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A QIP Course on Smart Grid Technology: Smart Grid Architecture
Ankush SharmaAssistant Professor
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
E-mail: [email protected]
Contents
Smart Grid Domains
Smart Grid Overall Architecture
Smart Grid Communication Architecture
Smart Grid IT Architecture
Smart Grid Services Architecture
Customer PremisesGeneration Transmission Distribution
MeterMV to LV
Transformer
Substation
HV to MV
Step down
transformer
HV linesPower
PlantLoads
750, 500, 345, 230,
and 138 kV69, 26, 13 & 4kV
Coal 45%
Natural Gas 23%
Nuclear 20%
Hydro 7%
Other 5%
120 & 240V
Basic Power Grid
Wind Farm
Solar Farm
Roof Top
Solar
Wind
Farm
EV
Microgrid
Intelligent ICT Network
Smart Grid
Generation
Energy Storage
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Power Flow in Smart Grid
Power Flow in conventional Power System
Distribution
Network
(Fig. Source: Internet)
Participative Customer
Operations
Service ProvidersMarket
Smart Grid DomainsSmarter -
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Customer participation
Operations
Markets
Service Providers
Source: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
Smart Grid: Customer Domain Customers can be classified into three main categories: residential, commercial,
and industrial.
Customers are going to play a very important role in distribution system
operation through demand response using peak-load shaving, valley-filling etc.
Smart building or smart home solutions will monitor and control the power
consumption at the consumer premises in an intelligent way.
Proper communication
infrastructure will be
required for the
prosumers to interact
with the operators,
distribution systems, and
the market.
Smart Grid: Market Domain Smart grid power market needs to develop, keeping in mind all the objectives of
the smart grid.
The communication infrastructure integrating all the domains is the key to the
success of the power market in a smart grid.
Appropriate regulatory policies needs to be formulated for seamless integration
of the various domains.
The pricing information
has to be made available
online in real-time.
Smart Grid: Service Provider domain Various service providers will emerge, as the smart grid business model
matures. For example –
Retailer
Aggregator
Communication interface with the operations, market, and consumers will be
needed for effective services.
Examples of services:
Renewable generation
forecasting
Billing and customer
complain management
Smart building and home
management
Installation and
commissioning services.
Account management
Smart Grid: Operations Domain Smart grid operations require communication interface with the other domains
Network operations is one the most important activity responsible for metering,
recording, analysis and controlling operations.
Real-time information exchange with the power market needs to be established
in order to implement power trading and scheduling.
The operators need to
interact with various
service providers for
ensuring proper
functioning of the
smart grid.
Information exchange
with the prosumers is
the key to implement
the demand response
management system.
Smart Grid: Generation Domain Co-existence of various types of renewable and non-renewable generating
technologies, such as coal, hydro, nuclear, solar, biomass, geothermal, etc.
System operator has to coordinate the operation of the generation plants, and
ensure the stable and secure operation of the system.
Use of Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) enabled by communication
technologies generating stations operation control e.g. WAMS based power
system stabilizer
Communication
infrastructure needs to
be in place between the
generating facilities and
the system operator,
electricity market, and
the transmission system.
Smart Grid: Transmission Domain Energy-efficient transmission network will carry the power from the bulk
generation facilities to the power distribution systems.
The transmission network needs to be monitored in real-time, and protected
against any potential disturbance.
The power flow and voltage on the lines need to be controlled in order to
maintain stable and secure operation of the system.
System operator to
ensure optimal utilization
of the transmission
network, by minimizing
the losses and voltage
deviations, and
maximizing the reliability
of the supply.
Smart Grid: Distribution Domain Substation automation and distribution automation will be the key enablers for
the smart distribution systems.
Increasing use of distributed energy resources (DERs) will be an important
feature of future distribution systems.
An important job of the distribution system operator is to control the DERs in a
coordinated way to ensure stability and power quality of the distribution system.
