A Review of Organic Rankine, Kalina and Goswami · PDF file... H. Bansal, S. Z. Haque 1.1. Rankine cycle ... ORC and transcritical Rankine a) T-S diagram of ... theoretically with

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com September 2015, Volume 3, Special Issue, ISSN 2349-4476

90 M.N.Karimi, A. Dutta, A. Kaushik, H. Bansal, S. Z. Haque

A Review of Organic Rankine, Kalina and Goswami Cycle

M.N.Karimi, A. Dutta, A. Kaushik, H. Bansal, S. Z. Haque Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Abstract

In this paper review of three cycles namely Organic Rankine cycle, Kalina cycle and Goswami cycle and various

works on them has been presented. This paper deals with the work done by different authors on optimization of the

cycles and introduction of new cycles which gives better efficiency. Selection of fluids, three cycles namely Kalina

Cycle, Goswami Cycle and Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) have been optimized by different authors using different

types of fluids and their reviews are concluded here. Low grade heat topic deals with the electricity generation

from low grade heat sources such as solar thermal, geothermal and industrial waste heat using different cycles

mainly ORC, Goswami Cycle and Kalina Cycle. In this paper, analysis of different thermodynamic cycle, for

combined power plant using low grade heat sources are reviewed. Different thermodynamic cycle , using low

grade heat sources for combined power plant are reviewed. Various cycles have been compared so as to find a

best cycle to convert various low temperature heat sources into electrical power in various conditions using

different methodologies used in research.

Keywords: Organic Rankine, Kalina, Goswami Cycle, Review

1. INTRODUCTION

In today’s world, with the increasing population, the energy demands are rising but the

resources (fossil fuels) are limited and depleting drastically. It is only a matter of time we run

out of the major fuels namely oil, gas, and coal. Therefore we need to switch to some other

source of energy. The other forms of energy available to us are solar, geothermal, wind, etc. Out

of these solar and geothermal forms a source of heat, but there is a problem with them that they

are low grade source of heat and possess low quality.

Heat is itself a low grade form of energy. But low grade heat implies heat that is extracted from

low- and mid- temperature sources that has less exergy density and cannot be converted

efficiently to work. Although there is no unified specification on the temperature range of low-

grade heat, it is understood that a heat source with temperature below 370°C is considered as a

low-grade heat source, because heat is considered not converted efficiently below that

temperature using steam Rankine cycle. The main low-grade heat sources are from: Solar

thermal, Geothermal, and industrial waste thermal.

These days the focus is majorly on the benefits of capturing and utilising low grade thermal

energy which are highly dependent on the qualities and properties of the heat in the waste

streams. The temperature of the low grade heat stream is the most important parameter, as the

effective use of the residual heat or efficiency of energy recovery from the low grade heat

sources will mainly depend on the temperature difference between the source and a suitable

sink. The process for converting the energy in a fuel into electric power involves the creation of

mechanical work. For successful conversion of heat into mechanical work, thermodynamic

cycles are used




1.1. Rankine cycle

The Rankine cycle is the fundamental operating cycle of all power plants where an operating

fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed. The selection of operating fluid depends

mainly on the available temperature range. Majorly Water (steam) is used as the working

fluid. Fig. 1.1(a) shows the idealized Rankine cycle. Pressure-enthalpy (p-h) and temperature-

entropy (T-s) diagrams of this cycle are given in Fig.1.1(b).

Fig.1.1 (a) Rankine cycle configuration Fig.1.1 (b) T-s and p-h diagrams

[Source: Thermopidia]

1.2. Organic Rankine cycle

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) applies the principle of the steam Rankine cycle, but uses

organic working fluids with low boiling points, instead of steam, to recover heat from a lower

temperature heat source. Fig.1.2(a) below shows a schematic of an ORC and its process plotted

in a T-s diagram in Fig.1.2(b). The cycle consists of an expansion turbine, a condenser, a pump,

a boiler, and a super heater (provided that superheat is needed).

