئے

ڑناآ (to come)

I should come mannūŋ āňā

chāyidê اچہدئےڑنا آونمں

You should

come (singular) tannūŋ āňā

chāyidê ڑنا اچہدئےآونتں

He/She/It should

come us nūň āňā

chāyidê ڑنا اچہدئےآاُس ونں

HINDKO GRAMMAR

217

We should come sānūŋ āňā

chāyidê ڑنا اچہدئےآاسونں

You should

come (plural) svānūŋ āňā

chāyidê ڑنا اچہدئےآوساونں

They should

come unhāŋ nūŋ āňā

chāyidê ڑنا اچہدئےآاُاہنں ونں



ڑنا ۔۔۔۔ اچہدئے ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. chāyidê ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in

present tense-

singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



نیاچہدئ۔اچہدئے اُن ڑنے۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. chāyidê un-

chāyidên

….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb infinitive in I, you (singular),

HALIL TOKER

218

/chāyidê/ in

present tense-

plural

masculine plural

form

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنی ۔۔۔۔ اچہدئی اے ونتں، اُس ونں، ونمں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. chāyidī ê ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in

present tense-

singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



اچہدئاین۔اچہدئایں اُن ڑنایں۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. chāhidiyāŋ

un-chāyidiyān

….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in

present tense-

plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

HINDKO GRAMMAR

219

(to read) ڑپھنڑا

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should read a

letter

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hňā

chāyidê


اچہدئےھنڑا ط ڑپونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should read

some letters

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hnê

chāyidên


ھنڑےڑپط ونں نیاچہدئ

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should read a

book

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitāb par’hnī

chāyidī ê


ھنڑیڑپ اتکبونں اچہدئی اے

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should read

some books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

par’hniyāŋ

chāyidiyān


ھنڑایںڑپ اتکابںونں ناچہدئای

Past Tense/Intransitive Verb

I should have mannūŋ.... ňā

chāyidā ayā ڑنا اچہدئا اای ونمں ۔۔۔۔

You should have


chāyidā ayā ڑنا اچہدئا اایونتں ۔۔۔۔

He/She/It should us nūň.... ňā ڑنا اچہدئااُس ونں ۔۔۔۔

HALIL TOKER

220

have chāyidā ayā اای We should have sānūŋ.... ňā

chāyidā ayā ڑنا اچہدئا اسونں ۔۔۔۔ اای

You should have


chāyidā ayā ڑنا اچہدئا وساونں ۔۔۔۔ اای

They should

have unhāŋ nūŋ....ňā

chāyidā ayā ڑنا اُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔

اچہدئا اای

ڑناآ (to come)

I shoud have

come mannūŋ āňā

chāyidā ayā

ڑنا اچہدئا اایونمں آ

You should have

come (singular) tannūŋ āňā

chāyidā ayā

ڑنا اچہدئا اایونتں آ

He/She/It should

have come us nūň āňā

chāyidā ayā

ڑنا اچہدئا اایاُس ونں آ

We should have

come sānūŋ āňā

chāyidā ayā

اای ڑنا اچہدئااسونں آ

You should have


chāyidā ayā

ڑنا اچہدئا اایوساونں آ

They should

have come unhāŋ nūŋ āňā

chāyidā ayā

ڑنا اچہدئا اایاُاہنں ونں آ

Past Tense/Transitive Verb Conjugation with


ڑنا ۔۔۔۔ اچہدئا اای ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

HINDKO GRAMMAR

221

ونں….. chāyidā ayā ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in past

tense-singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



اےئاچہدئے ڑنے ۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. chāyidê ayê ….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in past

tense-plural

infinitive in

masculine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ایئاچہدئی ڑنی۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. chāyidī ayī ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


HALIL TOKER

222

auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in past

tense-singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



اایئںاچہدئایں ڑنایں۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں…..chāyidiyāŋ

aiyāŋ

….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/chāyidê/ in past

tense-plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they


I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should have read

a letter

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hňā

chāyidā ayā


اای اچہدئا ھنڑاط ڑپونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should have read

some letters

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hňê

chāyidê ayê


ھنڑےڑپط ونں ےئا اچہدئے

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,

ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں،

HINDKO GRAMMAR

223

(plural), they

should have read

a book


kitāb par’hňī

chāyidī ayī

اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں ھنڑیڑپ اتکبونں

ایئاچہدئی

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

should have read

some books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

par’hňiyāŋ

chāyidiyāŋ aiyāŋ


ھنڑایںڑپ اتکابںونں ایئںااچہدئایں

/pêňā-ڑنپاF/

/pêňā-ڑنپاF/ is a full infinitive and may be used in all tenses

occurring in Hindko. It shows an external compulsion and

necessity. Here we will give the conjugations of the two tenses

i.e. the simple present tense and the simple past tense.

