A Report on Ubuntu

8/12/2019 A Report on Ubuntu

1/19

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2/19

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J ^ E P F ^ \ F M U N U M \ U

Aefmdjrl Prjec


3/19

hhh

Punahsdel hm >0:< ny Umhvershty fg Iwj[uau-Mjtja Press

Prhvjte Njc T0:

Rbfttsvhaae, 2>08

Pheterojrhtznurc

Rfutd Jgrhbj

Eojha; [email protected]

Senshte; www.uizmpress.bf.zj

>0:< Aefmjrl Prjec

Jaa rhcdts reservel. Mf pjrt fg tdhs punahbjthfm ojy ne reprflubel fr trjmsohttel hm jmy gfro fr

ny jmy oejms, eaebtrfmhb fr oebdjmhbja, hmbaulhmc pdftfbfpyhmc, rebfrlhmc, fr jmy hmgfrojthfm

stfrjce jml retrhevja systeo, whtdfut prhfr perohsshfm hm wrhthmc grfo Umhvershty fg Iwj[uau-

Mjtja Press.

HRNM; 834-:-478:57-4

Ojmjchmc elhtfr; Rjaay Dhmes

Elhtfr; Jahsfm Afbidjrt

\ypesetter; Pjtrhbhj Bforhe

Hmlexer; Etdm Bajrie

Bfver leshcm; OLeshcm

Bfver jrtwfri; \de Nebfohmc Bdhalny \jmyj Pffae

Prhmtel jml nfuml hm Rfutd Jgrhbj ny Uatrj Ahtdf (Pty) Ahohtel


4/19

hv

Jbimfwaelceoemts vhhh

Pregjbe x

Hmtrflubthfm; \dree Grjcoemts :

Pjrt H 2:

: J Pfahthbja Ebfmfoy fg Fnahcjthfm 22

> Jgrhbjm Ofles fg Srhthmc jml Nehmc 42

Pjrt HH :22

2 Jgrhbjm Rfbhjahso :25

< \de Ajw; Ghrst Epfbd :38

5 \de Ajw; Rebfml Epfbd >>35

Reaebt Nhnahfcrjpdy >34

Hmlex >44

B F M \ E M \ R


5/19

:

HM\^FLUB\HFM

H M \ ^ F L U B \ H F M

\dree Grjcoemts

Se djve jawjys neem bfmshcmel tf respfmlhmc grfo tde pajbe wdere we

fucdt mft tf djve neem stjmlhmc.

Jtf Zujysfm, Fnverse Lemfohmjthfms;Jgrhbj6

Grjcoemt H; ^espfmshnhahty

Perdjps tde ofst jpprfprhjte wjy tf hmtrflube tdhs nffi hs tf fgger j nrhegexpajmjthfm fg hts burhfusay fgghbhfus thtae, J ^epfrt fm Unumtu. \de mfthfm fgj repfrt bjrrhes j vjrhety fg jssfbhjthfms, oejmhmcs jml pfopfus jppejas tf

jutdfrhty jml tdehr aechthojthfm. Fme ojy weaa hojchme j ofmjrbd fr j ohmhster fg

buaturja jggjhrs bfoohsshfmhmc j repfrt fm Unumtu, wdhbd bfual eml up nejrhmc j

sunthtae subd js tdhs. Fg bfurse, we imfw tdjt wdfever bfoohsshfms j repfrt

jawjys djs j vestel hmterest hm wdjt whaa ne repfrtel, wdhbd oejms tdjt ht hs very

lhgghbuat tf hojchme j repfrt tdjt truay jsserts hts greelfo tf repfrt wdjtever hts

ghmlhmcs ojy ne. Bfmshler jm extreoe exjopae; J repfrt hs bfoohsshfmel jml

hmbaules jofmc hts ghmlhmcs, perdjps evem ahsthmc js fme fg hts ojkfr

rebfooemljthfms, tdjt tde cfvermhmc nfly fr persfm wdf bfoohsshfmel tde

repfrt ajbiel tde mebessjry jutdfrhty tf lf sf. J burhfus futbfoe, hmleel. Hm wdjt

semse wfual subd j repfrt sthaa ne jm fgghbhja repfrt6 Perdjps fmay hm tde rjtder

bfopahbjtel semse tdjt ny questhfmhmc fr lemyhmc tde jutdfrhty fg tde bfoohsshfmhmc

nfly fr persfm, tde repfrt whaa hopahbhtay fr expahbhtay jppeja tf sfoe ftder jutdfrhty

js tde true sfurbe fg hts aechthojthfm tde lhsbhpahme fg pdhafsfpdy, gfr hmstjmbe,

fr perdjps ofre rfojmthbjaay, tde pefpae. \de repfrt ojy evem eajnfrjte fm hts

sunvershfm fg tde bfoohsshfmhmc jutdfrhty; Ht hs mft whtdhm tde purvhew fg tde

ohmhsters pfwer tf bjmfmhse tde hssue umler hmvesthcjthfm ny jppfhmthmc bfmsuatjmts

jml resejrbders tf leghme, bhrbuosbrhne jml aechthohse bertjhm vfhbes wdhae

ojrchmjahshmc ftders wdhbd, hm tde experhembe fg tde wrhter fg tdhs repfrt, hs jawjys

tde hmvjrhjnae futbfoe fg fgghbhja repfrts . . . jml sf fm jml sf fm.