Fig.1.2(a)Schematic Diagram of ORC Fig. 1.2 (b)T-s Diagram of ORC

[Source: eng.usf.edu]

http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1072/%5d

http://www.eng.usf.edu/~hchen4/Organic%20Rankine%20Cycle.htm




1.3. Kalina cycle

The Kalina cycle was first developed by AleksandrKalina in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Since then, several Kalina cycles have been proposed based on different applications. Kalina

cycle uses a working fluid comprised of at least two different components, typically water and

ammonia. The ratio between those components varies in different parts of the system to

decrease thermodynamic irreversibility and therefore increase the overall thermodynamic

efficiency. A basic configuration of the Kalina cycle is shown in Fig.1.3.

Fig. 1.3. Basic configuration of Kalina cycle


One drawback of the Kalina cycle is the fact that high vapour fraction is needed in the boiler,

however, the heat exchanger surface is easy to dry out at high vapour fractions, resulting in

lower overall heat transfer coefficients and a larger heat exchange area. Another drawback

relates to the corrosivity of ammonia. Impurities in liquid ammonia such as air or carbon

dioxide can cause stress corrosion cracking of mild steel and also ammonia is highly corrosive

towards copper and zinc.

1.4. Goswami cycle

Goswami cycle, proposed by Dr. Yogi Goswami (1998) is a novel thermodynamic cycle that

uses binary mixture to produce power and refrigeration simultaneously in one loop.

Fig.1.4. Basic configuration of the combined power and cooling cycle


http://www.eng.usf.edu/~hchen4/Kalina%20Cycle.htm

http://www.eng.usf.edu/~hchen4/Goswami%20Cycle.htm




This cycle is a combination of Rankine power cycle and an absorption cooling cycle. Its

advantages include the production of power and cooling in the same cycle, the design flexibility

to produce any combination of power and refrigeration, the efficient conversion of moderate

temperature heat sources, and the possibility of improved resource utilization compared to

separate power and cooling systems. The binary mixture first used was ammonia-water, and

later on new binary fluids were proposed and studied. A configuration of the cycle is shown in

Fig.1.4.

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

Considering only the low grade heat operating cycles namely Organic Rankine cycle, Kalina

cycle and Goswami cycle has been carried out. The following are the areas of sub-division of

the whole review.

Comparison of different cycles.

This topic majorly deals with comparison of different cycles. Comparison of different cycles

helps to combat and find an appropriate cycle for conversion.

Optimization

This topic deals with the various methods that has been done to improve the efficiency of

existing cycles either by making changes with previous cycles or by introduction of new cycles

Selection of Working fluids

The efficiency of non-conventional cycles depends upon selection of fluids to a huge extent.

The work done by number of authors on selection of fluid for ORC, Kalina and Goswami cycle

is presented.

Low-Grade Energy

In this topic, developing other thermodynamics cycles to convert the low-grade heat into

electrical power is implemented. Organic Rankine cycle, Goswami cycle and Kalina cycle are

the major cycles that have been developed for the conversion of low grade of heat into

electricity.

2.1. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CYCLES

In thermodynamics, the Carnot cycle has been described as being the most efficient thermal

cycle possible, wherein there are no heat losses and consisting of four reversible processes, two

isothermal and two adiabatic. It has also been described as a cycle of expansion and

compression of a reversible heat engine that does work with no loss of heat. Moreover, there are

vast amounts of renewable energy sources such as solar, thermal, geothermal, biomass and

industrial waste heat. The moderate temperature heat from these sources cannot be converted

efficiently to electrical power by conventional power generation methods. Therefore, how to

convert these low-grade temperature heat sources into electrical power is of great significance.

Therefore, comparison of different cycles helps to combat and find an appropriate cycle for

conversion.




Fig.2.1. T-S diagram of the subcritical ORC and transcritical Rankine a) T-S diagram of subcritical ORC

b) T-S diagram of transcritical Rankine

[Source: Z. Shengjun et al [15]]

Prof. Pall Valdimarsson et al [24] said the Kalina cycle is a power cycle and competes with

Rankine, Brayton, Diesel and Otto cycles. He compared it theoretically with other processes for

different boundary conditions (in real life energy situations). Also both Y. Chena [12] and

Zhang Shengjun [15] presented a comparative study between ORC and transcritical power

Cycle. Y. Chena [12] compared the performance of carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle,

which operates between subcritical and supercritical state (i.e. under and above critical point

respectively) with an ORC (with R123 as a working fluid) in waste heat (low grade heat)

recovery. Whereas Zhang Shengjun [15] performed comparison and parametric optimization of

subcritical ORC and transcritical power cycle system for low temperature (i.e. 80–100°C)

geothermal power generation & concluded that R125 in transcritical power cycle shows

excellent economic and environmental performance and can maximize utilization of the

geothermal power.

