A REASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ATLANTIC BASIN TROPICAL ... · Maryland, College Park, Maryland, the British Library Newspaper Library, in London as well as newspapers included in the

A REASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ATLANTIC BASIN TROPICALCYCLONE ACTIVITY, 1700–1855

MICHAEL CHENOWETH

Independent Scholar, 6816 Ducketts Lane, Elkridge, Maryland 21075, USAE-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The chronological table of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones produced by Andres Poey in

1855 is the foundation stone for present-day knowledge of historical Atlantic tropical cyclone activity.

Subsequent researchers have used his table and built upon it, rejecting some of his entries, modifying

others, and accepting the rest. A re-analysis of the 1700–1855 portion of Poey’s original published

list was made using historical newspaper accounts, weather diaries, and ships’ logbooks. Of the 348

separate entries in Poey’s original list, 149 were rejected and 198 accepted. Due to errors in dating

and location, and the linking of separate entries as parts of the same storm, only 170 of the 198

accepted entries are unique storms. Thirteen undated storms of the remaining 170 are now dated. The

authorities cited by Poey vary in their reliability. Of those cited 10 or more times, there was an average

of one incorrect citation for every 3.1 correct citations. The most and least reliable authorities used

by Poey are identified. An updated corrected chronology from all published sources is presented and

includes 383 unique storms through 1855.

1. Introduction

Hurricanes and tropical storms in the Atlantic Ocean have threatened the inhabitantsof the region for thousands of years. Written records from European witnesses tothese storms date from the voyages of Christopher Columbus. The Spanish, French,English, Dutch, and other Europeans soon discovered the destructiveness of thesestorms and numerous accounts of the misfortunes brought to mariners and colonistswere reported to their home countries.

When the first histories of the Caribbean colonies were written, hurricanes oftenwere mentioned as important events in their history. Du Tertre (1667) mentionedtwelve storms in the Lesser Antilles between 1642 and 1666 and his accounts arethe main source we have for this time period. Other historians and almanac makersproduced local chronologies over the years. Long (1774) apparently used one ormore of these accounts to produce his modest list of hurricanes in the Caribbeanregion. Bryan Edwards’s The history, civil and commercial, of the British Coloniesin the West Indies first published in 1805, listed 18 separate storms. Poey (1855)considered Moreau de Jonnes’s chronology of 1822 to be the first chronological listto attempt to document all of the known hurricanes in the West Indies dating backto 1495. Southey (1827) produced an important list of hurricanes. He also appearsto be the first person to use the newspaper collections of the Reverend Dr. CharlesBurney, purchased by the British Museum in 1818. This collection is the core of the

Climatic Change (2006)

DOI: 10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2 c© Springer 2006

M. CHENOWETH

British Library Newspaper Library collection today. Subsequent lists tended to relyheavily on pre-existing chronologies (Evans, 1848; Schomburgk, 1848; Johnston,1855; Poey, 1855).

By the time Poey produced his 1855 chronology, the scientific investigation oftropical cyclones had been underway for more than three decades. Sir William Reid(1838, 1849), William Redfield (1831, 1854), and Henry Piddington (1848) werethe most important researchers publishing their results at this time. None of themproduced a chronology as such, but Poey drew on their work to supplement his list.He spent time in New York with Redfield copying out all of the notes on stormsthat Redfield possessed (Poey, 1855).

The list of Poey is a famous document for students of tropical meteorology.Since 1855, dozens of authors have used his list to produce their own updatedlists of hurricanes and tropical storms. Tannehill (1938) used Poey’s list (and thosemade since Poey’s time) in his updating of the Atlantic basin hurricane history,omitting all storms in the months of December through May that were includedin Poey’s list. This was done because it was well known by this time that tropicalcyclones in these months are very rare and the number too great in the historicalrecord to be accurate. Subsequent work by Millas (1968) confirmed the datingerrors from English sources prior to 1752 due to the late acceptance of the Gre-gorian calendar in England, relative to that of France and Spain. He also madethe first critical analysis of the sources used by Poey, rejecting some storms, andincluding new storms made by his own research. Ludlum (1963) constructed thebest chronology of landfalling tropical cyclones in the United States; a number ofthese storms can be associated with their earlier history in the Caribbean region.Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995a,b, 1996a,b,c, 1997, 1999) make critical ref-erence to Tannehill’s (and, therefore, Poey for 1851 to 1855) chronology in theirdocumentation of Atlantic tropical cyclones from 1851–1910. Their results areavailable on-line at http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/hurdat pub.html. Like-wise, Rappaport and Fernandez-Partagas (1995) also drew on the same secondarysources. These sources are carried into the North Atlantic hurricane database knownas HURDAT (Landsea et al., 2004), and an assessment of their reliability based onnew information was made.

2. The Need to Re-Analyze the Poey Chronology

The importance of the Poey chronology lies in its persistent use for nearly 150 years.The accuracy of the historical record is important for many research communities.Attempts to reconstruct long-term variability in Atlantic basin hurricanes (e.g.,Walsh and Reading, 1991) assume that the available record in populated regionsof the Caribbean is largely complete since about 1650, which is highly unlikely.Boose et al. (2004) use some of these sources in their work on hurricane impactson Puerto Rican tropical rain forest ecology. Paleohurricane studies using proxy

REASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES

data are dependent on accurate historical records for evaluating strike probabilitiesover time (Liu, 2004; Donnelly et al., 2001; Liu and Fearn, 2000). The insuranceindustry also requires accurate information of hurricane occurrences (Malmquist,1998; Elsner and Kara, 1999).

The use of primary source documents is the most accurate way to rediscoverhistorical tropical cyclones. Redfield, Reid and Piddington all used such sources,particularly ships’ logbooks, to track tropical cyclones in different parts of the world.More recently, Ludlum (1963), Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995a,b, 1996a,b,1997, 1999), Rappaport and Fernandez-Partagas (1995), Rappaport and Ruffman(1999), Sandrik and Landsea (2003), Chenoweth (2003), Mock (2004) and Garcia-Herrera et al. (2005) have used a variety of primary source documents to reconstructindividual storms and local time series of tropical storms and hurricanes. During thecourse of investigating Jamaican tropical cyclones, evidence was found that manyof the accepted accounts of historical tropical cyclones were in error (Chenoweth,2003). The high frequency of errors led to a more detailed search for new informa-tion to determine the reliability of the Poey chronology, and subsequent work thathas relied on Poey and/or the sources he consulted.

3. Poey’s Record

The original list of Poey, published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Societyin 1855, contains 401 separate entries of “cyclonic hurricanes” from 1493 through1855. The dates, localities affected, and the authorities cited are included, along withfootnotes of additional information and analysis. Poey suspected, usually correctly,that some individual entries were probably related to adjacent entries in the sameyear but he made no effort to narrow down his original count. He also notes conflictson dates of storms between different sources. Dozens of authorities are cited; manyprovide information on only one hurricane. Only fifteen sources provide ten or moredifferent entries. Poey did not investigate the degree to which later authors used thesame sources. The result is the apparent large number of citations for individualstorms, which ultimately derive from a single or very small number of sources.The reliability of the most important sources used by Poey will be documented inSection 6.

4. Source Documents

The original source for Atlantic basin hurricanes is still not always discernible.Judging from sources mentioned in Poey, historians most often used secondarysources for the majority of cases in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The ultimatesources are most often newspaper accounts. Different newspapers often used thesame original colonial newspaper account. The exact source may not be known, but

M. CHENOWETH

in such instances when details are given they can be compared with the newspaperaccounts and a source confirmed. Millas (1968) quotes the Annual Register and TheGentleman’s Magazine as two sources that were used by early hurricane chroniclersin the mid and late 18th century. These were indeed used but both tended to providea reduced and edited version that appeared in full in other contemporary Englishnewspapers. Private letters were often published in newspapers giving additionalinformation. Major disasters to naval fleets often received extensive press attentionin the official government accounts of European countries. Ship logbook accountsbecome more frequent in appearance in 19th century newspapers. Mariners oftenbrought accounts of storms encountered at sea to the press in ports throughout theregion. Redfield, Reid and Piddington used such press clippings to gather much oftheir marine data.

The main weakness of newspaper accounts, particularly those carrying ac-counts of storms elsewhere, is the risk of inaccurate information being propagatedany number of ways. Incorrect information passed from the original source, orthrough misunderstanding by the reporter, could introduce an error in fact at thefirst point. Typeset could be incorrectly inserted by a hurried or inattentive type-setter. The newspaper item could be picked up by a neighboring newspaper andgarbled and this could then be picked up by other sources. Some accounts omitdates and locations, or are vague about the exact time and place of a storm. Insome instances, information that is known to be possibly vague is later found tobe in error. This requires a more thorough search of newspapers beyond an ini-tial report. A good example of this is reporting on a 1779 tropical cyclone thatpassed some distance off the South Carolina coast in September of that year.Millas (1968) places the storm near Charles Town, the island of Nevis in theLesser Antilles, when in fact his source is discussing Charles Town [Charleston]in South Carolina. Information in the original accounts is vague, involving thesearch of the British Navy for the French Fleet intent on invading the Americancolonies during the American Revolutionary War. Hence, Millas made a bad as-sumption based only on the port’s name and introduced a major error into hischronology.

Most Caribbean newspapers from the 18th century no longer exist. Accountsmust be drawn from other newspapers that republished their original accounts. An-other primary source document is ships’ logbooks, which remain in great numbersfor the entire 1700–1855 period (Chenoweth, 1996; see also www.nmm.ac.uk foran excellent introduction to ships’ logbooks in the Climate of the World’s Oceans(CLIWOC) section). These records fill in the newspaper gap and are extremelyuseful for verifying the existence of a tropical cyclone. They provide wind andweather data at sub-hourly to daily resolution, which is invaluable in determiningprevailing synoptic weather conditions. Their main limitation can be their failure tomake any mention of land-based storm damage, which newspaper accounts providein greater detail. In fact, both records are excellent sources that add to the other.When a newspaper record is unavailable, the logbook record must be scrutinized


more closely to infer the potential damage done from the weather reports includedin the logbook.

While newspapers and logbooks are important sources of information it shouldbe pointed out that many other archive sources remain to be examined. The hugerecord of the British Colonial Office provides accounts from all of the colonies on awide range of topics concerning the important political and economic affairs of thecolonies, including storm damage from hurricanes. Likewise, similar Spanish colo-nial records are beginning to yield invaluable information on Atlantic hurricanes,especially in the Spanish colonies (e.g. Garcia-Herrera et al., 2005). In terms oflength of record, Spanish records have potential to provide the longest local time se-ries. A truly comprehensive record of Atlantic hurricanes will require examinationof all European and former colonial archives.

5. Data and Methods

Newspaper accounts for the period 1700–1855 were consulted from newspaperarchives in the U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, DC, the University ofMaryland, College Park, Maryland, the British Library Newspaper Library, inLondon as well as newspapers included in the records of the Colonial Office inthe UK National Archives, London. Scores of different newspapers were used andare too numerous to enumerate here. A few of the titles read include The BostonNews Letter (1705–1775), The Pennsylvania Gazette (1729–1776, 1783–1792);Lloyd’s List (1740–1855), London Times (1785–1855), Jamaica Royal Gazette(1778–1781; 1811–1838); The Royal Gazette and Bahama Advertiser (1804–1811,1813–1837); Diario de la Marina (Havana) (1844–1855) to name only a fewnewspapers. A total of 5,606 newspaper accounts were used. Due to duplica-tion of original sources in other newspapers, the estimated number of “unique”accounts is 3,447, after adjusting for duplications and probable same sources be-ing used in other press accounts. British Navy ships’ logbooks were used to sup-plement newspaper coverage. These logbooks are available at the U.K. NationalArchives in London. Additional logbook data were obtained from other archivesin the United States archives (US National Archives, Washington, DC; MysticSeaport Museum, Mystic, Connecticut; Old Dartmouth Whaling Museum, NewBedford, Massachusetts; Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts). Fourhundred and fifty-six logbook records were used in the re-analysis of the Poeychronology. Precisely dated logbook entries allow for improved temporal and spa-tial continuity in tracking individual storms and detecting potential associations(or their absence) in the mapping and plotting of individual tropical cyclones. De-tails in press coverage were compared with accounts published in Poey (1855),Ludlum (1963), Millas (1968), Mock (2004) and Garcia-Herrera et al. (2005). Ina number of instances, the same (unattributed) newspaper account that was cited

M. CHENOWETH

in the original source was found in the English press. Such sources are likelythe original record from which all subsequent accounts are originally based. Ta-ble I lists the original Poey entries, with a column indicating whether or not thestorm was accepted or rejected and another column indicating the reason for itsstatus.

The period 1700–1855 was chosen for several reasons. First, the great majorityof the storms listed by Poey occur after 1700. Secondly, English language sourcesare easily available and abundant from 1700 onward; newspapers in England beganto proliferate in number after 1695, following the end of royal licensing with the firstdaily newspaper established in 1703 (Rogers, 2003). Thirdly, newspaper publishingin North America began on a regular basis about the same time. Fourth, logbookrecords are abundant since 1670 from English sources. Using the Poey record, theseprimary sources were used to check the chronology for accuracy in the date andlocation of tropical cyclones.

The Poey record was entered into a database. This record was compared againsta separate record of tropical cyclones from original sources cited above, alongwith daily weather records kept in Jamaica from 1750–1786 (Chenoweth, 2003),St. Eustatia from 1787–1793 (Fahlberg MS Met Obs obtained from the RoyalAcademy of Sweden), Nassau, Bahamas from 1812–1840 (Chenoweth, 1998),and other shorter weather records. Together, they constitute the most compre-hensive collection of daily weather data from the tropical Atlantic for this timeperiod.

Storms included in Poey’s list were considered to be in error for the followingreasons. (1) absence of independent evidence from primary sources; (2) incorrectyears, but correct date; (3) correct dating, but incorrect location; (4) cited sourcefailed to mention weather as a cause of a disaster; (5) correct day of month, butwrong month; (6) date and location are correct, but weather was not associated witha tropical cyclone (e.g., heavy flooding from a thunderstorm).

Storms were accepted even when some errors were evident. These include (1)correct location and month (or just year) without a given day of month which fits,or could plausibly link with independent data; (2) deviations of plus or minus oneday from the actual date of maximum storm impact; (3) incorrectly linked storms,but based on otherwise accurate accounts; (4) dates given in old style Julian form,but correct when converted to the modern Gregorian calendar.