The Simple Present Tense/Intransitive Verb

I have to mannūŋ.... ňā

pêndê ڑنا دنیپےونمں ۔۔۔۔

You have


pêndê ڑنا دنیپے ونتں ۔۔۔۔

He/She/It has to us nūň.... ňā

pêndê ڑنا اُس ونں ۔۔۔۔

دنیپےWe have to sānūŋ.... ňā

pêndê ڑنا دنیپےاسونں ۔۔۔۔

You have to


pêndê دنیپےڑنا وساونں ۔۔۔۔

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They have to unhāŋ nūŋ.... ňā

pêndê ڑنا اُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔

دنیپے

ڑناآ (to come)

I have to come mannūŋ āňā

pêndê دنیپےڑنا آ ونمں

You have come

(singular) tannūŋ āňā

pêndê ےڑنا دنیپونتں آ

He/She/It has to

come us nūň āňā pêndê ےڑنا دنیپاُس ونں آ

We have to

come sānūŋ āňā pêndê ےڑنا دنیپاسونں آ

You have to


pêndê ےڑنا دنیپوساونں آ

They have to

come unhāŋ nūŋ āňā

pêndê ےڑنا دنیپاُاہنں ونں آ

The Simple Present Tense/Transitive Verb

Conjugation with Musculine Singular Object

ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، ڑنا۔۔۔۔ دنیپےاسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. pêndê ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in the

simple present

tense- singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

HINDKO GRAMMAR

225



ڑنے۔۔۔۔ ۔دنیپنیندنیپے اُ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. pêndê un-

pendên

….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in the

simple present

tense-plural

infinitive in

masculine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنی۔۔۔۔ دنیپی اے ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. pêndī ê ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in the

simple present

tense- singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

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The Simple Present Tense/Transitive Verb

Conjugation with Feminine Plural Object

ڑنایں۔۔۔۔ دنیپایں اُن ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. pêndiyāŋ un ….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in the

simple present

tense- plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they


I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

have/has to read

a letter

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hňā

pêndê


ےدنیپھنڑا ط ڑپونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

have/has to read

some letters

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hnê

pêndê un


ڑپھنڑےط ونں ے اُندنیپ

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

have/has to read

a book

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitāb par’hnī

pêndī ê


ڑپھنڑی اتکبونں ی اےدنیپ

HINDKO GRAMMAR

227

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

have/has to read

some books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

par’hniyāŋ

pêndiyāŋ un


ڑپھنڑایں اتکابںونں ناُ ایںدنیپ

The Simple Past Tense/Intransitive Verb

I had to mannūŋ.... ňā

piyā ایپڑنا ونمں ۔۔۔۔

You had to


piyā ڑنا ایپ ونتں ۔۔۔۔

He/She/It had to us nūň.... ňā piyā ڑنا ایپاُس ونں ۔۔۔۔ We had to sānūŋ.... ňā piyā ڑنا ایپ اسونں ۔۔۔۔ You had to


piyā ڑنا ایپ وساونں ۔۔۔۔

They had to unhāŋ nūŋ....ňā

piyā ڑنا ایپ اُاہنں ونں ۔۔۔۔

ڑناآ (to come)

I had to come mannūŋ āňā piyā ایپڑنا ونمں آ You had to come

(singular) tannūŋ āňā piyā ایپڑنا ونتں آ

He/She/It had to

come us nūň āňā piyā ایپڑنا اُس ونں آ

We had to come sānūŋ āňā piyā ایپڑنا اسونں آ You had to come

(plural) svānūŋ āňā piyā ایپڑنا وساونں آ

They had to

come unhāŋ nūŋ āňā ایپڑنا اُاہنں ونں آ

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piyā

The Simple Past Tense/Transitive Verb

Conjugation with Musculine Singular Object

ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، ڑنا۔۔۔۔ ایپ اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. piyā ….. ňā mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in past

tense-singular

infinitive in

masculine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنے۔۔۔۔ ےئپ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں….. payê ….. ňê mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in past

tense-plural

infinitive in

masculine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



ڑنی۔۔۔۔ یئپ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں،

HINDKO GRAMMAR

229

اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں ونں

….. payī ….. ňī mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in past

tense-singular

infinitive in

feminine

singular form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they



یاںپئ ڑنایں۔۔۔۔ ونمں، ونتں، اُس ونں، اسونں، وساونں، اُاہنں

ونں…..paiyāŋ ….. ňiyāŋ mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


auxiliary verb

/pêňā/ in past

tense-plural

infinitive in

feminine plural

form

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they


I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

had to read a

letter

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


ĥaš par’hňā piyā


ایپ ھنڑاط ڑپونں I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


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230

had to read some

letters svānūŋ, unhānūŋ

ĥaš par’hňê payê

ےئپڑپھنڑے ط ونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

had to read a

book

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitāb par’hňī

payī


یئپ ڑپھنڑی اتکبونں

I, you (singular),

he/she/it, you

(plural), they

had to read some

books

mannūŋ, tannūŋ,

us nūŋ, sānūŋ,


kitābāŋ

par’hňiyāŋ

paiyāŋ


ڑپھنڑایں اتکابںونں پئیاں

Sentences containing a phrase like /żarūrat ê-رضورت اے/

(it is necessary that), /vājib ê-وابج اے/ (it is obligatory that),

/munāsib ê-انمبس اے/ (it is proper that) may be used to

express necessity.