H hojchme ht wjs sfoetdhmc jafmc tdese ahmes tdjt tde Grembd pdhafsfpder Kjbques

Lerrhlj djl hm ohml wdem, hm fme fg dhs aesser-imfwm wrhthmcs, Ofbdafs9 fr; \de


6/19

>

J ^EPF^\ FM UNUM\U

Bfmgahbt fg tde Gjbuathes (:88>n), de bfooemtel fm jm hlej tdjt wjs eoerchmc hm

dhcder elubjthfm lhsbfurse jt tde thoe, mjoeay tdjt umhvershthes jml tde hmteaaebtujas

wdf wfri hm tdeo oust ne jbbfumtjnae tf sfbhety gfr tde vjst jofumts fg ofmey

spemt fm tdeo. Lfes tde very mfthfm fg jbbfumtjnhahty mft hopay tde afchb fg tde

repfrt, fg chvhmc jm jbbfumt fg fmeseag, fg repfrthmc njbi tf tdfse wdf pjy tde

nhaas6 Fg bfurse ht lfes. Kust js tde twhm teros jbbfumtjnhahty jml repfrt jasf

hopay j tdhrl, mjoeay respfmshnhahty. Nut js Lerrhlj jml j dfst fg ftder sbdfajrs

djve bfmshstemtay jrcuel fver tde ajst bfupae fg lebjles, tde ghmjmbhja afchb fg

jbbfumthmc hs hmjpprfprhjte wdem ht bfoes tf jssesshmc tde vjaue fg imfwaelce-

prflubthfm jml tde hmsthtuthfms tjsiel whtd cemerjthmc subd imfwaelce (see ejlhmcs:887). Jbbfumthmc tff rejlhay sahps hmtf j afchb fg njajmbhmc tde nffis, wdhbd, hm

turm, succests tdjt tde vjaue fg stulyhmc jt terthjry hmsthtuthfms, hm gjbt tde wdfae

experhembe fg nehmc j stulemt jml jm jbjleohb, bjm ne qujmthghel hm j burremby fg

sfrts tdjt sfoedfw whaa emjnae umhvershthes tf njajmbe tdehr rummhmc bfsts whtd

wdjt sfbhety cjhms grfo djvhmc tdeo. \de ejshest jml ajzhest wjy tf gfrce j burremby

fut fg wdjt hs essemthjaay umqujmthghjnae hs tf jrcue tdjt j leveafphmc sfbhety (jre

jaa sfbhethes mft leveafphmc sfbhethes6) meels prflubthve bhthzems whtd reja sihaas

jml tdjt tde useguamess fg tde umhvershty ahes hm prflubhmc subd sihaael jml prflubthve

bhthzems. Js njmja js ht ojy seeo, tdhs hs mft j bfopaeteay wrfmc-dejlel jrcuoemt.

Hm gjbt, jrthbuajtel ofre bjreguaay, ht jaofst seeos fnvhfus; Nehmc jm jbjleohb hskusthghel fmay hg ht serves duojmhty hm sfoe wjy fr ftder, jml sfbhety hs kusthghel hm

requhrhmc tdhs fg us. Hg pdhafsfpdy hs j wfrtdwdhae jbthvhty ht oust prfve hts wfrtd

hm tde duojm bfmtext tdjt suppfrts ht jml ojies ht pfsshnae (Rdutte :882; 7).

\de prfnaeo dere hs mft useguamess per se, nut tde relubthfm tf useguamess js

hg jm hopfrtjmt pjrt fg jmy umhvershtys hlemthty djs mft jawjys bfmshstel hm nehmc

sfoewdjt useaess tf sfbhety. \de spjbe fg tde sfoewdjt useaess hs essemthja nebjuse

ht emjnaes sbdfajrs jml stulemts tf expafre hlejs tdjt ojy ehtder eml up hm tde trjsd

fr revfauthfmhse tde wfral. \dhs nrhmcs oe tf tde questhfm fg respfmshnhahty jml

Lerrhljs ejray hmtervemthfm hm tdhs lenjte;

\fljy tde ohmhoja jml hm jmy bjse tde ofst hmteresthmc, ofst mfvea jml

strfmcest respfmshnhahty, gfr sfoefme jttjbdel tf j resejrbd fr tejbdhmc

hmsthtuthfm, hs perdjps tf ojie tdhs Ypfahthbs_, hts systeo jml hts jpfrhjs js

baejr jml tdeojthb js pfsshnae. Hm spejihmc fg bajrhty jml tdeojthzjthfm . . .

H sthaa jppeja tf tde ofst bajsshbja fg mfros, nut H lfunt tdjt jmyfme bfual

foht tf lf sf whtdfut, yet jcjhm, putthmc hmtf questhfm every tdfucdt fg

respfmshnhahty . . . (:88>n; >>).


7/19

2

HM\^FLUB\HFM

Sdjt lfes ht oejm tf succest tdjt respfmshnhahty bfmshsts hm ojihmc tdhs pfahthbs,

hts systeo jml hts jpfrhjs js baejr jml tdeojthb js pfsshnae6H sdjaa tjie Lerrhlj

tf oejm tdjt fur ghrst respfmshnhahty js jbjleohbs jml hmteaaebtujas bfmshsts hm ojihmc

vhshnae tde gumljoemtja temshfms jml bfmtrjlhbthfms tdjt jre bfmstjmtay reprflubel

hm tde jbt fg imfwaelce-prflubthfm jml hm tde hmsthtuthfms tjsiel whtd tdhs prfbess.