Reasons for rejection of the storms were most frequently due to garbled dates.Very frequently the year was incorrect, often offset by a single year. In some in-stances, the digits in the date were transposed or omitted. Errors in the month, butwith a correct day, were common; a few errors were off by one week. This indi-cates that the original source may have made a reference to the day of the weekof the storm, which was correct, but the day of the month was in error for somereason. In some instances, the date was correct, but the location completely in error(“July 27, 1805 – Jamaica” as cited by Poey from Schomburgk’s work is actuallya storm encountered in the North Atlantic on this date by the fleet sailing from


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t.G

ulf

of

Mex

ico

Acc

epte

d4

23

1

17

61

May

4C

har

lest

on

,U

.S.

Rej

ecte

d4

3T

orn

ado

17

61

Jun

e1

Ch

arle

sto

n,U

.S.

Rej

ecte

d4

3N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

so

rn

ewsp

aper

s

17

62

Dec

.9

Car

tag

ena

Rej

ecte

d4

4In

corr

ect

Yea

r

17

65

July

31

Mar

tin

iqu

e,S

t.E

ust

atiu

s,G

uad

elo

up

eA

ccep

ted

45

32

17

65

Sep

t.M

arti

niq

ue,

Gu

adel

ou

pe,

St.

Ch

rist

op

her

Rej

ecte

d4

5C

on

fuse

dw

ith

July

31

sto

rm

17

65

Nov.

13

,1

4S

t.D

om

ing

oA

ccep

ted

46

33

17

66

Au

g.1

3,

14

Mar

tin

iqu

eA

ccep

ted

47

34

17

66

Au

g.1

6W

est

of

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d4

73

4

17

66

Sep

t.1

1V

irg

inia

,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d4

83

5

17

66

Sep

t.1

3–

15

St.

Ch

rist

ova

l,M

on

tser

rat

Rej

ecte

d4

93

6In

corr

ect

dat

es

1766

Sep

t.21

St.

Eust

atiu

s,T

ort

uga

Acc

epte

d49

36

Dat

eis

corr

ect

only

for

Tort

uga

17

66

Oct

.6

Do

min

ica,

St.

Eu

stat

ius,

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Acc

epte

d5

03

7

17

66

Oct

.2

2P

ensa

cola

Acc

epte

d5

13

8

17

68

Au

g.1

2G

ren

ada

Rej

ecte

d5

2M

is-d

ated

;h

app

ened

on

10

Au

gu

st

17

68

Oct

.1

5C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

53

39

17

69

Oct

.2

5C

ub

a(H

avan

a)R

ejec

ted

53

Co

nfu

sed

wit

h1

5O

cto

ber

sto

rm

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

I

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

17

69

Au

g.3

0W

est

of

Flo

rid

aR

ejec

ted

54

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

17

69

Oct

.2

9E

ast

of

Flo

rid

aR

ejec

ted

55

No

evid

ence

inn

ewsp

aper

s

17

70

Jun

e6

.C

har

lest

on

Acc

epte

d5

64

0

17

71

Au

g.

St.

Eu

stat

ius

Rej

ecte

d5

7N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

s

17

72

Au

g.4

St.

Do

min

go

Acc

epte

d5

84

1

17

72

Au

g.1

6C

ub

a?

(St.

Jag

o)

Rej

ecte

d5

9In

corr

ect

dat

e

17

72

Au

g.1

7A

nti

gu

aR

ejec

ted

60

Gar

ble

of

corr

ect

27

–2

8A

ug

ust

dat

e

17

72

Au

g.2

8P

ort

oR

ico

,Ja

mai

caR

ejec

ted

60

42

Pu

erto

Ric

ois

Au

g.3

1;

no

sto

rmat

Jam

aica

17

72

Au

g.3

1L

eew

ard

and

Vir

gin

Isla

nd

s,A

nti

gu

aA

ccep

ted

60

42

17

72

Sep

t.1

–4

Do

min

ica,

St.

Do

min

go

Rej

ecte

d6

04

2B

add

ates

;d

etai

lsar

efo

rab

ove

sto

rm

17

72

Nov.

22

St.

Ch

rist

op

her

,S

t.E

ust

atiu

sR

ejec

ted

61

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

or

new

spap

ers

17

73

July

St.

Th

om

as,C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

62

43

No

evid

ence

for

St.

Th

om

as

17

73

Au

g.

Bo

sto

nR

ejec

ted

63

No

evid

ence

inn

ewsp

aper

s

17

74

Sep

t.6

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Rej

ecte

d6

4In

corr

ect

yea

r

17

74

Oct

.2

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d6

5N

oev

iden

cein

Th

istl

ewo

od

MS

wea

ther

reco

rd

17

75

July

30

St.

Cro

ix,M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d6

64

4

17

75

Au

g.2

5M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d6

74

5

17

75

Au

g.2

7S

t.D

om

ing

oA

ccep

ted

67

45

17

75

Sep

t.1

4C

ub

a,S

t.D

om

ing

oR

ejec

ted

68

Gar

ble

dac

cou

nt

17

75

Oct

.1

6S

t.C

hri

sto

ph

erA

ccep

ted

69

46

17

76

Sep

t.4

An

tig

ua,

Mar

tin

iqu

e,G

uad

elo

up

eA

ccep

ted

64

47

17

76

Sep

t.5

,6

Mar

tin

iqu

e.G

uad

elo

up

e,S

t.K

itts

Acc

epte

d6

44

7

17

78

Oct

.2

8C

ub

aR

ejec

ted

70

Inco

rrec

ty

ear

–o

ccu

rred

on

Oct

.2

8,

17

77

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EI

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

17

79

no

dat

eN

ewO

rlea

ns

Acc

epte

d7

14

8

17

80

Au

g.2

4N

ewO

rlea

ns

Acc

epte

d7

24

9

17

80

Au

g.2

5S

t.K

itts

Acc

epte

d7

35

0

17

80

Oct

.3

–1

2Ja

mai

ca,C

ub

a,M

arti

niq

ue,

Bar

bad

os

Acc

epte

d7

45

1C

on

fusi

on

of

3O

ctan

d1

0–

12

Oct

sto

rms

17

80

Oct

.1

0–

18

Bar

bad

os,

Do

min

ica,

An

tig

ua,

To

bag

o,

Gre

nad

a,S

t.V

ince

nt,

St.

Do

min

go

Acc

epte

d7

55

2E

nd

ing

dat

eis

inco

rrec

tfo

rsp

ecifi

edis

lan

ds

17

80

Oct

.1

6C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

76

53

17

80

Oct

.3

1B

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

77

Gar

ble

dd

ate

17

81

Mar

.1

5W

est

Ind

ies

Rej

ecte

d7

8N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

17

81

Au

g.1

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d7

95

4

17

81

Au

g.1

0N

ort

hC

aro

lin

a,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d8

05

5

17

81

Sep

t.5

St.

Do

min

go

Acc

epte

d8

15

6

17

82

Ap

r.1

2N

ort

hA

tlan

tic

Rej

ecte

d8

2N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

17

82

July

.2

5L

at4

33

3N

lon

g.4

22

0W

Rej

ecte

d8

3In

corr

ect

dat

e–

occ

urr

edo

nA

ug

.2

5

17

82

July

.3

1K

ing

sto

n(J

amai

ca)

Rej

ecte

d7

9N

oev

iden

cein

Jam

aica

nn

ewsp

aper

s

17

82

Au

g.1

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d7

9N

oev

iden

cein

Jam

aica

nn

ewsp

aper

s

17

82

Sep

t.1

6N

ort

hA

tlan

tic

Acc

epte

d8

45

7

17

84

Mar

ch8

Cu

ba

Rej

ecte

d8

5N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

17

84

July

10

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d8

6N

oev

iden

cein

Jam

aica

nn

ewsp

aper

s

17

84

July

30

Jam

aica

,S

t.D

om

ing

oA

ccep

ted

86

58

17

85

July

6W

est

Ind

ies

Rej

ecte

d8

7G

arb

led

refe

ren

ce;

inco

rrec

ty

ear

and

dat

e

17

85

July

25

St.

Cro

ixR

ejec

ted

88

Gar

ble

dd

ate

–is

Au

gu

stst

orm

17

85

Au

g.2

5G

uad

elo

up

eA

ccep

ted

88

59

17

85

Au

g.2

7Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

88

59

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

I

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

17

85

Au

g.3

1G

uad

elo

up

e,B

arb

ado

s,S

t.D

om

ing

oR

ejec

ted

88

Gar

ble

dd

ate

–is

Au

gu

stst

orm

17

85

Sep

t.2

2–

24

Car

oli

na,

Vir

gin

ia,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d8

96

0

17

85

Sep

t.2

7S

t.D

om

ing

oR

ejec

ted

88

Gar

ble

dd

ate

–is

Au

gu

stst

orm

17

86

Au

g.1

1S

t.D

om

ing

o,S

t.E

ust

atiu

s,B

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

90

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

17

86

Au

g.2

9U

nit

edS

tate

sA

ccep

ted

91

61

17

86

Sep

t.2

Bar

bad

os

Acc

epte

d9

26

2

1786

Sep

t.10

Guad

eloupe

Rej

ecte

d93

No

evid

ence

inlo

gbooks;

gar

ble

dre

fere

nce

17

86

Oct

.5

Bar

bad

os,

Gre

nad

aR

ejec

ted

92

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

17

86

Oct

.2

0Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

94

63

17

87

Ap

ril

Un

ited

Sta

tes,

Ber

mu

da

Rej

ecte

d9

5N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

17

87

July

30

.U

nit

edS

tate

sR

ejec

ted

96

No

evid

ence

inn

ewsp

aper

s

17

87

July

Gu

adel

ou

pe,

Fre

nch

Isla

nd

sR

ejec

ted

97

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

17

87

Au

g.3

Do

min

ica

Acc

epte

d9

76

4

17

87

Au

g.1

5F

lori

da

Acc

epte

d9

86

5

17

87

Au

g.2

3D

om

inic

aA

ccep

ted

99

66

17

87

Au

g.2

9D

om

inic

aA

ccep

ted

10

06

7

17

87

Sep

t.2

Ho

nd

ura

sA

ccep

ted

10

06

7

17

87

Sep

t.1

9U

nit

edS

tate

sR

ejec

ted

10

1N

oev

iden

cein

new

spap

ers

17

87

Sep

t.2

3B

eliz

eA

ccep

ted

10

26

8

17

87

Dec

.1

Wes

tIn

die

sR

ejec

ted

10

3N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

17

87

Jan

.1

Ho

nd

ura

sR

ejec

ted

10

4N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

17

88

Mar

.&

Ap

r.S

t.C

roix

Rej

ecte

d1

05

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

17

88

July

22

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Acc

epte

d1

06

69

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EI

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

17

88

Au

g.1

4M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d1

07

70

17

88

Au

g.1

6P

ort

oR

ico

,S

t.D

om

ing

oA

ccep

ted

10

77

0

17

88

Au

g.1

9U

nit

edS

tate

sA

ccep

ted

10

87

1

17

88

Au

g.2

9D

om

inic

aR

ejec

ted

10

0In

corr

ect

yea

r

17

88

Sep

t.1

9,

20

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Acc

epte

d1

09

72

17

90

Au

g.

Nev

isR

ejec

ted

11

0R

epo

rtis

actu

ally

for

To

bag

o

17

90

July

31

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d1

11

No

evid

ence

inJa

mai

can

new

spap

ers

17

91

Jun

e2

1C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

11

27

3

17

91

Sep

t.2

7C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

11

37

4

17

92

July

15

Wes

tIn

die

sA

ccep

ted

11

47

5

17

92

Au

g.1

An

tig

ua

Acc

epte

d1

15

76

17

92

Au

g.6

Ber

mu

das

,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d1

15

76

17

92

Sep

t.1

0A

nti

gu

aR

ejec

ted

11

6N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

s

17

92

Oct

.2

9C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

11

77

7

17

93

Au

g.1

2S

t.C

hri

stova

l,S

t.E

ust

atiu

s,S

t.T

ho

mas

Acc

epte

d1

18

78

17

94

Au

g.2

7,

28

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d1

19

79

17

95

Au

g.1

0Ja

mai

caR

ejec

ted

12

0N

ost

orm

atJa

mai

ca

17

95

Au

g.1

8A

nti

gu

aA

ccep

ted

12

18

0

17

96

Oct

.3

Bah

amas

Acc

epte

d1

22

81

1796

Oct

.24

Cuba

Rej

ecte

d122

Pro

bab

legar

ble

of

“2–4”

Oct

ober

17

96

Nov.

2C

ub

aR

ejec

ted

12

2N

ost

orm

–h

app

ened

2O

ct.

17

99

no

dat

eC

ub

aA

ccep

ted

12

38

2P

rob

able

Jun

est

orm

18

00

Nov.

2C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

12

48

3

18

01

July

22

Nas

sau

Acc

epte

d1

25

84

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

I

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

18

02

Feb

.2

1–

23

Ch

arle

sto

nto

Nova

Sco

tia

Rej

ecte

d1

26

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

02

Sep

t.1

6C

um

ana

Rej

ecte

d1

27

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

kd

ata

18

03

July

10

Bah

amas

Rej

ecte

d1

28

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

kd

ata

18

04

Au

g.2

9Ja

mai

caR

ejec

ted

12

9N

oev

iden

cefo

un

d

18

04

Sep

t.3

–9

Mar

tin

iqu

e.C

arib

bea

nIs

lan

ds,

U.S

.A

ccep

ted

13

08

5

18

04

Sep

t.3

–9

Win

dw

ard

Isle

sA

ccep

ted

13

08

5

18

04

Sep

t.3

–6

Lee

war

dIs

lan

ds

Acc

epte

d1

30

85

18

04

Sep

t.2

2Ja

mai

ca,L

at2

01

8N

Acc

epte

d1

31

86

18

04

Oct

.4

Sav

ann

a,G

eorg

iaR

ejec

ted

13

0G

arb

led

dat

e–

Sep

tem

ber

sto

rm

18

04

Oct

.9

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Rej

ecte

d1

30

Co

nfu

sed

wit

hS

epte

mb

erst

orm

18

05

July

27

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d1

32

No

evid

ence

fou

nd

18

05

July

29

Lat

.2

61

7lo

ng

.5

74

2,

no

rth

of

Bar

bad

os

Acc

epte

d1

33

87

18

06

Au

g.3

0B

aham

as,E

leu

ther

aA

ccep

ted

13

48

8

18

06

Sep

t.9

Do

min

ica

Acc

epte

d1

35

89

18

06

Sep

t.2

4D

om

inic

aR

ejec

ted

13

6N

oev

iden

cein

new

spap

ers

or

log

bo

ok

s

18

06

Sep

t.2

7W

est

Ind

ies

Rej

ecte

d1

37

No

evid

ence

inn

ewsp

aper

so

rlo

gb

oo

ks

18

06

Oct

.5

Bah

amas

Acc

epte

d1

38

90

18

06

Oct

.2

7B

aham

asR

ejec

ted

13

9N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

s

18

07

July

25

–2

8S

t.C

hri

stova

l,M

on

tser

rat

Rej

ecte

d1

40

July

25

on

ly;

St.