HINDKO GRAMMAR

231

EXAMPLES

اِس دے العوہ ہکم وچ یپ آیئ اے دا گنکب آسف ۔۔۔ ہکم اٹور اچ اقمئ کیتا ( ۱اجوے ےھتج وہر یھب ارئالانئں دے درتف اُن اتہک احایجں ونں رحم رشفی یس

ایض اقحل رسدحی، زارئنی رمعہ ےت ج دایں )ابعدت یس دور ہن رڑنہا وپوے۔ ( ۶ص ، ، ےنیہم وار رفوغ، (رتہمج اگنہ نیسح ینیسح)الکشمں،

Apart from this, the booking office of PIA should be established

at “Makkah Tower” in Mecca where there are offices of other

air lines as well so that the pilgrims (Hajis) should not be stay

far from Haram Sharif.

دا اصقنن ڑکچاں دنیپے، اِس رطےقی ونں ارساں ادارایں ونں اھکلن روایپں ( ۲ایض اقحل رسدحی، زارئنی رمعہ ےت ج دایں الکشمں، )ااسن ڑنباڑنا اچدیہے۔

(۶ص ، ، ےنیہم وار رفوغ، (رتہمج اگنہ نیسح ینیسح)By doing this companies could lose laces of rupees. This

procedure should be made simple.

روےپ وہےن ۲۱۱ ہاگلان حیحص نینگا، رسوس اچرزج زاید یس زاید ج ےت سیف ( ۳رتہمج اگنہ )ایض اقحل رسدحی، زارئنی رمعہ ےت ج دایں الکشمں، )اچدیہنی۔ (۷ص ، ۹، امشرہ ۱۱ع، دلج ۵۱۱۲ونربم ، ےنیہم وار رفوغ وشپر، (نیسح ینیسح

It is improper to charge fee on “HAJ” service charges should

not be more than Rs. 200.

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وساس یٹ دے الع ے اچ ای اڈےرجیم صیب دا مکح اے ہک ایُچربے وت( ۴ (۱۱۵اخدل لیہس، آڑپا وڑیا آڑپی اہکین، ص )رڑنہا اچدیہاے۔

But it is the order of your major to live with elite class.

اچ وکیئ زایدہ فیلکت ین ااہُنں ای ایلگنبں اچ رمتس اشہ دا ہلگنب وہٹڈنڑنںی ( ۵ (۳۳ص ، اصدق ابص، یلھک اایھکں دا اخب)رکین یئپ۔

In these bungalows it was not difficult to seek the bungalow of

“Rustam Shah”.

COMPOUND VERBS

When two verbs come together to act as a single verb so that

they should convey a single idea, they are called compound

verbs. Compound verbs in Hindko, like in Urdu, Hindi and

Punjabi, make it possible to express a wide variety of

connotations and nuances. Turkish also has some compound

verbs which act like the compound verbs in Hindko but there

are fewer than in Hindko.

There is a fact to be remembered that when a transitive

compound verb is added to an intransitive verb, except in some

cases as we see in /dêňā-دینڑا/ and /lêňā-لینڑا/, it makes its

conjugation transitive. Likewise, when an intransitive

compound verb is added to a transitive verb it became

intransitive in its conjugation. These verbs are as situated

below:

/jāňā/ اجڑنا

As a compound verb /jāňā-اجڑنا/ loses its real meaning “to go”

and serves to emphasize the original meaning of the verb, by

adding it the nuance of finality, fullness and completeness. In

fact there is a kind of sense of going after completing the real

verb in some cases, but this could not be used for all verbs.

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او ھٹیب ایگō bêt’h-gayā

He sat down

او وکسل چنہپ ایگ اایō skūl pahonch-gayā āyā

He had reached to school

ادمح وسایگ وےaģmad sō-gayā-vê

Ahmad has went to sleep

ایس ھجمس ےئگasī samajh-gaê we took it in

/āňā/ آڑنا

/āňā-آڑنا/ is used to emphasize the meaning of the primary verb

and it would suggest that the doer returned to his original place

after performing the act expressed by the primary verb.

ںیم اہہی گہل اُس ونں ہہک آایêh ghal us nūŋ keh-āyā

I told that (word) to him and came back

آای اہہی مک رک یلع ‘alī êh kam kar-āyā

HINDKO GRAMMAR

235

Ali did that work and came back

/dêňā/ دینڑا

/dêňā-دینڑا/ is used suggest an action effects the indirect or

sometimes the direct object. Sometimes it also indicates an

action moving from the doer:

دےوت یلع ونں وسا

tū ‘alī nūŋ suvā-dê

(You) get Ali to seep

In some intransitive tenses, /dênā-دینڑا/ adds the nuance that

there was a suddenness and impulsive in the action:

ےت رودینی اںی ہلگ ہلوت ات گ tū ghal ghal tê rō-dênīêŋ

You burst into tears at every little matter

او اہہی نس ےک لچ دات

ō eh sunkê chal-dittā

When he heard it, just then he went away

/lêňā/ لینڑا

When /lêňā-لینڑا/ is used as a compound verb it suggests that the

action is being done for the benefit of the doer:

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ےنم اھکان اھکاتلmannê khānā khā-lettā

I ate my food

آڑپا مک متخ رکےل وت ےلہپ tū pahlā āpňā kam ĥatm kar-lê

First finish your own work

/F /pêňāڑنپا

/pêňā-ڑنپاF/ as an auxiliary verb adds the nuance of suddenness

and a kind of feeling of surprise to the primary verb:

ااچکن او دو ننڈے لک ےئپachānak ō dō nand’ê kal-payê

Abruptly that two boys began to fight

ےت او رو یئپیئپیکن یچب درتخ یس ےٹ nikkī bachchī draĥt sī t’ê-payī tê rō-payī

The little girl suddenly fell down from the tree and she

began to cry

یئپڑکی خیچ kur’ī chīĥ-payī

The girl suddenly cried out

HINDKO GRAMMAR

237

/bêt’hňā/ بیٹھنڑا

/bêt’hňā-بیٹھنڑا/ as an auxiliary verb underlines that the act was

done as a result of the false manner of the doer and it was

somewhat a regretful deed:

ںیم ات اُس ونں اہہی گہل ہہک اھٹیب

mêŋ tā us nūŋ eh ghal keh-bêt’hā

I told that (word) to him (I wish I didn’t)

وت ہشیمہ ریمایں گہلاں طلغ ھجمس بیٹھدی اںیtū hamêsha mêriyāŋ ghallāŋ ġalaš samajh-bêt’hdī êŋ

You always misunderstand me

/chukňā/ چکنڑا

/chukňā-چکنڑا/, as an auxiliary, underscores the fullness and

completion of the act. Sometimes it also adds the sense of

“being already finished and done” to the act:

واںںیم اپڑنی یپ اکچ

mêŋ pāňī pī-chukā vāŋ

I have drunk water

ےکچ بس مک متخ وہ

sab kam ĥatm hō-chukê

All works have been done

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/chōr’nā/ وھچڑان

As an auxiliary verb /chōr’nā-وھچڑان/ adds the nuance of

vehemence and using of force in the act to be done. In some

cases it underscores “doing or finishing an act through

hurriedly”:

وھچڑے نہپں ےن داکانں دے ےشیش آرکےن واےلااجتحج iģtijāj karnê-vālê-āŋ nê dukānāŋ dê shīshê phan-chōr’ê

The protesters broke down the windows of the shops

س ےن پس ونں امر وھچڑااُ usnê sap nūŋ mār-chōr’ā

He forcefully killed the snake

انامر /mārnā/

/mārnā-امران/ as we can see in its real meaning: “to beat-to kill” as

well, when it is used as an auxiliary verb, it adds the idea of

force or hastiness to the primary verb:

س ےن دلگان ونں دوال ےت دے امرااُ us nê guldān nūŋ divāl tê dê-mārā

He hit the vase to the wall

دم خیچ امریکہاچبری رن ےن bechārī ran nê hik dam chīĥ-mārī

The poor woman suddenly cried out

APPENDIXES

(Some notes on the Hindko

Accent Spoken in Haripur-

Hazara)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

my mêrā ریما your têrā ریتا

his/her/its usdā اُس دا our āsāŋdā ااسں دا your tusāŋdā-tād’ā استں دا۔اتڈا

their unhāŋdā اُاہنں دا

PRONOUNS WITH THE AGENTIVE

POSTPOSITION

I mêŋ nê-mannê ۔ےنمںیم ےن you tanê-tudnê ےنت۔تُدےن

he/she/it usnê-ōnê اُس ےن۔او ےن we sānê-asāŋ nê اسےن۔ااسں ےن

you (plural) svānê-tusāŋ nê ۔استں ےنوساےن them unhāŋ nê ےناُاہنں

PRONOUNS WITH /āŋ-آں/:

to me māŋ امں to you tudāŋ دتاں

to him/her/it usāŋ ااُسں

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to us āsāŋ ااسں to you (plural) tusāŋ استں

to them unāŋ ااُنں

VERB OF BEING (hōňā-وہان)

Present Tense

Singular Plural

I. Person ںیم |۔واں آں ــــںیم ےہ واں ــــ

(mêŋ....āŋ-

vāŋ/mêŋ….

hêvāŋ)

I am

ایس |۔واں آں ــــایس ےہ واں ــــ

(asī....āŋ-

vāŋ/asī.... hêvāŋ)

We are

II.Person ــــوت | ۔وںیاںی ــــوت ےہ وںی

(tū….êŋ-

vêŋ/tū…. hêvêŋ)

You are

۔وہاو ــــتسی (tusī ….ō-hō)

You are

III. Person ــــاو | ۔وےاے ــــاو ےہ وے

(ō….ê-vê/ō….

hêvê)

He/she/it is

ےہ ــــاو |ںین ــــاو ںین

(ō….nêŋ/ō....

hênêŋ)

They are

HINDKO GRAMMAR

243

Past Tense

Singular

Masculine Feminine

ےہ ــــ ںیم |اایں ــــںیم اسں

(mêŋ….ayāŋ/mêŋ....

hêsāŋ)

ےہ ــــ ںیم |اایئں ــــ ںیم ںاس

(mêŋ….aiyâŋ/mêŋ….

hêsāŋ)

I were

ےہ ںیس ــــوت |اںیئ ــــوت (tū....ayêŋ/tū....

hêsêŋ)

ےہ ںیس ــــوت |ائیئیں ــــ وت (tū....aiyêŋ/tū....

hêsêŋ)

You were

ےہ یس ــــ او|اای ــــ او (ō....ayā/ō.... hêsī)

ےہ یس ــــاو |ایئ ــــ او (ō....ayī/ō.... hêsī)

He/She/It was

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ــــ ایس |اایں ــــ ایس ےہ اسں

(asī....ayāŋ/asī....

hêsāŋ)

ــــ ایس |اایں ــــایس ےہ اسں

(asī....ayāŋ/asī....

hesāŋ)

We were

ــــتسی |اوئ ــــتسی ےہ وس

(tusī….ayō/tusī....

hêsō)

ــــ تسی |اویئ ــــتسی ےہ وس

(tusī....aiyō/tusī....

hêsō)

You were

ےہ نس ــــ او|اےئ ــــ او (ō....ayê/ō....

hêsun)

ےہ ــــاو |اایئں ــــ او نس

(ō....aiyāŋ/ō….

hêsun)

They were

HALIL TOKER

244

Future Tense Singular

Masculine Feminine

واں ںیم وہ | اسںوہںیم اگ

(mêŋ hōsāŋ/mêŋ

hōvāŋgā)

واں ںیم وہ | اسںوہںیم یگ


hōvāŋgī)

I will be

وںی اگوت وہ | ںیسوہوت (tū hōsêŋ/tū

hōvêŋgā)

وںی یگوت وہ | ںیسوہوت (tū hōsêŋ/tū

hōvêŋgī)

You will be

وے اگاو وہ | یسوہاو (ō hōsī/ō

hōvêgā)

وے یگاو وہ | یسوہاو (ō hōsī/ō hōvêgī)

He/She/It will be

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ایس | سیئیںوہایس واں ےگوہ

(asī hōsīêŋ/asī

hōvāŋgê)

ایس | سیئیںوہایس واں ےگوہ

(asī hōsīêŋ/asī

hōvāŋgê)

We will be

تسی | وستسی رکوےگوہ

(tusī hōsō/tusī

hōvogê)

تسی | وسوہتسی وایگںوہ

(tusī hōsō/tusī

hōvogiyāŋ)

You will be

ون ےگاو وہ |ڑ سنوہاو (ō hōsuň/ō

hōvangê)

ون ایگںاو وہ |نڑ سوہ او (ō hōsuň/ō

hōvangiyāŋ)

They will be

HINDKO GRAMMAR

245

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The Inflectional Endings of Verbs in the Simple

Present Tense:


I. Person انںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….nāŋ)

ین آںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….niyāŋ)

II.Person ںینوت ــــ (tū….nêŋ)

ین اںیوت ــــ (tū ….niyêŋ)

III. Person دےاو ــــ (ō ….dê)

دی اےاو ــــ (ō …. diyê)


I. Person ےن آںایس ــــ (asī….nêyāŋ)

ےن آںایس ــــ (asī….nêyāŋ)

II.Person ے اودتسی ــــ (tusī….dêyō)

ایں اودتسی ــــ (tusī ….diyāŋ ō)

III. Person ے ںینداو ــــ (ō ….dê nêŋ)

ں ںیندایاو ــــ (ō ….diyāŋ ō)

انڈر (to do)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

انںڈرںیم (mêŋ d’arnāŋ)

ین آںڈرںیم (mêŋ d’arniyāŋ)

I am afraid

ںینڈروت (tū d’arnêŋ)

ین اںیڈروت (tū d’arniyêŋ)

You are afraid

HALIL TOKER

246

دےڈراو (ō kardê)

دی اےڈر او (ō kardiyê)

He/She/It is

afraid

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےن آںڈرایس (asī d’arnêyāŋ)

ےن آںڈرایس (asī d’arnêyāŋ)

We are afraid

اوڈردے تسی (tusī d’ardê ō)

ں اودایڈرتسی (tusī d’ardiyāŋ ō)

You are afraid

ے ںیندڈراو (ō d’ardê nêŋ)

ںینایں دڈر او (ō d’ardiyāŋ nêŋ)

They are afraid

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Inflectional Endings in the Present Continuous

Tense:


I. Person انںــــ ںایپںیم (mêŋ piyāŋ ….

nāŋ)

ین آںــــ یئپںیم (mêŋ payī....niyāŋ)

II.Person ںینــــ ایپوت (tū piyā ….nêŋ)

ین اںیــــ یئپوت (tū payī ….nīêŋ)

III. Person دےــــ ایپاو (ō piyā ….dê)

دی اےــــ یئپاو (ō payī …. dīyê)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

247


I. Person ےن آںــــ ےئپایس (asī payê….ne āŋ)

آں ینــــ یئپایس (asī payī….nī āŋ)

II.Person ے اودــــ ےئپتسی (tū payê ….deyō)

ں اودایــــ پئیاںتسی (tusī paīyāŋ

….diyāŋ ō)

III. Person ے ںیندــــ ےئپاو (ō payê ….dê nêŋ)

ں ںیندایــــ پئیاںاو

(ō paiyāŋ ….

diyāŋ nêŋ)

