A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui

7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui

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A REVIEW ON NEUROPROSTHETICS

PRESENTED

BY

M.H.SIDDIQUI

[email protected]

(FINAL YEAR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING)

GUIDED

BY

PROF.V.KRISHNA MANOHAR

DEAN(R&D), HEAD DEPARTMENT OF BME

DR.BHAUSAHEB NANDURKAR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

YAVATMAL 445001 (MS) INDIA


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Contents

Introduction to neuroprosthetics

History

Types of neuroprosthetics

Applications

Obstacles

Current developments

Future directions

Conclusions

References


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Introduction to neuroprosthetics

Neuroprosthetic is a discipline related to neuroscience andbiomedical engineering concerned with developing neural

prostheses

Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can

substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might

have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease


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Block diagram of neuroprosthetics

Figure: Block diagram for neuroprosthetics


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History

The first known cochlear implant was created in 1957

The first motor prosthesis for foot drop in hemiplegia in

1961

The first auditory brainstem implant in 1977

In 1988, the lumbar anterior root implant facilitated

standing and walking, respectively, for a group of

paraplegics


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Types of neuroprosthetics

Sensory prosthetics Visual prosthetics

Auditory prosthetics

Prosthetics for pin relief

Motor prosthetics

Bladder control implants

Motor prosthetics for conscious control of movement

Sensory/motor prosthetics

Cognitive prosthesis


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Visual prosthetics

A visual prosthesis can create a sense of image byelectrically stimulating neurons in the visual system

A camera would wirelessly transmit to an implant

The implant would map the image across an array of

electrodes

Stimulating these optic neurons in the retina thus will

create an image


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Auditory prosthetics

Cochlear implants (CI) acquire and process the sound andconvert it into electrical energy for subsequent delivery to

the auditory nerve

The microphone of the CI system receives sound from theexternal environment and sends it to processor

The processor digitizes the sound and filters it into

separate frequency bands that are sent to the appropriatetonotonic region in the cochlea


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Prosthetics for pain relief

The SCS (Spinal Cord Stimulator) device has two main

components, electrode, generator

The technical goal of SCS for neuropathic pain is to maskthe area of a patient's pain with a stimulation induced

tingling, known as "paresthesia

Because this overlap is necessary (but not sufficient) toachieve pain relief


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Bladder control implants

To paraplegia patients have difficulty emptying theirbladders

Brindley developed the sacral anterior root stimulator

This device is implanted over the spinal cord, controlled by

an external transmitter, it delivers intermittent stimulation

which improves bladder emptying


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Motor prosthetics for conciuos control of

movement

Researchers are attempting to build motor

neuroprosthetics that will restore movement and ability to

communicate with the outside world

Researchers have built interfaces that allow patients to

move computer cursors

Beginning to build robotic limbs that patients can controlby thinking about movement


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Sensory/motor prosthetics

In 2002 an array of 100 electrodes was implanted directly

into the nerve fibers of the scientist Kevin Warwick

The recorded signal was used to control a robot arm

developed by Warwick's colleague, Peter Kyberd and was

able to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm.


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Cognitive prostheses

Cognitive prostheses use to restore cognitive functions ofbrain tissue loss due to injury, disease

An area of the brain traditionally associated with a

particular function (e.g. auditory cortex) can performfunctions associated with another portion of the brain (e.g.

auditory cortex processing visual information)

Implants could take advantage of brain plasticity to restorecognitive function even if the native tissue has been

destroyed


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Applications

Alzheimer's Disease

Hippocampal Deficits

Traumatic Brain Injury

Parkinson's Disease

Speech Deficits

Paralysis

Spinal Cord Injuries

Societal Impact/Market Information


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Alzheimers/Hippocampal disease

Dr. Theodore Berger at the university of southernCalifornia is working on the these two disease

It is an disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking

ability

Research is still going on cognitive implants to overcome

the diseases


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Parkinsons disease

The symptoms for Parkinson disease is shaking, rigidity,

slowness of the movement

Parkinson disease result from the death of dopaminegenerating cell

A possible solution for the disease is a device that

supplements the dopamine when given specific neuralinputs


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Speech deficits

The success of cochlear implants suggest that cortical

implants to the speech areas of the brain can be developed

to improve speech in such patients

This field is still need more development


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Paralysis

Paralysis results from many sources, stroke, traumaticbrain injury, neurodegenerative diseases

Many patients would benefit from a prosthetic device that

controls limb movement via devices that read neurons inbrain


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Social impacts/market information

1 million people in the United States are affected by

Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease is projected to affect more than 107million people worldwide by the year 2050

More than 1.4 million people in the United States suffer

traumatic brain injury

Approximately 7.5 million people in the United States have

trouble speaking


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Obstacles

Mathematical Modeling Size

Power Consumption

Bio Compatibility

Data Transmission

Correct Implantation


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Current developments

Andersen Lab

Hippocampal Prosthetic


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Conclusions

Research into neuroprosthetics is an ongoing and cutting-edge area of science. We should expect to see many more

developments in the future

It is an exciting time within the field of neuroprosthetics.Currently, research is only beginning to crack the electrical

information encoding the information in a human subjects

thoughts

these issues should not be viewed as obstacles but rather as

milestones that will be achieved


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ReferencesDaniel Garrison. "Minimizing Thermal Effects of In Vivo Body

Sensors" http://www.springerlink.com/content/qjjwu2l4n363j278/

Retrieved May 5, 2010

Laura Bailey. "HUniversity of Michigan News Service"

http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2006/Feb06/r020606a Retrieved February 6, 2006

Handa G (2006) "Neural Prosthesis Past, Present and

Future" Indian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

17(1)A. Y. Chow, V. Y. Chow, K. Packo, J. Pollack, G. Peyman,

and R. Schuchard, "The artificial silicon retina microchip for

the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa,"

Arch.Ophthalmol., vol. 122, p. 460, 2004


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Thanks a lot

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A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui