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A Review of Three Tiers of Forest and Peatland Fire Monitoring in Tropical Indonesia: Space, Atmosphere, and
Surface
Nina Yulianti123
1Graduate Program of Environmental Science2Faculty of Agriculture
3Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland, University of Palangka Raya
1st LC/LUC International SARI Meeting
Metro Manila - Philippines, 28 May 2018
UPT. LABORATORIUM LAHAN GAMBUT - CIMTROP, UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA
• Indonesia has 1,910,931km2 (BPS, 2010) of the total land, which is 50%(~940,000km2) cover tropical rain forest areas (FAO, 2010; Gibbs et al., 2007)and, partially overlapping, approximately 11% (~200,000 km2) cover topicalpeatland areas (Page et al., 2011)
><UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
PERIOD 1. ANCIENT FIRES (YULIANTO ET AL, 2004)
Fire History:
• The distribution of charcoal layers and C/P ratio peaks along the core describes the fire-history of Central Kalimantanhas occurred frequently between ca. 7300 to ca. 7500 cal yr BP and between ca. 8500 to 8650 cal. yr BP (sebelummasehi).
• Macro-charcoal fragments observed in the charcoal layers indicate local fires, because macro-charcoal is theoreticallyand empirically never transported far from the fire (Patterson et al., 1987; Clark, 1988; Whitlock & Millspaugh, 1996;Ohlson & Tryterud, 2000). Also, the fires might have produced micro-charcoal particles preserved in the core.
><UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
PERIOD 2. DEVELOPMENT FIRES (PUTRA ET AL, 2010)
(Putra et al. 2008)
1. No satellite-based monitoring(only total annual of burnt area) 2. NOAA hotspots
(only western Indonesia, some data missing) 3. MODIS hotspots*
(whole Indonesia)*Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor on board Terra & Aqua satellite of NASA
• Poor fire database
><UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
Fire-prone island : KALIMANTAN & SUMATERA
Num
ber o
f hot
spot
s
Worst fire year for Indonesia (+1.87σ)
El Niño conditions in 2002, 2004, 2006, & 2009 caused drought in Indonesia
El Niño
El Niño
El Niño
El Niño
La Niña
La Niña
La Niña
La Niña
PERIOD 3. ANNUAL FIRES (YULIANTI ET AL, 2012)
2015 FIRES CONDITION
In 2015, Indonesia back into the world spotlight related to fires and transboundary haze crisis. One indicator is theconcentration of particulate matter (PM10) in Palangka Raya (Central Kalimantan) showed concentrations >2.500 ug/m3
(Meteorological Station Tjilik Riwut’s document ) higher than in 2002 and 2006 (<2,000 ug/m3, Hayasaka et al., 2015 ).According to the technical guidelines for the calculation and reporting as well as air pollution standard index information, thesafe limit for human health PM 10 is <400 ug/m3. If the threshold is passed, the Air Pollution Standard Index (ISPU) are invery unhealthy conditions and the increased sensitivity in patients with asthma and bronhitis diseases.
• H.E President & H.E Acting Governor in CK’s Fire Area
• (Presiden dan Plt. Gubernur di Jembatan Tumbang Nusa, Pulang Pisau)
credit to kalteng post
><
Agricultural Burning
Post harvesting stage(e.q Rice straw burning)
Pra planting stage(e.q Slash and burn)
Growing stage(e.q Pest control burning)
Carbon emission & Air pollution
Soil nutrient loss
Longterm HarmfulTemporary Beneficial
Longterm Harmful
•Residue reduction•Diseases, pests, &weeds cycletermination
•Soil pH uplift•High soil fertility•Peat decompositionacceleration
The phases of times of the use of fires for the agriculture activities with the benefits and the losses
70%
10%
20%
UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
><
Space
Atmosfer
Surface
UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
Review for Indonesia ?
LOCATION TARGET: KALIMANTAN(source: https://www.cifor.org/map/atlas/)
~ 50% of forest area
LOCATION TARGET: SUMATERA(partly source: http://webgis.dephut.go.id/ditplanjs/index.html)
> 60% of non forest area
Forest and Peatland Fire Detection Networks (Honma et al, 2016)
There are some online sources of satellite hotspot display that owned by several
institutions in Indonesia as follows:• Fire Hospot Guide
(http://rsgs.lapan.go.id/monitoring/hotspot/index), LAPAN
• SiPongi (http://sipongi.menlhk.go.id/home/main), KLHK
• Hospot map (http://satelit.bmkg.go.id/BMKG/index.php?pilih=31), BMKG
• Fire Risk System (http://kebakaranhutan.or.id), CCROM IPB - UNOPS
• Global Forest Watch Fires (https://fires.globalforestwatch.org), GFW
• Haze-Watch (http://haze-watch.upr.ac.id), University of Palangka Raya
Yulianti & Hayasaka, 2013
SECONDARY TERSIER QUARTER
• Canals had been drained peat water from 1995 to present
PRIMARY
EX-MEGA RICE PROJECT (EMRP)
0.5o grids cells
Fire propagation near Palangka Raya (fire prone areal of CentralKalimantan) with background is MODIS Terra 250m resolution bands 7-2-1 on Oct. 17, 2009 (Yulianti and Hayasaka, 2012)
The fire direction in hydrological unit of Kahayan and Sebangau River, southeastern part of Kalimantan, Indonesia
><
LiDAR-technology (DTM) image using a 100m Grid (1ha) digitizer tool in August 2007 (Boehm, 2011)
UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
Therma shot F30, Nippon Avionic Co., Ltd., Japan Image in September 2012 (Yulianti, 2014)
Fire watch tower with NEC thermal camera
Panoramic view
Wireless Sensor Networks
• UPR - HU team (Teguh et al., 2012.) have deployed the WSNs for fire monitoring. Figure shows that the WSN includes 6 (six) sensor nodes, gateway terminal and MoteView applications for monitoring.