(to sleep) وسڑنا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

انںوس ںایپںیم (mêŋ piyāŋ sōnāŋ)

ین آںوس یئپںیم (mêŋ payī

sōniyāŋ)

I am sleeping

ںینوس ایپوت (tū piyā sōnêŋ)

ین اںیوس یئپوت (tū payī sōnīêŋ)

You are sleeping

ےدنوس ایپاو (ō piyā sōndê)

ی اےدنوسیئپ او (ō payī sōndīyê)

He/She/It is

sleeping

Plural

Masculine Feminine

ےن آںوس ےئپ ایس(asī payê sōnêyāŋ)

آں ینوس یئپ ایس(asī payī sōnīyāŋ)

We are sleeping

دنے اووس ےئپ تسی (tusī payê sōdêyō)

ں اوایدنوس پئیاںتسی (tusī paiyāŋ

sōndiyāŋ ō)

You are sleeping

HALIL TOKER

248

دنے ںینوس ےئپاو (ō payê sōndê nêŋ)

ںیندنایں وسپئیاں او

(ō paiyāŋ kardiyāŋ

nêŋ)

They are

sleeping

THE FUTURE TENSE

The Inflectional Endings of Verbs in the Future Tense:


I. Person ــــ ںیم | اسںںیم ــــ اں اگ۔واں اگ

(mêŋ….sāŋ/mêŋ

....āŋgā-vāŋgā)

ــــ ںیم | اسںںیم ــــ اں یگ۔واں یگ

(mêŋ….sāŋ/mêŋ

....āŋgī-vāŋgī)

II.Person ںی ــــ وت | ںیسوت ــــ اگ۔وںی اگ

(tū….sêŋ/tū....

êŋgā-vêŋgā)

ںی ــــوت | ںیسوت ــــ یگ۔وںی یگ

(tū ….sêŋ/tū....

êŋgī-vêŋgī)

III. Person ے ــــ او | یساو ــــ اگ۔وے اگ

(ō ….sī/ō....êgā-

vêgā)

ے ــــ او | یساو ــــ یگ۔وے یگ

(ō ….sī/ō....êgī-

vêgī)


I. Person ــــ ایس | سیئیںایس ــــ اں ےگ۔واں ےگ

(asī….sīêŋ/asī....

āŋgê-vāŋgê)

ــــ ایس | سیئیںایس ــــ اں ےگ۔واں ےگ

(asī….sīêŋ/asī....

āŋgê-vāŋgê)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

249

II.Person ــــ سیت | وستسی ــــ و ےگ۔وو ےگ

(tusī….sō/tusī ....

ōgê-vōgê)

ــــ سیت | وستسی ــــ و ایگں۔وو ایگں

(tusī ….sō/tusī

.... ōgiyāŋ-

vōgiyāŋ)

III. Person ن ــــ ایس | ڑسناو ــــ ےگ۔ون ےگ

(ō….saň/ō....

angê-vangê)

ن ــــاو | ڑسناو ــــ ایگں۔ ون ایگں

(ō…. san/ō....

angiyāŋ-

vangiyāŋ)

ڑناآ (to come)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

واں آںیم | اسںآںیم اگ


hōvāŋgā)

واں آںیم | اسںآںیم یگ


hōvāŋgī)

I will come

وںی اگآوت | ںیسآوت (tū hōsêŋ/tū

hōvêŋgī)

وںی یگآوت | ںیسآوت (tū hōsêŋ/tū

hōvêŋgā)

You will come

وے اگآاو | یسآاو (ō hōsī/ō

hōvêgā)

وے یگآاو | یسآاو (ō hōsī/ō hōvêgī)

He/She/It will

come

HALIL TOKER

250

Plural

Masculine Feminine

واں آایس | سیئیںآایس ےگ

(asī āsīêŋ/asī

āvāŋgê)

واں آایس | سیئیںآایس ےگ

(asī āsīêŋ/asī

āvāŋgê)

We will come

ووےگآ تسی | وسآتسی (tusī āsō/tusī

āvogê)

تسی | وسآتسی ووایگںآ

(tusī āsō/tusī

āvogiyāŋ)

You will come

ون ےگآاو |ڑ سنآاو (ō āsan/ō

āvangiyê)

ون ایگںآاو |نڑ سآ او (ō āsan/ō

āvangiyāŋ)

They will come

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE



I. Person اں۔ایںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….yāŋ)

ی ۔ یئ آںںیم ــــ (mêŋ….ī-yī ŋā )

II.Person ییںوت ــــ (tū….yêŋ)

ییں اںیوت ــــ (tū ….iyêŋ êŋ)

III. Person ےیئاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā vê)

ی ۔ یئ اےاو ــــ (ō …. ī-yī ê)


I. Person ی۔یئ آںایس ــــ ے ۔ ےئ آںایس ــــ

HINDKO GRAMMAR

251

(asī….ê-yê āŋ) (asī….ī-yī āŋ)

II.Person ے ۔ ےئ اوتسی ــــ (tusī….ê-yê ō)

ییاں ۔ ئییاں تسی ــــ او

(tusī …iyāŋ-iyyāŋ

ō)