Information exchange
between the distribution
system operator and the
customers for better
operation of the
distribution system
Smart Grid –Layered Architecture
Source: Internet
NIST Smart Grid Architecture Model with DER
Smart Grid Architecture Model
Smart Grid Communication Layer
LAN
NAN/
Base figure Source: Internet
Smart Grid Communication Layer...contd
IEC 62056
Real Time/High Speed Service Bus
Enterprise Service Bus
SCADANetwork
Mgmt
Outage
Mgmt
Network
PlanningControl Centre
Applications
CIS ERP EAM, GIS AMI Market
Standalone / Legacy
Applications
Conventional Field
Device
Intelligent Field
Devices
Historian
Ele
ctricity
Gas
Wate
rS. G. Information Layer overview
18
Smart Grid SOA Model
Ref
: IEC
Sm
art
Gri
d S
tan
dar
diz
atio
n R
oad
map
Smart Grid Model for Information Exchange
Ref: IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap
IEC 62357
IEC 62056
IS 16444
Ref
: IEC
Sm
art
Gri
d S
tan
dar
diz
atio
n R
oad
map
Advanced EMS Architecture
Ref: IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap
IEE
E C
37.1
18
PMU
Pro
ject
Man
agem
ent
Busi
ness
Chan
ge
Man
agem
ent
Cut-
ove
r
Man
agem
ent
Syst
em
s
Inte
grat
ion
Busi
ness
Inte
llige
nce
Dat
a Se
rvic
eIn
tegra
tio
n &
Data
Serv
ices
Tra
nsf
orm
ati
on
Serv
ices
Infr
astr
uct
ure
Man
agem
ent
Oth
er
Serv
ices
Operations
Planning
Customer
Service
Demand Side Management
Energy Efficiency
Customer Relationship
Management
Metering and Billing
Service Management
Network Planning Network ModellingAsset
Management
Meter Data Management
Work Management
Operations
ManagementSCADA/EMS/DMS Outage Management Substation Automation
Infrastructure
Smart Home Infrastructure
(Smart Thermostat, Load
Control Devices, Gateways.)
AMI Infrastructure
(Smart Meter, Data
Concentrators, AMI head
end)
Smsrt Grid Infrastructure
(Sensors, Grid Control
Devices, Grid head end)
Consu
ltin
g
(Road
map
,
Stra
tegy
)
Applic
atio
n
Deve
lopm
ent
&
Mai
nte
nan
ce
CommunicationHome Area Network (HAN)Local Area Network
(LAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)
Electric Vehicle (EV)Credit and Revenue
Protection
System
Operation
Contracts & Settlements
SolutionsDashboarding & Reports
Predictive Analytics & Risk
Management
Secu
rity
, S
tan
dard
s &
In
tero
pera
bilit
ySmart Grid Function & Business Model
Global Smart Grid Agencies
IEEE – Started on 1st Jan 1963 in New Jersey, USA. IEEE-SA for standard making
IEC – Formed on 26 June 1906 in Geneva. An NGO for standardization of E.T.
NIST – Formed in 1901 in Maryland, USA to promote innovation
CIGRE – Founded in Paris in 1921. Facilitate technical exchange in HVE
UCAIug – NFP organization of utilities & service providers for interoperability
EPRI – Formed in 1972, HQ - California. NFP org. to work in industry led R&D
NREL – Started in 1977 in Colorado (funded by DOE). Dedicated for R&D in RES
ISA – Formed on 28th April 1945 in Pittsburgh. Focus - industrial automation
NERC – Formed on 26 March 2006 in Atlanta to promote power reliability
Smart Grid in India India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF): launched by Power Minister on May 26, 2010
NFP voluntary consortium of public & private stakeholders with objective of accelerating development of Smart Grid in the Indian Power Sector.
India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF)
Inter ministerial group to serve as Govt focal point for Smart Grid activity
Distributed control, self-healing of the grid following a disturbance.
NSGM (National Smart Grid Mission)
Established in January 2016 by Govt. of India (under ministry of power) to accelerate Smart Grid deployment in India.
CPRI (Central Power Research Institute): Established by GoI in 1960 in B’lore
1978: became autonomous society under MoP
National lab to undertake applied research in power, also a testing agency
Many utilities have started individual activities at different levels.
Several smart grid pilot projects funded by MOP