Ch

rist

op

her

,n

ot

St.

Ch

rist

ova

l

18

07

Sep

t.5

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d1

41

91

18

09

July

27

Do

min

ica,

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Rej

ecte

d1

42

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

18

09

Au

g.1

–3

Do

min

ica.

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Acc

epte

d1

42

92

18

09

Sep

t.2

Gu

adel

ou

pe,

Po

rto

Ric

oR

ejec

ted

14

3N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

s

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EI

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

18

09

Oct

.1

3M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d1

44

93

18

09

Oct

.1

8T

rin

idad

Rej

ecte

d1

44

Act

ual

lyT

rin

idad

de

Cu

ba

18

10

Au

g.1

2T

rin

idad

,B

arb

ado

sA

ccep

ted

14

59

4

18

10

Au

g.2

8B

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

14

6N

oev

iden

cein

Bar

bad

os

new

spap

er

18

10

Sep

t.2

8C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

14

79

5

18

10

Oct

.2

5,

26

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d1

48

96

18

12

Au

g.1

4Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

14

99

7

18

12

Au

g.1

9N

ewO

rlea

ns

Acc

epte

d1

49

97

18

12

Oct

.1

2Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

15

09

8

18

12

Oct

.1

4Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

15

09

8

18

12

Oct

.1

4T

rin

idad

inC

ub

aA

ccep

ted

15

09

8

1813

July

20

Ber

muda

Rej

ecte

d151

Inco

rrec

tdat

e;gar

ble

dlo

cati

on

18

13

July

26

Bar

bad

os

Acc

epte

d1

51

99

18

13

July

22

,2

3D

om

inic

a,M

arti

niq

ue,

St.

Ch

rist

ova

l

Acc

epte

d1

51

99

18

13

July

26

Ber

mu

da,

Bah

amas

Rej

ecte

d1

51

Inco

rrec

td

ate

for

bo

thlo

cati

on

s

18

13

July

31

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d1

52

10

0

18

13

Au

g.1

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d1

52

10

0

18

13

Au

g.5

–9

N.

Atl

anti

c,la

t.4

1A

ccep

ted

15

21

00

18

13

Au

g.2

5D

om

inic

aA

ccep

ted

15

31

01

18

13

Nov.

19

Nova

Sco

tia

Rej

ecte

d1

54

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

13

no

dat

eB

eliz

eR

ejec

ted

15

2S

ou

rce

wri

tten

29

yea

rsaf

ter

sup

po

sed

sto

rm

18

15

Au

g.9

Gu

lfS

trea

m,la

t.4

0lo

ng

.6

0A

ccep

ted

15

51

02

18

15

Au

g.3

1to

Sep

t.1

N.

Atl

anti

c,la

t.3

9lo

ng

.5

6,

Bar

tho

lom

ew

Rej

ecte

d156

Inco

rrec

tdat

e;gar

ble

dlo

cati

ons

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

I

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

18

15

Sep

t.1

8–

23

St.

Bar

tho

lom

ewA

ccep

ted

15

71

03

18

15

Sep

t.2

0T

urk

’sIs

lan

dA

ccep

ted

15

81

03

18

15

Sep

t.2

9B

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

15

8N

oev

iden

cein

Bar

bad

os

new

spap

er

18

15

Oct

.1

8Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

15

91

04

18

16

Sep

t.1

5B

arb

ado

s,M

arti

niq

ue,

Do

min

ica

Acc

epte

d1

60

10

5

18

16

Oct

.1

6D

om

inic

a,M

arti

niq

ue

Rej

ecte

d1

60

Co

nfu

sed

wit

hS

epte

mb

erst

orm

18

17

Sep

t.1

5D

om

inic

aR

ejec

ted

16

0Y

ear

inco

rrec

t;sh

ou

ldb

e1

81

6

18

17

Oct

.2

1S

mal

lis

lan

ds,

St.

Vin

cen

tA

ccep

ted

16

11

06

18

17

Oct

.2

3B

arb

ado

s,S

t.L

uci

a,M

arti

niq

ue

Rej

ecte

d1

61

Dat

ein

corr

ect

18

18

Au

g.2

8B

erm

ud

aR

ejec

ted

16

2In

corr

ect

dat

e

18

18

Sep

t.1

0–

12

Cay

man

Isle

s,C

amp

ech

eA

ccep

ted

16

31

07

18

18

Sep

t.1

9S

t.D

om

ing

oR

ejec

ted

16

4In

corr

ect

dat

eo

fS

ept.

26

sto

rm

18

18

Sep

t.2

1B

arb

ado

s,D

om

inic

aA

ccep

ted

16

41

08

18

18

Sep

t.2

2–

25

An

tig

ua

Acc

epte

d1

64

10

8

18

18

Sep

t.2

7–

30

Bar

bad

os

Rej

ecte

d1

64

No

evid

ence

inB

arb

ado

sn

ewsp

aper

18

18

Oct

.7

Po

rtR

oy

al(J

amai

ca)

Rej

ecte

d1

65

No

evid

ence

inJa

mai

can

new

spap

ers

18

18

Oct

.2

1S

t.L

uci

aR

ejec

ted

16

1N

oev

iden

cein

new

spap

ers

18

18

Nov.

17

–2

0Ja

mai

ca(C

orn

wal

lC

ou

nty

)A

ccep

ted

16

61

09

18

19

Au

g.2

5D

om

inic

aR

ejec

ted

16

7N

oev

iden

cein

new

spap

ers

18

19

Sep

t.2

1,

22

St.

Lu

cia,

Bar

bad

os,

Vir

gin

Isla

nd

s,P

ort

oR

ico

Acc

epte

d1

68

11

0

18

19

Oct

.1

3–

15

Bar

bad

os,

St.

Lu

cia

Acc

epte

d1

69

11

1

18

19

no

dat

eC

ub

aA

ccep

ted

17

01

12

18

21

Sep

t.1

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Acc

epte

d1

71

11

3

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EI

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

18

21

Sep

t.1

Tu

rk’s

Isla

nd

toL

on

gIs

lan

d,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d1

71

11

4

18

21

Sep

t.9

An

tig

ua,

St.

Bar

tho

lom

ewA

ccep

ted

17

21

15

18

21

Sep

t.2

3N

ewH

aven

,U

.S.

Rej

ecte

d1

57

Co

nfu

sed

wit

h1

81

5st

orm

18

21

no

dat

eC

ub

aA

ccep

ted

17

21

15

18

22

Mar

.1

1Ja

mai

caR

ejec

ted

17

3N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

18

22

July

11

Mo

bil

e,U

.S.

Rej

ecte

d1

74

Inco

rrec

td

ate

18

22

Dec

.1

8B

arb

ado

sA

ccep

ted

17

51

16

18

24

July

26

Wes

tIn

die

sR

ejec

ted

17

6In

corr

ect

yea

r

18

24

Sep

t.7

,8

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Acc

epte

d1

77

11

7

18

25

July

25

Do

min

ica,

Mar

tin

iqu

e,G

uad

elo

up

eA

ccep

ted

17

61

18

18

25

Oct

.1

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d1

78

11

9

18

26

Au

g.1

8A

nti

lles

Rej

ecte

d1

79

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

or

new

spap

ers

18

26

Nov.

6–

9A

tlan

tic,

Ten

erif

eR

ejec

ted

18

0N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

18

26

no

dat

eC

ub

aA

ccep

ted

18

11

20

18

27

July

30

No

rth

Car

oli

na

Rej

ecte

d1

82

No

evid

ence

inn

ewsp

aper

s

18

27

Au

g.1

7–

28

Win

dw

ard

Isla

nd

sto

the

Po

rpo

ise

Ban

k,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d1

83

12

1

18

27

Au

g.2

8S

t.T

ho

mas

,V

irg

inIs

lan

ds

Acc

epte

d1

84

12

2

18

27

Sep

t.7

,8

N.

Atl

anti

cA

ccep

ted

18

51

23

18

27

Oct

.1

1B

aham

asR

ejec

ted

18

6N

oev

iden

cein

Bah

amas

new

spap

ers

18

27

no

dat

eB

eliz

eR

ejec

ted

18

7N

oev

iden

cefo

un

d

18

28

Mar

.1

5G

ulf

of

Mex

ico

Rej

ecte

d1

88

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

28

Sep

t.1

9N

.A

tlan

tic,

NW

of

Ber

mu

da

Acc

epte

d1

89

12

4

18

29

July

24

Bo

sto

n,U

.S.

Rej

ecte

d1

90

No

evid

ence

inn

ewsp

aper

s

18

30

Ap

r.2

4,

25

Ver

aC

ruz

Rej

ecte

d1

91

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EI

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

18

30

Au

g.7

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d1

92

12

5

18

30

Au

g.1

1–

18

Do

min

ica,

St.

Th

om

as,B

arb

ado

sA

ccep

ted

19

31

26

18

30

Au

g.1

9–

24

Mar

tin

iqu

e,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d1

94

12

7

18

30

Au

g.2

2–

26

Tu

rk’s

Isla

nd

,N

.o

fth

eB

aham

asA

ccep

ted

19

41

27

18

30

Sep

t.2

9C

arib

bea

nis

lan

ds,

N.

sid

eA

ccep

ted

19

51

28

18

30

Dec

.5

,6

Am

eric

anC

oas

tfr

om

the

lat.

of

30

NR

ejec

ted

19

6N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

18

31

Ap

ril

27

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Rej

ecte

d1

97

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

31

no

dat

eB

eliz

eA

ccep

ted

19

81

29

18

31

Jan

.1

3–

15

Flo

rid

aS

trea

mR

ejec

ted

19

9N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

18

31

Jun

e1

0F

lori

da

Acc

epte

d2

00

13

0

18

31

Jun

e2

3–

27

Tri

nid

ad,T

ob

ago

,A

nti

gu

a,G

ren

ada

Acc

epte

d1

98

12

9

18

31

Au

g.1

0–

17

Bar

bad

os,

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d2

01

13

1

18

32

Jun

e3

–6

Cu

ba,

Bah

amas

,B

erm

ud

aA

ccep

ted

20

21

32

18

32

Au

g.7

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d1

92

Inco

rrec

ty

ear

18

33

Au

g.1

4G

uad

elo

up

e,A

nti

gu

a,B

erm

ud

aA

ccep

ted

20

31

33

18

33

Sep

t.2

0D

om

inic

aR

ejec

ted

20

4In

corr

ect

yea

r

18

33

Oct

.1

6–

19

Cu

ba,

Gu

lfo

fM

exic

oA

ccep

ted

20

51

34

Ap

par

entl

yn

on

-tro

pic

alin

Gu

lfo

fM

exic

o

18

34

Sep

t.2

0D

om

inic

aA

ccep

ted

20

61

35

18

34

Oct

.2

0,

21

Mar

tin

iqu

eR

ejec

ted

20

6In

corr

ect

mo

nth

18

35

Ap

ril

28

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Co

ast

Rej

ecte

d2

06

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

35

July

26

Bar

bad

os

Rej

ecte

d2

07

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

18

35

Au

g.1

2–

18

An

tig

ua,

Cu

ba,

Gal

ves

ton

Bay

Acc

epte

d2

08

13

6

18

35

Sep

t.3

Bar

bad

os

Acc

epte

d2

09

13

7

18

35

Sep

t.1

3M

atam

oro

s,G

ulf

of

Mex

ico

Rej

ecte

d2

08

Inco

rrec

tm

on

th

18

35

Nov.

10

Red

fiel

d’s

Ch

art

XI

Rej

ecte

d2

10

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em (Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EI

(Con

tinu

ed)

Can

did

ate

Acc

epte

d

sto

rmst

orm

Yea

rD

ate

Lo

cali

ties

Sta

tus

Nu

mb

erN

um

ber

Rea

son

for

reje

cted

stat

us

18

36

Nov.

30

toD

ec.2

1U

nit

edS

tate

s,N

ova

Sco

tia

Rej

ecte

d2

11

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

37

July

9B

arb

ado

s,S

t.L

uci

aA

ccep

ted

21

21

38

18

37

July

26

Bar

bad

os,

Cu

ba,

Mar

tin

iqu

eA

ccep

ted

21

31

39

18

37

July

31

An

tig

ua,

St.

Th

om

asR

ejec

ted

21

4In

corr

ect

dat

es

18

37

Au

g.2

–4

An

tig

ua,

St.

Th

om

as,B

arbu

da

Acc

epte

d2

14

14

0

18

37

Au

g.6

Lit

tle

An

till

esR

ejec

ted

21

2In

corr

ect

dat

es

18

37

Au

g.1

2N

Eo

fth

eC

arib

bea

nIs

lan

ds

Acc

epte

d2

15

14

1

18

37

Au

g.1

8–

21

Lat

30

45

Nlo

ng

77

27

WA

ccep

ted

21

51

41

18

37

Au

g.1

2–

23

Tu

rk’s

Isla

nd

Acc

epte

d2

15

14

1

18

37

Au

g.3

1S

t.M

ark

Acc

epte

d2

16

14

2

18

37

Au

g.3

1to

Sep

t.3

Ap

alac

hic

ola

,U

.S.

Acc

epte

d2

16

14

2

18

37

Sep

t.2

7to

Oct

.1

0G

ulf

of

Mex

ico

Acc

epte

d2

17

14

3

18

37

Oct

.1

–3

Yu

cata

nC

han

nel

into

the

Sea

of

Mex

ico

Acc

epte

d2

17

14

3

18

37

Oct

.2

6C

ub

aA

ccep

ted

21

81

44

18

38

Sep

t.1

0B

aham

asA

ccep

ted

21

91

45

18

38

Nov.

1V

era

Cru

zR

ejec

ted

22

0N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

18

38

Nov.

26

Ver

aC

ruz

Rej

ecte

d2

21

No

n-t

rop

ical

syst

em

18

38

Nov.

26

–2

8A

tlan

tic,

Eu

rop

ean

sid

eR

ejec

ted

22

2N

on

-tro

pic

alsy

stem

18

39

Jun

e9

An

tig

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M. CHENOWETH

TA

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M. CHENOWETH

Jamaica). Some entries are rejected because precisely dated primary sources showno evidence for a storm at the cited location.

A number of storm entries in Poey refer to the same storm. The newly gatheredreports allowed a number of entries to be linked, thereby reducing the total numberof storms that were ultimately accepted. Likewise, the number of rejected entriesis actually larger than the actual number of rejected storms, because the year wasincorrect and could be connected with a storm the year before or after on the samedate at the same location as well as multiple misdated, but otherwise identical,storm reports. A good example of this latter error can be found in the listings for1785 (Table I).

Determination of the nature of storms and gales require knowledge of modernsynoptic meteorology. A discussion of these challenges is provided by Rappaportand Fernandez-Partagas (1995) available at the web site http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly2.shtml. Methods for locating the approximate center of a tropical cy-clone such as that described in Landsea et al. (2004) were used. Criteria for in-clusion in the new final compilation included evidence consistent with a tropicalstorm or hurricane (tropical depressions are not included in this list). The evi-dence for each storm which can be consistently applied throughout the 1700–1855period includes one or more of the following: evidence of a closed surface lowpressure center; gradual wind shifts consistent with the apparent motion of thestorm; sustained gale force or greater winds; description of sea states and coastalstorm surges; barometric pressure (when available and reliable); descriptive ac-counts which are consistent with the features of tropical cyclones (e.g., strong windsqualls interspersed with periods of much lighter winds that are not associatedwith local thunderstorm activity); the taking of action by the crew of a ship in thefurling and reefing of sails, use of anchors, and other protective measures that areconsistent with gale force winds; damage reports on land to natural and man-madestructures that are caused by wind damage and not solely by the action of floodwaters or heavy rains; protective measures taken on land in preparation for whatis believed to be an oncoming tropical cyclone. The last point is to emphasize thedirect eyewitness reactions to the weather that we can only reconstruct from writ-ten records, even if the eyewitnesses were fortunate enough to be by-passed by ananticipated storm. Candidate storms from all months of the year were examined.Most storms in the months of December through May were rejected because theywere determined to be extra-tropical in nature, although powerful and producinghurricane force winds in some instances. A good example of such a rejected stormis the storm of 20 January 1855, which was actually a major winter snowstorm thataffected the eastern coast of the United States. An example of an accepted out-of-season storm is that of December 19–20, 1822, which is copiously documented innewspaper accounts of the Lesser Antilles, and probably originated as an extra-tropical low that moved southward into the region and transformed into a tropicalcyclone.


TABLE II

Reliability of sources used by Poey to construct his chronology (1700–1855 only)

Ratio of rejected

Authority cited by Poey Rejected Accepted Total to accepted storms

Edwards (1805) 1 17 18 1:17

Southey (1827) 5 30 35 1:6

Warden 3 18 21 1:6

Morreau de Jonnes (1822) 5 29 34 1:5.8

Annual Register (London) 2 11 13 1:5.5

Johnson (1855) 12 54 66 1:4.5

Schomburgk (1848) 20 86 106 1:4.3

Thomson 2 8 10 1:4

Herrera (1847) 6 23 29 1:3.8

Evans (1848) 23 64 87 1:2.8

Cotte (1787) 4 9 13 1:2.3

Redfield (1831–1843) 29 51 80 1:1.7

Tegg’s Chronology (1824) 14 23 37 1:1.7

Perrey 8 14 22 1:1.7

Phillip’s Barbados Almanac 11 7 18 1:0.6

Totals 145 444 589 1:3.1

Only sources providing ten or more reports are included. The most reliable source is at top,

the least reliable at bottom. Later chroniclers frequently used earlier records when building

their chronologies which allows for the propagation of errors forward through time. Poey’s

bibliography entries for Warden, Perrey, Tegg’s Chronology, published in London in 1824 and

Phillip’s Barbados Almanac for 1839 are absent or incomplete and could not be located.

6. Reliability of Early Hurricane Compilers

Table II lists the sources cited by Poey in his compilation and the number ofstorms they included in their accounts that were accepted and rejected based on thenew chronology produced by the author. A ratio of rejected to accepted storms isincluded. Of the 15 sources that provided ten or more separate storms, an averageratio of rejected to accepted storms was 1:3.1. The most prolific source (and user ofprevious accounts) Schomburgk (1848) had 106 entries, 20 of which were rejected,and 86 accepted. His ratio of 1:4.3 is better than average. Edwards (1805) is themost accurate source, with a 1:17 ratio, while four sources (Redfield, Perrey, Tegg,and the Barbados Almanac) have ratios of 1:2 or worse.

That Redfield should be among the least reliable sources is a surprise. Whenconsideration is made for his research purposes, which involved gathering largeamounts of data for all types of storms, both tropical and non-tropical, then the errorrate is understandable. Redfield was trying to determine the nature of storms, andbeing the father of this type of research considerable allowance must be accounted

M. CHENOWETH

for. In addition, Poey chose from the records he was provided by Redfield, whichmay also skew the numbers.

The records produced by Bryan (1805), Warden (1819), Morreau de Jonnes(1822) and Southey (1827) are the most reliable. Apparently, other compilers con-sulted them. They include Schomburgk (1848), Evans (1848) and Johnston (1855).Johnston apparently borrowed from Schomburgk, as the original edition of his phys-ical atlas included 50 hurricanes through 1837, but the 1855 edition included 127hurricanes (Poey, 1855), the exact same number included in Schomburgk’s 1848book. In many instances, the authors do not mention the works they consulted, soit is difficult to determine the source document(s) consulted by the original author.

7. Results

7.1. POEY RECORD

Of the 348 individual entries for the years 1700–1855 in the original Poey record(Table I), 198 were accepted and 149 were rejected. Of the 198 entries, a total of170 unique tropical cyclones were derived, since some entries were for locationsaffected by the same storm. Of the 149 rejected entries, 131 were unique rejectedentries, the excess being due to garbled dating of years, and multiple entries ofbad data for the supposed same storm. So, the original Poey list of 348 storms(1700–1855) actually consisted of only 271 separate storm/non-storm events.

Of the 170 accepted tropical cyclones, 13 were undated in Poey and are nowdated. The entire 156-year period has an average of just over one tropical cycloneper year, or about 10% of the probable average for the period (assuming modernAtlantic basin seasonal totals of 10 tropical cyclones (Pasch et al., 2004) was alsotrue at this time).

7.2. MILL ¬AS RECORD

Until the work of Millas (1968), the sources used by Poey were not criticallyexamined. So, for more than a century many of these errors continued to be carriedforward by historians of the region and meteorologists without much investigationto its accuracy. The original list of Poey was culled of its obvious non-tropical originstorms and several of the storms correctly assumed to be part of the same system byTannehill and his predecessors. As mentioned earlier, the Tannehill (1938) recordcontinues to be used as a reference in most hurricane compilations to this day.Millas makes frequent reference to Tannehill.

Millas (1968) modified the Poey record, even though he also uncritically con-sidered Tannehill, Poey and other compilers as equal authorities. The strength ofMillas’s work was his re-reading of as many of the secondary sources listed in Poey


(1855) as he could find, including those in non-English languages. He also em-phasized the calendar differences in the sources he consulted and corrected manylong-standing dates. His reliance on these secondary sources was also a majorlimitation to his efforts as the analysis of primary documents now reveals.

Since Millas made adjustments to the pre-1801 portion of the Poey record, it isof importance to document his adjustments for the years 1700–1800. Twelve stormsaccepted by Millas (1968), and not included in Poey (1855) were confirmed fromindependent sources but a number are undated or misdated. Other storms acceptedby Millas were rejected outright or the date so garbled (even though the source wasvalid) as to be useless. Some of these dating and location errors for 1750–1786 aredocumented in Chenoweth (2003). Table III lists the accepted and rejected Millasstorms. The new assessment of his record is that 85 storms from 1700–1800 areaccepted with 12 not previously known. Ten of the 85 storms were undated ormisdated, limiting their usefulness for climatologists. Between Poey and Millas, atotal of 100 unique storms were recorded, with 16 undated prior to this study andonly one now remaining undated.

7.3. OTHER WORKS AND A A¡ COMPREHENSIVE” CHRONOLOGY

Many storms that pass through the Caribbean eventually make landfall somewherewithin the borders of the United States. Tropical systems documented by Ludlum(1963) were also linked with the new chronology of Caribbean storms and appearin a separate column in Table IV. A number of Ludlum’s storms are undated butnew evidence helps to date the storms exactly, or to narrow the date range down toa narrow range of likely dates.

Since 1982, a number of researchers have gathered new information on pre-viously unknown tropical cyclones. Teachout (1982) identified six new stormsaffecting Bermuda in the 1710s and 1720s. Rappaport and Fernandez-Partagas(1995) identified a number of new storms in both primary and secondary litera-ture. Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995a) cover the final years of the Poey listand added previously unidentified tropical cyclones. Table IV includes only thosestorms included in HURDAT that were known prior to the work of Fernandez-Partagas. For this reason, readers interested in a complete list of Atlantic tropicalcyclones need to consult the HURDAT record as will as Table IV. One new storm inJamaica and the merging of two HURDAT systems are listed in Table IV and havenot yet been added to HURDAT. Other researchers have also added to the record ofU.S. land-falling tropical cyclones (e.g. Sandrik and Landsea, 2003; Mock, 2004).

Two additional columns in Table IV include the work by Mock (2004) on SouthCarolina tropical cyclones. His work is based on extensive archival work on sourcesfrom South Carolina not previously studied. Garcia-Herrera et al. (2005) havepublished a list of tropical cyclones from Spanish archive records and includeimportant new details on both new and previously documented storms.

M. CHENOWETH

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2

17

20

no

dat

eB

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

18

13

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

or

new

spap

ers

17

20

no

dat

eS

eas

no

rth

of

Pu

erto

Ric

o,

Bah

amas

...

Acc

epte

d1

91

3

17

22

Au

g.3

1A

nti

lles

Rej

ecte

d2

0R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

also

17

22

Sep

t.8

–9

Jam

aica

,G

ran

dC

aym

anA

ccep

ted

21

14

14

9

17

25

no

dat

eM

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d2

21

51

51

0

17

25

no

dat

eT

rin

idad

Rej

ecte

d2

3N

oev

iden

ceo

fst

orm

yw

eath

erci

ted

17

26

Nov.

2Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

24

16

16

11

17

28

Au

g.3

0A

nti

gu

aA

ccep

ted

25

17

17

12

17

28

Sep

t.2

1N

ort

ho

fA

nti

gu

a,S

t.K

itts

,

Nev

is

Acc

epte

d2

61

8

17

30

Au

g.3

0P

uer

toR

ico

Acc

epte

d2

71

9

17

30

Sep

t.1

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d2

81

9S

ame

asab

ove

17

30

Sep

t.1

Vib

ora

Key

,so

uth

of

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d2

91

9S

ame

asab

ove

17

30

Sep

t.2

–3

Bet

wee

nH

avan

aan

d

Mat

anza

s,C

ub

a

Acc

epte

d3

02

01

91

4S

eeal

soM

illa

s(1

96

8)

p.

18

4p

ost

scri

pt

17

31

no

dat

eB

arb

ado

sA

ccep

ted

31

21

20

15

Sto

rmn

owd

ated

fro

mlo

gb

oo

ks

and

new

spap

ers

17

31

no

dat

eW

ind

war

dP

assa

ge,

bet

wee

n

Cu

ba

&H

aiti

Acc

epte

d3

22

1S

ame

asab

ove

17

33

July

10

–1

1M

arie

Gal

ante

,

Gu

adel

ou

pe.

..S

aba

Acc

epte

d3

32

22

11

6

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EII

I

(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

Po

eyP

oey

assi

gn

edac

cep

ted

can

did

ate

acce

pte

d

case

sto

rmst

orm

sto

rm

Yea

rD

ate(

s)L

oca

tio

nS

tatu

sn

um

ber

nu

mb

ern

um

ber

nu

mb

erR

easo

nfo

rre

ject

edst

atu

s

17

33

July

15

So

uth

ern

Bah

amas

,F

lori

da

Str

aits

...

Acc

epte

d3

42

22

11

6S

ame

asab

ove

17

33

July

16

Pin

ard

elR

ino

Pro

vin

ce,

wes

tern

...

Cu

ba

Rej

ecte

d3

5N

ewsp

aper

san

dlo

gb

oo

ks

dis

pro

ve

loca

tio

n

17

34

Sep

t.1

2Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

36

23

22

17

17

37

Sep

t.8

–9

Mo

nts

erra

t...

,S

t.K

itts

,

San

toD

om

ing

o

Acc

epte

d3

72

42

31

8

17

38

Au

g.3

0–

31

Pu

erto

Ric

o,so

uth

ern

His

pan

oli

a

Acc

epte

d3

82

52

41

9

17

38

Sep

t.1

0–

13

Gu

adel

ou

pe,

St.

Th

om

as,

Pu

erto

Ric

o..

.

Rej

ecte

d3

92

5D

etai

lsar

efo

rab

ove

sto

rm

17

38

no

dat

eA

nea

gad

a,V

irg

inIs

lan

ds

Acc

epte

d4

02

5S

ame

asA

ug

.3

0–

31

sto

rm

17

39

Sep

t.9

An

till

esR

ejec

ted

41

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

sal

so

17

40

Au

g.1

–4

Mar

tin

iqu

e,D

om

inic

a...

,

San

toD

om

ing

o

Rej

ecte

d4

2N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

so

rn

ewsp

aper

s

17

40

Sep

t.1

1–

12

Pu

erto

Ric

oA

ccep

ted

43

26

27

20

17

42

Oct

.2

7–

28

Vir

gin

Isla

nd

s,P

uer

toR

ico

Acc

epte

d4

42

72

82

1

17

43

Sep

t.C

arib

bea

nS

eaA

ccep

ted

45

28

Lo

cati

on

isver

ysu

spec

t

17

44

Oct

.3

1–

Nov.

1Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

46

29

29

22

17

44

Nov.

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d4

72

92

92

2S

ame

asab

ove

17

45

no

dat

eL

esse

rA

nti

lles

,b

etw

een

Cu

ba

and

Hai

ti

Acc

epte

d4

83

03

02

3

17

47

Oct

.2

Lee

war

dIs

lan

ds

Acc

epte

d4

93

13

22

4

17

47

Nov.

4L

eew

ard

Isla

nd

sA

ccep

ted

50

32

33

25

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

III

(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

Po

eyP

oey

assi

gn

edac

cep

ted

can

did

ate

acce

pte

d

case

sto

rmst

orm

sto

rm

Yea

rD

ate(

s)L

oca

tio

nS

tatu

sn

um

ber

nu

mb

ern

um

ber

nu

mb

erR

easo

nfo

rre

ject

edst

atu

s

17

51

July

6H

aiti

Rej

ecte

d5

13

4R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

(19

68

)

17

51

Au

g.2

1Ja

mai

caR

ejec

ted

52

34

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

s(1

96

8)

17

51

Sep

t.1

3Ja

mai

caR

ejec

ted

53

34

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

s(1

96

8)

17

51

Sep

t.1

5S

anto

Do

min

go

Rej

ecte

d5

43

4In

corr

ect

dat

e

17

51

Au

g.1

8P

uer

toR

ico

Rej

ecte

d5

5N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

so

rn

ewsp

aper

s

17

51

Sep

t.2

1–

22

Sea

sso

uth

of.

..Ja

mai

caA

ccep

ted

56

33

17

51

late

Oct

.S

anto

Do

min

go

,H

aiti

,

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d5

73

5

17

54

Sep

t.1

3–

15

?L

eew

ard

Isla

nd

s,S

anto

Do

min

go

Acc

epte

d5

83

43

72

7

17

55

Nov.

1C

ub

a(S

anti

ago

de

Cu

ba)

Rej

ecte

d5

9R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

also

17

56

Au

g.2

3B

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

60

37

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks;

mis

dat

ed

17

58

sto

rm

17

56

Sep

t.1

2M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d6

13

53

92

8

17

56

Oct

.1

Cay

man

Isla

nd

sA

ccep

ted

62

36

17

56

Oct

.2

–3

Ash

ort

dis

tan

ceea

sto

f

Hav

ana,

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d6

33

6S

ame

asab

ove

17

57

Au

g.2

9B

arb

ado

sR

ejec

ted

64

40

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

sal

so

17

58

Au

g.2

3–

24

Sea

sn

ort

ho

fB

arb

ado

s...

Acc

epte

d6

53

73

83

0

17

59

Sep

t.C

entr

alp

art

of

Cu

ba

Acc

epte

d6

63

84

23

1

17

60

Oct

.2

5B

arbu

da

Rej

ecte

d6

7N

oev

iden

cein

log

bo

ok

17

62

Dec

.9

Car

tag

ena,

Co

lom

bia

Rej

ecte

d6

84

4In

corr

ect

yea

r

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

III

(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

Po

eyP

oey

assi

gn

edac

cep

ted

can

did

ate

acce

pte

d

case

sto

rmst

orm

sto

rm

Yea

rD

ate(

s)L

oca

tio

nS

tatu

sn

um

ber

nu

mb

ern

um

ber

nu

mb

erR

easo

nfo

rre

ject

edst

atu

s

17

64

no

dat

eM

arti

niq

ue,

Car

tag

ena,

Car

ibb

eeIs

lan

ds

Rej

ecte

d6

9R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

also

17

65

July

31

Mar

tin

iqu

e,G

uad

elo

up

eA

ccep

ted

70

39

45

32

17

65

Sep

t.M

arti

niq

ue.

..S

ain

t

Ch

rist

op

her

Rej

ecte

d7

14

5C

on

fuse

dw

ith

July

sto

rm

17

65

Nov.

13

–1

4S

anto

Do

min

go

Acc

epte

d7

24

04

63

3

17

66

Jun

e1

1C

ub

aR

ejec

ted

73

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

sal

so

17

66

Au

g.1

3N

ort

her

np

art

of

Mar

tin

iqu

eA

ccep

ted

74

41

47

34

17

66

Au

g.1

6W

est

of

Jam

aica

Acc

epte

d7

54

14

73

4

17

66

Sep

t.1

3–

15

Mo

nts

erra

t,R

edo

nd

a,N

evis

,

St.

Kit

ts

Rej

ecte

d7

64

24

9M

isd

ated

17

66

Sep

t.1

9E

aste

rnp

art

of

Pu

erto

Ric

oA

ccep

ted

77

42

49

17

66

Sep

t.2

1S

ain

tE

ust

atiu

san

dT

ort

ugas

Acc

epte

d7

84

24

93

6S

ame

sto

rmas

above

17

66

Oct

.6

–8

Do

min

ica,

Gu

adel

ou

pe,

...

Pu

erto

Ric

o

Acc

epte

d7

94

35

03

7

17

66

Oct

.3

1W

este

rnC

arib

bea

nse

a...

Acc

epte

d8

04

4S

eeG

arci

a-H

erre

raet

al.

(20

05

)

17

67

Au

g.7

Pu

erto

Ric

oA

ccep

ted

81

45

17

68

Au

g.1

2G

ren

ada,

Win

dw

ard

Isla

nd

sR

ejec

ted

82

52

Sto

rmw

aso

nA

ug

.1

0

17

68

no

dat

eA

nti

gu

aR

ejec

ted

83

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

or

new

spap

ers

17

68

Oct

.1

5W

este

rnp

art

of

Cu

ba,

Hav

ana

Acc

epte

d8

44

65

33

9

17

68

Oct

.2

5C

ub

a,H

avan

aR

ejec

ted

85

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

sal

so

17

71

Au

g.

St.

Eu

stat

ius

Rej

ecte

d8

65

7R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

also

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

III

(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

Po

eyP

oey

assi

gn

edac

cep

ted

can

did

ate

acce

pte

d

case

sto

rmst

orm

sto

rm

Yea

rD

ate(

s)L

oca

tio

nS

tatu

sn

um

ber

nu

mb

ern

um

ber

nu

mb

erR

easo

nfo

rre

ject

edst

atu

s

17

72

July

16

Sea

sn

ort

ho

fP

uer

toR

ico

Rej

ecte

d8

7d

eC

ord

ova

un

reli

able

sou

rce

17

72

Au

g.4

–5

San

toD

om

ing

oA

ccep

ted

88

47

58

41

17

72

Au

g.1

6S

anti

ago

de

Cu

ba,

Cu

ba

Rej

ecte

d8

96

0In

corr

ect

dat

e

17

72

Au

g.1

7S

ou

ther

np

art

of

An

tig

ua

Rej

ecte

d9

06

0G

arb

leo

fco

rrec

t2

7–

28

Au

gu

std

ate

17

72

Au

g.2

8–

Sep

.3

No

rth

ern

Lee

war

d[s

]...

Gu

lfo

fH

on

du

ras

Acc

epte

d9

14

86

04

2L

atte

rp

art

of

trac

kin

corr

ect

17

72

Au

g.3

0–

Sep

t.1

Les

ser

An

till

es..

.P

uer

to

Ric

o

Acc

epte

d9

24

96

04

2

17

72

Sep

t.1

–4

Do

min

ica,

San

toD

om

ing

oA

ccep

ted

93

60

42

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

s

17

72

Oct

.1

8L

eew

ard

Isla

nd

sR

ejec

ted

94

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

or

new

spap

ers

17

72

Nov.

22

St.

Kit

ts,S

t.E

ust

atiu

sR

ejec

ted

95

61

No

evid

ence

inlo

gb

oo

ks

or

new

spap

ers

17

73

July

18

–2

2..

.n

ear

Vir

gin

Isla

nd

s...

;

wes

tern

Bah

amas

Acc

epte

d9

65

06

24

3

17

73

Au

g.(s

eco

nd

hal

f)

To

bag

oR

ejec

ted

97

No

sto

rman

yti

me

inA

ug

ust

or

Sep

tem

ber

17

74

no

dat

eC

ub

aR

ejec

ted

98

See

also

Mil

las

(19

68

)p

.24

1p

ost

scri

pt

17

74

Sep

t.6

Gu

adel

ou

pe

Rej

ecte

d9

96

4In

corr

ect

yea

r;se

e1

77

6en

try

17

74

Oct

.2

or

20

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d1

00

65

No

evid

ence

(Ch

enow

eth

,2

00

3)

17

75

July

30

–A

ug

.1

Mar

tin

iqu

e,A

ves

,...

San

toD

om

ing

o

Acc

epte

d1

01

51

66

44

17

75

Au

g.2

5M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d1

02

52

67

45

17

75

Au

g.2

7S

anto

Do

min

go

Acc

epte

d1

03

52

67

45

Sam

eas

above (C

onti

nued

onne

xtpa

ge)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EII

I

(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

Po

eyP

oey

assi

gn

edac

cep

ted

can

did

ate

acce

pte

d

case

sto

rmst

orm

sto

rm

Yea

rD

ate(

s)L

oca

tio

nS

tatu

sn

um

ber

nu

mb

ern

um

ber

nu

mb

erR

easo

nfo

rre

ject

edst

atu

s

17

75

Sep

t.1

4–

15

San

toD

om

ing

o,H

aiti..

.

Gre

atIn

agu

aIs

lan

d

Rej

ecte

d1

04

68

Gar

ble

dac

cou

nt

17

75

Oct

.1

6S

t.K

itts

Acc

epte

d1

05

53

69

46

17

76

Sep

t.5

–7

Les

ser

An

till

es..

.d

ista

nt

fro

mP

uer

toR

ico

Acc

epte

d1

06

–1

08

54

64

47

17

78

no

dat

eH

avan

a,C

ub

aR

ejec

ted

10

97

0R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

also

17

78

Oct

.2

8–

31

Pro

vin

ceo

fO

rien

te,C

ub

aR

ejec

ted

11

07

0In

corr

ect

yea

r–

occ

urr

edo

nO

ct.

28

,

17

77

17

79

Au

g.2

8M

arti

niq

ue

Acc

epte

d1

11

55

17

79

Sep

t.4

–5

No

rth

ern

par

to

fA

nti

gu

a;

Nev

is

Rej

ecte

d1

12

Ch

arle

sto

n,S

Cac

cou

nt,

no

tN

evis

17

79

Oct

.3

Win

dw

ard

Isla

nd

san

d

Jam

aica

Rej

ecte

d1

13

Rej

ecte

db

yM

illa

sal

so

17

80

Jun

e1

2–

14

St.

Lu

cia,

Pu

erto

Ric

o,S

anto

Do

min

go

Rej

ecte

d1

14

Co

nfu

sed

wit

hO

ct.1

2–

14

sto

rmin

sam

ey

ear

17

80

Au

g.2

5S

t.K

itts

Acc

epte

d1

15

56

73

50

17

80

Sep

t.3

0D

om

inic

aR

ejec

ted

11

6R

ejec

ted

by

Mil

las

also

17

80

Oct

.3

–5

Wes

tern

Jam

aica

...

cen

tral

Bah

amas

Acc

epte

d1

17

57

74

51

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Oct

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0–

16

Bar

bad

os

and

sever

alo

ther

isla

nd

s

Acc

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52

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80

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sn

ort

ho

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59

76

53

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EII

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(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

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can

did

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pte

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case

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80

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las

also

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81

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rn

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sto

rm

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epte

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bo

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so

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aper

s

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

III

(Con

tinu

ed)

Mil

las

Mil

las

Po

eyP

oey

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cep

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did

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toD

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11

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(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

III

(Con

tinu

ed)

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las

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M. CHENOWETH

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range

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ber

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tyO

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ren

ces

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1718

19–21

Sep

tem

ber

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tin

ique

23

13

10

HU

1720

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dat

eN

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ho

fP

uer

to

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oto

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24

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20

HU

1722

6–12

Sep

tem

ber

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aica

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uis

ian

a

25

85

6H

U

1722

18–23

Sep

tem

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Char

lest

on,S

outh

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oli

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26

93

33

TS

1723

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gust

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ho

fA

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to

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ity

27

10

47

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1724

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ser

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till

esto

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oli

na

toP

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ia

28

11

46

5H

U

1725

23–24

Sep

tem

ber

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tin

ique

29

10

15

10

HU

1726

11–19

Sep

tem

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No

rth

of

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mu

da

30

41

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dat

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00

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aica

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11

16

15

HU

1727

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tem

ber

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;

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tern

New

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gla

nd

33

12

12

HU

1728

13–14

Au

gust

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lest

on,S

outh

Car

oli

na

34

13

13

50

2H

U

1728

28

Aug.–

2S

ept.

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tigua

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t.

Th

om

asto

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pan

oli

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12

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next

page

)


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tinu

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1728

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1728

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15

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8H

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1733

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ser

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16

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72

17

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1733

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15

01

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1734

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tem

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17

23

35

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tinu

edon

next

page

)

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EIV

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tyO

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refe

ren

ces

and

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tes

1736

16–??

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tem

ber

Wes

to

fG

rand

Cay

man

to

Pen

saco

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rid

a

45

16

12

HU

1737

7–10

Sep

tem

ber

An

tigua

to

His

pan

oli

a

46

18

24

37

HU

1738

28–31

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gust

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to

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47

19

25

52

1H

U

1740

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tem

ber

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tigua

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48

20

26

17

89

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1740

29

Sep

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Mo

bil

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18

00

HU

1742

25–31

Oct

ober

Vir

gin

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erto

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oto

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pan

oli

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21

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TS

1743

10

Sep

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ber

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aica

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uth

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oli

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52

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1744

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53

22

29

91

1H

U

1745

16–19

Oct

ober

Win

dw

ard

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sage

54

23

30

40

TS

1746

10–14

Sep

tem

ber

Bar

bad

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toF

lori

da

Key

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centr

al

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.G

ulf

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t

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20

03

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tinu

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next

page

)


TA

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tinu

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ces

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no

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1747

26–27

Sep

tem

ber

3847N

5423W

to

4014N

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56

02

HU

Rap

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and

Fer

nan

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95

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rk

1747

29

Sep

.–6

Oct

.L

esse

rA

nti

lles

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4306N

5530W

57

24

31

59

HU

1747

13–18

Oct

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Jam

aica

toN

assa

u

toB

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uda

58

80

3H

U

1747

3–6

Novem

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25

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25

HU

1749

16–21

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tem

ber

Do

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ica

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60

05

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wo

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1749

14–21

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

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61

21

11

5H

U

1750

28–30

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gust

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1751

24

July

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63

01

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and

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nan

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as

(19

95

)

1751

18–28

Sep

tem

ber

An

tigua

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mai

ca

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lori

da

64

33

11

52

0H

US

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00

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1751

6–7

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

65

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1752

8–16

Sep

tem

ber

St.

Kit

tsto

South

Car

oli

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66

26

22

93

12

HU

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tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

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BL

EIV

(Con

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ties

num

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1752

26

Sep

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67

23

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1752

28

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24

08

HU

See

also

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(20

03

);

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-dat

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1753

24–25

Au

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Geo

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00

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San

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1754

12–26

Sep

tem

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Les

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h

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oli

na

70

27

34

52

0H

U

1755

8O

cto

ber

Jam

aica

71

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1756

12–17

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

ds

Isla

nds

to

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aica

71

28

35

16

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1756

1–3

Oct

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man

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72

36

01

HU

1757

22–25

Sep

tem

ber

Eas

tern

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tia

73

29

25

16

HU

1758

22–24

Au

gust

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ser

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lles

74

30

37

21

5H

U

1758

17–24

Oct

ober

Wes

tof

Jam

aica

to

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rid

ato

New

Jers

eyco

ast

75

26

03

HU

See

also

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1759

12–15

Sep

tem

ber

Nea

rJa

mai

cato

So

uth

wes

t

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rid

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76

31

38

27

10

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eth

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03

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1760

6Ju

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lest

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outh

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oli

na

77

10

00

TS

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next

page

)


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Gar

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ren

ces

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no

tes

1760

12

August

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da

78

28

00

HU

1760

7–8

Sep

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Mex

ico

79

13

00

HU

See

also

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1760

1–6

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

toS

outh

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oli

na

to36N

72W

80

11

03

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1761

22–23

Sep

tem

ber

Wes

to

fJa

mai

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00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

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03

)

1761

19–25

Oct

ober

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aica

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pan

oli

ato

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ec

82

29

04

HU

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enow

eth

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03

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ow

asse

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eth

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me

sto

rm

1761

9–10

Novem

ber

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lom

bia

83

10

HU

Th

isw

ork

1762

4–5

Oct

ober

South

wes

to

f

Jam

aica

84

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1763

16

June

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to

fJa

mai

ca85

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1763

5–6

Novem

ber

So

uth

of

Jam

aica

86

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1764

2–3

Oct

ober

Nea

rw

este

rn

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aica

87

00

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1764

16–20

Novem

ber

Apal

achee

Bay

,

Flo

rid

aan

d

wes

tern

Car

oli

nas

88

30

30

HU

1765

30–31

July

Les

ser

Anti

lles

89

32

39

11

8H

U

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

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Gar

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Her

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wo

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005)

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pte

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ber

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num

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refe

ren

ces

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tes

1765

7–16

Au

gust

Les

ser

An

till

es-

His

pan

oli

a-off

New

Engla

nd

coas

t

90

31

1H

UT

his

wo

rk

1765

17

Oct

ober

South

Car

oli

na

91

12

00

TS

1765

13–14

Novem

ber

Car

ibbea

nto

St.

Do

min

go

92

33

40

20

TS

1766

13–16

Au

gust

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tiniq

ue

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uth

of

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aica

93

34

41

12

0H

US

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00

3)

1766

1–4

Sep

tem

ber

Gulf

of

Mex

ico

to

Tex

as

94

31

04

HU

See

also

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pap

ort

and

Fer

nan

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tag

as

(19

95

)

1766

8–13

Sep

tem

ber

Atl

anti

cto

Off

Vir

gin

iato

wes

t

of

New

York

Cit

y

95

35

32

14

11

TS

1766

17–24

Sep

tem

ber

Les

ser

An

till

esto

2345N

6403W

to

33N

57W

to

Azo

res

96

36

42

15

01

6H

U

1766

5–13

Oct

ober

Les

ser

An

till

esto

Pu

erto

Ric

oto

off

So

uth

Car

oli

na

97

37

43

16

54

5H

U

1766

15–24

Oct

ober

So

uth

of

Hai

tian

d

Jam

aica

to

Pen

saco

la,

Flo

rid

a

98

38

35

HU

See

also

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enow

eth

(20

03

)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

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s

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004)

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pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1766

29

Oct

.–1

Nov.

Hav

ana

toea

stof

Flo

rid

a

99

44

17

02

HU

1767

6–10

Au

gust

Les

ser

An

till

esto

3148N

bet

wee

n

SC

and

Ber

muda

100

45

12

6H

U

1767

21–24

Sep

tem

ber

Off

Nort

hC

aroli

na

toso

uth

east

Mas

sach

use

tts

101

04

TS

Rap

pap

ort

and

Fer

nan

dez

-Par

tag

as

(19

95

);T

his

wo

rk

1767

13–18

Oct

ober

Gu

lfof

Mex

ico

to

SE

US

coas

tal

wat

ers

to35N

73W

102

33

13

31

5H

U

1768

8–10

Au

gust

Bar

bad

os

to

Gre

nad

a

103

23

HU

Th

isw

ork

1768

15

Oct

ober

Wes

tern

Cuba

104

39

46

18

14

HU

1769

7–9

Au

gust

South

of

Jam

aica

105

01

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1769

4–9

Sep

tem

ber

23N

64W

toN

ew

En

gla

nd

106

34

14

34

6H

U

1769

28–29

Sep

tem

ber

So

uth

Car

oli

na

107

15

06

TS

1770

6Ju

ne

Ch

arle

ston,S

outh

Car

oli

na

108

40

16

33

TS

1770

19–20

Oct

ober

3530N

7330W

to

New

En

gla

nd

109

35

11

3H

U

1771

23–24

May

Wes

tof

Jam

aica

to

Cu

ba

110

11

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Moder

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1771

30

Sep

t.–

4O

ct.

Flo

rid

aK

eys

tooff

So

uth

Car

oli

na

coas

t

111

17

23

HU

Th

isw

ork

1772

2–6

Au

gust

An

tigua

tonort

hof

Jam

aica

to

Bay

amo,C

uba

112

41

47

19

31

1H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1772

30

August

to3

Sep

t.3330N

7455W

to

off

Cap

e

Hen

lopen

113

37

27

HU

1772

28

August

to3

Sep

t.H

avan

ato

Louis

iana

114

36

20

01

HU

See

also

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1772

27–29

Au

gust

Nort

ho

fA

nti

gua

115

48

29

HU

1772

29

August

to5

Sep

t.A

nti

gua

tow

este

rn

Cuba

116

42

49

22

3H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1773

21

June

Tobag

oto

Gre

nad

a117

12

TS

Th

isw

ork

1773

20–21

July

Bah

amas

toC

uba

118

43

50

01

HU

1773

26

August

No

rth

Car

oli

na

to

Vir

gin

ia

119

38

02

HU

No

rth

Car

oli

na

po

rtio

n

mis

dat

ed0

1S

epte

mb

er

1773

10–19

Sep

tem

ber

To

bag

oto

Ven

ezuel

ato

south

wes

tof

Wes

tern

Cuba

120

21

84

HU

See

also

htt

p:/

/ww

w.u

cm.e

s/

info

/tro

pic

al/d

ata.

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1774

1–3

Novem

ber

Cu

ba

ton

ort

hof

Bah

amas

to30N

67W

121

22

04

HU

Th

isw

ork

1775

30

July

–1

Au

gust

Mar

tiniq

ue

to

Pu

erto

Ric

o

122

44

51

13

TS

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Lo

cali

ties

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1775

24

August

–3

Sep

t.B

arbad

os

to

Mar

yla

nd

123

45

52

39

23

65

HU

1775

5–12

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

New

foundla

nd

124

61

4H

UR

app

apo

rtan

dR

uff

man

(19

99

)

1775

12–14

Sep

tem

ber

An

tigua

toC

uba

125

11

TS

Th

isw

ork

1775

16–19

Oct

ober

No

rth

and

Cen

tral

Lee

war

dIs

lands

126

46

53

38

TS

1776

5–12

Sep

tem

ber

Guad

eloupe

to

Louis

ian

a

127

47

54

31

5H

U

1777

23–31

Oct

ober

Eas

tern

Car

ibbea

n

toC

uba

128

24

42

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1777

22–23

Novem

ber

So

uth

east

of

Jam

aica

and

acro

ssw

este

rn

Hai

ti

129

40

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1778

5Ju

ne

Jam

aica

130

10

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1778

7–13

Au

gust

Bah

ama

Ban

ks

to

New

En

gla

nd

131

40

18

38

HU

1778

16–17

Sep

tem

ber

Jam

aica

132

10

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1778

29

Sep

t.–

10

Oct

.T

obag

oto

Pen

saco

la,

Flo

rid

a

133

41

25

40

HU

See

also

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1779

25–26

May

Wes

to

fJa

mai

ca134

00

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1779

18

August

New

Orl

ean

s135

48

42

26

01

HU

1779

28

Aug.–

3S

ept.

Mar

tin

ique

tonea

r

So

uth

Car

oli

na

136

55

31

0T

S

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

This

wo

rkre

-an

aly

sis

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1780

24

August

Louis

ian

a137

49

43

27

10

HU

1780

25–26

Au

gust

St.

Kit

ts138

50

56

61

TS

1780

2–8

Oct

ober

Wes

tern

Jam

aica

to

37N

6745W

139

51

57

44

28

31

2H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1780

10–20

Oct

ober

Bar

bad

os

to

Ber

mu

da

to43N

50W

140

52

58

45

15

19

HU

1780

15–26

Oct

ober

Nea

rJa

mai

cato

Gulf

of

Mex

ico

to4

450N

4228W

141

53

59

46

29

21

HU

See

also

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1781

1–2

Au

gust

Jam

aica

142

54

60

21

2H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1781

9–11

Au

gust

South

Car

oli

na

and

Nort

hC

aroli

na

143

55

47

19

01

HU

1781

16–23

Au

gust

Wes

tof

Jam

aica

to

New

Orl

eans

144

00

HU

Tan

neh

ill

(19

38

);

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1781

3–7

Sep

tem

ber

St.

Luci

ato

south

wes

tof

Jam

aica

145

56

61

66

TS

See

also

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1781

2–3

Novem

ber

Wes

tof

Jam

aica

146

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1782

30

June

So

uth

wes

to

f

wes

tern

Jam

aica

147

00

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1782

15

August

Flo

rid

aS

trai

ts148

04

HU

Rap

pap

ort

and

Fer

nan

dez

-Par

tag

as

(19

95

);T

his

wo

rk

1782

16

Sep

tem

ber

No

rth

Atl

anti

c149

57

08

HU

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1783

15–20

Sep

tem

ber

Off

U.S

.co

ast

150

07

HU

Rap

pap

ort

and

Fer

nan

dez

-

Par

tagas

(19

95

)

1783

5–9

Oct

ober

Wes

tof

Jam

aica

to

New

En

gla

nd

151

48

20

31

5H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1784

10–17

July

Gre

nad

ato

Cura

cao

toH

ondura

s

152

63

33

HU

Un

dat

edin

all

pre

vio

us

chro

no

log

ies

1784

27

July

–5

Au

g.

Dom

inic

ato

Jam

aica

to

Pen

saco

la,

Flo

rid

a

153

58

62

22

1H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1785

23–31

Au

g.

No

rth

ern

Lee

war

ds

toJa

mai

cato

Bel

ize

154

59

64

30

54

8T

SS

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1785

10

Sep

tem

ber

Ch

arle

ston,S

outh

Car

oli

na

155

21

00

TS

1785

16–25

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Bah

amas

toN

C

toC

anad

a

156

60

49

32

9H

U

1786

5Ju

ne

Wes

tern

Jam

aica

157

01

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1786

29

August

Off

US

coas

t158

61

50

04

HU

1786

2–10

Sep

tem

ber

Bar

bad

os

toN

assa

u

too

ffS

outh

Car

oli

na

159

62

65

22

01

5H

U

1786

28

Sep

tem

ber

Ch

arle

ston,S

outh

Car

oli

na

160

23

00

TS

1786

19–23

Oct

.Ja

mai

cato

Hav

ana

toB

aham

as

161

63

66

11

5H

US

eeal

soC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Lo

cali

ties

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1787

2–7

Au

gust

Dom

inic

ato

Gra

nd

Cai

cos

to40N

64W

162

64

67

21

1T

S

1787

6–11

Au

gust

Gre

nad

ato

Jam

aica

toB

aham

as

Ban

k

163

32

TS

Th

isw

ork

1787

15–16

Au

gust

So

uth

tip

of

Flo

rida

164

65

44

HU

1787

23–28

Au

gust

Cen

tral

Lee

war

ds

toB

aham

asto

So

uth

Car

oli

na

165

66

68

24

33

3H

U

1787

29

August

–2

Sep

t.D

om

inic

ato

Bel

ize

166

67

69

31

2H

U

1787

16

Sep

tem

ber

So

uth

Car

oli

na

167

25

00

TS

Lu

dlu

m(1

96

3)

qu

ote

sa

Red

fiel

dM

Sg

ivin

g

inco

rrec

td

ate

of

19

Sep

tem

ber

1787

19–23

Sep

tem

ber

Eas

tern

Cuba

and

Jam

aica

to

Bel

ize

168

68

70

11

HU

1788

4Ju

ne

Nea

rw

este

rn

Jam

aica

169

01

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1788

19–24

July

Ber

mu

da

toU

S170

69

51

33

2H

U

1788

14–16

Au

gust

Cen

tral

Lee

war

ds

toH

aiti

171

70

71

33

5H

U

1788

17–19

Au

gust

SE

Pen

nsy

lvan

iato

wes

tern

New

Engla

nd

172

52

01

1T

S

1788

8–9

Sep

tem

ber

Jam

aica

173

01

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Moder

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

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005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Lo

cali

ties

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1788

19–23

Sep

tem

ber

US

Co

ast

to

New

foundla

nd

174

71

26

14

TS

1788

29

Sep

t.–

6O

ctober

South

of

Jam

aica

to

east

ern

Cay

man

s

toS

outh

Car

oli

na

175

27

32

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1789

17–18

Au

gust

New

Orl

eans

176

31

00

HU

See

also

htt

p:/

/ww

w.u

cm.e

s/

info

/tro

pic

al/d

ata.

htm

1790

10–12

Au

gust

To

bag

oto

Cura

cao

177

72

32

11

2H

US

eeal

soh

ttp

://w

ww

.ucm

.es/

info

/tro

pic

al/d

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1790

29

Aug.–

2S

ept.

Bar

bad

os

to

Jam

aica

178

11

7H

UT

his

wo

rk

1791

18–23

June

Wes

tern

Cuba

to

Flo

rid

a

Pan

han

dle

179

73

73

04

HU

1791

27

Sep

t.–

4O

ct.