\dhs sfumls bfopahbjtel, nut ht hs rejaay mf ofre tdjm jm hmteaaebtujaay spebhghb

wjy fg sjyhmc tdjt tde ghrst respfmshnhahty fg stulemts jml sbdfajrs jahie bfmshsts,

mft hm chvhmc jm jbbfumt fg tdeoseaves fr evem repfrthmc njbi tf tde stjte fr

sfbhety, whtd tde hmtemthfm fg leofmstrjthmc useguamess, nut rjtder hm jrthbuajthmc

jml ojihmc vhshnae tde pfahthbs tdjt hs bfmstjmtay reprflubel hm jml tdrfucd furhmsthtuthfms fg dhcder aejrmhmc.

Easewdere (Prjec >0:0n) H djve respfmlel tf tdhs leojml tf ne js baejr jml

tdeojthb js pfsshnae ny ahsthmc ehcdt ghrst prhmbhpaes tdjt bfual jsshst us hm tdhmihmc

tdrfucd tdhs respfmshnhahty. Gfur fg tdese jre pjrthbuajray perthmemt dere;

:. \de umhvershty hs hmlepemlemt, mft jutfmfofus. \dere hs j wfral fg

lhggerembe netweem tde bajho tf jutfmfoy jml tde bajho tf hmlepemlembe.

\de bajho tf jutfmfoy prhfrhthses greelfo, wdhae jbimfwaelchmc sfoe

jbbfumtjnhahty, wdhae tde bajho tf hmlepemlembe lfes tde exjbt fppfshte; ht

hopahes j rebfcmhthfm fg jbbfumtjnhahty jml respfmshnhahty, wdhae jsserthmc

sfoe greelfo(Prjec >0:0n; 8). Hm j leveafphmc sfbhety subd js Rfutd Jgrhbj,ht hs fmay tf ne expebtel tdjt tdhs lhggerembe, js suntae jml bfopaex js ht

ojy jppejr, whaa nebfoe phvftja hm j lenjte fm hmsthtuthfmja (jml jbjleohb)

greelfo, respfmshnhahty jml sf fm. Dfw we hmterpret tdhs lhggerembe hs fg

tde utofst hopfrtjmbe. Sdjt sfoe ojy hmterpret js j baejr hmstjmbe fg tde

erfshfm fg hmteaaebtuja jml hmsthtuthfmja jutfmfoy, ftders ojy weaa legeml

js tde meel tf njajmbe tde leshre gfr jutfmfoy whtd tde respfmshnhahty hopahbht

hm tde rebfcmhthfm fg hmlepemlembe. Jt j oetj-aevea tdhs ojy trjmsajte hmtf

j bfmtestjthfm fg vjaues, jm hmterrfcjthfm fg Sesterm-styae jutfmfoy (wdhbd

prhfrhthses emththes fver reajthfms) ny j (pfstbfafmhja) Jgrhbjm hmshstembe fm

hmlepemlembe (wdhbd prhfrhthses reajthfms fver emththes).

>. Rfoe imfwaece oust ne rebfcmhsel js jm eml hm htseag. Hm ftder wfrls, mft

jaa imfwaelce prflubel ny sbdfajrs jml stulemts djs tf ne usegua tf sfbhety.

Umhvershthes lf mft fmay trjhm bhthzems tf lf, tdey jasf elubjte tdeo tf ne

(Wjae >0:0). \de bajho tdjt j bertjhm jofumt fg greelfo hs hmlhspemsjnae

tf expafrhmc, rebfcmhshmc jml eonrjbhmc jatermjthve wjys fg nehmc js jm

eml hm htseag hs tde exhstemthja (jml ephsteofafchbja) equhvjaemt fg tde bajho

tf hmsthtuthfmja hmlepemlembe.


8/19

Grjcoemt HH; \de pfahthbja

\de bfmbeht fg tde pdhafsfpdhbja bfmversjthfm hs jlohttelay j nht tdhm jml ojiesdhgt,

djrlay tde sfrt fg tdhmc tdjt mfwjljys hmvhtes suspemshfm fg lhsneaheg. Mfmetdeaess,

H hojchme j bfmversjthfm netweem j (wdhte) pdhafsfpdy aebturer jml j (najbi)

pfstcrjlujte ajw stulemt, wdf hs bfmshlerhmc lfhmc j sebfml ojsters lecree hm

pdhafsfpdy. \de stulemt H hojchme ojy js yet imfw very ahttae jnfut pdhafsfpdy js

subd nut, gfr j vjrhety fg rejsfms tdjt jaa hmtersebt whtd tde gjbt fg der najbimess,

sde mfmetdeaess djs j ahvel experhembe fg nehmc fppressel jml fg wdjt ht whaa requhre

tf ne rebfcmhsel js jm equja, mft hm jmy bfopahbjtel tdefrethbja semse fg tde wfrl,

nut shopay js jm equja hm j bfmversjthfm whtd sfoenfly wdf hs mft najbi. Rf tde

aebturer jsis;

Sdy lfmt yfu try pdhafsfpdy6

Sdjt hs pdhafsfpdy6

Rhopay put, ht hs tde sunkebt hm wdhbd we jsi tde ofst jnstrjbt fr gumljoemtja

ihmls fg questhfms. \dhs oejms tdjt wdem pdyshbhsts fr nhfafchsts cet tf j pfhmt

wdere tdey jsi very jnstrjbt jml gumljoemtja questhfms jnfut tde frhchm jml

purpfse fg ahge, tdey hmvjrhjnay oejmler hmtf pdhafsfpdy.

Sdjt lf yfu oejm ny gumljoemtja questhfms6 Bjm yfu chve oe jm exjopae6

Seaa, gfr j afmc thoe ht wjs tdfucdt tdjt tde ofst gumljoemtja questhfms we bjm

jsi jre ephsteofafchbja9 tdjt hs, questhfms bfmbermel whtd dfw we imfw tde wfraljml dfw we bjm ne sure tdjt fur imfwaelce jnfut tde wfral hs bfrrebt . . .