III. Person ے ۔ ےئ ںیناو ــــ (ō ….ê-yê nêŋ)

ایں ۔ ایئں ںیناو ــــ (ō …. yāŋ-iyāŋ

nêŋ)

نڑااُٹھ (to get up)

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اُایھٹںںیم (mêŋ ut’hiyāŋ)

آں اُیھٹںیم (mêŋ ut’hī âŋ)

I have got up

یںاُٹھیوت (tū ut’eyêŋ)

اںی ںییاُٹھوت (tū ut’hiyeŋ êŋ)

You have got up

ئیےھاُٹ او (ō ut’hyê)

اے اُیھٹ او (ō ut’hī ê)

He/She/It has got

up

Plural

Masculine Feminine

آں اُےھٹایس (asī ut’hê āŋ)

ںای اُیھٹایس (asī ut’hī yāŋ)

We have got up

او اُےھٹتسی (tusī ut’ê ō)

ں اواُایھٹتسی (tusī ut’hiyāŋ ō)

You have got up

ںین اُےھٹ او

(ō ut’ê nêŋ)

ںین اُٹھییاں او (ō ut’hyiyāŋ nêŋ)

They have got

up

HALIL TOKER

252


Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ے ۔ ےئ |ےیئــــ ےنم ںین

(mannê iyê / ê-

yê nêŋ)

ے | ےیئــــ ااسں ےن ںین ۔ ےئ

(asāŋ nê…. iyê /

ê-yê nêŋ)

II.Person ے ۔ ےئ | ےیئــــ ےنت ںین

(tannê…. iyê / ê-

yê nêŋ)

ے | ےیئــــ استں ےن ںین ۔ ےئ

(tusāŋ nê…. iyê /

ê-yê nêŋ)

III. Person ے ۔ | ےیئــــ اُس ےن ںین ےئ

(unhāŋ nê…. iyê

/ ê-yê nêŋ)

ے | ےیئــــ ےناُاہنں ںین ۔ ےئ

(unhāŋ nê…. iyê

/ ê-yê nêŋ)


Feminine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ی ۔ یئ اے ــــ ےنم| ںین ایں ۔ ایئں

(mannê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ nêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ ــــ ااسں ےن ںین ایں ۔ ایئں |اے

(asāŋ nê….ī-yī ê

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ nêŋ)

II.Person ی ۔ یئ اے ــــ ےنت| ںین ایں ۔ ایئں

(tannê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ nêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ ــــ استں ےن ںین ایں ۔ ایئں |اے

(tusāŋ nê….ī-yī

ê / yāŋ-iyāŋ nêŋ)

HINDKO GRAMMAR

253

III. Person اے ی ۔ یئ ــــ اُس ےن| ںین ایں ۔ ایئں

(us nê….ī-yī ê /

yāŋ-iyāŋ nêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ ــــ ےناُاہنں ںین ایں ۔ ایئں |اے

(unhāŋ nê….ī-yī

ê / yāŋ-iyāŋ nêŋ)

(to give) نڑادی

I. Person Singular دتئیے ےنم (mannê dittiyê)

I have given

II. Person Singular دتئیے ےنت (tannê dittiyê)

You have

given

III. Person Singular ُےدتئی س ےنا (us nê dittiyê)

He, she, it has

given

I. Person Plural ےئیدت ااسں ےن (asāŋ nê dittiyê)

We have

given

II. Person Plural

ےدتئی استں ےن

(tusaŋ nê

dittiyê)

You have

given

III. Person Plural ُےدتئی اہنں ےنا

(unhāŋ nê

dittiyê)

They have

given

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE



I. Person ی ۔ یئ اایئںںیم ــــ ا ۔ای اایںںیم ــــ

HALIL TOKER

254

(mêŋ….ā-yā ayāŋ) (mêŋ….ī-yī aiyāŋ)

II.Person ای اایئںوت ــــ (tū….ā-yā ayêŋ)

ی ۔ یئ ائیئیںوت ــــ (tū ….ī-yī aiyêŋ)

III. Person ای اایاو ــــ (ō ….ā-yā ayā)

یئ ایئاو ــــ (ō …. ī-yī ayī)


I. Person ے ۔ ےئ اایںایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê ayāŋ)

ے ۔ ےئ اایئںایس ــــ (asī….ê-yê aiyāŋ)

II.Person ے ۔ ےئ تسی ــــ اےیئ او

(tusī….ê-yê ayō)

ایئں ایئ ایں ۔ تسی ــــ او


aiyō)

III.Persom ے ۔ ےئ اےئ ــــ او (ō….ê-yê ayê)

ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں ــــ او (ō....iyāŋ aiyāŋ)

(to fall down) ٹٹھنڑا

Singular

Masculine Feminine

اایں ٹٹھاںیم (mêŋ t’at’hā

ayāŋ)

اایئں ٹٹھیںیم(mêŋ t’at’hī

aiyâŋ)

I had fallen

down

اایئں ٹٹھیاوت (tū t’at’hiyā

aiyāŋ)

ائیئیں ٹٹھی وت (tū t’at’hī aiyêŋ)

You had fallen

down

اای ٹٹھیا او (ō t’at’hyā ayā)

ایئ ٹٹھی او (ō t’at’hī ayī)

He/She/It had

fallen down

HINDKO GRAMMAR

255

Plural

Masculine Feminine

اایں ٹٹھےایس (asī t’at’hê ayāŋ)

ںایئا ٹٹھیاںایس (asī t’at’hyāŋ

aiyāŋ)

We had fallen

down

اےئ او ٹٹھےتسی (tusī t’at’hê ayê

ō)

یاں ایئ اوٹٹھتسی (tusī t’at’hiyāŋ ayī

ō)

You had fallen

down

ے اےئٹٹھاو

(ō t’at’hê ayê)

یاں اایئںٹٹھ او (ō t’at’hiyāŋ

aiyāŋ)

They had fallen

down


Masculine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ۔ ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےنم اایئں ےئ

(mannê….ā-yā ayā

/ ê-yê aiyāŋ)

|ا ۔ای اای ــــ ااسں ےن اایئں ۔ ےئے

(asāŋ nê…. ā-yā

ayā / ê-yê aiyāŋ)

II.Person ۔ ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےنت اایئں ےئ

(tannê…. ā-yā ayā

/ ê-yê aiyāŋ)

|ا ۔ای اای ــــ استں ےن اایئں ۔ ےئے

(tusāŋ nê…. ā-yā


III. Person ے |ا ۔ای اای ــــ اُس ےن اایئں ۔ ےئ

(us nê…. ā-yā ayā

/ ê-yê aiyāŋ)

|ا ۔ای اای ــــ ےناُاہنں اایئں ۔ ےئے

(unhāŋ nê…. ā-yā


HALIL TOKER

256


Feminine Objects:

Singular Plural

I. Person ایں |ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےنم ۔ ایئں اایئں

(mannê…. ī-yī ayī


|ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ااسں ےن ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں

(asāŋ nê…. ī-yī ayī

/ yāŋ-iyāŋ aiyāŋ)

II.Person ایں |ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےنت ۔ ایئں اایئں

(tannê…. ī-yī ayī /


|ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ استں ےن ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں

(tusāŋ nê…. ī-yī

ayī / yāŋ-iyāŋ

aiyāŋ))

III. Person ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ اُس ےن| ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں

(us nê…. ī-yī ayī /


|ی ۔یئ ایئ ــــ ےناُاہنں ایں ۔ ایئں اایئں


ayī / yāŋ-iyāŋ

aiyāŋ)


I. Person Singular ا اایوھچڑ ےنم (mannê chōr’a

ayā)

I had left

II. Person Singular ا اایوھچڑ ےنت (tannê chōr’a

ayā)

You had left

III. Person Singular ُا اایوھچڑ س ےنا (Us nê chōr’a

ayā)

He, she, it had

left

I. Person Plural ا اایوھچڑ ااسں ےن We had left

HINDKO GRAMMAR

257

(asāŋ nê chōr’a

ayā) II. Person Plural

ا اایوھچڑ استں ےن

(tusāŋ nê chōr’a

ayā)

You had left

III. Person Plural ُا اایوھچڑ اہنں ےنا

(unhāŋ nê

chōr’a ayā)

They had left

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Awan, Elahi Bahksh, Sarzamên-i Hindkō, Gandhara Hindko

Board, Peshawar 2008.

Bailey, T. Grahame, Teach Yourself Urdu, (Edited by J. R.

Firth, A. H. Harley), New Yourk 1964, David McKay Company

Inc.

Furōġ Peshōr (Monthly), Volume XI, Number 9, Peshawar

November 2005.

Gandhara Voice-Peshōr (Monthly), Volume II, Number 4,

Peshawar August-September 2011.

Kalra, Surjit Singh and Purewal, Navtej Kaur with Tyson-Ward,

Sue, Teach Yourself Complete Panjabi, London 2010.

Kumar, Kavita, Hindi For Non-Hindi Speaking People, Rupa

Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 2011 (Fourth

Impression).

Malik, Khalid Suhail, Apr’ā Vêr’ā Apr’ī Kahānī (Hindkō

D’rāmā), Pakistan Markazī Hindkō Adabī Board, Peshawar

2003.

Matthews, David and Dalvi, Mohamed Kasim, Teach Yourself

Urdu, London 2003 (Third Edition).

Naim, C. M., Introductory Urdu, South Asia Language&Area

Center, University of Chicago, Chicago 1999.

Nayyar, Mukhtar Ali, Hindkō Qavāid, Maktaba-e Hindkō

Zabān, Peshawar 1976.

HALIL TOKER

260

Platts, John T., A Grammar of The Hindustani or Urdu

Language, Sang-e Meel Publications, Lahore 2002.

Saba, Sadiq, Khulī Akhyāŋ dā Ĥāb, Gandhara Hindko Board,

Peshawar 2008.

Sukoon, Sultan, Hindkō-Urdu Luġat, Gandhara Hindko Board

Peshawar 2002.

Zia ud-Din, Muhammad, Hindkō da Muqaddama (Maqalāt),

Gandhara Hindko Board, Peshawar 2005.

Documents

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HINDKO GRAMMAR - Gandhara · PDF fileDedication This book is dedicated to Dr. Elahi Bakhsh Awan, a true lover of the Hindko Language, for his kindness and devotion