Recently M. Yari et al [50] analysed the performance of trilateral power cycle (TLC) and

compared it with ORC and the Kalina cycle, from the viewpoints of thermodynamics and

thermo-economics. Whereas Zhi Zhang et al [51] introduced an integrated system of ammonia–

water Kalina–Rankine cycle (AWKRC) for power generation and heating & studied the

performances of the AWKRC system in different seasons with corresponding cycle loops.

2.2 OPTIMIZATION

Optimization means the process of obtaining a favourable/ desirable condition. In case of

thermodynamic cycles optimisation implies obtaining high performance by getting high work

output with minimum heat input. This topic deals with optimization of the existing cycles as

well as introduction of new cycles.




Fig. 2.2. System output net power vs. exhaust mass flow rate (kg/s)

[Source: Donghong Wei et al [6]]

Donghong Wei et al [6] presented system performance analysis and optimisation using HFC-

245fa as the refrigerant. They did optimisation by maximising the usage of exhaust heat and

decreasing degree of sub-cooling at condenser. They also said that when the ambient

temperature is too high, the system efficiency decreases. The analysis reports are given

in Fig.2.1.Whereas KonstantinosBraimakis et al [47] investigates the waste recovery potential

of the ORC and some innovations such as the supercritical cycle and the use of binary zeotropic

mixtures. They performed simulations for different temperature heat sources and identified

optimal operation mode and working fluids.

Unlike these two both Sylvain Quoilin et al [13] did experimentation and used working

fluid HCFC-123. The ORC model is built by interconnecting different sub-models: the heat

exchanger models, a volumetric pump model and a scroll expander model. This model is finally

used to investigate potential improvements of the prototype. Like SylvaibQuoilin et al [13]

Vincent Lemort et al [14] also used scroll expander. They used ORC to recover energy from

low grade sources. They did experiment and compared result with analysed results and then

worked on improving the design of expander.

Ricardo Vasquez Padilla et al [40] proposed a combined Rankine Goswami cycle (RGC) and

conducted a thermodynamic analysis. The Goswami cycle, used as a bottoming cycle,

uses ammonia–water mixture as the working fluid and produces power and refrigeration while

power is the primary goal. Similarly GokmenDemirkaya et al [36] presented optimization of a

combined power/cooling cycle as shown in Fig.2.2, also known as the Goswami cycle. In

this multi-objective genetic algorithms (GAs) are used for Pareto approach optimization of the

thermodynamic cycle. The important thermodynamic objectives that have been considered in

this work are namely work output, cooling capacity, effective first law, and exergy efficiencies.

Also Feng Xua et al [33] proposed a cycle which combines a Rankine cycle and an absorption

refrigeration cycle. They have used ammonia-vapour mixture for the cycle. They did parametric

analysis.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890406003347




Fig. 2.3. (i) Schematic description of the combined power/cooling cycle.

(ii) (a) Temperature-Entropy and (b) concentration-enthalpy

[Source: Gokmen Denirkaya et al [36]]

Sanjay Vijayaraghavan [37] did investigation on rankine cycle. They develop several

expressions for the first law, second law and exergy efficiency definitions for the combined

cycle based on existing definitions in the literature. They have used the generalised reduced

gradient (GRG) method to perform the optimization whereas Huijuan Chen [35] presents a

review of the organic Rankine cycle and supercritical Rankine cycle (shown in Fig. 2.4) for the

conversion of low-grade heat into electrical power and selecting 35 working fluids. The paper

discusses the types of working fluids, influence of latent heat, density and specific heat, and the

effectiveness of superheating. They used analysis method.SirkoOgriseck [18] presents the

integration of the Kalina cycle process in a combined heat and power plant for improvement of

efficiency for using low grade energy and waste energy recovery. Umberto Desideri et al [25]

did investigation on exploiting geothermal energy by using closed Rankine and Kalina cycles.