>. Gfr ofre sunstjmthja, tdefrethbja, represemtjthfms fg tde jrcuoemt tdjt tde pfahthbja hs Ghrst

Pdhafsfpdy, see Prjec (>004j), reprhmtel hm Ju-lea les ahcmes; Gjnhem Enfussh Nfuajcj, ume

prjthque pdhafsfpdhque, elhtel nyA. Prfbesh jml I. Ijvwjdhredh. Ree jasf Cfrlfm (>003).


11/19

3

HM\^FLUB\HFM

Xfu sjy gfr j afmc thoe. Rfumls ahie pdhafsfpders djve shmbe bdjmcel tdehr

ohmls6

Seaa, hm j semse, yes. \de Cerojm pdhafsfpder Ojrthm Dehleccer jrcuel tdjt we

lfmt fmay exhst js brejtures tdjt wjmt tf djve imfwaelce jnfut tde wfral. De

hmshstel tdjt imfwhmc hs fmay fme ihml fg reajthfmsdhp we djve whtd tde wfral.

\dere jre ojmy ftders jml fur exhstembe hs oubd ofre ouathgjbetel . . .

Bjm yfu chve oe jm exjopae fg jmftder ihml fg reajthfmsdhp we djve whtd tde

wfral6

Seaa, Dehleccer jrcuel tdjt afmc negfre we set fut tf imfw tde wfral, we jarejly

djve bertjhm imfwaelce. Jt sfoe aevea we jarejly imfw, gfr hmstjmbe, tdjt we ahve

hm tde wfral, tdjt we ahve hm tde wfral whtd ftder pefpae jml sf fm. \dese de bjaael

ofles fg exhstembe jml, oubd hm tde sjoe wjy tdjt tde bjtecfrhes fg spjbe jml

thoe strubture fur perbepthfms fg tde pdyshbja wfral, tdese ofles ojie jaa fur

experhembes hm jml fg tde wfral pfsshnae evem tde experhembe fg imfwhmc

sfoetdhmc. Umlerstjmlhmc tdese ofles hs tde gfumljthfm fg jaa pdhafsfpdy. Nebjuse

tdey jre wdjt we bjaa fmtfafchbjaquesthfms, bfmbermel whtd dfw we exhst jt jaa, ht

oust ne tdjt tdese fmtfafchbja questhfms jre tde ofst gumljoemtja questhfms we

bjm jsi.

Wery hmteresthmc. H cet j semse fg wdjt yfure jgter. Hts j nht ahie sjyhmc, Umlerstjml

wdjt ht oejms tf exhst js j duojm nehmc negfre yfu try tf imfw tde wfral.

H suppfse sf. Nut ht lhl mft eml tdere. \dhmcs sffm tffi jmftder turm. Mft afmc

jgter Dehleccer, Eoojmuea Avhmjs bjoe jafmc jml pfhmtel fut tdjt tdhs wdfae

prfkebt fg umlerstjmlhmc ofles fg exhstembe hs jaa very oe; oeumlerstjmlhmc oy

exhstembe, oecrjppahmc whtd tde ofles fg exhstembe tdjt ojie oejwjre fg wdjt

nehmc j duojm nehmc oejms tf oe jml sf fm. Sdjt hg, de jrcuel, tde ofst

gumljoemtja questhfms jre mft fmtfafchbja, nut rjtder etdhbja6 Sdjt hg jaa tdese

ofles fg exhstembe Dehleccer tjaiel jnfut were, hm sfoe semse, j gumbthfm fg j

leep etdhbja bfmgrfmtjthfm whtd jm Ftder, wdfo H sdfual mever, hg H were tf jaafw

tdeo tf reojhm Ftder fr lhggeremt grfo oe, shopay relube tf fme eaeoemt hm j

ofle fg exhstembe6 Sdjt hg oy ghrst fnahcjthfm bfmshstel, mft hm imfwhmc tde

wfral fr evem hm umlerstjmlhmc wdjt ht oejms tf ne duojm, nut rjtder hm ghcurhmc

fut dfw tf respfml tf tdhs ftder persfm wdf hs stjmlhmc rhcdt hm grfmt fg oe6 Jre

tde ofst gumljoemtja questhfms mft perdjps etdhbja6

H ahie tdjt, nut Ho mft quhte bfmvhmbel . . .

\dhmi fg ht tdhs wjy; Avhmjs succestel tdjt tde ofst gumljoemtja questhfms

reajte tf tdhs Ftder wdfo H meel tf umlerstjml, nut wdfo H bfmstjmtay tdrejtem tf


12/19

4

J ^EPF^\ FM UNUM\U

vhfajte ny hopfshmc fm dho fr der jaa sfrts fg hlejs, prekulhbes jml sf fm. H rebfcmhse

tdhs Ftder, nut oy very rebfcmhthfm jawjys tdrejtems tf ojie fg tde Ftder sfoetdhmc

ofre ahie oe, sfoetdhmc . . .

Fd, H cet ht9 ht sfumls j nht ahie wdjt tde Joerhbjm kurhsprulembe sbdfajr Lumbjm

Iemmely djl hm ohml wdem de sjhl tdjt ftder pefpae presemt oe whtd j gumljoemtja

bfmtrjlhbthfm hm tde semse tdjt tdey jre nftd mebessjry gfrjml j tdrejt tf oy

greelfo9 whtdfut ftder pefpae hm tde wfral H bjmmft oejmhmcguaay bajho tf ne gree,

nut js sffm js tdey emter tde wfral, tdey jasf hmvjrhjnay pfse j tdrejt tf oy greelfo.2

Xes, H bjm ahve whtd tdjt bfopjrhsfm. Gfr Avhmjs tdhs oejmt tdjt tde ofst

gumljoemtja questhfms jre hmleel etdhbja.