Jam

aica

to

Bah

amas

to37N

62W

180

74

74

01

0H

U

1792

14

July

St.

Eu

stat

ia,S

t.

Kit

ts

181

75

75

03

TS

1792

1–12

Au

gust

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

nea

rC

aico

sIs

.

To

37N

57W

182

76

76

05

3H

U

1792

29–31

Oct

ober

Wes

tern

Cuba

to

So

uth

Car

oli

na

183

77

77

53

28

33

09

HU

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

This

wo

rkre

-an

aly

sis

Moder

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Lo

cali

ties

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1793

12–18

Au

gust

No

rth

ern

Lee

war

ds

toB

aham

asto

Louis

ian

a

184

78

78

54

34

13

3H

U

1793

21–23

Oct

ober

Wes

tern

Jam

aica

to

Ber

muda

185

01

4H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1794

28

May

.W

est

of

Jam

aica

186

01

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1794

10–11

Au

gust

New

Orl

ean

s187

35

00

HU

1794

25

Aug.–

1S

ept.

Cuba

toL

ouis

iana

188

79

79

55

36

01

2H

U

1795

20

July

.N

ear

Mouth

of

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er

189

37

00

HU

See

also

htt

p:/

/ww

w.u

cm.e

s/in

fo/

tro

pic

al/d

ata.

htm

1795

27

July

–3

August

Cen

tral

Lee

war

ds

to

Nort

hC

aroli

na

190

56

11

6H

US

eeal

soR

app

apo

rtan

d

Fer

nan

dez

-Par

tag

as

(19

95

)

1795

2–13

Au

gust

No

rth

of

Pu

erto

Ric

oto

nort

hof

His

pan

oli

ato

Vir

gin

ia

191

57

13

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1795

18–21

Au

gust

No

rth

ern

Lee

war

ds

toC

aico

sIs

lands

192

80

80

14

HU

1795

10

Oct

ober

So

uth

Car

oli

na

193

29

00

TS

1796

25–27

Au

gust

Flo

rid

aS

trai

tsto

Louis

ian

a

194

38

18

HU

See

also

htt

p:/

/ww

w.u

cm.e

s/in

fo/

tro

pic

al/d

ata.

htm

1796

2–4

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

to

Bah

amas

195

81

81

31

0H

U

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

This

wo

rkre

-an

aly

sis

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1797

17–21

Oct

ober

Bah

amas

toS

outh

Car

oli

na

196

58

30

11

1H

U

1799

2–9

June

Cen

tral

Cuba

tooff

U.S

.C

oas

t

197

82

82

31

39

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1799

25

Sep

tem

ber

Ch

arle

ston,S

outh

Car

oli

na

198

32

00

TS

1800

10–18

Au

gust

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Louis

ian

a

199

83

24

HU

1800

27–28

Au

gust

Exum

a,G

rand

Bah

amas

200

84

02

HU

1800

2–5

Oct

ober

South

Car

oli

na

201

59

33

02

HU

1800

31

Oct

.–5

Nov.

Jam

aica

toE

aste

rn

Cuba

toC

rooked

Isla

nd

to

Ber

muda

202

83

85

27

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1801

22–25

July

Nas

sau

toG

ulf

of

Mex

ico

203

84

12

HU

1801

15–16

Au

gust

Mobil

e,A

labam

a204

39

00

HU

See

also

htt

p:/

/ww

w.u

cm.e

s/in

fo/

tro

pic

al/d

ata.

htm

1802

6–10

Oct

ober

Wes

tof

Jam

aica

205

02

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1803

31

Aug.–

1S

ept.

Nort

hC

aroli

na

206

60

01

2H

U

1803

2–3

Oct

ober

Norf

olk

,V

irgin

ia207

61

13

HU

1804

18–19

Au

gust

Jam

aica

208

01

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1804

3–12

Sep

tem

ber

Bar

bad

os

toN

ew

En

gla

nd

209

85

62

34

88

4H

U

1804

22–24

Sep

tem

ber

Cu

ba

toS

outh

Car

oli

na

210

86

35

05

TS

1804

4–10

Oct

ober

No

rth

of

Pu

erto

Ric

oto

south

east

New

En

gla

nd

211

63

01

5H

U

1805

27

July

–1

August

27N

58W

to36N

62W

212

87

09

HU

1805

30

Sep

t.–

3O

ct.

Mat

anza

s,C

uba

to

Mai

ne

213

64

09

HU

1806

17–24

Au

gust

17N

57W

to

Car

oli

nas

to

4139N

59W

214

65

36

51

5H

U

1806

26

Aug.–

3S

ept.

Mona

Pas

sage

to

35N

72W

215

88

66

13

6H

U

1806

8–18

Sep

t.D

om

inic

ato

Mis

siss

ippi

216

89

67

40

33

8H

U

1806

27–29

Sep

t.S

outh

Car

oli

na,

Nort

hC

aroli

na

and

Vir

gin

ia

217

68

37

01

0H

U

1806

2–9

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

toS

outh

Car

oli

na

218

90

69

38

28

TS

1807

25

July

Lee

war

dIs

lands

219

91

37

TS

1807

1–5

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Tri

nid

adde

Cuba

220

92

30

TS

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1807

16–20

Oct

ober

Tobag

o-C

ura

cao-

nea

ran

dw

est

of

Jam

aica

221

05

HU

Th

isw

ork

;se

eal

so

Rap

pap

ort

and

Fer

nan

dez

-

Par

tagas

(19

95

)

1809

1–3

Au

gust

Dom

inic

a,

Guad

eloupe

222

93

30

TS

1809

9–13

Oct

ober

Nort

her

nL

eew

ard

Isla

nds

223

94

67

TS

1810

30–31

July

Jam

aica

224

63

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1810

12–15

Au

gust

Tri

nid

adto

nea

r

Jam

aica

225

95

09

HU

Rap

pap

ort

and

Fer

nan

dez

-Par

tag

as

(19

95

)

1810

11–13

Sep

tem

ber

So

uth

Car

oli

na

226

70

39

26

TS

1810

28

Sep

tem

ber

Eas

tern

Cuba

227

96

01

HU

1810

20–27

Oct

ober

So

uth

of

Cu

ba

to

South

wes

t

Atl

anti

c

228

97

21

7H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1811

8–12

Sep

tem

ber

Key

Sal

,C

uba

to

Ch

arle

ston,

South

Car

oli

na

229

71

40

26

HU

1811

11

Oct

ober

Pen

saco

lato

Fort

Sto

ddar

t,

Ala

bam

a

230

41

01

HU

See

also

htt

p:/

/ww

w.u

cm.e

s/in

fo/

tro

pic

al/d

ata.

htm

1811

20–25

Oct

ober

Wes

to

fJa

mai

cato

Cu

ba

231

35

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1812

5–11

June

No

rth

wes

t

Car

ibbea

nS

ea

232

03

TS

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Lo

cali

ties

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1812

8A

ugust

South

Car

oli

na

233

41

00

TS

1812

14–20

Au

gust

Eas

tof

Jam

aica

to

Louis

ian

a

234

98

72

17

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1812

12–17

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

to37N

51W

235

99

01

8H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1813

22–29

July

Bar

bad

os

to3830N

6500W

236

100

74

1H

U

1813

29

July

–3

August

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Bel

ize

237

101

11

0H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1813

3–7

Au

gust

2923N

6347W

to

4127N

5619W

238

73

11

2H

U

1813

24–29

Au

gust

Cai

cos

Isla

nds

to

So

uth

Car

oli

na

toV

irg

inia

&

Mar

yla

nd

239

42

22

5H

UT

ann

ehil

l(1

93

8)

1813

25–28

Au

gust

Dom

inic

ato

south

of

Jam

aica

240

102

13

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1814

23–24

July

Do

min

ica

toP

uer

to

Ric

o

241

31

TS

Tan

neh

ill

(19

38

)

1815

27

July

–10

Au

gust

17N

53W

toG

rand

Ban

ks

of

New

foundla

nd

242

103

03

2H

U

1815

26

Aug.–

5S

ept.

16N

51W

tooff

the

U.S

.C

oas

t

243

74

43

42

73

6H

U

1815

16–23

Sep

tem

ber

Mar

tiniq

ue

toN

ew

Engla

nd

244

104

75

43

1H

U

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1815

18–22

Oct

ober

Jam

aica

toC

aico

s

Isla

nds

245

105

51

7H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1816

1–12

June

Wes

to

fJa

mai

cato

South

Flo

rida

to

3128N

6823W

246

61

6H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3);

Th

is

wo

rk

1816

3–11

Sep

tem

ber

Mar

tin

ique

to

east

ern

Cuba

to

South

Car

oli

na

247

44

31

0H

UT

his

wo

rk

1816

15–25

Sep

tem

ber

Do

min

ica

to38N

70W

248

106

45

33

6H

U

1817

1–9

Au

gust

To

bag

oto

Pen

nsy

lvan

ia

249

76

46

12

6H

U

1817

20–26

Oct

ober

Bar

bad

os

to

Nic

arag

ua

250

107

16

3H

U

1818

26

Aug.–

5S

ept.

26N

50W

to5002N

2648W

251

04

6H

UT

ann

ehil

l(1

93

8)

1818

10–16

Sep

tem

ber

Yu

cata

nto

Tex

asto

Mis

siss

ippi

252

108

77

00

HU

1818

21–28

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Nort

hA

tlan

tic

253

109

05

8H

U

1818

12–14

Oct

ober

No

rth

east

of

Jam

aica

to

cen

tral

Bah

amas

254

01

5H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1818

6–13

Nov.

So

uth

wes

t

Car

ibbea

nto

Jam

aica

toC

uba

255

110

12

4H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1819

24–30

July

Bah

amas

to

Mis

siss

ippi

256

78

01

2H

U

1819

19–26

Sep

tem

ber

1530N

56W

to

3026N

6755W

257

111

06

6H

UT

ann

ehil

l(1

93

8)

1819

13–15

Oct

ober

Lee

war

dIs

lands

258

112

02

2H

U

1819

27–28

Oct

ober

Cuba

toB

aham

as259

113

02

TS

Tan

neh

ill

(19

38

)

1820

8–10

Sep

tem

ber

Flo

rid

ato

Nort

h

Car

oli

na

260

79

47

01

9H

U

1820

26

Sep

t.–

1O

ct.

Do

min

ica

toH

aiti

toS

outh

Car

oli

na

261

48

13

1H

UT

his

wo

rk

1821

1–9

Sep

tem

ber

Guad

eloupe

to

wes

tern

Cuba

262

114

01

9T

ST

his

wo

rk

1821

1–3

Sep

tem

ber

Off

US

Coas

tto

New

Yo

rkC

ity

263

115

80

03

3H

UP

rev

iou

sly

lin

ked

wit

h

above

1821

9–17

Sep

tem

ber

An

tigua

toU

.S.

Gulf

Coas

t

264

116

81

15

1H

U

1822

7–9

July

Cen

tral

U.S

.G

ulf

Co

ast

265

82

16

HU

1822

25–28

Sep

tem

ber

Bah

amas

toN

ort

h

Car

oli

na

266

83

49

02

6H

U

1822

13–22

Dec

ember

Eas

tern

Car

ibbea

n

Sea

to

Mar

tiniq

ue

to

Ven

ezuel

a

267

117

12

3H

U

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1823

8–10

July

Cura

cao

tonea

r

Jam

aica

268

03

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1823

2–3

Au

gust

Sea

sso

uth

of

Jam

aica

269

01

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1823

11–14

Sep

tem

ber

2324N

9504W

to

Cen

tral

U.S

.

Gulf

Coas

t

270

84

19

HU

1824

7–15

Sep

tem

ber

Guad

eloupe

to

Geo

rgia

and

South

Car

oli

na

271

118

50

05

7H

U

1824

26–27

Sep

tem

ber

1630N

south

of

Jam

aica

272

02

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1825

28

May

–5

June

So

uth

east

of

Jam

aica

to

Flo

rid

ato

37N

74W

273

85

51

03

5H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1825

25

July

–2

August

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

38N

6650W

274

119

86

17

1H

U

1825

28

Sep

t.–

3O

ct.

Hai

tito

nort

hea

st

coas

tof

Flo

rida

275

120

02

0H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1826

31

Aug.–

10

Sep

t.D

om

inic

ato

nea

r

Jam

aica

to

Gra

nd

Ban

ks

276

121

15

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

);B

oo

se

etal

.(2

00

4)

1827

17–23

Au

gust

An

tigua

toJa

mai

ca

toV

era

Cru

z,

Mex

ico

277

07

5H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

and

this

wo

rk

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1827

20–27

Au

gust

No

rth

ern

Lee

war

ds

toN

ewE

ngla

nd

278

122

87

52

07

3H

U

1827

27

Aug.–

5S

ept.

No

rth

ern

Lee

war

ds

toN

ort

hw

est

Flo

rid

a

279

123

02

0H

U

1827

29

Aug.–

8S

ep.

No

rth

of

Lee

war

ds

to3

650N

6650W

280

124

01

5T

S

1828

15–20

Sep

tem

ber

18N

60W

to44N

5218W

281

125

02

6H

U

1829

9–13

July

Gulf

of

Mex

ico

282

88

02

TS

1829

23–30

Au

gust

So

uth

Car

oli

na

to

3830N

6609W

283

53

01

8H

UT

his

wo

rk

1830

3–9

Au

gust

Tri

nid

adto

Wes

tern

Cu

ba

284

126

02

5H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1830

11–19

Au

gust

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

South

Car

oli

na

to4

3N

58W

285

127

89

54

07

3H

U

1830

19–26

Au

gust

No

rth

of

Lee

war

d

Isla

nds

to37N

69W

286

128

90

02

8H

U

1830

29

Sep

t.–

1O

ct.

2246N

65W

to

4025N

5824W

287

129

01

6H

U

1830

6O

cto

ber

So

uth

Car

oli

na

288

55

00

TS

1831

10

June

No

rth

east

coas

tof

Flo

rid

a

289

130

91

03

TS

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Moder

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1831

22–28

June

So

uth

of

Bar

bad

os

to

Yu

cata

n

290

131

02

7H

U

1831

10–17

Au

gust

Bar

bad

os

to

Louis

ian

a

291

132

08

0H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1831

27–30

Au

gust

Wes

tern

Louis

iana

292

92

05

HU

1832

5–8

June

Nas

sau

toB

erm

uda

293

133

03

0H

U

1832

12–18

Au

gust

Key

Wes

tto

NW

Flo

rid

ato

South

Car

oli

na

294

56

09

HU

1832

21

August

1251N

3926W

295

01

TS

Red

fiel

d(1

85

4)

1832

23–27

Au

gust

Cen

tral

Lee

war

d

Isla

nds

toea

stof

Jam

aica

296

134

01

8H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1832

14

Oct

ober

South

Car

oli

na

297

57

00

TS

1833

10

August

So

uth

Car

oli

na

298

58

00

TS

1833

14–20

Au

gust

St.

Kit

tsto

23N

66W

299

01

0T

ST

ann

ehil

l(1

93

8)

1833

4–5

Sep

tem

ber

Wes

tern

Louis

iana

300

93

03

TS

1833

14

Sep

tem

ber

So

uth

Car

oli

na

301

59

00

TS

Mo

ck(2

00

4)

1833

16–19

Oct

ober

Cu

ba,

Gu

lfof

Mex

ico

302

135

00

TS

1834

3–6

Sep

tem

ber

Off

Geo

rgia

coas

tto

39N

67W

303

94

60

01

5H

U

1834

5–7

Sep

tem

ber

Gu

lfof

Mex

ico

to

Wes

tern

Louis

iana

304

95

04

TS

1834

20–30

Sep

tem

ber

Cen

tral

Lee

war

d

Isla

nds

toW

este

rn

Louis

ian

a

305

136

96

02

5H

U

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

Mil

las

Ludlu

m(2

004)

etal

.(2

005)

dat

esar

euse

dF

inal

acce

pte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dac

cepte

dN

um

ber

of

Nu

mb

ero

fE

stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

om

max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Loca

liti

esnum

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1835

12–18

Au

gust

1655N

5345W

to

Rio

Gra

nde,

Tex

as

306

137

97

04

4H

U

1835

2–13

Sep

tem

ber

Bar

bad

os

toN

ort

h

Car

oli

na

307

138

98

01

8H

UR

eid

(18

49

)

1835

15–19

Sep

tem

ber

Key

Wes

tto

3109N

78W

toS

outh

Car

oli

na

308

99

61

01

5H

U

1835

22–29

Oct

ober

Tu

rks

Isla

nd

to

South

Car

oli

na

309

62

01

6H

UT

his

wo

rk

1836

2–3

Sep

tem

ber

Cay

man

Isla

nds

310

03

HU

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1836

9–11

Oct

ober

So

uth

Car

oli

na

to

Nort

hC

aroli

na

311

100

63

08

HU

1837

9–12

July

Bar

bad

os

to

His

pan

oli

a

312

139

01

6T

S

1837

26

July

–5

August

Bar

bad

os

to

Geo

rgia

313

140

101

03

4H

U

1837

1–7

Au

gust

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Nort

hw

est

Flo

rid

a

314

141

102

64

07

6H

U

1837

13–23

Au

gust

18N

60W

toS

E

U.S

.co

ast

to

39N

58W

315

142

103

65

05

8H

U

1837

23–25

Au

gust

28N

61W

to3537N

5742W

316

04

HU

Rei

d(1

83

8)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

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s

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der

nca

len

dar

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las

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004)

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.(2

005)

dat

esar

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dF

inal

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pte

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cepte

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dac

cepte

dN

um

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of

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mb

ero

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stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

storm

consu

lted

item

sfr

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max

imu

m

Yea

rD

ate

range

Lo

cali

ties

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

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ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1837

30

Aug.–

2S

ept.

No

rth

wes

tF

lori

da

toN

ort

h

Car

oli

na

317

143

104

66

01

3H

U

1837

11–16

Sep

tem

ber

Nas

sau

to31N

71W

318

105

01

8H

U

1837

22

Sep

t.–

10

Oct

.B

arbad

os

to33N

76W

319

144

106

67

02

5H

U

1837

18–26

Oct

ober

20N

75W

toC

uba

320

145

01

2H

U

1838

20–21

May

Wes

to

fJa

mai

ca321

02

TS

Ch

enow

eth

(20

03

)

1838

3Ju

ne

So

uth

Car

oli

na

322

68

00

TS

1838

15–21

June

Flo

rid

aS

trai

tsto

So

uth

Car

oli

na

to4

011N

44W

323

69

02

2H

UT

his

wo

rk

1838

29

July

–12

Au

gust

Nort

hea

st

Car

ibbea

nto

Tex

as

324

07

HU

Tan

neh

ill

(19

38

)

1838

2–4

Sep

tem

ber

2948N

6806W

to

37N

66W

325

01

4H

UR

eid

(18

49

),T

ann

ehil

l

(19

38

)

1838

30

Aug.–

13

Sep

t.B

arb

ados

tooff

U.S

.C

oas

t

326

146

70

08

6H

U

1838

28–30

Sep

tem

ber

South

Car

oli

na

to

off

SE

U.S

.

Coas

t

327

71

08

TS

Tan

neh

ill

(19

38

);T

his

wo

rk

1839

23

Aug.–

1S

ept.

17N

62W

toN

ort

h

Car

oli

na

to

Gra

nd

Ban

ks

328

107

72

02

7H

U

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

IV

(Con

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7H

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18

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33

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18

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01

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tinu

edon

next

page

)


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BL

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(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

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1842

9–30

Sep

tem

ber

Tobag

oto

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of

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ico

to

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nd

341

115

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8H

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30

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ian

ato

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rida

toB

erm

uda

342

151

116

74

05

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1842

24–27

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343

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1842

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8);

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1843

11–14

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345

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(20

03

)

1843

15–20

August

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ho

fL

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ard

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nds

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ova

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346

01

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1843

13–15

Sep

tem

ber

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tral

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rida

to

Mar

yla

nd

347

117

76

07

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1844

4–5

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amo

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ico

348

118

03

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1844

8-1

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erC

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alF

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to

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uth

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na

to

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rth

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anti

c

349

119

77

02

5H

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his

wo

rk

1844

25

Sep

t.–

2O

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South

ern

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ds

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Jam

aica

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est

350

01

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eid

(18

49

),C

hen

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(20

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1844

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153

120

01

28

HU

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enow

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(20

03

);se

con

d

of

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1845

27–29

Oct

ober

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mu

da

to37N

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352

154

03

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(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETH

TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

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Her

rera

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wo

rkre

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aly

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nca

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ber

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ber

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ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1846

5–11

Sep

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ber

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sto

fC

rooked

Isla

nd

to35N

7330W

353

121

04

2H

U

1846

10–24

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

5130N

2730W

354

155

01

18

HU

1846

14

Sep

tem

ber

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uth

Car

oli

na

355

78

00

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1846

5–13

Oct

ober

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toA

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tic

Co

ast

356

156

122

79

08

7H

UC

hen

owet

h(2

00

3)

1847

10–13

Oct

ober

12N

54W

toV

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uel

a357

157

02

5H

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1848

19

Aug.–

2S

ept.

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tof

Bar

bad

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to

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358

158

07

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U

1848

23–28

Sep

tem

ber

25N

90W

toG

rand

Ban

ks

of

New

foundla

nd

359

123

06

2H

U

1848

17–24

Sep

tem

ber

Nort

hea

sto

fL

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ard

Isla

nds

to4824N

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360

159

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1848

28–29

Sep

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00

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1848

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ober

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ear

South

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na

to3900N

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362

124

80

05

8H

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1849

4–15

Sep

tem

ber

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60W

toS

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Tex

as

363

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Sep

tem

ber

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6620W

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u

toN

ort

hC

aroli

na

to

Ber

mu

da

364

81

04

8H

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(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)


TA

BL

EIV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

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s

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der

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len

dar

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las

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004)

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.(2

005)

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ated

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lted

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num

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num

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num

ber

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inte

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ther

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ren

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and

no

tes

1850

10–19

July

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

New

Engla

nd

365

126

07

5H

U

1850

16–25

Au

gust

Bar

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to36N

75W

366

160

127

82

06

7H

U

1850

2–9

Sep

tem

ber

Cap

eV

erd

eto

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367

161

07

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CL

IWO

Cd

ata

ind

icat

eso

ne

sto

rm,n

ot

two

as

reco

rded

inP

oey

1850

4–10

Sep

tem

ber

3158N

75W

to

No

rth

Atl

anti

c

368

128

03

6H

U

1850

14–18

Oct

ober

2459N

4710W

to

2558N

4119W

369

162

03

HU

1851

16–28

Au

gust

13.4

N4

8.0

Wto

48.5

N5

4.2

W

370

163

83

01

27

HU

Sto

rmN

o.4

of

18

51

in

HU

RD

AT

1851

7–8

Novem

ber

Wes

tern

Jam

aica

371

01

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hen

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00

3);

No

t

pre

sen

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incl

ud

edin

HU

RD

AT

1852

19–30

Au

gust

20.5

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Wto

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N6

8.0

W

372

129

84

02

8H

US

torm

No

.1

of

18

52

in

HU

RD

AT

1852

3–13

Sep

tem

ber

An

tigua

toF

lori

da

Key

sto

Tam

pa

to3

5N

6545W

373

130

85

03

5H

UM

erg

ero

fS

torm

sN

o.2

and

3in

HU

RD

AT

1852

21

Sep

t.–

3O

ct.

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8.5

Wto

3650N

3230W

374

164

07

5H

US

torm

No

.4

of

18

52

in

HU

RD

AT

1852

5–11

Oct

ober

Wes

tern

Jam

aica

to

3923N

6840W

375

165

86

02

3H

US

torm

No

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of

18

52

in

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AT

;R

app

apo

rt

and

Fer

nan

dez

-Par

tagas

(19

95

)

(Con

tinu

edon

next

page

)

M. CHENOWETHT

AB

LE

IV

(Con

tinu

ed)

Gar

cia-

Mock

Her

rera

Th

isw

ork

re-a

nal

ysi

s

Mo

der

nca

len

dar

Poey

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las

Ludlu

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004)

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005)

dat

esar

euse

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inal

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cepte

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dac

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cepte

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um

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of

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stim

ated

storm

storm

storm

storm

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lted

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max

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m

Yea

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ate

range

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num

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num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

num

ber

logbooks

new

spap

ers

inte

nsi

tyO

ther

refe

ren

ces

and

no

tes

1853

30

Aug.–

10

Sep

t.1

2.1

N2

3.2

W–

4710N

2530W

376

166

131

06

6H

US

torm

No

.3

of

18

53

in

HU

RD

AT

1853

26–28

Sep

tem

ber

25.8

N6

2.0

Wto

3510N

5320W

377

167

05

HU

Sto

rmN

o.6

of

18

53

in

HU

RD

AT

1853

28–29

Sep

tem

ber

15N

3710W

378

168

01

TS

Sto

rmN

o.7

of

18

53

in

HU

RD

AT

1853

19–25

Oct

ober

2730N

7830W

to

Nova

Sco

tia

379

87

02

6H

US

torm

No

.8

of

18

53

in

HU

RD

AT

1854

3–12

Sep

tem

ber

Nas

sau

to3

8N

4530W

380

132

88

08

0H

US

torm

No

.3

of

18

54

in

HU

RD

AT

1854

9–21

Sep

tem

ber

Lee

war

dIs

lands

to

Tex

as

381

133

01

5H

US

torm

No

.4

of

18

54

in

HU

RD

AT

;C

hen

owet

h

(20

03

)

1854

18–22

Oct

ober

No

rth

of

St.

Th

om

asto

nort

hea

stof

Ber

mu

da

382

169

02

6H

US

torm

No

.5

of

18

54

in

HU

RD

AT

1855

24–31

Au

gust

12.0

N5

5.9

Wto

Lo

uis

ian

a

383

170

04

5H

US

torm

No

.5

of

18

55

in

HU

RD

AT

;C

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h

(20

03

)

456

56

06


The records of Poey (1855), Millas (1968), Ludlum (1963), Mock (2004) andGarcia-Herrera et al. (2005) in Table IV, along with previous and new work by thisauthor, provides a “comprehensive” chronology of Atlantic basin storms through1850 and a partial list for 1851–1855 which should be used in combination with thecurrent HURDAT lists for 1851–2004 (Landsea et al., 2004). This final “comprehen-sive” chronology lists all of the published information available as of 2005 and con-sists of 383 published, independently-confirmed tropical cyclones for 1700–1855.It should replace all previous hurricane chronologies prior to 1851. The most com-plete list of post-1850 Atlantic tropical cyclones is found in HURDAT but Table IVadds to and corrects HURDAT. The “comprehensive” chronology in Table IV shouldnow finally replace Poey’s list, and succeeding chronologies published since thattime for years prior to 1851. Tables I, III and IV are also included on the author’sweb site hosted at http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/chenowethcc05.pdf.

8. Conclusions and Summary

A new analysis of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones for the period 1700–1855 wascompared against the previously published chronology of Poey (1855). Thirty-sevenpercent of the entries were found to be in error and rejected. Since the Poey recordhas been used in lists of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones for nearly 150 years, thiserror rate makes these lists of little use for serious climatological research. Otherhistorical records of tropical cyclones by Millas (1968) and Ludlum (1963) werealso compared with the new chronology. Millas was found to have continued topropagate errors from Poey’s list, corrected others, and added both new stormsand new errors. Ludlum was more successful in correctly dating and identifyingtropical cyclones based largely on his use of primary sources, and searching formultiple independent sources before accepting them. Millas, in turn, largely read thesecondary literature, which is often flawed. Mock (2004) and Garcia-Herrera et al.(2005) have also made important contributions to the chronology from originaldocuments in archives in South Carolina and Spain.

The new chronology, including 383 unique storms from 1700 through 1855,should now replace all previous compilations of pre-1851 Atlantic basin tropi-cal cyclones, as it is based on the most exhaustive search of primary documentsever done for the basin as a whole. Other research projects, such as that of theClimate of the World’s Oceans (CLIWOC) (www.nmm.ac.uk and the CLIWOChomepage at http://www.ucm.es/info(reclido/en/home-en.htm), provide additionalinformation on ships’ logbooks and climate reconstruction, that is of interest fortropical cyclone reconstruction. Readers interested in post-1850 records shouldconsult the HURDAT data set (Landsea et al., 2004), Chenoweth (2003) and Mock(2004) as well as Table IV of this work. The inclusion of this data into HURDAT isplanned.

M. CHENOWETH

Acknowledgments

Professor Cary Mock, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina atColumbia generously provided his newly-compiled list of South Carolina historicaltropical cyclones for use in this work. The author also acknowledges the threereferees who provided valuable suggestions and critical commentary.

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