In this paper three configurations of the Rankine cycle are examined and compared to

conventional single and dual flash steam power plants.Yiji Lu et al [52] paper proposed an

optimised resorption cogeneration with a stabilisation unit and effective mass and heat recovery

to further improve the performance of the original resorption cogeneration first proposed by

Liwei Wang et al.

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/263614547_Multi-Objective_Optimization_of_a_Combined_Power_and_Cooling_Cycle_for_Low-Grade_and_Midgrade_Heat_Sources




Fig. 2.4. Process of a CO2 supercritical Rankine cycle on T-s diagram (a-b-c-d-e-f-g)

[Source: Huijuan Chen [35]]

The following authors optimized the Kalina cycle using exergy analysis. G. Wall et al [26]

applied energy utilisation method (A graphic method to describe the exergy losses in industrial

processes, i.e. for improving the exergy use) and optimized the cycle accordingly (Fig. 2.5

shows the energy utilisation diagram obtained.), while P.K. Nag et al [19] investigated to reduce

the thermal irreversibility of Kalina cycle (One parameter i.e. mixture concentration at turbine

inlet appears to have an optimum value with respect to second law efficiency). Effects of other

parameters on the exergy loss of each component have been studied.

Fig. 2.5. Energy Utilization Diagram for the Kalina cycle

[Source: G.Wall et al [26]]

Nasruddin et al [31] did simulation to obtain the data of efficiency, energy and exergy that

could be generated from the heat source. Both G. Tamma et al [42] and AfifAkelHasan et al

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110001863

http://masters.dgtu.donetsk.ua/2006/eltf/bosov/library/kalina.pdf




[43] worked on similar type of project. They investigated a combined thermal power and

cooling cycle (i.e. Goswami Cycle) but G. Tamma et al [42] investigated a combined thermal

power and cooling cycle both theoretically and experimentally whereas AfifAkelHasan et al

[43] did research and performed second law efficiency and irreversibility experiment and

optimised the cycles accordingly.

A.L. Kalina et al [30] selected a cycle among several Kalina cycle variations that is particularly

well suited as a bottoming cycle for utility combined cycle applications. Using an

ammonia/water mixture as the working fluid and a condensing system based on absorption

refrigeration principles the Kalina bottoming cycle outperforms a triple pressure steam cycle by

16 percent.

H.D. MadhawaHettiarachchi et al [2] presented a cost-effective optimum design criterion for

Organic Rankine power cycles utilizing low-temperature geothermal heat sources. The

optimization method converges to a unique solution for specific values of evaporation and

condensation temperatures and geothermal and cooling water velocities. The choice of working

fluid also affects the objective function (Ratio of total area of heat exchanger to net power

output) Huijuan Chen et al [41] proposed a supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture

working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power and proposed that it creates a

potential for reducing the irreversibilities and improving the system efficiency than

conventional Rankine cycle.

2.3 SELECTION OF FLUIDS

Power generation has recently become popular. However, conventional electricity is not always

economically feasible due to its capital cost and source of high priced fuels. Under this

circumstance, use of non-conventional cycles becomes an important aspect to work upon to

meet energy requirements. The efficiency of non-conventional cycles depends upon selection of

fluids to a huge extent. The work done by number of authors on selection of fluid for ORC,

Kalina and Goswami cycle is concluded.

Feng Xua et al [38] did research on the thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixture

for Goswami cycle by using Gibbs free energies and empirical equations and dew point

temperature to calculate phase equilibrium. The methodology adopted by them is experimental

and analytical. V. Maizza [11] investigated analytically the thermodynamic and physical

properties of some unconventional fluids for use in ORC supplied by waste energy sources. Bo-

Tau Liu et al [1] investigated analytically the performance of ORC subjected to the influence of

various working fluids on the thermal efficiency and on the total heat-recovery efficiency. Tzu-

Chen Hung [4] researched theoretically waste heat recovery of ORC using different dry fluids

such as benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), p-Xylene (C8H10), R-113 and R-123. From the

conclusions, p-Xylene shows the highest efficiency while benzene shows the lowest and also

shows that the irreversibility depends on the type of heat source. Fig .2.6. shows a typical T-s

process diagram for the investigated ORC.