Wery hmteresthmc. \dhs prhojby fg tde etdhbja fg bfurse resfmjtes whtd nehmc

Jgrhbjm nebjuse fg Unumtu jml jaa tdjt. Nut H jo jasf jm Jgrhbjm wdfse gjohay js

rebemtay js fme cemerjthfm jcf suggerel tde ofst futrjcefus gfro fg rjbhja

fppresshfm. Fg bfurse, were tebdmhbjaay gree mfw jml tde gjbt tdjt H jo stjmlhmc

dere djvhmc tdhs bfmversjthfm jnfut wdjt H sdfual bfmthmue tf stuly jt tdhs gfroeray

wdhte umhvershty seeos tf leofmstrjte tdjt gjbt. Nut hts mft tdjt shopae. Jml wdhae

H tdhmi tdhs Avhmjs wjs fmtf sfoetdhmc, H tdhmi tdere ojy ne j ihml fg questhfm

tdjt hs evem ofre gumljoemtja tdjm etdhbja questhfms.

Rubd js6

Seaa, tdhmi njbi twemty yejrs fr sf. Lurhmc jpjrtdehl we wfual mft djve neem

jnae tf djve tdhs bfmversjthfm mft dere jmywjy nebjuse H wfual mft djve neem

jaafwel fm bjopus. H wfual djve neem exbaulel grfo bfmversjthfms ahie tdhs fm

tde njshs fg tde bfafur fg oy sihm.

Xfur pfhmt nehmc6

Seaa, ht seeos fnvhfus tf oe tdem tdjt tde ofst gumljoemtja stjrthmc pfhmt gfr

jmy pdhafsfpdhbja bfmversjthfm sdfual ne questhfmhmc tde oebdjmhsos tdjt lebhle

wdf hs hmbaulel jml wdf hs exbaulel grfo tdjt bfmversjthfm jml wdfse trjlhthfms

fg tdfucdt whaa fr whaa mft ne hmvfiel hm tdjt bfmversjthfm. Perdjps tde ofst

gumljoemtja questhfms, tde questhfms tdjt every bfmversjthfm sdfual stjrt whtd

jre pfahthbja, questhfms subd js; Dfw hs tde lhggerembe netweem tde hmbaulel jml

2. Hm Bdjpter 5, H expafre tde wfri fg Lumbjm Iemmely Gfro jml Runstjmbe hm Prhvjte Ajw

Jlkulhbjthfm (:837), \de Rtrubture fg Najbistfmes Bfooemtjrhes (:838) jml, tf j aesser

extemt, Greelfo jml Bfmstrjhmt hm Jlkulhbjthfm; J Brhthbja Pdemfoemfafcy (:847) js weaa

Kfdjm vjm ler Sjats lhsbusshfm fg tdese texts hm Ajw jml Rjbrhghbe; \fwjrls j Pfst-Jpjrtdehl

\defry fg Ajw(>005).


13/19

8

HM\^FLUB\HFM

exbaulel aechthohsel jml wdjt ihml fg hmsthtuthfmja jrrjmceoemts exhst tf sjgecujrl

jml perpetujte bertjhm ihmls fg imfwaelce jt tde exbaushfm fg ftders6

Fd, nut tdjts jm ejsy exjopae. Sere, wdjt, jaofst twemty yejrs lfwm tde ahme

jml dere we jre djvhmc j bfmversjthfm, sf fnvhfusay . . .

Fnvhfusay hts jaa ghme mfw jml we bjm kust cet fm whtd ht6 H lfmt tdhmi sf. \de

fmay tdhmc tdjt djs bdjmcel hs tdjt tde ghaterhmc oebdjmhsos tdjt leterohme wdf

cets hm jml wdf stjys futshle, js weaa js wdjtwe stuly fmbe were fm tde hmshle,

djve nebfoe ofre suntae jml mujmbel.

H suppfse yfure rhcdt. Every bfmversjthfm hs j gumbthfm fg j pfahthbja njbicrfuml

tdjt leterohmes wdf pjrthbhpjtes hm tde bfmversjthfm, wdjt cets tjaiel jnfut hm

tde bjse fg tde umhvershty, wdjt cets tjucdt jml wdjt hmsthtuthfmja jrrjmceoemts

whaa ne jlfptel.

Rureay tdese questhfms jre tde ofst gumljoemtja6 Hm teros fg yfur Avhmjs, tde

hopahbjthfm wfual tdem ne tdhs; ny hmshsthmc fm tde gjbt tdjt tde ofst gumljoemtja

questhfms jre pfahthbja, H jo jasf hmshsthmc tdjt tde etdhbja hs pfahthbja. H oejm, wdfse

etdhbs jre yfu cfhmc tf hmvfie hm frler tf leja whtd tdhs Ftder6

Ojies semse. Hm pdhafsfpdhbja teros, fme wfual perdjps suo tdhs up ny sjyhmc

tdjt jaa pdhafsfpdhes jre dhstfrhbjaay pebuahjr tf tde sfbhethes tdjt prflube tdeo,

jaa pdhafsfpdy hs etdmfpdhafsfpdy, tde pdhafsfpdy fg jm etdmfsfr j pefpae jml

tdjt tde pfahthbja tderegfre hs Ghrst Pdhafsfpdy.