• The distance between each sensor node is 100 meters, and the height of sensor nodes from ground is 1.5 meters.
• Through this system we were able to detect a small fire of about three meters in size . In our work, sensor nodes deployed in peat forest environment, wherethe height of vegetation in the Taruna Jaya area ranges from 1 to 3 meters from the ground, which will affect WSN signal strength and radio propagation.
><TO DETECT SMALL-SCALE FIRES AND UNDERGROUND TYPES IS NOT ENOUGH JUST WITH SATELLITE DATA BUT SHOULDBE COMBINED WITH DETECTION USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS. ALTHOUGH AN INTEGRATEDOF METHOD REQUIRES A LOT OF COST.WE ALSO NEED VERIFICATION FOR NIGHTLIFE SATELLITE OBSERVATION DATA SUCH AS VIIRS BECAUSE THE FIREPATROLS ARE ONLY DONE DURING THE DAY, BUT THERE IS A TREND THAT SHOWS NIGHT FIRES ARE INCREASING INNUMBER.
Recommendation:• To detect small-scale fires and underground types is not
enough just with satellite data but should be combined withdetection using aerial photography and field observations.Although an integrated of method requires a lot of cost.
• Develop a A New Indicator of Forest Fire Risk for IndonesiaBased on Peat Soil Spectral Measurements
• We also need verification for nightlife satellite observationdata such as VIIRS because the fire patrols are only doneduring the day, but there is a trend that shows night firesare increasing in number.
UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR)
References• Boehm, V., 2011. Application of LiDAR data for analyzing fires¨ canopies¨ biomass and REDD topics. In: Textbook for summer school
2011 in Indonesia “Management strategy of tropical peatland: development and conservation”, Nov. 8-19, 2011. Integrated field environmental science global center of excellent (IFES-GCOE) Indonesia liason office, Bogor, Indonesia.
• Hayasaka H, Noguchi I, Putra E I, Yulianti N and Vadrevu K 2014 Peat-fire-related air pollution in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Environ. Pollut. 195 257–66
• Hayasaka, H and Sepriando, A. 2018. Severe Air Pollution Due to Peat Fires During 2015 Super El Niño in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Vadrevu K., Ohara T., Justice C. (eds) Land-Atmospheric Research Applications in South and Southeast Asia. Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. Springer, Cham.
• Honma, T., Kazuya Kaku, Aswin Usup, and Agus Hidayat. 2016 Detection and Prediction Systems of Peat-Forest Fires in Central Kalimantan. In Osaki M, N Tsuji (Eds). Tropical Peatland Ecosystem. Springer Japan.
• Putra E.I. and H. Hayasaka. The effect of the precipitation pattern of the dry season on peat fire occurrence in the Mega Rice Project area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. TROPICS, 19, 4, 145-156, 2011.
• Teguh, R., T. Honma, A. Usop, H. Shin and H. Igarashi. 2012. Detection and Verification of Potential Peat Fire Using Wireless Sensor Network and UAV.
• Yulianto, E., K. Hirakawa and H. Tsuji. Charcoal and organic geochemical properties as an evidence of Holocene fires in tropical peatland, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. TROPICS, 14, 55-63, 2004.
• Yulianti, N. & H. Hayasaka and A.Usup. 2012. Recent forest and peat fire trends in Indonesia, the latest decade by MODIS hotspot data. Global Environmental Research 16, 1, 105-116.
• Yulianti, N and Haysaka. 2012. TROPICAL PEAT FIRE CHARACTERISTICS IN KALIMANTAN USING MODIS HOTSPOT AND IMAGERY DATA. Proceedings of International Symposium on Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia 2012
• Yulianti, N. and Hayasaka, H. 2013. Recent active fire under El Niño conditions in Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Journal of Plants Science (Special Issue on The Future of Forest) 4, 3A, 685-696.
• Yulianti, N., H. Hayasaka, & A. Sepriando. 2013 “Recent Trends of Fire Occurrence in Sumatra (Analysis using MODIS Hotspot Data): a comparison with Fire Occurrence in Kalimantan”, Open Journal of Forestry, Vol. 3 No.4, pp. 129-137
• Yulianti, N. 2014. Detection of Surface Peat Fires (Smoldering) using Infra Red (IR) Images. 1st International Conference Geoscience for Energy, Mineral Resources, and Environment applieds 2014 . Bandung - Indonesia
Thanks You
Website: www.staff.upr.ac.idGoogle Scholar: Nina Yulianti
Kahayan River, Indonesia (2010)
STOP BURNING SAVE PEATLAND……….
HAZE AND PEATLAND FIRES REMAIN A NEAR ANNUAL DISASTER IN INDONESIA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA. AS THE PHENOMENON AFFECTS MILLIONS OF CITIZENS, DISASTER MANAGEMENT NEEDS SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT.
Salamat