Fig. 2.6. A typical T-s process diagram for the investigated ORC

[Source: Tzu-Chen Hung [4]]

Two of the equation used by them is given below.

In 2004, Huijuan Chen et al [42] analysed the supercritical Rankine cycle which uses a

zeotropic mixture as working fluid for the conversion of low-grade heat, whereas UlliDrescher

et al [3] paper presents an theoretical analysis of fluid selection for the ORC in biomass power

and heat plants with the help of a software and it was found that the highest efficiencies are

found within the family of alkyl benzenes.

Yiping Dai et al [5] did a comparative study analytically of the effects of the thermodynamic

parameters on the ORC for each working fluid. They optimized exergy efficiency as an

objective function by means of the genetic algorithm whereas George Papadakis et al [8]

proposed an innovative theoretical approach for fluid selection of Solar ORC. Thermodynamic

and environmental properties of few fluids have been comparatively assessed. A. Schustera et al

[10] presented an energetic and economic investigation of ORC applications by method of

simulation. The favourable characteristics of ORC make them suitable for being integrated in

applications like solar desalination with reverse osmosis system, waste heat recovery from

biogas digestion plants. E.H. Wanga [16] presented the performance of different working fluids




operating in specific regions using a thermodynamic model. Nine different pure Organic

working fluids were selected according to their physical and chemical properties. He used

method of simulation.Nishith B. Desai et al [17] presented that an ORC offers advantages over

conventional Rankine cycle with water as the working medium, as ORC generates shaft-

work from low to medium temperature heat sources with higher thermodynamic efficiency. The

dry and the isentropic fluids are most preferred working fluid for the ORC. A. Benato et al [45]

investigated the critical dynamic events causing thermo-chemical decomposition of the working

fluid in ORC power systems.Charles H. Marston [20] did parametric analysis of Kalina Cycle.

Investigation on water ammonia mixture was done using the enthalpy-temperature curve of a

hot gas heat source. Computer models have been used to optimize a simplified form of the

cycle. He used simulation method whereas Xinxin Zhang [23] proposed and analysed research

on the Kalina cycle by analytical means. The three systems used by them is shown in Fig. 2.7.

Fig. 2.7. Kalina Cycle Systems using ammonia water mixture

[Source: XinxinZhang [23]]

E.D. Rogdakis [34] proposed a high efficiency NH3–H2O absorption power cycle. The new

cycle employed a mixture of H2O and NH3 as the working fluid and used an absorption process

similar to that of absorptionrefrigerators. The new cycle was 20% more efficient than that of the

Rankine cycle if the boiling temperature is high, while for low boiling temperatures, the

superiority of the proposed cycle was much more pronounced. Their methodology was

analytical. Mounir B. Ibrahim [28] proposed Kalina cycle application for power generation,

investigated a multi-component(NH3/H2O) Kalina cycle that utilized the exhaust from a gas

turbine. The figure below shows diagram of components used in this work. The multi-

component working fluid cycle proved 10–20% more efficient than a Rankine cycle with the

same boundary conditions.




Table 2.1. Fluids and cycles used by different authors to do their research.

Authors Fluid used Cycle

Feng Xua et al [38] Ammonia-water mixture Goswami cycle

. V. Maizza [11] Unconventional Fluids ORC

Bo-Tau Liu et al [1] water, ammonia, and ethanol ORC

Tzu-Chen Hung [4] Benzene (C6H6), Toluene (C7H8), p-

Xylene (C8H10), R-113 and R-123

ORC

Huijuan Chen et al

[42]

Zeotropic Mixture Supercritical

Rankine cycle

UlliDrescher et al

[3]

Alkyl Benzenes ORC

Yiping Dai et al [5] R236EA ORC

George Papadakis

et al [8]

R134a, R152a, R600a, R600 and R290 ORC

. A. Schustera et al

[10]

R11,R113,R114,Toulene and fluorinol ORC

. E.H. Wanga [16] R11, R141b, R113 and R123, ORC

Nishith B. Desai et

al [17]

16 different fluids ORC

Benato et al [45] Ammonia-water mixture ORC

Charles H. Marston

[20]