Sdhbd nrhmcs us rhcdt njbi tf wdere were stjmlhmc nebjuse everytdhmc jrfuml

us, everytdhmc hm tdhs sf-bjaael mew Rfutd Jgrhbj, grfo hts mefahnerja ebfmfohbs tf

hts ahnerja bfmsthtuthfmjahso, exhsts ny vhrtue fg tde ojrchmjahsjthfm fg wdjt perdjps

tde ojkfrhty fg tde pfpuajthfm sthaa jbbept js j chvem, mjoeay tde shopae gjbt tdjt

we jre hmterlepemlemt, tdjt H jo nebjuse we jre. Hs tdhs hmshcdt js weaa represemtel

hm ajw, pfahthbs jml ebfmfohbs js hmlhvhlujahso jml tde pursuht fr legembe fg seag-

hmterest6 Fnvhfusay ht hsmt jml tdjt hs wdjt H oejm ny hmsthtuthfmjahsel ojrchmja-

hsjthfm, ny stjthmc tdjt everytdhmc hs pfahthbja.

\dhs hs nechmmhmc tf geea j nht ahie we djve tf rehmvemt tde wfral negfre we bjm

djve j bfmversjthfm jnfut ht.

Seaa, tdere hs j semse hm wdhbd brhthbhso jawjys oejms cfhmc njbi tf tde nechmmhmc,

returmhmc tf tde frhchm fg tdhmcs hm frler tf rehmvemt dfw tdey djmc tfcetder. Jsi

jmy bfmsbhfus najbi persfm jnfut tdhs stugg jml de fr sde whaa teaa yfu tdjt hg were

cfhmc tf djve j bfmversjthfm jnfut jmytdhmc tdjt jggebts jaa fg us, j lhsbusshfm fg

tde pfahthbja hs tde ofst gumljoemtja fr, js yfu put ht, tde Ghrst Pdhafsfpdhbja

questhfm.


14/19

:0

J ^EPF^\ FM UNUM\U

\djt lfes seeo tf turm everytdhmc fm hts dejl, lfesmt ht6

H suppfse ht lfes.

\djmis gfr ojihmc tdjt sf baejr tf oe. Gfr j nrheg ofoemt fur rfaes were reversel

jml yfu nebjoe tde tejbder . . .

\djts fijy. Ht wjs j tdhm bfmbeht tf nechm whtd . . .

Grjcoemt HHH; Brhthbja duojmhso

Xfu try tf lrjw everytdhmc hmtf tde met fg yfur gjhtd, gjtder, nut yfu bjmt

steja jaa tde vhrtues. Cemtaemess hsmt Bdrhsthjm, seag-sjbrhghbe hsmt Bdrhsthjm,bdjrhty hsmt, reofrse hsmt. H expebt tde bjveojm wept tf see jmftders

tejrs. Djvemt yfu evem seem j lfc weep6 Hm tde ajst bffahmc fg tde wfral,

wdem tde eopthmess fg yfur neaheg hs ghmjaay expfsel, tdereaa jawjys ne

sfoe neousel gffa wdfaa bfver jmftders nfly whtd dhs fwm tf chve ht

wjrotd gfr jm dfur ofre fg ahge.

Crjdjo Creeme, J Nurmt-Fut Bjse

H lf mft tdhmi ht wfual ne jm exjccerjthfm tf sjy tdjt tde ofst gumljoemtja pfahthbja

ojtrhx tdjt strubtures fur tdhmihmc jnfut Unumtu jml tdjt meels tf ne ojle vhshnae

grfo tde stjrths tde temshfm netweem tde afbja jml tde cafnja, j temshfm tdjt hs truaysuperbfopaex (see Njrmett >000). Mew leofbrjbhes subd js Rfutd Jgrhbj djve tf

remecfthjte wdjt we ojy affseay reger tf js tde sfbhja bfmtrjbt. \dey djve tf

rejrthbuajte bhthzemsdhp hm teros fg j mew umlerstjmlhmc fg luthes, rhcdts jml

fnahcjthfms wdhbd hm j bfmtext fg rjlhbja paurjahso hs j bfopaex nushmess. \dhs

nebfoes j superbfopaex nushmess wdem we rejahse tdjt jaa fg tdhs djs tf ne lfme hm

tde bfmtext fg cafnjahsjthfm, ojriel ny tde systeojthb erfshfm fg tde pfwer fg

stjtes jml afbja buatures, hm frler tf oejmhmcguaay bfmtrhnute tf fur umlerstjmlhmc

fg wdjt tdese bfmbepts oejm. Hm ftder wfrls, mew fr eoerchmc leofbrjbhes djve

tf emter j cafnja ghtmess ajmlsbjpe fg bfopeththve imfwaelce ebfmfohes tdrfucd

jm hmteaahcemt use fg tde fppfrtumhthes ojle pfsshnae ny cafnjahzjthfm wdhast jt tde

sjoe thoe gjbhmc up tf tde vjrhfus bdjaaemces tdjt jre pfsel ny cafnjahsjthfm tf

tdehr mjthfmja hlemthy jml resfurbes (Kubevhhemjml Wjhtius >003;


15/19

::

HM\^FLUB\HFM

tdehr pfwer (sojaa bfumtrhes bfmtrhnute ahttae, hg jmytdhmc, tf tde oejmhmc fg cffls,

styaes jml hlejs tdjt bhrbuajte js cafnja). \dhs extermja jssyoetry hs jaofst jawjys

repahbtel js jm hmtermja jsyooetry netweem eahtes jml tde pffr, netweem tdfse

wdf dhstfrhbjaay were jml bfmthmue tf ne lhsjlvjmtjcel jml tdfse wdf djve nebfoe

superjlvjmtjcel, ehtder js j resuat fg djvhmc fntjhmel tde pfahthbja pfwer tf

lfohmjte afbja metwfris fr js j resuat fg djvhmc ojmjcel tf bjphtjahse fm tde

hmtergjbes netweem afbja jml cafnja metwfris tdjt cafnjahsjthfm everywdere ojies

pfsshnae.

Unumtu, wdfse rehmvemthfm ofre fr aess bfhmbhlel whtd Rfutd Jgrhbjs

rehmvemthfm fg htseag js jm Jgrhbjm bfumtry jml hts rejlohttjmbe tf tde cafnja

bfooumhty fg stjtes, wjs mever cfhmc tf esbjpe tdhs jsyooetrhbja puaa jml pusd fg

cafnjahsjthfm. Hm gjbt, js Sho vjm Nhmsnercem (>00:) djs bfmvhmbhmcay jrcuel, tde

rejsfm wdy Unumtu hs sf very lhgghbuat tf leghme hs exjbtay nebjuse ht hs wdjt sfoe

bfopaexhty tdefrhsts wfual bjaa jcafbjapdemfoemfm9 tdjt hs, j pdemfoemfm jnfut

wdhbd ht hs hopfsshnae tf tf sjy wdetder hts bfmtemt lerhves exbaushveay grfo ehtder

j afbja fr j cafnja hojchmjhre. \de rejsfm wdy Unumtu djs neem jml whaa reojhm

hopfsshnae tf leghme hs prebhseay nebjuse ht hs jm hmtersththja bfmbept wdfse oejmhmc

djs jawjys neem jml whaa bfmthmue tf ne j gumbthfm fg tde bfonhmjthfm fg afbja

meels jml cafnja expebtjthfms. H djve jrcuel negfre jml bfmthmue tf lf sf hm tdhs

repfrt tdjt tde oejmhmc fg Jgrhbjm duojmhso wdjt we bjaa Unumtu hm sfutderm

Jgrhbj hs bfmstjmtay reprflubel hm tde bfopaex spjbe netweem tde afbja meel gfr

buaturja hlemthty jml j cafnja leojml gfr tde expjmshfm (jml mjturjahsjthfm) fg

duojm rhcdts, ny essemthjaay hmgushmc tde oejmhmc fg tdese rhcdts whtd afbja

umlerstjmlhmcs, tdrfucd j prfbess tdjt W-X Oulhone djs lesbrhnel js retrflhbthfm

(:88:j; :2).


16/19

:>

J ^EPF^\ FM UNUM\U

jawjys ne grjoel jsj gfro fg duojmhso, jsjm Jgrhbjm bfooumhtjrhjmhso, jsjm

Jrhstfteahjm vhrtue etdhb, jsjm Jgrhbjm Rfbhjahso jml sf gfrtd. Hm tdhs recjrl, tdere

jre twf questhfms tdjt we oust jawjys reojhm semshthve tf; Sdem hs wdjt grjoe

jlfptel jml gfr wdjt purpfse6 Jml wdjt lf we cjhm/afse ny embflhmc Jgrhbjm

duojmhso hm cemerja jml Unumtu hm pjrthbuajr hm jmy fme fg tdese grjoes6

\de wjy H wjmt tf grjoe Unumtu gfr tde purpfses fg tdhs repfrt hs js brhthbja

duojmhso. Shtdhm tdhs grjoe, tde wfrl brhthbja regers tf tde prhojby fg tde pfahthbja

js eajnfrjtel jnfve. Hm tdhs semse, tde brhthbja duojmhso H djve hm ohml lhggers

grfo trjlhthfmja, Sesterm duojmhso hm jt aejst fme very hopfrtjmt respebt; tde

bemtrja gfbus fg brhthbja duojmhso hs mft shopay tde duojm tde duojm bjpjbhtygfr sbhembe, nejuty jml imfwaelce hm j wfral tdjt mf afmcer legers oejmhmc tf j

trjmsbemlemtja sfurbe. Hm brhthbja duojmhso, tde duojm hs j sebfmljry bfmbept9

true tf tde afchb futahmel hm tde bfmversjthfm jnfve, j ofre gumljoemtja fr prhojry

bfmberm hs whtd tde reajthfms fg pfwer tdjt systeojthbjaay exbaule bertjhm pefpae

grfo nehmc bfmshlerel duojm hm tde ghrst hmstjmbe. Aewhs Cfrlfm djs jrcuel tdjt

tdhs bfmberm jbbfumts gfr tde gjbt tdjt tdere hs mf najbi pdhafsfpdhbja text . . . tdjt

ajbis jm jppeja tf sfoe ihml fg duojmhso fr tf tde duojmhty fg najbi pefpae,

fgtem legemlel hm tde gfro fg j pdhafsfpdhbja jmtdrfpfafcy (>004; :>2). Hm j

shohajr vehm, Ofcfne N. ^jofse djs bfooemtel tdjt Jgrhbjms jre jm hmkurel jml

bfmquerel pefpae jml tdjt tdhs hs tde pre-eohmemt stjrthmc-pfhmt fg Jgrhbjmpdhafsfpdy hm hts prfper jml gumljoemtja shcmhghbjthfm (:888;


17/19

:2

HM\^FLUB\HFM

semse, ht sdfual ne bfmshlerel Ghrst Pdhafsfpdy tdjt wdhbd hmlhbjtes Ytde_ sbhemthghb

lhsbhpahme fg j nechmmhmc (Gjrner :872; 2:5). Ever shmbe Jrhstftae, pdhafsfpders hm

tde Sesterm trjlhthfm djve jrcuel tdjt pdhafsfpdy requhres j gumljoemtja,

crfumlhmc lhsbhpahme tdjt hs bafsel hm htseag, whtd hts fwm prfnaeos. \dhs lhsbhpahme,

whtd hmmer mebesshty, wfual prebele jaa ftder pdhafsfpdhbja lhsbhpahmes jml wfual

crfuml tdeo oetdflfafchbjaay jml tdefrethbjaay. Sdjtever tdhs lhsbhpahme hs, hts

stjtus wfual ne tdjt fg Ghrst Pdhafsfpdy.

Hm Bfmberm whtd Pfahthbs hm ^ebemt Eurfpejm Pdhafsfpdhbja \dfucdt, Djmmjd

Jremlt reohmls us tdjt tde Sesterm jrthbuajthfm fg pdhafsfpdy stjrtel whtd tde

Creeis, gfr wdfo tde jbthvhty fg pdhafsfpdhshmc wjs rfftel hm j semse fg wfmler.

Rde jasf pfhmts fut tdjt tde Creeis djl regusel tf jbbept Ytdhs semse fg wfmler

jasf_ js tde preahohmjry bfmlhthfm gfrpfahthbjapdhafsfpdy (:88


18/19

:0:


19/19

:5

HM\^FLUB\HFM

umlerstjml js j bdjaaemce, js jm exerbhse fg pfwer, js jm jsserthfm fg tde rhcdt fg

Jgrhbjms tf ne rebfcmhsel, tf ne presemt, tf ne j pjrt fg (mft jpjrt grfo) tde

bfmversjthfm. Fmay fmbe we rebfcmhse tde gumljoemtja gjbt tdjt Jgrhbjms jre putthmc

najbimess jml hts oejmhmcs fm tde tjnae bjm we prfbeel tf lhsbuss wdjths nehmc

put fm tde tjnae jml dfw tde prhfr pfahthbja gjbt fg djvhmc djl tf ghcdt hm frler tf

cet ht fm tde tjnae djs jarejly preleterohmel hts oejmhmc. Se whaa cet mfwdere hg

we lf mft ghrst rebfcmhse tdjt tf put Unumtu fm tde tjnae hs tf ojie j stjteoemt9 ht

hs j pfahthbja jbt. Se bjm pajy j ahttae whtd tdhs jonhcuhty jml sjy tdjt tf ojie j

stjteoemt jnfut Unumtu hs tf ojie j stjteoemtfr sjy tdjt jsihmc, Sdjt hs Unumtu6

hs mft shopay pfshmc j questhfm, nut ojihmc j stjteoemt jnfut pfwer, represemtjthfm,

lhsburshve lfohmjmbe, sunvershfm jml sf fm. Rhopay put, Sdjt hs Unumtu6 hs j

stjteoemt negfre ht nebfoes j questhfm. Chvem tdjt pfahthbs hs jawjys bfmtextuja, hg

putthmc Unumtu fm tde tjnae hs ghrstay j pfahthbja cesture, hts bfmtemt wdjt ht hs hm

jllhthfm tf nehmc j pfahthbja cesture whaa ne bfmtextuja. Unumtu js j pdhafsfpdy

fr jm hlej jnfut fur sdjrel duojmhty hm hts jrthbuajthfm js ghrst jml gfreofst j

pfahthbja jbt bjmmft nut jofumt tf fr hopay j bfmgrfmtjthfm whtd tde oejsures jml

oebdjmhsos tdjt dhstfrhbjaay exbaulel ht js shcm fg prhohthvemess, fmay tf

rejpprfprhjte ht ajter js j oesshjmhb shcmhgher fg fur sdjrel duojmhty.

\dhs bfmgrfmtjthfm fg tde pdhafsfpdhbja whtd tde pfahthbja whaa jawjys cemerjte

gjsbhmjthmcay bfopaex questhfms js wjs leofmstrjtel ny tde bfooemt repfrtelay

ojle ny Junrey Ojtsdhqh hm respfmse tf tde Equjahty Bfurts ruahmc fm Kuahus

Ojaeojs shmchmc fg Lunua hndumu;

Jgrhbjm Mjthfmja Bfmcress (JMB) Xfutd Aejcue aejler Kuahus Ojaeoj

suggerel yet jmftder setnjbi yesterljy Y:> Repteoner >0::_ wdem tde

Equjahty Bfurt ruael tdjt dhs shmchmc fg tde jmth-jpjrtdehl struccae sfmc

Lunua hndumu(Rdfft tde nfer) jt j rjaay hm >008 jofumtel tf djte speebd

. . . Junrey Ojtsdhqh, resejrbd geaafw jt tde Deaem Ruzojm Gfumljthfm,

sjhl tde ruahmc wfual leepem tde perbepthfm tdjt Or Ojaeoj wjs umler

shece. De djs suggerel very serhfus reversjas fg pfahthbja gfrtumes. Rfoe

ojy tdhmi tdhs hs j bfmthmuhty fg tdfse pfahthbja ohsgfrtumes. Or Ojtsdhqh

jasf sjhl tde kulcoemt djl serhfus hopahbjthfms gfr tde bfumtry jml rjbe

reajthfms. \dere hs j crfwhmc geeahmc hm tde Jgrhbjm bfooumhty tdjt hm tdhs

bfumtry, unumtu hs jnfut najbi pefpae chvhmc up sfoetdhmc . . . tde prhmbhpae

fg unumtu hs nehmc jppahel bymhbjaay,de sjhl (Rdfnj >0::, eopdjshs jllel).

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