Ammonia-water mixture Kalina cycle

Xinxin Zhang [23] Ammonia-water mixture Kalina cycle

E.D. Rogdakis [34] Ammonia-water mixture Kalina cycle

. Mounir B. Ibrahim

[28]

Ammonia-water mixture Kalina cycle

2.4 LOW GRADE HEAT

In the majority of energy applications, energy is required in multiple forms. These energy forms

typically include some combination of heating, ventilation, mechanical energy and electric

power. Often these forms of energy are produced by a heat engine. A heat engine can never

have perfect efficiency, according to the second law of thermodynamics; therefore a heat engine

will always produce a surplus of low-temperature heat. This is commonly known as low grade

heat. Renewable energy sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal and vast amounts of

industrial waste heat or low grade heat are potentially promising energy sources capable, in

part, to meet the world electricity demand. The temperature of the low grade heat stream is the

most important parameter, as the effective use of the residual heat or the efficiency of energy

recovery from the low grade heat sources will mainly depend on the temperature difference

between the source and a suitable sink. In this topic, development of other thermodynamics

cycles to convert the low-grade heat into electrical power is implemented. Organic Rankine




cycle, Goswami cycle and Kalina cycle are the major cycles that have been developed for the

conversion of low grade of heat into electricity

Table 2.2. Temperature range of different types of low grade sources

Low Grade Heat Sources Temperature Range

Solar thermal 70◦C-800

◦C

Geothermal 149◦C-370

◦C

Industrial waste thermal 80◦C-400

◦C

J. Larjola et al [9] deals with ORC-design experimentally and used a high-speed oil free turbo

generator- feed pump. The use of high speed turbo generator made the ORC small, simple,

hermetic and reduced significantly the maintenance expenses.D. Yogi Goswami et al [39]

experimentally worked on a combined thermal power and cooling cycle (i.e. Goswami cycle)

which was ideally suited for solar thermal power (low grade energy) using low cost

concentrating collectors. H.D. MadhawaHettiarachchi et al [22] used the Kalina cycle system

11 (KCS-11) whereas OguzArslan [27] and [29] did research using the Kalina cycle system-34

(KCS-34). The former used experimentally the exergetic and life cycle cost concepts whereas

the latter used an artificial neural network (ANN) (a new tool used to make a decision for the

optimum working conditions of the processes within the expertise).

Ricardo Vasquez Padilla et al [40] said that improving the efficiency of a combined RGC plays

a fundamental role in reducing the cost of solar power plants whereas P.A. Lolos et al [21] used

a Kalina cycle with low-temperature heat sources to produce power. S. C. Kaushik et al [32]

used a computer simulation of a Kalina cycle coupled with a coal fired steam power plant with

the aim of examining the possibility of exploiting low-temperature heat of exhaust gases for

conversion into electricity.

Recently Masatake Sato et al [52] used a binary power generation technology using low

temperature heat source. The program included technical development associated with power

grid coordination and technical development for determining the effects of the hot springs.

Duen Sheng Lee et al [47] proposed an innovative approach for collecting the solar thermal

energy from the concept of solar chimneys (Fig-2) for electricity generation via ORCs.

Francesco Calise et al [49] did work on a dynamic simulation model of a novel prototype of a 6

KW solar power plant over a span of year and presented it for different seasons.

3.0 CONCLUSION:

In this review paper, various cycles have been compared so as to find a best cycle to convert

various low temperature heat sources into electrical power in various conditions using different

methodologies used in research.This paper also deals with the optimisation of various cycles by

changing various parameters and finding the best possible set of parameters under which it must

operate; also some new cycles have been introduced resulting in a more efficient power

conversion. In the area selection of fluids, 16 papers have been reviewed and varieties of fluids




are used to optimise the three cycles(Kalina cycle,Goswami cycle And ORC) by varying

number of parameters. In the topic of low grade heat, analysis of different thermodynamic cycle

has been done and thereby implemented to produce work (electricity) from low grade heat

source.

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Pages 1103–1106 International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2014

Documents

A Review of Organic Rankine, Kalina and Goswami · PDF file... H. Bansal, S. Z. Haque 1.1. Rankine cycle ... ORC and transcritical Rankine a) T-S diagram of ... theoretically with